Nitrile rubber

Abstract

This invention provides a low-ash nitrile rubber that is easy to hydrogenate, and whose hydrogenated form enhances the dispersibility and stability of conductive material dispersions, improves the warp characteristics of electrodes, and enhances the capacitance, resistance, cycle characteristics, and high-temperature storage characteristics of electrochemical elements. [Solution] The nitrile rubber of the present invention contains 15% to 50% by mass of acrylonitrile polymerization units and 50% to 85% by mass of 1,3-butadiene polymerization units, and 7% or more by mass of 1,2-bonding units in the 1,3-butadiene polymerization units, the ratio of the Z-average molecular weight (Mz) to the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) (Mz / Mw) is 6 or less, the ash content is 0.7% by mass or less, and the ratio of the total amount of sodium content (Na) and potassium content (K) in the ash (Na+K) to the total amount of calcium content (Ca) and sulfur content (S) (Ca+S) ((Na+K) / (Ca+S)) is 0.5 or less.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to nitrile rubber and a method for producing the same, hydrogenated nitrile rubber obtained by hydrogenating nitrile rubber, and positive electrode materials, positive electrode binders, conductive material dispersions, positive electrode slurries, positive electrodes, and electrochemical elements using hydrogenated nitrile rubber. [Background technology]

[0002] Electrochemical elements such as lithium-ion secondary batteries, lithium-ion capacitors, and electric double-layer capacitors are small, lightweight, have high energy density, and can be repeatedly charged and discharged, making them suitable for a wide range of applications. Therefore, in recent years, improvements to battery components such as electrodes have been considered to further enhance the performance of electrochemical elements.

[0003] Here, the electrodes used in electrochemical elements typically comprise a current collector and an electrode composite layer formed on the current collector. This electrode composite layer is formed, for example, by applying a slurry containing an electrode active material, a conductive material, and a binder onto the current collector and then drying the applied slurry.

[0004] Therefore, in recent years, attempts have been made to improve the binders used in forming electrode composite layers in order to achieve further performance improvements in electrochemical elements. For example, the technology of using hydrogenated nitrile rubber as a binder is being investigated.

[0005] For example, Patent Document 1 (WO2013 / 129658) discloses a lithium-ion secondary battery with excellent cycle characteristics, which contains a first polymer as a positive electrode active material, comprising polymer units having nitrile groups, polymer units having hydrophilic groups, (meth)acrylic acid ester polymer units, and linear alkylene polymer units having 4 or more carbon atoms, and a fluorine-containing polymer as a binder component. Specifically, the first polymer is obtained by (1) adding deionized water, sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate, acrylonitrile, butyl acrylate, methacrylic acid, 1,3-butadiene, and ammonium persulfate to an autoclave with a stirrer and carrying out emulsion polymerization at 40°C until the polymerization conversion rate reaches 85%, (2) adding palladium acetate to the obtained polymerization solution and carrying out a hydrogenation reaction twice at a hydrogen pressure of 3 MPa and 50°C for 6 hours, and then (3) coagulating with methanol, and (4) containing 20% ​​by mass of acrylonitrile polymerization units, 45% by mass of conjugated diene-derived polymerization units, 30% by mass of butyl acrylate polymerization units, and 5% by mass of methacrylic acid polymerization units, wherein the conjugated diene-derived polymerization units are formed from 38.8% by mass of hydrogenated linear alkylene structural units having 4 or more carbon atoms, 2.1% by mass of unhydrogenated butadiene polymerization units, and 4.1% by mass of 1,2-addition polymerization units, and obtaining hydrogenated NBR with an iodine value of 8 mg / 100 mg. In recent years, there has been a growing demand for further improvements in the dispersibility and stability of conductive material dispersions, as well as improvements in the flexibility of the manufactured electrodes, the capacitance characteristics, resistance characteristics, and high-temperature storage characteristics of electrochemical elements, and a reduction in the ash content of hydrogenated nitrile rubber.

[0006] Patent Document 2 (WO2022 / 163321) discloses a non-aqueous electrochemical element that has excellent suppression of DC resistance increase at low temperatures and high-temperature storage properties, comprising polymer A containing nitrile group-containing monomer units and alkylene structural units, and a specific ester solvent and a non-halogenated carbonate solvent. Specifically, polymer A is obtained by (1) charging an ion-exchanged water reactor with monomers such as acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate as an emulsifier, and t-dodecyl mercaptan as a chain transfer agent, and then continuously adding cumene hydroperoxide as a polymerization initiator, a reducing agent, and a chelating agent to perform emulsion polymerization at 10°C until the polymerization conversion rate reaches 80%, and then (2) using a hydrogenation catalyst (3) A 1% palladium acetate acetone solution is added, and a hydrogenation reaction is carried out at a hydrogen pressure of 3 MPa and a temperature of 50°C for 6 hours. (4) NMP is added as an organic solvent to the aqueous dispersion after the hydrogenation reaction, and all water is removed under reduced pressure. (5) An 8% NMP solution of polymer A, consisting of 35% by mass of acrylonitrile, 65% by mass of butadiene, 18% by mass of hydrogenated 1,2-butadiene units, and a weight-average molecular weight of 150,000, is obtained. (6) Multiwall carbon nanotubes are added thereto to obtain a conductive material dispersion. On the other hand, there is a need to further improve the dispersibility and stability of the conductive material dispersion, and to improve the peel strength and warping characteristics of electrodes, the resistance characteristics, cycle characteristics and high-temperature storage characteristics of electrochemical elements, and there is also a need for lower ash content in hydrogenated nitrile rubber.

[0007] Patent Document 3 (WO2019 / 181869) discloses a conductive material dispersion with excellent dispersibility of carbon nanotubes, containing a binder containing a polymer containing carbon nanotubes, aromatic vinyl monomer units, and linear alkylene structural units having 4 or more carbon atoms, and a dispersion medium. Specifically, the polymer is prepared by (1) charging an ion-exchanged water reactor with an aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate as an emulsifier, styrene, acrylonitrile, methacrylic acid, 1,3-butadiene, and t-dodecyl mercaptan (2 parts) as a molecular weight modifier, and adding cumene hydroperoxide as a polymerization initiator while maintaining the temperature at 10°C, and emulsion polymerization until the conversion rate reaches 85% to obtain an aqueous dispersion of the precursor (particulate polymer). (2) Palladium acetate is added to the obtained aqueous dispersion of the precursor, and a hydrogenation reaction is carried out at a hydrogen pressure of 3 MPa and 50°C for 6 hours to produce a polymer with a styrene content of 33-48% by mass, acrylonitrile content of 10-21% by mass, conjugated diene (unhydrogenated) content of 4-6.5% by mass, linear alkylene structural units with 4 or more carbon atoms (conjugated diene hydrogenation content) of 22-43% by mass, a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 50,000 and an iodine value of 15-38. However, further improvements are desired, such as improved stability of the conductive material dispersion, improved peel strength and warping characteristics of electrodes, capacitance characteristics and cycle characteristics in electrochemical elements, and suppression of gas generation during high-temperature storage. Furthermore, low ash content of hydrogenated nitrile rubber is also desired.

[0008] Patent Document 4 (WO2023 / 162835) discloses an electrochemical element composition that is excellent in terms of electrode flexibility and suppression of cracking of electrode active material, comprising a polymer containing nitrile group-containing monomer units, conjugated diene monomer units and / or alkylene structural units, and having a functional group such as a carboxyl group, trimethoxysilyl group, or hydroxyl group at at least one of its terminals. Specifically, the polymer is prepared by (1) charging a reactor with deionized water, monomer components of 33 parts acrylonitrile and 67 parts 1,3-butadiene, potassium oleate as an emulsifier, and tert-dodecyl mercaptan (0.3 parts) as a molecular weight modifier, and carrying out emulsion polymerization at 5°C in the presence of potassium persulfate as a polymerization initiator until the polymerization conversion rate reaches 89%. (2) After adding dibutylhydroxytoluene (BHT) as an antioxidant to the obtained polymerization solution, (3) adding a 25% by mass aqueous calcium chloride solution while stirring to coagulate the polymer, washing it with 50 times the volume of deionized water, and then drying it under reduced pressure at 90°C to obtain a precursor (nitrile rubber) with a weight-average molecular weight of 210,000. Next, (4) the obtained precursor is dissolved in monochlorobenzene, and after adding Grubbs catalyst and ((tricyclohexylphosphine)benzylidene ruthenium), a double decomposition reaction is carried out at 80°C and a stirring speed of 600 rpm. Then, (5) Wilkinson catalyst and triphenylphosphine are added, and a hydrogenation reaction is carried out at 138°C and a hydrogen pressure of 8.4 MPa. (6) After activating carbon treatment to adjust the concentration of divalent or higher metal ions and remove residual chain transfer agents, the material is filtered and dried to obtain (7) hydrogenated nitrile rubber with a weight-average molecular weight of 48,000, an iodine value of 13, and a concentration of divalent or higher metal ions of 200 ppm or less. However, further improvement of the capacitance characteristics, cycle characteristics, and high-temperature storage characteristics of the electrochemical element, as well as a reduction in the ash content in the hydrogenated nitrile rubber, is desired.

[0009] On the other hand, as a low-ash hydrogenated nitrile rubber, for example, Patent Document 5 (WO2007 / 049651) discloses a carboxyl group-containing nitrile rubber that provides crosslinked structures with low compression set and dynamic heat generation, and exhibits excellent processability as a material for rubber products for industrial and automotive use. This rubber has an α,β-ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomer unit content of 10 to 60% by mass, an iodine value of 120 or less, and a total amount of magnesium, calcium, and aluminum of 2000 ppm or less. Specifically, (1) acrylonitrile, mono-n-butyl fumarate, butadiene, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, t-dodecyl mercaptan (0.5 part), and cumene hydroperoxide are added and emulsion polymerization is carried out at 5°C for 16 hours. Then (2) a palladium catalyst is added to the obtained polymerization solution to perform a hydrogenation reaction, and a latex of nitrile group-containing saturated copolymer rubber is added to the latex to perform a coagulation reaction by adding an aqueous magnesium sulfate solution (pH 4). After coagulation, the crumb is filtered and washed with water three times, then centrifuged to remove the aqueous magnesium sulfate solution contained in the rubber, and vacuum dried at 60°C for 12 hours. (4) A nitrile rubber is obtained with an acrylonitrile unit content of 34%, an iodine value of 9, a ML viscosity of 85, a magnesium content of 1-2 ppm, a calcium content of 1 ppm, and an aluminum content of 1 ppm or less. However, even when attempting to use the nitrile rubber obtained here for the manufacture of electrochemical elements, it was inferior in terms of the dispersibility and stability of the conductive material dispersion, the peel strength at the electrodes, and the battery capacity characteristics, battery resistance characteristics, and cycle characteristics of the electrochemical element. Furthermore, it exhibited an increase in resistance during high-temperature storage, making it unsuitable as an electrode binder for lithium-ion secondary batteries.

[0010] Furthermore, Patent Document 6 (JP 2018-145434 A) discloses a low-ash hydrogenated nitrile rubber useful for sealing materials, hose materials, and transmission belts in the automotive field. Specifically, (1) acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene are charged, and polymerization auxiliary materials such as the sodium salt of a mixture of mono- and di-sulfonated naphthalene sulfonic acid having isobutylene oligomer substituents, the sodium salt of methylenebis(naphthalene sulfonate), tert-dodecyl mercaptan (0.66-0.88 in two separate additions), potassium salt of coconut fatty acid, and potassium hydroxide are added, and potassium peroxodisulfate and tris(α-hydroxyethyl)amine are added as polymerization catalysts and emulsion polymerization is carried out at 20°C until the polymerization conversion rate reaches 75%, and (2) 4-methyl-2,6-tert-butylphenol (BHT) is added to the obtained polymerization solution, and then an aqueous sodium chloride solution or magnesium chloride solution is prepared with tap water containing calcium ions. After adding a calcium aqueous solution and allowing it to solidify, (3) it is washed at 60°C with tap water containing calcium ions, pre-dried with a welding screw to a residual moisture content of 15-25% by weight, and then vacuum-dried to obtain NBR with an acrylonitrile content of 38.6-38.8% by weight, a calcium content of 285-595 ppm, a chlorine content of 190-590 ppm, and a (calcium content / chlorine content) ratio of 0.95-1.87. Then, (4) the obtained NBR is dissolved in chlorobenzene and hydrogenated to a hydrogenation level of 99.4±0.2% with a rhodium-based catalyst, and (5) the chlorobenzene-polymer solution is diluted to remove the rhodium, and then a 2% calcium chloride aqueous solution and a dilute sodium hydroxide aqueous solution are continuously added by metering to carry out the solidification reaction and obtain hydrogenated nitrile rubber. However, even when the hydrogenated nitrile rubber obtained here was used in the manufacture of electrochemical elements, it exhibited poor dispersibility in conductive material dispersions, resulting in inferior battery capacity characteristics, battery resistance characteristics, and cycle characteristics of the electrochemical elements. Furthermore, it experienced an increase in resistance during high-temperature storage, making it unsuitable as an electrode binder for lithium-ion secondary batteries.

[0011] Furthermore, as an example of a low-ash nitrile rubber, Patent Document 7 (Japanese Patent Publication No. 2004-156011) discloses a method for producing an emulsion polymer of extremely high purity. Specifically, an aqueous dispersion of NBR latex containing 35% by mass of acrylonitrile and 65% by mass of butadiene, with a Mooney viscosity of 80 MU (ML1+4 at 100°C), is coagulated with a 50% sulfuric acid solution. The resulting aggregate is treated with an aqueous NaOH solution at pH 11.5 and a 50% sodium hydroxide solution to adjust the pH to 12. The alkaline suspension is then passed through a vibrating screen, and the wet polymer fragments are continuously transported to a dehydrating screw equipped with a filter bar to adjust the residual humidity to 5%, thereby obtaining NBR with ash <0.05%, total S 0.110%, inorganic Cl 0.009%, Na 208 mg / kg, K 149 mg / kg, Ca 4 mg / kg, and Mg <1 mg / kg, or NBR with ash <0.05%, total S 0.100%, inorganic Cl 0.011%, Na 150 mg / kg, K 62 mg / kg, Ca 2 mg / kg, and Mg <1 mg / kg.

[0012] Patent Document 8 (Japanese Patent Publication No. 2010-528142) describes the following: (1) In an autoclave equipped with a stirrer, sodium salt of a mixture of monosulfonated and disulfonated naphthalene sulfonic acid containing isobutylene oligomer, sodium salt of methylenebisnaphthalene sulfonic acid, potassium salt of coconut oil fatty acid, and sodium hydroxide are placed in the autoclave with water as emulsifiers, and monomers of acrylonitrile and butadiene, a mixture of t-DDM:C12 mercaptan (0.24 parts + 0.24 parts) as a regulator, and aqueous solutions of tris(α-hydroxyethyl)amine, potassium peroxodisulfate and sodium dithionite as polymerization initiators are added, and emulsion polymerization is carried out at 17°C until the conversion rate reaches 75%, (2 ) Before coagulation, an aqueous solution of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, an antioxidant, emulsified with alkylphenol polyglycol ether is added. (3) The coagulation reaction is carried out with a 15-26 wt% NaCl aqueous solution at 20-50°C, and the resulting aggregates are washed with Ca-containing water at 20-40°C for 2.5-9 hours. Alternatively, the coagulation reaction is carried out with a 0.3-1.2 wt% CaCl2 aqueous solution at 20°C, and the resulting aggregates are washed with deionized water at 20°C for 3.4-3.6 hours. (4) The washed rubber aggregates are pre-dried in a welding screw to a residual moisture content of 5-10 wt%, and then vacuum-dried to obtain NBR with Ca 325-1290 ppm, Na 6-625 ppm, and K 1-27 ppm.

[0013] However, even when these NBRs were hydrogenated and used as hydrogenated nitrile rubber in the manufacture of electrochemical elements, sufficient properties could not be obtained. [Prior art documents] [Patent Documents]

[0014] [Patent Document 1] WO2013 / 129658 publication [Patent Document 2] WO2022 / 163321 publication [Patent Document 3] WO2019 / 181869 publication [Patent Document 4] WO2023 / 162835 A1 [Patent Document 5] WO2007 / 049651 A1 [Patent Document 6] Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2018-145434 [Patent Document 7] Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2004-156011 [Patent Document 8] Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2010-528142 [Summary of the Invention] [Problem to be Solved by the Invention]

[0015] The present invention has been made in view of such circumstances. An object of the present invention is to provide a low-ash nitrile rubber which is easily hydrogenated, and when hydrogenated to obtain hydrogenated nitrile rubber, can improve the dispersibility and stability of a conductive material dispersion, improve the warpage characteristics of an electrode, and can improve the capacity characteristics, resistance characteristics, cycle characteristics and high-temperature storage characteristics of an electrochemical device; a method for producing said nitrile rubber; a hydrogenated nitrile rubber obtained by hydrogenating the nitrile rubber; and a positive electrode material, a binder for positive electrodes, a conductive material dispersion, a slurry for positive electrodes, a positive electrode and an electrochemical device using the hydrogenated nitrile rubber. [Means for Solving the Problem]

[0016] As a result of intensive research conducted by the present inventors in view of the above problems, they have found that a nitrile rubber, in which the acrylonitrile polymerized units and 1,3-butadiene polymerized units, the proportion of 1,2-bond units in the 1,3-butadiene polymerized units, and the ratio (Mz / Mw) of the Z-average molecular weight (Mz) to the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) are specified, and the ash content of specific components is reduced, can improve the dispersibility and stability of a conductive material dispersion, improve the warpage characteristics of an electrode, and significantly improve the capacity characteristics, resistance characteristics, cycle characteristics and high-temperature storage characteristics of an electrochemical device when hydrogenated into hydrogenated nitrile rubber.

[0017] The inventors have found that when nitrile rubber with specific amounts of acrylonitrile polymerization units and 1,3-butadiene polymerization units is hydrogenated to produce hydrogenated nitrile rubber, these properties are retained, improving the dispersibility and stability of conductive material dispersions and enhancing the resistance and cycle characteristics of electrochemical elements.

[0018] The inventors have found that when nitrile rubber with a specific ratio of 1,2-bonding units in the 1,3-butadiene polymerization unit is hydrogenated to produce hydrogenated nitrile rubber, these properties are retained, and the warpage characteristics of the electrode and the capacitance characteristics of the electrochemical element can be greatly improved. The inventors have also found that the ratio of 1,2-bonding units in the 1,3-butadiene polymerization unit of nitrile rubber can be controlled by selecting the type of polymerization initiator, polymerization temperature, and polymerization conversion rate of the nitrile rubber.

[0019] The inventors have found that reducing the Mz / Mw ratio of nitrile rubber is inherited by hydrogenated nitrile rubber after repeated decomposition, thereby improving the dispersibility of conductive material dispersions. Furthermore, the inventors have found that the Mz / Mw ratio of nitrile rubber can be controlled by selecting the polymerization temperature and polymerization conversion rate of the nitrile rubber.

[0020] The inventors have found that hydrogenated nitrile rubber with low molecular weight and low ash content can improve the dispersibility of conductive material dispersions, and significantly enhance the capacitance characteristics, resistance characteristics, and high-temperature storage characteristics of electrochemical elements.

[0021] The inventors have found that low molecular weight, low ash hydrogenated nitrile rubber is difficult to produce because of its high tackiness and the difficulty in removing ash. Furthermore, while it was possible to remove catalyst components dissolved in organic solvents from hydrogenated nitrile rubber-containing cement produced by hydrogenating nitrile rubber in an organic solvent such as monochlorobenzene using ion exchange resins or activated carbon, it was difficult to remove salt compounds insoluble in organic solvents with high calcium and sulfur content. The inventors have also found that it is possible to easily produce low ash hydrogenated nitrile rubber by first reducing its ash content at the high molecular weight stage before hydrogenation, and then further reducing its molecular weight through double decomposition before hydrogenation.

[0022] The inventors have also found that while the ash content in high molecular weight nitrile rubber can be reduced to some extent by known methods, further reduction becomes difficult once the ash content in nitrile rubber falls below 1% by mass. However, they have discovered that by adding the emulsion polymerized polymer to a rapidly rotating solidifying liquid during the solidification reaction after emulsion polymerization, particularly by adding the emulsion polymerized polymer directly to the central stirring blade rotating at high speed, the resulting water-containing crumbs facilitate the removal of ash during washing and dewatering processes at specific temperatures. In particular, they found that dewatering to a water content of 10% by mass or less significantly reduces the ash content in the nitrile rubber. Furthermore, the inventors have found that the water-containing crumbs produced by the above-mentioned specific solidification method have a specific particle size distribution, a complex shape, and often a large hollow structure in the center. This significantly improves washing and dewatering efficiency (ash removal from the crumbs), enabling the production of low-ash nitrile rubber.

[0023] The inventors have discovered that differences in the ash composition of nitrile rubber result in completely different ease of removal, as well as significantly impacts the performance of hydrogenated nitrile rubber when used in the manufacture of electrochemical elements. The inventors have also found that controlling the total amount of sodium and potassium, as well as the total amount of calcium and sulfur, in the ash can dramatically improve the high-temperature storage characteristics of electrochemical elements.

[0024] The ash, which is rich in sodium and potassium, is contained within the water-containing crumb produced during solidification, due to the use of many sodium and potassium salts as polymerization auxiliary materials. Therefore, it cannot be removed by ordinary washing alone and remains in the nitrile rubber, and also remains in hydrogenated hydrogenated nitrile rubber. When used in the manufacture of electrochemical elements, it destroys the negative electrode active material, significantly reducing the capacitance characteristics of the electrochemical element and worsening its high-temperature storage characteristics. However, we have found that the water-containing crumb, which has the above-mentioned special shape and particle size distribution, can be easily removed by washing it with hot water and squeezing out the contained moisture through dehydration.

[0025] We found that ash rich in calcium and sulfur remains until the end when the water-containing crumb with the above-mentioned special shape and particle size distribution is washed with hot water or dehydrated with a squeezer, but it has almost no effect on reducing the capacitance characteristics of the electrochemical element, and its effect on worsening high-temperature storage is smaller than that of ash rich in sodium and potassium, and moreover, it has the property of strengthening the peel strength of the electrode. We found that when the amount of ash in nitrile rubber is reduced by washing and dehydrating the water-containing crumb with the above-mentioned special shape and particle size distribution, the sodium and potassium components decrease rapidly first, and most of the ash components are replaced by calcium and sulfur.

[0026] One possible cause of the sulfur component in the ash is sulfur compounds such as t-dodecyl mercaptan, which are molecular weight regulators in polymerization auxiliary materials. However, molecular weight regulators remain at the polymer ends after the polymerization reaction in the form of S-alkyl groups, but are discharged as SO2 during ash treatment, making this unlikely. Therefore, it is highly probable that the ash, which is rich in calcium and sulfur, remains as salts of calcium and sulfur-containing acids. Many polymerization auxiliary materials use sulfates and sulfonates, which are readily soluble in water during the polymerization reaction. However, when calcium chloride is used as a coagulation agent, some of these undergo salt exchange to calcium salts during the coagulation reaction, becoming poorly hydrophilic (slowly soluble), and are thought to remain in the nitrile rubber. This salt exchange can be seen from the fact that the ratio of calcium to chlorine in the ash (Ca / Cl: calcium chloride = 0.565) increases to 3 or more, 5 or more, and 50 or more, while the ratio of sulfur to chlorine (S / Cl) also increases to 3 or more, 5 or more, and 50 or more. Furthermore, this was also observed from the fact that the ratio of calcium to sulfur (Ca / S) in the ash decreased as the amount of ash decreased.

[0027] In their research, the inventors have produced nitrile rubber with reduced ash content, which is high in calcium and sulfur. They have also found that hydrogenated hydrogenated nitrile rubber, which is produced by hydrogenating these low-ash nitrile rubbers, enhances the stability of conductive material dispersions, increases the peel strength of electrodes, and improves the cycle characteristics and high-temperature storage characteristics of electrochemical elements when used in the manufacture of electrochemical elements. Furthermore, they have found that hydrogenated hydrogenated nitrile rubber, which is produced by hydrogenating low-ash nitrile rubber after its molecular weight is reduced through a double decomposition reaction, enhances the dispersibility and stability of conductive material dispersions, increases the peel strength of electrodes, and significantly improves the capacitance characteristics, resistance characteristics, cycle characteristics, and high-temperature storage characteristics of electrochemical elements when used in the manufacture of electrochemical elements.

[0028] The inventors have further discovered that by specifying the weight-average molecular weight, the amount of antioxidant, the water content, and the ratio of the total amount of sodium and potassium in the ash to the total amount of calcium and sulfur, the ratio of sodium to potassium, the ratio of calcium to sulfur, the ratio of calcium to chlorine, the ratio of calcium to sulfur, and the ratio of sulfur to chlorine, the dispersibility and stability of the conductive material dispersion, the warping characteristics of the electrodes, and the capacitance characteristics, resistance characteristics, cycle characteristics, and high-temperature storage characteristics of the electrochemical element, the inventors have found that these characteristics can be further improved.

[0029] Based on these findings, the inventors have completed the present invention.

[0030] Thus, the present invention provides a nitrile rubber comprising 15% to 50% by mass of acrylonitrile polymerization units, 50% to 85% by mass of 1,3-butadiene polymerization units, and 7% or more by mass of 1,2-bonding units in the 1,3-butadiene polymerization units, wherein the ratio of the Z-average molecular weight (Mz) to the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) (Mz / Mw) is 6 or less, the ash content is 0.7% by mass or less, and the ratio of the total amount of sodium content (Na) and potassium content (K) in the ash (Na+K) to the total amount of calcium content (Ca) and sulfur content (S) (Ca+S) ((Na+K) / (Ca+S)) is 0.5 or less.

[0031] In the nitrile rubber of the present invention, it is preferable to include a phenolic antioxidant.

[0032] In the nitrile rubber of the present invention, it is preferable to contain a phenolic antioxidant in an amount ranging from 0.001 to 2% by mass.

[0033] In the nitrile rubber of the present invention, it is preferable that the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) is 100,000 or more.

[0034] In the nitrile rubber of the present invention, it is preferable that the total ratio of the acrylonitrile polymerization units and the 1,3-butadiene polymerization units is 70 to 100% by mass.

[0035] In the nitrile rubber of the present invention, it is preferable that the total ratio of sodium content (Na) and potassium content (K) in the ash (Na+K) is 30% by mass or less.

[0036] In the nitrile rubber of the present invention, it is preferable that the total ratio of calcium content (Ca) and sulfur content (S) in the ash (Ca+S) is 30% by mass or more.

[0037] In the nitrile rubber of the present invention, it is preferable that the (Na+K) / (Ca+S) ratio in the ash content is 0.3 or less.

[0038] In the nitrile rubber of the present invention, it is preferable that the ratio of calcium content (Ca) to chlorine content (Cl) in the ash (Ca / Cl) is 1.5 or more.

[0039] In the nitrile rubber of the present invention, it is preferable that the ratio of sulfur content (S) to chlorine content (Cl) in the ash (S / Cl) is 1.5 or more.

[0040] In the nitrile rubber of the present invention, it is preferable that the ratio of calcium content (Ca) to sulfur content (S) in the ash (Ca / S) is 3.5 or less.

[0041] In the nitrile rubber of the present invention, it is preferable that the total ratio of sodium content (Na) and potassium content (K) in the ash (Na+K) is 20% by mass or less, and the total ratio of calcium content (Ca) and sulfur content (S) (Ca+S) is 40% by mass or more.

[0042] In the nitrile rubber of the present invention, it is preferable that the ash content is 0.01% by mass or more.

[0043] In the nitrile rubber of the present invention, it is preferable that the water content is less than 1% by mass.

[0044] In the nitrile rubber of the present invention, it is preferable that the polymer is obtained by emulsion polymerization of acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene and coagulation with calcium chloride.

[0045] In the nitrile rubber of the present invention, it is preferable that an alkali metal salt is used as a polymerization auxiliary material to emulsion polymerize acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene.

[0046] In the nitrile rubber of the present invention, it is preferable that acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene are emulsion polymerized using sulfates and / or sulfonates as polymerization auxiliary materials.

[0047] In the nitrile rubber of the present invention, it is preferable that at least one salt compound selected from the group consisting of alkali metal salts, sulfates, and sulfonates is used as a polymerization auxiliary material, and that acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene are emulsion polymerized and coagulated with calcium chloride.

[0048] According to the present invention, A polymerization step to obtain an emulsion polymer solution by emulsion polymerization of monomer components containing acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene at a polymerization temperature of 15°C or higher in the presence of an organic polymerization initiator, If necessary, an anti-aging agent is added to the emulsion polymerization liquid in an anti-aging agent addition step, A coagulation step is performed in which an emulsion polymerization solution to which an antioxidant is added as needed is brought into contact with an aqueous calcium chloride solution to produce a hydrated crumb, A washing process in which the generated water-containing crumb is washed with hot water, A dehydration process in which the washed, water-containing crumb is dehydrated at a dehydration temperature of 60°C or higher until the water content is 35% by mass or less, A drying process to reduce the water content of the dehydrated crumb to less than 1% by mass, A method for producing nitrile rubber containing [a specific substance] is provided.

[0049] In the method for producing nitrile rubber of the present invention, it is preferable that the nitrile rubber is the above-mentioned nitrile rubber.

[0050] The present invention also provides a hydrogenated nitrile rubber having an iodine value of 100 mg / 100 mg or less, obtained by hydrogenating the above-mentioned nitrile rubber.

[0051] The present invention also provides a hydrogenated nitrile rubber having a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 100,000 or less and an iodine value of 100 mg / 100 mg or less, obtained by hydrogenating the above-mentioned nitrile rubber after double decomposition.

[0052] The present invention also provides a positive electrode material comprising the above-mentioned hydrogenated nitrile rubber.

[0053] The present invention also provides a positive electrode binder obtained by dissolving the above-mentioned hydrogenated nitrile rubber in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP).

[0054] The present invention also provides a conductive material dispersion liquid obtained by dissolving or dispersing the above-mentioned hydrogenated nitrile rubber and conductive material in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP).

[0055] The present invention also provides a slurry for a positive electrode obtained by dissolving or dispersing a positive electrode active material, a conductive material, and the above-mentioned hydrogenated nitrile rubber in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP).

[0056] The present invention also provides a positive electrode comprising the above-mentioned hydrogenated nitrile rubber.

[0057] The present invention further provides an electrochemical element comprising the above-mentioned hydrogenated nitrile rubber. [Effects of the Invention]

[0058] The present invention provides a low-ash nitrile rubber that is easy to hydrogenate, and the hydrogenated nitrile rubber, after hydrogenation, enhances the dispersibility and stability of the conductive material dispersion, improves the warpage characteristics of the electrode, and enhances the capacitance characteristics, resistance characteristics, cycle characteristics, and high-temperature storage characteristics of the electrochemical element, as well as a method for producing the same, hydrogenated nitrile rubber obtained by hydrogenating nitrile rubber, and a positive electrode material, a positive electrode binder, a conductive material dispersion, a positive electrode slurry, a positive electrode, and an electrochemical element using hydrogenated nitrile rubber. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0059] [Figure 1] This figure shows an example of a nitrile rubber manufacturing system according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0060] Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below.

[0061] The nitrile rubber of the present invention is characterized by containing 15% to 50% by mass of acrylonitrile polymerization units and 50% to 85% by mass of 1,3-butadiene polymerization units, and 7% or more by mass of 1,2-bonding units in the 1,3-butadiene polymerization units, having a ratio of Z-average molecular weight (Mz) to weight-average molecular weight (Mw) (Mz / Mw) of 6 or less, an ash content of 0.7% by mass or less, and a ratio of the total amount of sodium content (Na) and potassium content (K) in the ash (Na+K) to the total amount of calcium content (Ca) and sulfur content (S) (Ca+S) ((Na+K) / (Ca+S)) of 0.5 or less.

[0062] <Nitrile rubber> (Repeating unit) The nitrile rubber of the present invention comprises acrylonitrile polymerization units and 1,3-butadiene polymerization units.

[0063] The proportion of acrylonitrile polymerization units in the nitrile rubber of the present invention is in the range of 15% by mass or more, preferably 20% by mass or more, more preferably 25% by mass or more, even more preferably 28% by mass or more, most preferably 30% by mass or more, and 50% by mass or less, preferably 48% by mass or less, more preferably 45% by mass or less, even more preferably 43% by mass or less, and most preferably 40% by mass or less. When the acrylonitrile polymerization units in the nitrile rubber are in this range, and hydrogenated hydrogenated nitrile rubber is used in the manufacture of an electrochemical element, the dispersibility of the conductive material dispersion is improved, and the cycle characteristics and resistance characteristics of the electrochemical element can be improved.

[0064] The proportion of 1,3-butadiene polymerization units in the nitrile rubber of the present invention is in the range of 50% by mass or more, preferably 52% by mass or more, more preferably 55% by mass or more, even more preferably 57% by mass or more, most preferably 60% by mass or more, and 85% by mass or less, preferably 80% by mass or less, more preferably 75% by mass or less, even more preferably 72% by mass or less, and most preferably 70% by mass or less.

[0065] The total ratio of acrylonitrile polymerization units and 1,3-butadiene polymerization units in the nitrile rubber of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is usually in the range of 70 to 100% by mass, preferably 80 to 100% by mass, more preferably 90 to 100% by mass, even more preferably 95 to 100% by mass, particularly preferably 97 to 100% by mass, and most preferably 100% by mass.

[0066] The proportion of 1,2-bonding units in the 1,3-butadiene polymerization units of the nitrile rubber of the present invention is 7% by mass or more, preferably 8% by mass or more, more preferably 9% by mass or more, or in order of preference 10% by mass or more, 10.5% by mass or more, 11% by mass or more, 11.5% by mass or more, and 12% by mass or more. When the proportion of 1,2-bonding units in the 1,3-butadiene polymerization units of the nitrile rubber is within this range, hydrogenated hydrogenated nitrile rubber is preferable because it significantly improves the warpage characteristics of the electrode and the capacitance characteristics of the electrochemical element. There is no particular upper limit to the proportion of 1,2-bonding units in the 1,3-butadiene polymerization units of the nitrile rubber, but it is usually 40% by mass or less, preferably 35% by mass or less, more preferably 30% by mass or less, or in order of preference 20% by mass or less, 19% by mass or less, 18% by mass or less, 17% by mass or less, 16% by mass or less, and 15% by mass or less, hydrogenated hydrogenated nitrile rubber can improve the flexibility of the electrode.

[0067] The nitrile rubber of the present invention may contain, as necessary, other repeating units in addition to the acrylonitrile polymerization units and 1,3-butadiene polymerization units described above. There are no particular limitations on the other repeating units, but for example, polar group-containing monomer units are preferably used.

[0068] There are no particular limitations on the polar group of the polar group-containing monomer unit, but examples include epoxy groups, acetoacetoxyalkyl groups, diester dicarboxylic acid groups, and acidic groups, with acidic groups being preferred.

[0069] Examples of epoxy group-containing monomers that can form epoxy group-containing monomer units include glycidyl methacrylate and glycidyl acrylate, with glycidyl methacrylate being preferred. Examples of acetoacetoxyalkyl group-containing monomers include acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate. Examples of diester dicarboxylic acid group-containing monomers include dibutyl maleate.

[0070] Examples of acidic group-containing monomers that can form acidic group-containing monomer units include carboxylic acid group-containing monomers, sulfonic acid group-containing monomers, and phosphate group-containing monomers, among which carboxylic acid group-containing monomers are preferred.

[0071] Examples of monomers containing a carboxylic acid group include monocarboxylic acids, dicarboxylic acids and their acid anhydrides, with monocarboxylic acids being preferred. Examples of monocarboxylic acids include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, monobutyl maleate, and monododecyl maleate, with methacrylic acid, acrylic acid, and monobutyl maleate being preferred, and methacrylic acid being more preferred. Examples of dicarboxylic acids include maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, methylmaleic acid, dimethylmaleic acid, phenylmaleic acid, chloromaleic acid, dichloromaleic acid, and fluoromaleic acid.

[0072] Examples of monomers containing sulfonic acid groups include vinyl sulfonic acid, methyl vinyl sulfonic acid, (meth)allyl sulfonic acid, styrene sulfonic acid, ethyl 2-(meth)acrylate, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, and 3-alyloxy-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid. Examples of monomers containing phosphate groups include 2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl phosphate, methyl-2-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl phosphate, and ethyl-(meth)acryloyloxyethyl phosphate.

[0073] These other repeating units can be used individually or in combination of two or more types. There are no particular limitations on the content of these other repeating units in the nitrile rubber, but it is usually 30% by mass or less, preferably 20% by mass or less, more preferably 10% by mass or less, even more preferably 5% by mass or less, and most preferably 3% by mass or less.

[0074] (characteristic) The nitrile rubber of the present invention contains the above repeating units and has properties such as a specific ratio of Z-average molecular weight (Mz) to weight-average molecular weight (Mw) (Mz / Mw) and a specific reduced ash content.

[0075] The ratio (Mz / Mw) of the Z-average molecular weight (Mz) to the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of the nitrile rubber of the present invention is 6 or less, preferably 5.5 or less, more preferably 5 or less, or preferably 4.8 or less, 4.6 or less, 4.5 or less, 4.3 or less, and 4 or less, in that order. When the Mz / Mw of the nitrile rubber is within this range, the hydrogenated hydrogenated nitrile rubber can improve the dispersibility of conductive material dispersions and the resistance of electrochemical elements. There is no particular limit to the lower limit of the Mz / Mw of the nitrile rubber, but it is usually 1.5 or more, preferably 1.6 or more, more preferably 1.7 or more, or preferably 1.8 or more, 2 or more, 2.3 or more, 2.5 or more, 2.8 or more, and 3 or more, in that order, the hydrogenated hydrogenated nitrile rubber can improve the peel strength of electrodes. Furthermore, when hydrogenation is performed after double decomposition of the nitrile rubber, the Mz / Mw after double decomposition becomes smaller, so it is preferable to set it to be larger than the optimal Mz / Mw of the hydrogenated nitrile rubber.

[0076] The weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of the nitrile rubber of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is usually 10,000 or more, preferably 30,000 or more, more preferably 50,000 or more, or preferably in the order of 70,000 or more, 100,000 or more, 120,000 or more, 150,000 or more, 180,000 or more, and 200,000 or more, and usually 5,000,000 or less, preferably 3,500,000 or less, more preferably 2,000,000 or less, or preferably in the order of 1,000,000 or less, 500,000 or less, 450,000 or less, 400,000 or less, 350,000 or less, and 300,000 or less. When the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of the nitrile rubber is within this range, ash removal from the nitrile rubber becomes easier, and the molecular weight adjustment of the hydrogenated hydrogenated nitrile rubber also becomes easier.

[0077] The ratio of the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) to the number-average molecular weight (Mn) (Mw / Mn) of the nitrile rubber of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is usually 1.2 or higher, preferably 1.5 or higher, more preferably 2 or higher, or preferably 2.5 or higher, 3 or higher, 3.5 or higher, 3.6 or higher, 3.7 or higher, 3.8 or higher, 3.9 or higher, and 4 or higher in that order. When the Mw / Mn of the nitrile rubber is within this range, the hydrogenated hydrogenated nitrile rubber can greatly improve the output characteristics of the electrochemical element. The upper limit of the Mw / Mn of the nitrile rubber is not particularly limited, but is usually 8 or lower, preferably 7 or lower, more preferably 6 or lower, or preferably 6.5 or lower, 6 or lower, 5.5 or lower, 5 or lower, and 4.5 or lower in that order. When it is within this range, the hydrogenated hydrogenated nitrile rubber can improve the cycle characteristics of the electrochemical element.

[0078] The ash content of the nitrile rubber of the present invention is 0.7% by mass or less, preferably 0.65% by mass or less, more preferably 0.6% by mass or less, or preferably in the order of 0.5% by mass or less, 0.45% by mass or less, 0.4% by mass or less, 0.35% by mass or less, 0.3% by mass or less, 0.25% by mass or less, and 0.2% by mass or less. When the ash content in the nitrile rubber is within this range, the hydrogenated hydrogenated nitrile rubber suppresses the increase in resistance during high-temperature storage of the electrochemical element, and also suppresses the deterioration of capacitance characteristics and cycle characteristics due to the destruction of the negative electrode active material, which is preferable. There is no particular limit to the ash content in nitrile rubber, but it is usually 0.001% by mass or more, preferably 0.005% by mass or more, more preferably 0.01% by mass or more, or preferably in the order of 0.02% by mass or more, 0.03% by mass or more, 0.04% by mass or more, 0.05% by mass or more, 0.06% by mass or more, 0.07% by mass or more, 0.08% by mass or more, 0.09% by mass or more, and 0.1% by mass or more. Hydrogenated hydrogenated nitrile rubber can increase the electrode peel strength.

[0079] The ratio ((Na+K) / (Ca+S)) of the total amount of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) content (Na+K) in the ash of the nitrile rubber of the present invention to the total amount of calcium (Ca) and sulfur (S) content (Ca+S) is 0.5 or less, preferably 0.4 or less, more preferably 0.3 or less, or preferably in the order of 0.25 or less, 0.2 or less, 0.15 or less, 0.1 or less, 0.09 or less, 0.08 or less, 0.07 or less, 0.06 or less, 0.05 or less, 0.04 or less, and 0.03 or less. When the (Na+K) / (Ca+S) in the ash of the nitrile rubber is within this range, the hydrogenated hydrogenated nitrile rubber increases the electrode peel strength, suppresses the increase in resistance during high-temperature storage of the electrochemical element, and suppresses the deterioration of capacitance characteristics and cycle characteristics due to the destruction of the negative electrode active material, etc.

[0080] The total ratio of calcium content (Ca) and sulfur content (S) (Ca+S) in the ash of the nitrile rubber of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is usually 30% by mass or more, preferably 35% by mass or more, more preferably 40% by mass or more, or preferably in the order of 45% by mass or more, 50% by mass or more, 55% by mass or more, 60% by mass or more, 65% by mass or more, 70% by mass or more, 75% by mass or more, 80% by mass or more, 85% by mass or more, and 90% by mass or more. When the total ratio of calcium content (Ca) and sulfur content (S) (Ca+S) in the ash of the nitrile rubber is within this range, the hydrogenated hydrogenated nitrile rubber increases the electrode peel strength, suppresses the increase in resistance when the electrochemical element is stored at high temperatures, and suppresses the deterioration of capacity characteristics and cycle characteristics due to the destruction of the negative electrode active material, etc.

[0081] The total ratio of sodium content (Na) and potassium content (K) (Na+K) in the ash of the nitrile rubber of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is usually 50% by mass or less, preferably 40% by mass or less, more preferably 30% by mass or less, or preferably in the order of 20% by mass or less, 15% by mass or less, 10% by mass or less, 7% by mass or less, 5% by mass or less, 3% by mass or less, and 1% by mass or less. When the total ratio of sodium content (Na) and potassium content (K) (Na+K) in the ash of the nitrile rubber is within this range, the hydrogenated hydrogenated nitrile rubber can suppress the decrease in capacitance characteristics due to the breakdown of the negative electrode active material of the electrochemical element, and can also suppress the increase in resistance during high-temperature storage.

[0082] The ratio of calcium content (Ca) to sulfur content (S) in the ash of the nitrile rubber of the present invention (Ca / S) is not particularly limited, but is usually 10 or less, preferably 7 or less, more preferably 5 or less, or preferably in the order of 4.5 or less, 4 or less, 3.5 or less, 3 or less, 2.5 or less, 2 or less, 1.5 or less, 1.3 or less, and 1.2 or less, and usually 0.1 or more, preferably 0.3 or more, more preferably 0.5 or more, or preferably in the order of 0.6 or more, 0.7 or more, 0.8 or more, 0.9 or more, and 1 or more. When the ratio of calcium content (Ca) to sulfur content (S) in the ash of the nitrile rubber (Ca / S) is within this range, the hydrogenated hydrogenated nitrile rubber increases the electrode peel strength, suppresses the increase in resistance when the resulting electrochemical element is stored at high temperatures, and suppresses the decrease in capacitance characteristics due to the destruction of the negative electrode active material, etc.

[0083] The ratio of calcium content (Ca) to chlorine content (Cl) in the ash of the nitrile rubber of the present invention (Ca / Cl) is not particularly limited, but is usually 0.5 or higher, preferably 0.6 or higher, more preferably 0.7 or higher, or preferably 0.8 or higher, 0.9 or higher, 1 or higher, 1.2 or higher, 1.4 or higher, 1.5 or higher, 1.6 or higher, 1.8 or higher, 2 or higher, 2.5 or higher, 3 or higher, 3.5 or higher, 4 or higher, 5 or higher, 10 or higher, 20 or higher, and 50 or higher in that order, and is usually 100 or lower, preferably 90 or lower, more preferably 80 or lower, even more preferably 75 or lower, and most preferably 70 or lower. When the ratio of calcium content (Ca) to chlorine content (Cl) in the ash of the nitrile rubber (Ca / Cl) is within this range, the hydrogenated hydrogenated nitrile rubber can enhance the viscosity characteristics of the conductive material dispersion and suppress the deterioration of the cycle characteristics of the resulting electrochemical element.

[0084] The ratio of sulfur content (S) to chlorine content (Cl) in the ash of the nitrile rubber of the present invention (S / Cl) is not particularly limited, but is usually 0.3 or more, preferably 0.5 or more, more preferably 0.7 or more, or preferably in the order of 1 or more, 1.5 or more, 2 or more, 2.5 or more, 3 or more, 3.5 or more, 4 or more, 4.5 or more, 5 or more, 10 or more, 30 or more, and 50 or more, is usually 100 or less, preferably 90 or less, more preferably 80 or less, even more preferably 75 or less, and most preferably 70 or less. When the ratio of sulfur content (S) to chlorine content (Cl) in the ash of the nitrile rubber is within this range, the electrode peel strength of the hydrogenated hydrogenated nitrile rubber is increased, the increase in resistance during high-temperature storage of the electrochemical element is suppressed, and the decrease in capacity characteristics and cycle characteristics due to the destruction of the negative electrode active material is suppressed.

[0085] The calcium content (Ca) in the ash of the nitrile rubber of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is usually 10% by mass or more, preferably 20% by mass or more, more preferably 30% by mass or more, even more preferably 35% by mass or more, most preferably 40% by mass or more, and usually 90% by mass or less, preferably 80% by mass or less, more preferably 70% by mass or less, even more preferably 60% by mass or less, and most preferably 50% by mass or less. When the calcium content (Ca) in the ash of the nitrile rubber is within this range, the electrode peel strength of the hydrogenated hydrogenated nitrile rubber is increased, the increase in resistance during high-temperature storage of the electrochemical element is suppressed, and the deterioration of capacity characteristics and cycle characteristics due to the destruction of the negative electrode active material is suppressed.

[0086] The sulfur content (S) in the ash of the nitrile rubber of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is usually 5% by mass or more, preferably 10% by mass or more, more preferably 15% by mass or more, even more preferably 20% by mass or more, most preferably 25% by mass or more, and usually 80% by mass or less, preferably 70% by mass or less, more preferably 60% by mass or less, even more preferably 50% by mass or less, most preferably 45% by mass or less. When the sulfur content (S) in the ash of the nitrile rubber is within this range, the electrode peel strength of the hydrogenated hydrogenated nitrile rubber is increased, the increase in resistance during high-temperature storage of the electrochemical element is suppressed, and the deterioration of capacity characteristics and cycle characteristics due to the destruction of the negative electrode active material is suppressed.

[0087] The chlorine content (Cl) in the ash of the nitrile rubber of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is usually 50% by mass or less, preferably 40% by mass or less, more preferably 30% by mass or less, or preferably in the order of 25% by mass or less, 20% by mass or less, 15% by mass or less, and 10% by mass or less. When the chlorine content (Cl) in the ash of the hydrogenated nitrile rubber is within this range, the effects of the hydrogenated hydrogenated nitrile rubber, such as the cycle characteristics of the electrochemical element and the suppression of resistance increase during high-temperature storage, are improved.

[0088] The total amount of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) content (Na+K) in the ash of the nitrile rubber of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is usually 1500 ppm or less, preferably 1000 ppm or less, more preferably 800 ppm or less, or preferably in the order of 700 ppm or less, 600 ppm or less, 500 ppm or less, 450 ppm or less, 400 ppm or less, 350 ppm or less, 300 ppm or less, 250 ppm or less, 200 ppm or less, 150 ppm or less, and 100 ppm or less. When the total amount of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) content (Na+K) in the ash of the nitrile rubber is within this range, the hydrogenated hydrogenated nitrile rubber can suppress the decrease in battery capacity and cycle characteristics due to the destruction of the negative electrode active material, etc.

[0089] The sodium content (Na) in the ash of the nitrile rubber of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is usually 700 ppm or less, preferably 500 ppm or less, more preferably 400 ppm or less, or preferably in the order of 350 ppm or less, 300 ppm or less, 250 ppm or less, 200 ppm or less, 150 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 70 ppm or less, and 50 ppm or less. When the sodium content (Na) in the ash of the nitrile rubber is within this range, the hydrogenated hydrogenated nitrile rubber can suppress the decrease in battery capacity and cycle characteristics due to the destruction of the negative electrode active material, etc.

[0090] The potassium content (K) in the ash of the nitrile rubber of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is usually 700 ppm or less, preferably 500 ppm or less, more preferably 400 ppm or less, or preferably in the order of 350 ppm or less, 300 ppm or less, 250 ppm or less, 200 ppm or less, 150 ppm or less, 100 ppm or less, 70 ppm or less, and 50 ppm or less. When the potassium content (K) in the ash of the nitrile rubber is within this range, the hydrogenated hydrogenated nitrile rubber can suppress the decrease in battery capacity and cycle characteristics due to the destruction of the negative electrode active material, etc.

[0091] The polymer pH of the nitrile rubber of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is usually 2 or higher, preferably 2.5 or higher, more preferably 3 or higher, or preferably in the order of 3.5 or higher, 4 or higher, 4.5 or higher, 4.6 or higher, 4.7 or higher, 4.8 or higher, 4.9 or higher, and 5 or higher, and is usually 8 or lower, preferably 7 or lower, more preferably 6.5 or lower, even more preferably 6 or lower, and most preferably 5.8 or lower. When the pH of the nitrile rubber is within this range, the viscosity stability of the positive electrode slurry of the hydrogenated nitrile rubber can be increased, and the capacitance and resistance characteristics of the electrochemical element can be improved.

[0092] The water content of the nitrile rubber of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is usually less than 1% by mass, preferably 0.8% by mass or less, more preferably 0.7% by mass or less, even more preferably 0.6% by mass or less, and most preferably 0.5% by mass or less.

[0093] The nitrile rubber of the present invention may contain an anti-aging agent as needed.

[0094] There are no particular limitations on the anti-aging agents that can be included, but amine-based and phenol-based anti-aging agents are preferably used, and phenol-based anti-aging agents are particularly preferred. There are no particular limitations on the phenol-based anti-aging agents, but for example, hindered phenol-based anti-aging agents remain in the hydrogenated hydrogenated nitrile rubber, improving the stability of the conductive material dispersion and the electrode peel strength.

[0095] Examples of hindered phenol-based antioxidants include 2,6-di-t-butylphenol, 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2,6-di-t-pentenyl-4-methylphenol, 2,2-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-t-butylphenol), 2,4-bis(octylthiomethyl)-6-methylphenol, 2,6-di-t-butyl-α-dimethylamino-p-cresol, and 3-(4-hydroxy-3,5 3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-di-t-butylphenyl)propionate butyl, 3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-di-t-butylphenyl)propionate hexyl, 3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-di-t-butylphenyl)propionate octyl, 3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-di-t-butylphenyl)propionate decyl, 3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-di-t-butylphenyl)propionate dodecyl, 3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-di-t-butylphenyl)propionate butyl Examples include octadecyl 3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diisopropylphenyl)propionate, heptyl 3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diisopropylphenyl)propionate, octyl 3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diisopropylphenyl)propionate, dodecyl 3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diisopropylphenyl)propionate, octadecyl 3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diisopropylphenyl)propionate, 4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-dibutylphenol), 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-(4,6-bis(octylthio)-1,3,5-triazine-2-ylamino)phenol, and preferably 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol (dibutylhydroxytoluene = BHT), 2,2-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-t-butylphenol), and 2,4-bis(octylthiomethyl)-6-methylphenol, with BHT being the most preferred.

[0096] Examples of phenolic antioxidants other than hindered phenolic antioxidants include styrene-phenols such as mono(or di, or tri)(α-methylbenzyl)phenol, butylhydroxyanisole, 2,2'-methylene-bis(4-methyl-6-t-butylphenol), alkylated bisphenols, 2,4-bis[(octylthio)methyl]-6-methylphenol, 2,2'-thiobis-(4-methyl-6-t-butylphenol), and 4,4'-thiobis-(6-t-butyl-o-cresol), with styrene-phenols and 2,4-bis[(octylthio)methyl]-6-methylphenol being preferred.

[0097] These antioxidants can be used individually or in combination of two or more. The content of the antioxidant in the nitrile rubber is not particularly limited, but is usually in the range of 0.001 to 2% by mass, preferably 0.01 to 1% by mass, more preferably 0.05 to 0.5% by mass, even more preferably 0.1 to 0.5% by mass, and most preferably 0.1 to 0.3% by mass. If the content of the antioxidant in the nitrile rubber is excessively low, the stability of the dispersion of hydrogenated hydrogenated nitrile rubber with the conductive material and the peel strength of the electrode will be poor, and if it is excessively high, it will affect the cycle characteristics of the electrochemical element.

[0098] The nitrile rubber of the present invention is not limited by the manufacturing process, but is preferably a polymer obtained by emulsion polymerization of acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene using an alkali metal salt as a polymerization auxiliary material.

[0099] In this specification, polymerization auxiliary materials are materials other than monomers and polymerization initiators used to stably carry out emulsion polymerization, and examples include emulsifiers, pH adjusters, chain transfer agents (molecular weight adjusters), chelating agents, and reducing agents. There are no particular limitations on the alkali metal salts used as polymerization auxiliary materials, but typical examples include potassium fatty acid and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate as emulsifiers, as well as sodium salts of mono- and di-sulfonated naphthalene sulfonic acid mixtures having isobutylene oligomer substituents, sodium salts of methylenebis(naphthalene sulfonate), and sodium phosphate as stabilizers. When alkali metal salts such as sodium salts and potassium salts are used as polymerization auxiliary materials, a uniform micelle structure and a uniform polymer can be produced, and the dispersibility and stability of the conductive material dispersion are excellent. However, differences in polymer structure occur that cannot be explained by measurable characteristic values ​​alone, and it is not possible to measure what type or shape of residue remains in the polymer after the polymerization auxiliary materials react. Furthermore, the polymerization auxiliary materials used remain in the crumb formed during the solidification reaction after polymerization and are difficult to remove. However, those using alkali metal salts are preferable because, due to the special crumb shape described later, they are easily removed by washing and dewatering. On the other hand, while the reduction of alkali metal salts from the polymer can be measured by the sodium (Na) and potassium (K) content in the ash, the effect on the properties of hydrogenated hydrogenated nitrile rubber varies greatly depending not only on the amount of Na and K in the ash but also on the type of counteranion, and these cannot be identified.

[0100] The nitrile rubber of the present invention is also preferably a polymer obtained by emulsion polymerization of acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene using sulfates and / or sulfonates as polymerization auxiliary materials.

[0101] Examples of sulfates or sulfonic acids used as polymerization auxiliary materials include emulsifiers such as sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, reducing agents such as iron sulfate, sodium salts of mono- and di-sulfonated naphthalene sulfonic acid mixtures having isobutylene oligomer substituents, and sodium salts of methylenebis(naphthalene sulfonate). Polymerization auxiliary materials using sulfates and / or sulfonates are preferred because they are easily removed by cramb washing and dehydration, resulting in minimal impact on the resulting polymer. On the other hand, when examining the ash content in the polymer, it was found that when sulfates and / or sulfonates were used as polymerization auxiliary materials and calcium chloride was used as a coagulant, the ratio of calcium content (Ca) to sulfur content (S) in the ash was high. Furthermore, although the ratio of calcium to chlorine (Ca / Cl) of the calcium chloride used as a coagulant was 0.565, the ratio of calcium content (Ca) to chlorine content (Cl) in the ash (Ca / Cl) was much larger. It was inferred that during the coagulation reaction, some of the readily soluble calcium chloride was exchanged as an acidic salt containing poorly hydrophilic sulfur and remained in the polymer. Although it is difficult to remove such poorly hydrophilic salts, by improving the coagulation reaction, washing, and dewatering processes described later, nitrile rubber with reduced poorly hydrophilic salts was obtained. Hydrogenated nitrile rubber obtained by hydrogenating this nitrile rubber suppressed the deterioration of cycle characteristics due to gas generation and active material destruction during high-temperature storage of electrochemical elements. It was also found that the presence of poorly hydrophilic salts had the effect of increasing the peel strength of the electrodes. However, the effect of polymers that reduce these poorly hydrophilic salts cannot be explained solely by the calcium (Ca) and sulfur (S) content in the ash, and it is not possible to measure which specific salts are affecting the stability, dispersibility, and various properties of the conductive material dispersion and electrochemical elements.

[0102] The nitrile rubber of the present invention is preferably a polymer obtained by emulsion polymerization of acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene and coagulation with calcium chloride.

[0103] When obtaining polymers by coagulating an emulsion polymerization solution, the size, shape, and properties of the resulting water-containing crumbs vary considerably depending on the type of coagulant used. This results in differences in the polymerization auxiliary materials that can be removed in subsequent washing and dehydration steps, as well as the various auxiliary material residues from the coagulation process. Furthermore, it is impossible to identify all trace amounts of these auxiliary materials and their reaction products. In particular, when hydrogenated nitrile rubber is used in electrochemical elements, these small amounts of residue affect various properties. Therefore, for electrochemical element applications, a solution using calcium chloride as a coagulant is preferable because, even if ash remains in the nitrile rubber or hydrogenated nitrile rubber, it exhibits excellent electrode peel strength characteristics and suppresses gas generation during high-temperature storage of the electrochemical element. Additionally, hydrogenated nitrile rubber obtained by hydrogenating nitrile rubber using alkali metal salts, sulfates, or sulfonates (preferably sulfates or sulfonates) as polymerization auxiliary materials and calcium chloride as a coagulant exhibits excellent electrode peel characteristics for electrochemical elements such as lithium-ion secondary batteries, and suppresses deterioration of cycle characteristics and gas generation during high-temperature storage compared to solutions using other coagulants.

[0104] The nitrile rubber of the present invention is preferably a polymer obtained by emulsion polymerization of acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene, followed by the addition of a phenolic antioxidant and then coagulation with calcium chloride.

[0105] The effectiveness of the above-mentioned specific antioxidant is far superior and preferable in nitrile rubber produced by adding it to an emulsion polymerization solution obtained by emulsion polymerization of acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene, rather than by mixing it with the nitrile rubber after production. Although this cannot be measured, it is thought that the phenolic antioxidant exhibits a high effect when the emulsion polymerization solution, in which the phenolic antioxidant is uniformly dispersed, is coagulated with calcium chloride, resulting in uniform and fine dispersion within the resulting nitrile rubber. In this invention, the antioxidant effect of the phenolic antioxidant is higher when added to the polymerization solution containing nitrile rubber after emulsion polymerization, rather than when added in the reaction solution containing hydrogenated nitrile rubber after hydrogenation. However, it is not possible to measure the state in which the antioxidant is thought to be uniformly dispersed in the nitrile rubber or hydrogenated nitrile rubber.

[0106] <Method for manufacturing nitrile rubber> The above method for producing nitrile rubber is not particularly limited, but for example, it may include a polymerization step of emulsion polymerization of monomer components containing acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene at a polymerization temperature of 15°C or higher in the presence of an organic polymerization initiator to obtain an emulsion polymerization solution, If necessary, an anti-aging agent is added to the emulsion polymerization liquid in an anti-aging agent addition step, A coagulation step is performed in which an emulsion polymerization solution to which an antioxidant is added as needed is brought into contact with an aqueous calcium chloride solution to produce a hydrated crumb, A washing process in which the generated water-containing crumb is washed with hot water, A dehydration process in which the washed, water-containing crumb is dehydrated at a dehydration temperature of 60°C or higher until the water content is 35% by mass or less, A drying process to reduce the water content of the dehydrated crumb to less than 1% by mass, It can be easily manufactured by a manufacturing method that includes [the specified ingredient].

[0107] (monomer components) The monomer components used are the same as those described for the monomer components of the repeating units, and the amount used should be appropriately selected to match the monomer composition of the nitrile rubber.

[0108] (Emulsion polymerization process) There are no particular limitations on the emulsifiers used in emulsion polymerization; they are selected according to conventional methods. Examples include salts of fatty acids such as myristic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linolenic acid; alkylbenzene sulfonates such as dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid; sulfate esters such as sodium lauryl sulfate; phosphate esters such as polyoxyalkylene alkyl ether phosphate esters; and alkyl sulfosuccinates. Among these, fatty acid salts, alkylbenzene sulfonates, and sulfate esters are preferred, with fatty acid salts and alkylbenzene sulfonates being particularly preferred.

[0109] Examples of salts such as fatty acid salts, alkylbenzene sulfonates, sulfate esters, and phosphate esters mentioned above include alkali metal salts and ammonium salts, with alkali metal salts being preferred, and sodium salts and potassium salts being particularly preferred. Specific examples of emulsifiers include potassium oleate, sodium oleate, potassium palmitate, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, sodium lauryl sulfate, ammonium lauryl sulfate, sodium myristyl sulfate, sodium laureth sulfate, sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl sulfate, and sodium polyoxyethylene alkylaryl sulfate, with potassium oleate and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate being preferred.

[0110] These emulsifiers can be used individually or in combination of two or more, and the amount used is usually in the range of 0.01 to 10 parts by mass, preferably 0.1 to 5 parts by mass, and more preferably 1 to 3 parts by mass, per 100 parts by mass of monomer component.

[0111] The method for mixing the monomer component, emulsifier, and water can be done according to conventional methods, such as stirring the monomer, emulsifier, and water using a homogenizer or a stirrer such as a disk turbine. The amount of water used is usually in the range of 10 to 750 parts by mass, preferably 50 to 500 parts by mass, and more preferably 100 to 400 parts by mass, per 100 parts by mass of the monomer component.

[0112] In addition to the emulsifiers mentioned above, known polymerization auxiliary materials used in emulsion polymerization can be used after being appropriately optimized. Specifically, various polymerization regulators such as molecular weight regulators (chain transfer agents), pH regulators, stabilizers, and reducing agents and chelating agents in redox catalysts can be used.

[0113] Organic polymerization initiators are used as polymerization initiators in emulsion polymerization. Using organic polymerization initiators is preferable because it allows for an increase in the proportion of 1,2-bond units in the 1,3-butadiene polymerization units of nitrile rubber.

[0114] There are no particular limitations on the organic polymerization initiators, as long as they are known and used in emulsion polymerization. Examples include 2,2-di(4,4-di-(t-butylperoxy)cyclohexyl)propane, 1-di-(t-hexylperoxy)cyclohexane, 1,1-di-(t-butylperoxy)cyclohexane, 4,4-di-(t-butylperoxy)n-butyl valerate, 2,2-di-(t-butylperoxy)butane, t-butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide, and diisopropyl ben. Examples include zenhydroperoxide, paramentanehydroperoxide, benzoyl peroxide, 1,1,3,3-tetraethylbutylhydroperoxide, t-butylcumyl peroxide, di-t-butyl peroxide, di-t-hexyl peroxide, di(2-t-butylperoxyisopropyl)benzene, dicumyl peroxide, diisobutyryl peroxide, di(3,5,5-trimethylhexanoyl)peroxide, and dilauroyl peroxide.

[0115] These polymerization initiators can be used individually or in combination of two or more types, and the amount used is usually in the range of 0.0001 to 5 parts by mass, preferably 0.0005 to 1 part by mass, and more preferably 0.001 to 0.5 parts by mass, per 100 parts by mass of monomer component.

[0116] The amount of water used in the emulsion polymerization reaction may be limited to the amount used during the emulsion formation of the monomer components, but it is usually adjusted to be in the range of 10 to 1000 parts by mass, preferably 50 to 500 parts by mass, more preferably 80 to 400 parts by mass, and most preferably 100 to 300 parts by mass, per 100 parts by mass of the monomer components used for polymerization.

[0117] The emulsion polymerization reaction can be carried out according to conventional methods and may be batch, semi-batch, or continuous. The polymerization temperature and polymerization time are not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected depending on the type of polymerization initiator used. The polymerization temperature is usually 0°C or higher, preferably 5°C or higher, more preferably 10°C or higher, even more preferably 15°C or higher, particularly preferably 20°C or higher, most preferably 25°C or higher, and usually 100°C or lower, preferably 90°C or lower, more preferably 80°C or lower, even more preferably 70°C or lower, particularly preferably 60°C or lower, most preferably 50°C or lower. The polymerization time is usually 0.5 to 100 hours, preferably 1 to 10 hours. By setting the polymerization temperature higher, the ratio of the Z-average molecular weight (Mz) to the polymerization average molecular weight (Mw) of the nitrile rubber (Mz / Mw), and the proportion of 1,2-bond units in the 1,3-butadiene polymerization units can be increased.

[0118] The polymerization conversion rate in the emulsion polymerization reaction is not particularly limited, but is usually 70% by mass or more, preferably 75% by mass or more, more preferably 80% by mass or more, and even more preferably 85% by mass or more. Setting a higher polymerization conversion rate allows for an increase in the ratio of the Z-average molecular weight (Mz) to the polymerization average molecular weight (Mw) of the nitrile rubber (Mz / Mw), and the proportion of 1,2-bond units in the 1,3-butadiene polymerization units. A polymerization inhibitor may be used to stop the polymerization.

[0119] (Addition of anti-aging agent) In this invention, an anti-aging agent can be added to the emulsion polymerization solution after emulsion polymerization, if necessary. By adding an anti-aging agent to the emulsion polymerization solution, the anti-aging agent, such as a phenolic anti-aging agent, can be uniformly dispersed in the resulting nitrile rubber or hydrogenated nitrile rubber. Furthermore, adding the anti-aging agent at this stage is preferable because it prevents deterioration reactions during the drying of the nitrile rubber.

[0120] The antioxidant used is the same as the example of the antioxidant contained in the nitrile rubber, and the method of adding the antioxidant to the emulsion polymerization solution is not particularly limited and can be done according to conventional methods. For example, it may be added as is, or it may be added after being emulsified with an emulsifier.

[0121] The amount of antioxidant used can be appropriately selected to match the amount of antioxidant in the nitrile rubber of the present invention, but is usually in the range of 0.001 to 15 parts by mass, preferably 0.01 to 10 parts by mass, more preferably 0.1 to 5 parts by mass, particularly preferably 0.3 to 3 parts by mass, and most preferably 0.5 to 2 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of monomer component.

[0122] (solidification process) In the coagulation reaction, an aqueous solution of calcium chloride is used as a coagulant, and if necessary, it is brought into contact with a polymerization solution to produce a hydrated crumb.

[0123] The solid content concentration of the polymerization solution used is not particularly limited, but is usually adjusted to a range of 5 to 50% by mass, preferably 10 to 45% by mass, and more preferably 20 to 40% by mass.

[0124] While there are no particular limitations on the concentration of the aqueous calcium chloride solution used, it is generally preferable to use a concentration of 0.1 to 70% by mass, preferably 1 to 60% by mass, more preferably 5 to 50% by mass, and especially preferably 10 to 30% by mass, as this allows for the concentration of the particle size of the resulting hydrated crumbs within a specific range.

[0125] While there are no particular limitations on the temperature during the coagulation reaction, it is generally preferable to have a temperature of 0°C or higher, preferably 10 to 90°C, and more preferably 20 to 80°C, as this is when a uniform hydrated crumb is produced.

[0126] In the method for producing nitrile rubber of the present invention, it is preferable to add the polymerization solution to a 10-30% by mass aqueous calcium chloride solution that is vigorously stirred at 300 rpm or more. The water-containing crumb produced by this coagulation method can significantly improve the washing efficiency and dewatering efficiency of emulsifiers and coagulants.

[0127] There are no particular limitations on the rotation speed of the impeller, but it is usually 100 rpm or more, preferably 200 rpm or more, more preferably 300 rpm or more, or preferably 350 rpm or more, 400 rpm or more, 450 rpm or more, 500 rpm or more, and 550 rpm or more in that order, and usually 1000 rpm or less, preferably 900 rpm or less, more preferably 800 rpm or less, even more preferably 750 rpm or less, and most preferably 700 rpm or less. It is preferable that the rotation speed of the impeller is above a certain level and the solidified liquid is vigorously stirred so that the diameter of the water-containing crumbs generated can be made smaller and concentrated in a specific region.

[0128] The peripheral velocity of the agitated coagulated liquid is expressed as the linear velocity of the outer circumference of the stirring blade of the agitator. It is preferable for the coagulated liquid to be agitated vigorously to a certain extent, as this makes it possible to create smaller and more uniform water-containing cramb diameters. Typically, a peripheral velocity of 0.5 m / s or more is suitable, preferably 1 m / s or more, more preferably 1.5 m / s or more, particularly preferably 2 m / s or more, and most preferably 2.5 m / s or more. There is no particular upper limit to the peripheral velocity of the agitated coagulated liquid, but typically it is 50 m / s or less, preferably 30 m / s or less, more preferably 25 m / s or less, or preferably 20 m / s or less, 15 m / s or less, 10 m / s or less, 5 m / s or less, and 4 m / s or less, in that order. When the velocity is within this range, it becomes easier to control the coagulation reaction.

[0129] The resulting water-containing crumb is preferable when, after sieving (classification) using JIS classification sieves, the proportion of water-containing crumbs that pass through an 8mm mesh JIS sieve but not through a 4.75mm mesh JIS sieve is 50% by mass or more, as this offers excellent operability and improved washing and dewatering efficiency.

[0130] In the present invention, when sieving (classification) is performed using a JIS classifying sieve under the following conditions (a) to (g), the proportion of water-containing crumbs with a crumb diameter of 3.35 to 4.75 mm is highest, which is preferable because it provides a high balance between the removal efficiency and workability during washing and dewatering of emulsifiers and coagulants.

[0131] In the present invention, the resulting water-containing crumb is preferable if it satisfies all of the following conditions (a) to (e), as this significantly improves the efficiency of removing the emulsifier and coagulant during washing and dewatering.

[0132] (a) The percentage of water-containing crumbs that do not pass through a JIS sieve with a mesh opening of 9.5 mm is 10% by mass or less, preferably 5% by mass or less, and more preferably 3% by mass or less. (b) The proportion of relatively large water-containing crumbs that pass through a JIS sieve with a mesh size of 9.5 mm but do not pass through a JIS sieve with a mesh size of 8 mm is 25% by mass or less, preferably 20% by mass or less, more preferably 15% by mass or less, even more preferably 10% by mass or less, and most preferably 5% by mass or less. (c) The percentage of water-containing crumbs that pass through a JIS sieve with an 8 mm mesh opening but do not pass through a JIS sieve with an 1.7 mm mesh opening is 50% by mass or more, preferably 60% by mass or more, more preferably 70% by mass or more, even more preferably 80% by mass or more, and most preferably 90% by mass or more. (d) The percentage of water-containing crumbs that pass through a 1.7 mm mesh opening but do not pass through a JIS sieve with a 0.43 mm mesh opening is 25% by mass or less, preferably 20% by mass or less, more preferably 15% by mass or less, even more preferably 10% by mass or less, and most preferably 5% by mass or less. (e) The percentage of water-containing crumbs that pass through a JIS sieve with a mesh opening of 0.43 mm is 10% by mass or less, preferably 5% by mass or less, and more preferably 3% by mass or less.

[0133] In the present invention, it is preferable that the resulting hydrated crumb satisfies the following conditions (f) and / or (g). (f) The percentage of water-containing crumbs that pass through a JIS sieve with a mesh size of 4.75 mm but do not pass through a JIS sieve with a mesh size of 2.36 mm is 30% by mass or more, preferably 40% by mass or more, more preferably 50% by mass or more, even more preferably 60% by mass or more, and most preferably 70% by mass or more. (g) The percentage of water-containing crumbs that pass through a JIS sieve with a mesh size of 4.75 mm but not through a JIS sieve with a mesh size of 3.35 mm is 10% by mass or more, preferably 15% by mass or more, more preferably 20% by mass or more, even more preferably 25% by mass or more, and most preferably 30% by mass or more. Furthermore, there is no particular limit to the upper limit of water-containing crumbs in this range, but it is usually 90% by mass or less, preferably 85% by mass or less, more preferably 80% by mass or less, even more preferably 75% by mass or less, and most preferably 70% by mass or less.

[0134] The shape of the resulting water-containing crumbs is not particularly limited, but a perforated shape is preferred. In particular, adding the emulsion polymerization solution directly to the central rotating shaft and rotor blades in the vigorously rotating solidifying liquid increases the amount of perforated water-containing crumbs, which is preferable.

[0135] After the solidification process, the resulting water-containing crumb can be washed, dehydrated, and dried to obtain the polymer before hydrogenation.

[0136] (Washing process) There are no particular limitations on the cleaning method; any conventional method is acceptable, but a method using warm water is preferred. The ideal temperature for the hot water is typically 30°C or higher, preferably 35-100°C, more preferably 40-80°C, even more preferably 40-60°C, and most preferably 40-50°C, as this significantly improves cleaning efficiency. Calcium sulfate and calcium sulfonate salts, for example, are poorly soluble in water and have low solubility, but their solubility tends to increase at certain temperatures. By setting the cleaning water temperature above the aforementioned lower limit, emulsifiers and coagulants are released from the water-containing crumb, further improving cleaning efficiency.

[0137] In the present invention, it is also effective to wash the hydrated crumb solidified with the above-mentioned high-concentration calcium chloride aqueous solution with a large amount of water. The amount of water used is typically 10 to 500 times, preferably 25 to 250 times, and more preferably 50 to 100 times, by mass per 100 parts by mass of polymer.

[0138] There are no particular limitations on the washing time, but it is usually in the range of 1 to 120 minutes, preferably 2 to 60 minutes, and more preferably 3 to 30 minutes.

[0139] (Dehydration process) Washed, water-containing crumb is preferable because dehydration removes polymerization auxiliary materials such as emulsifiers trapped inside the water-containing crumb.

[0140] The water content of the dehydrated crumb is not particularly limited, but is usually 35% by mass or less, preferably 30% by mass or less, more preferably 25% by mass or less, or preferably in the order of 20% by mass or less, 15% by mass or less, 14% by mass or less, 13% by mass or less, 12% by mass or less, 10% by mass or less, 8% by mass or less, and 7% by mass or less.

[0141] There are no particular limitations on the method for dehydrating water-containing crumb, but a method that compresses and dehydrates the crumb using a squeezer or similar device to extract the internal moisture is preferable. On the other hand, dehydration using a centrifuge or similar device is insufficient as it can only reduce the water content of the crumb to about 50-60% by mass.

[0142] The dehydration temperature is not particularly limited, but is usually 30°C or higher, preferably 40°C or higher, more preferably 50°C or higher, or preferably 60°C or higher, 70°C or higher, 80°C or higher, and 90°C or higher in that order. At this temperature range, the water-containing crumb becomes flexible, making it easier to remove moisture containing polymerization auxiliary materials, etc.

[0143] (drying process) The drying method for the dehydrated crumb can follow conventional methods, and can be performed using dryers such as hot air dryers, vacuum dryers, expander dryers, kneader dryers, and screw extruders.

[0144] The shape of the dried rubber (polymer) is not particularly limited and can be, for example, crumb-like, powder-like, rod-like, or sheet-like. The water content of the dried rubber is not particularly limited, but is usually less than 1% by mass, preferably 0.9% by mass or less, more preferably 0.8% by mass or less, even more preferably 0.6% by mass or less, and most preferably 0.5% by mass or less.

[0145] The resulting nitrile rubber is readily subject to hydrogenation, and hydrogenated nitrile rubber can be easily manufactured.

[0146] <Hydrogenated nitrile rubber> The hydrogenated nitrile rubber of the present invention is obtained by hydrogenating the above-mentioned nitrile rubber, resulting in an iodine value of 100 mg / 100 mg or less. The hydrogenated nitrile rubber of the present invention is obtained by hydrogenating the above-mentioned nitrile rubber after a double decomposition reaction, and has a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 100,000 or less and an iodine value of 100 mg / 100 mg or less.

[0147] The hydrogenated nitrile rubber of the present invention has the following properties: acrylonitrile polymerization unit ratio, 1,3-butadiene polymerization unit ratio, 1,2-bonding unit ratio (unhydrogenated unit + hydride unit) ratio in the 1,3-butadiene polymerization unit, other repeating unit ratios, ash content, total calcium content (Ca) and sulfur content (S) ratio (Ca+S) in the ash, total sodium content (Na) and potassium content (K) ratio (Na+K) in the ash, and the ratio of the total sodium content (Na) and potassium content (K) ratio (Na+K) to the total calcium content (Ca) and sulfur content (S) ratio (Ca+S) ((Na+K) / (Ca The ratio of calcium content (Ca) to sulfur content (S) in the ash (Ca / S), the ratio of sulfur content (S) to chlorine content (Cl) in the ash (S / Cl), the ratio of calcium content (Ca) to sulfur content (S) in the ash (Ca / S), the percentage of calcium content (Ca) in the ash, the percentage of sulfur content (S) in the ash, the percentage of chlorine content (Cl) in the ash, the total amount of sodium content (Na) and potassium content (K) in the ash (Na+K), the sodium content (Na) in the ash, and the potassium content (K) in the ash are the same as described for nitrile rubber, and the characteristic values ​​of nitrile rubber are inherited.

[0148] The type and content of the antioxidant in the hydrogenated nitrile rubber of the present invention are the same as those described for nitrile rubber, and the antioxidant content in the nitrile rubber is largely retained in the hydrogenated nitrile rubber. Furthermore, the polymer pH of the hydrogenated nitrile rubber of the present invention is the same as those described for nitrile rubber, and the polymer pH of the nitrile rubber is largely retained even after the hydrogenation reaction.

[0149] The iodine value of the hydrogenated nitrile rubber of the present invention is 100 mg / 100 mg or less, preferably 80 mg / 100 mg or less, more preferably 60 mg / 100 mg or less, and preferably 50 mg / 100 mg or less, 40 mg / 100 mg or less, 30 mg / 100 mg or less, 20 mg / 100 mg or less, and 10 mg / 100 mg or less, in that order. The lower limit is usually 0.1 mg / 100 mg or more, preferably 0.5 mg / 100 mg or more, more preferably 1 mg / 100 mg or more, even more preferably 1.5 mg / 100 mg or more, and most preferably 2 mg / 100 mg or more. When the iodine value of the hydrogenated nitrile rubber is within this range, the stability of the conductive material dispersion, the flexibility of the electrodes, and the cycle characteristics of the electrochemical element can be greatly enhanced.

[0150] The ratio of the Z-average molecular weight (Mz) to the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) (Mz / Mw) of the hydrogenated nitrile rubber of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is usually 1.3 or higher, preferably 1.4 or higher, more preferably 1.5 or higher, or preferably in the order of 1.6 or higher, 1.7 or higher, 1.8 or higher, 1.9 or higher, 2 or higher, 2.1 or higher, 2.2 or higher, 2.3 or higher, 2.4 or higher, and 2.5 or higher, which can increase the peel strength of the electrode. The upper limit of the Mz / Mw of the hydrogenated nitrile rubber is not particularly limited, but is usually 6 or lower, preferably 5.5 or lower, more preferably 5 or lower, or preferably in the order of 4.5 or lower, 4 or lower, 3.5 or lower, 3 or lower, and 2.7 or lower, which can improve the dispersibility of the conductive material dispersion and the resistance characteristics of the electrochemical element.

[0151] The weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of the hydrogenated nitrile rubber obtained by hydrogenating the nitrile rubber after the double decomposition reaction of the present invention is 100,000 or less, preferably 90,000 or less, more preferably 80,000 or less, even more preferably 70,000 or less, and most preferably 60,000 or less. When the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) is within this range, the dispersibility of conductive materials is significantly improved, and the resistance characteristics of the manufactured electrochemical elements can be enhanced. On the other hand, there is no particular limit to the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of the hydrogenated nitrile rubber, but it is usually 1,000 or more, preferably 5,000 or more, more preferably 10,000 or more, even more preferably 20,000 or more, and most preferably 30,000 or more. When the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) is within this range, the peel strength of the obtained electrodes can be increased.

[0152] The weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of the hydrogenated nitrile rubber produced by hydrogenating nitrile rubber without the double decomposition reaction of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is usually 100,000 or more, preferably 150,000 or more, more preferably 180,000 or more, even more preferably 200,000 or more, most preferably 250,000 or more, and usually within the range of 5,000,000 or less, preferably 3,000,000 or less, 1,500,000 or less, more preferably 1,000,000 or less, and most preferably 500,000 or less. When the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of the hydrogenated nitrile rubber is within this range, the electrode peel strength can be greatly increased.

[0153] In the hydrogenated nitrile rubber of the present invention, when the weight-average molecular weight (NMP-Mw) measured using N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) as a solvent and the weight-average molecular weight (THF-Mw) measured using tetrahydrofuran (THF) as a solvent satisfy the relationship NMP-Mw ≥ THF-Mw, the dispersibility and stability of the conductive material dispersion using NMP as a solvent can be greatly improved.

[0154] The ratio (NMP-Mw / THF-Mw) of the weight-average molecular weight (NMP-Mw) of the hydrogenated nitrile rubber of the present invention, measured using N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) as a solvent, to the important average molecular weight (THF-Mw) measured using tetrahydrofuran (THF) as a solvent, is not particularly limited, but is usually 1 or more, preferably 1.01 or more, more preferably 1.02 or more, even more preferably 1.05 or more, and most preferably 1.1 or more. The upper limit is not particularly limited, but is usually 3 or less, preferably 2.5 or less, more preferably 2.2 or less, even more preferably 2 or less, and most preferably 1.5 or less. When the NMP-Mw / THF-Mw of the hydrogenated nitrile rubber is within this range, the dispersibility and stability of the conductive material dispersion using NMP as a solvent can be greatly improved.

[0155] The ratio of the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) to the number-average molecular weight (Mn) (Mw / Mn) of the hydrogenated nitrile rubber of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is usually 1.2 or higher, preferably 1.5 or higher, more preferably 2 or higher, or preferably in the order of 2.1 or higher, 2.2 or higher, 2.3 or higher, 2.4 or higher, 2.5 or higher, 2.6 or higher, 2.7 or lower, 2.8 or higher, 2.9 or higher, and 3 or higher, which can significantly improve the output characteristics of the electrochemical element. The upper limit of the Mw / Mn of the hydrogenated nitrile rubber is not particularly limited, but is usually 7 or lower, preferably 6 or lower, more preferably 5 or lower, or preferably in the order of 4.7 or lower, 4.5 or lower, 4.3 or lower, 4 or lower, 3.9 or lower, 3.8 or lower, 3.7 or lower, 3.6 or lower, and 3.5 or lower, which can greatly improve the cycle characteristics of the electrochemical element.

[0156] The total amount of ruthenium (Ru) and rhodium (Rh) in the ash of the hydrogenated nitrile rubber of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is usually 5% by mass or less, preferably 3% by mass or less, more preferably 1% by mass or less, even more preferably 0.5% by mass or less, and most preferably 0.3% by mass or less.

[0157] The phosphorus content (P) in the ash of the hydrogenated nitrile rubber of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is usually 30% by mass or less, preferably 25% by mass or less, more preferably 20% by mass or less, even more preferably 15% by mass or less, and most preferably 10% by mass or less. When the phosphorus content (P) in the ash of the hydrogenated nitrile rubber is within this range, the cycle characteristics of the resulting electrochemical element are improved and it is preferable.

[0158] The water content of the hydrogenated nitrile rubber of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is usually less than 1% by mass, preferably 0.8% by mass or less, more preferably 0.7% by mass or less, even more preferably 0.6% by mass or less, and most preferably 0.5% by mass or less.

[0159] (Double decomposition reaction) The double decomposition reaction of nitrile rubber can be carried out using, for example, the ruthenium catalyst described in Japanese Patent No. 4509792.

[0160] There are no particular limitations on the ruthenium-based catalyst used; any known ruthenium-based catalyst can be used. In particular, it is preferable to use Grubbs catalysts such as bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)benzylideneruthenium dichloride or 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2-(imidazolidinylidene)(dichlorophenylmethylene)(tricyclohexylphosphine)ruthenium.

[0161] The double decomposition reaction is carried out by dissolving the substance in a solvent in the presence of a coolefin. Examples of coolefins include olefins with 2 to 16 carbon atoms such as ethylene, isobutane, styrene, and 1-hexane, as well as cis-2-butene-1,4-diol, 3-butene-1-amine, vinyltrimethoxysilane, methoxypolyalkylene glycol methacrylate, and 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethanesulfonic acid.

[0162] The amount of coolefin used is typically in the range of 0.1 to 20 parts by mass, preferably 0.5 to 10 parts by mass, and more preferably 1 to 5 parts by mass, per 100 parts by mass of polymer.

[0163] The reaction can be carried out in a solvent that does not inactivate the catalyst or interfere with the reaction. Preferred solvents are not limited to dichloromethane, but include, for example, dichloromethane, benzene, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexane, and monochlorobenzene (MCB), with MCB being preferred. In some cases, the coolefin itself can act as a solvent, in which case no other solvent is required.

[0164] The polymer concentration in the double decomposition reaction is not particularly limited, but is usually in the range of 1 to 20% by mass, preferably 6 to 15% by mass.

[0165] The reaction solution in the double decomposition reaction is usually stirred vigorously, for example, in the range of 200 to 1000 rpm, preferably 300 to 900 rpm, and more preferably 500 to 800 rpm.

[0166] The temperature for the double decomposition reaction is typically in the range of 20 to 140°C, preferably 60 to 120°C. The reaction time depends on numerous factors, including the cement concentration, the amount of catalyst used, and the reaction temperature, but is usually completed within 2 hours. The progress of the double decomposition reaction can be monitored using standard analytical methods, such as GPC or solution viscosity.

[0167] (Hydrogenation reaction) The hydrogenation reaction can be carried out by dissolving nitrile rubber, or nitrile rubber that has undergone the double decomposition reaction as needed, in a solvent and adding a hydrogenation catalyst.

[0168] The solvent used in the hydrogenation reaction can be either an aqueous solvent or an organic solvent, but an organic solvent is preferred. Suitable organic solvents include, for example, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxane, benzene, toluene, methylene chloride, chloroform, monochlorobenzene (MCB), and dichlorobenzene. Among these, MCB is particularly suitable as it is a good solvent for both the nitrile group-containing nitrile rubber before hydrogenation and the hydrogenated nitrile rubber after hydrogenation.

[0169] There are no particular limitations on the hydrogenation catalyst, but it is usually carried out using a ruthenium-based catalyst. When the above double decomposition reaction is carried out using the Grubbs catalyst, it can be converted to the olefin hydrogenation catalyst dihydrogen complex (PR3) 2RuCl2H2 by hydrogen substitution in the reactor, and the reaction can be continued. Alternatively, a dihydrogen complex or other ruthenium-based catalyst can be used. The hydrogenation reaction can be carried out according to a conventional method, for example, by the method described in Japanese Patent No. 6309634.

[0170] While there are no particular limitations on hydrogenation catalysts other than ruthenium-based catalysts, known homogeneous hydrogenation catalysts such as rhodium-based Wilkinson catalysts ((PPh3)3RhCl) are particularly preferred because they can be used with the same solvent as ruthenium-based catalysts and can be carried out without changing the reaction vessel. The hydrogenation reaction can be carried out according to conventional methods, for example, using the method described in Japanese Patent No. 6309634. In the case of Wilkinson catalysts, co-catalysts include phosphine, diphosphine, and triphenylphosphine, with triphenylphosphine being preferred. The amount of these co-catalysts used is usually in the range of 0.01 to 15 parts by mass, preferably 0.1 to 10 parts by mass, and more preferably 0.5 to 5 parts by mass, based on 100 parts by mass of the polymer to be hydrogenated.

[0171] The amount of hydrogenation catalyst used can be appropriately selected according to the purpose of use and the iodine value, but is usually in the range of 0.001 to 0.5 parts by mass, preferably 0.005 to 0.1 parts by mass, or 0.01 to 0.05 parts by mass, based on 100 parts by mass of polymer before hydrogenation.

[0172] The polymer concentration in the hydrogenation reaction is not particularly limited as long as the polymer can be dissolved, but is usually in the range of 1 to 30% by mass, preferably 5 to 25% by mass, and more preferably 7 to 20% by mass.

[0173] The pressure for the hydrogenation reaction is not particularly limited, but is usually in the range of 0.1 to 30 MPa, preferably 1 to 20 MPa, and more preferably 5 to 15 MPa.

[0174] The hydrogenation reaction temperature is typically in the range of 30 to 200°C, preferably 50 to 170°C, and more preferably 100 to 150°C. The reaction time is typically 1 to 50 hours, preferably 2 to 25 hours.

[0175] The hydrogenation reaction can be stopped by reducing the pressure or cooling the reactor once the desired hydrogenation level is reached. Any remaining hydrogen is usually removed by nitrogen purging. The hydrogenation catalyst can also be removed before removing the solvent and isolating the hydrogenated nitrile rubber from the organic layer.

[0176] (Catalyst removal and drying) After the hydrogenation reaction, the hydrogenation catalyst can be removed as needed, and then the rubber can be dried to obtain hydrogenated nitrile rubber.

[0177] The hydrogenation catalyst, if used as needed, can be removed by conventional methods, for example, by adsorbent treatment. The adsorbent is not particularly limited, but examples include activated carbon, ion exchange compounds such as ion exchange resins, and synthetic zeolites, with ion exchange compounds being preferred.

[0178] The adsorbent treatment can be carried out by adding and mixing the adsorbent to the reaction solution containing hydrogenated nitrile rubber after hydrogenation. There are no particular limitations on the amount of adsorbent to add, but it is usually in the range of 0.001 to 1 part by mass, preferably 0.05 to 0.5 parts by mass, and more preferably 0.01 to 0.4 parts by mass, per 100 parts by mass of hydrogenated nitrile rubber. The mixing temperature is usually in the range of room temperature to 80°C, preferably room temperature to 60°C, and the mixing time is usually 1 minute to 1 hour, preferably 20 to 40 minutes.

[0179] After the adsorption treatment, the adsorbent can be removed by filtration or decantation, and the filtrate can be dried to obtain hydrogenated nitrile rubber.

[0180] <Positive electrode materials and binders for positive electrodes> The positive electrode material of the present invention is characterized by using the above-mentioned hydrogenated nitrile rubber.

[0181] The positive electrode binder of the present invention is obtained by dissolving the hydrogenated nitrile rubber in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), and is suitable as a material for manufacturing the positive electrode of an electrochemical element. Furthermore, the positive electrode binder of the present invention can be easily manufactured by adding an NMP solution to a hydrogenated nitrile rubber-containing monochlorobenzene solution after hydrogenating nitrile rubber in monochlorobenzene, and then removing the monochlorobenzene solvent by distillation and performing solvent replacement.

[0182] The positive electrode binder of the present invention may combine other components as needed, in addition to hydrogenated nitrile rubber and NMP. These other components are not particularly limited, but examples include binders other than hydrogenated nitrile rubber (such as polyvinylidene fluoride or polyacrylate), reinforcing agents, leveling agents, viscosity modifiers, and electrolyte additives. These are not particularly limited as long as they do not affect the battery reaction, and known components can be used. Furthermore, the positive electrode binder of the present invention may contain solvents other than NMP, to the extent that they do not impair the properties of the present invention. These other components may be used individually or in combination of two or more types.

[0183] The solid content concentration of the positive electrode binder of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is usually in the range of 0.1 to 40% by mass, preferably 0.5 to 20% by mass, and more preferably 1 to 10% by mass.

[0184] The mixing method for hydrogenated nitrile rubber, NMP, and other components used as needed should follow conventional methods.

[0185] <Conductive material dispersion> The conductive material dispersion of the present invention is obtained by dissolving or dispersing the hydrogenated nitrile rubber and the conductive material in NMP.

[0186] (Conductive material) The conductive material is a component that functions to ensure electrical contact between electrode active materials. Carbonaceous materials can be suitably used as the conductive material. Examples of such carbonaceous materials include carbon black (e.g., acetylene black, Ketjenblack®, furnace black, etc.), single-walled or multi-walled carbon nanotubes (multi-walled carbon nanotubes include cup-stacked types), carbon nanohorns, vapor-grown carbon fibers, milled carbon fibers obtained by crushing polymer fibers after firing, single-walled or multi-walled graphene, and carbon nonwoven fabric sheets obtained by firing nonwoven fabrics made of polymer fibers. These may be used individually or in combination of two or more in any ratio. Among these, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are preferred from the viewpoint of forming good conductive paths.

[0187] When mixing the positive electrode binder and the conductive material of the present invention, the ratio of the conductive material to the positive electrode binder is not particularly limited. For example, the resulting conductive material dispersion may contain hydrogenated nitrile rubber in an amount of 1 to 100 parts by mass, preferably 5 to 50 parts by mass, and more preferably 10 to 30 parts by mass, per 100 parts by mass of conductive material. Furthermore, when mixing the positive electrode binder and the conductive material, NMP can be added as needed to adjust the viscosity.

[0188] The solid content concentration when the positive electrode binder and conductive material of the present invention are mixed is usually 0.01% by mass or more, preferably 1.0% by mass or more, and more preferably 3.0% by mass or more, with an upper limit of usually 10.0% by mass or less, preferably 9.0% by mass or less, and more preferably 8.0% by mass or less. If the solid content concentration is above the lower limit, the coating properties of the conductive material dispersion can be improved. Furthermore, if the solid content concentration is below the upper limit, the rate characteristics of the resulting electrochemical element can be improved.

[0189] The method for mixing the positive electrode binder and conductive material of the present invention is not particularly limited, and can be used, for example, with known mixing equipment.

[0190] <Electrodes for electrochemical elements> The positive electrode slurry of the present invention is obtained by dispersing or dissolving a positive electrode active material, a conductive material, and the hydrogenated nitrile rubber in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP). Such a positive electrode slurry can be made by mixing the positive electrode binder and the conductive material with a solvent as needed, and then mixing in the positive electrode active material.

[0191] The positive electrode of the present invention comprises a positive electrode composite layer containing hydrogenated nitrile rubber, a binder containing hydrogenated nitrile rubber, a conductive material, and a positive electrode active material, and a current collector. The positive electrode of the present invention can be manufactured by mixing the positive electrode binder and conductive material with a solvent as needed, then mixing in the positive electrode active material, applying the slurry to the current collector, and then drying it.

[0192] (Cathode active material) The positive electrode active material is not particularly limited, and when the electrochemical device is a lithium ion secondary battery, examples thereof include metal oxides containing lithium (Li). As the positive electrode active material, a positive electrode active material containing, in addition to lithium (Li), at least one selected from the group consisting of cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) is preferable. Examples of such positive electrode active materials include lithium-containing cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂), lithium manganate (LiMn₂O₄), lithium-containing nickel oxide (LiNiO₂), lithium-containing composite oxides of Co-Ni-Mn, lithium-containing composite oxides of Ni-Mn-Al, lithium-containing composite oxides of Ni-Co-Al, olivine-type lithium manganese phosphate (LiMnPO₄), olivine-type lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄), Li 1+x Mn 2-x O₄ (0<X<2), which is a lithium-excess spinel compound represented by the formula, Li[Ni 0.17 Li 0.2 Co 0.07 Mn 0.56 O₂, LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O₄, Li[Ni 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O₂, etc. The particle size of the positive electrode active material is not particularly limited, and may be the same as that of conventionally used electrode active materials. One type of positive electrode active material may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination at any arbitrary ratio.

[0193] The above positive electrode active material can be mixed into the mixture of the binder for positive electrode and the conductive material to prepare a positive electrode slurry. The mixing method is not particularly limited, and can be performed using a known mixing device. The amount of the positive electrode active material is not particularly limited, and can be within the range conventionally used.

[0194] (Current Collector) The current collector is made of a material that is electrically conductive and electrochemically durable. The current collector is not particularly limited, and any known current collector can be used. For example, the current collector in the positive electrode of a lithium-ion secondary battery may be made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy. In this case, a combination of aluminum and an aluminum alloy may be used, or a combination of different types of aluminum alloys may be used. Aluminum and aluminum alloys are excellent current collector materials because they are heat-resistant and electrochemically stable.

[0195] The positive electrode of the present invention can be manufactured by applying the above-described slurry for the positive electrode of the present invention to at least one surface of a current collector and drying it to form a positive electrode composite layer.

[0196] (Coating process) The method for applying the positive electrode slurry onto the current collector is not particularly limited, and known methods can be used. Specifically, application methods include the doctor blade method, dip method, reverse roll method, direct roll method, gravure method, extrusion method, and brush application method. In this case, the positive electrode slurry may be applied to only one side of the current collector or to both sides. The thickness of the slurry film on the current collector before drying after application can be appropriately set according to the thickness of the positive electrode composite layer obtained after drying.

[0197] (drying process) The method for drying the positive electrode composite layer slurry on the current collector is not particularly limited and known methods can be used, such as drying with hot air, hot air, low-humidity air, vacuum drying, and drying by irradiation with infrared rays or electron beams. By drying the positive electrode composite layer slurry on the current collector in this way, a positive electrode composite layer is formed on the current collector, and a positive electrode comprising the current collector and the positive electrode composite layer can be obtained.

[0198] Furthermore, after the drying process, the electrode composite layer may be subjected to pressure treatment using a die press or roll press. Pressure treatment allows the positive electrode composite layer to adhere well to the current collector. In addition, if the positive electrode composite layer contains a curable polymer, the polymer may be cured after the formation of the positive electrode composite layer.

[0199] <Electrochemical elements> The electrochemical element of the present invention is characterized by containing the hydrogenated nitrile rubber of the present invention. The electrochemical element comprising the positive electrode of the present invention as described above has excellent capacitance characteristics, resistance characteristics, cycle characteristics and high-temperature storage characteristics, and is particularly preferably a lithium-ion secondary battery.

[0200] Herein, the configuration of a lithium-ion secondary battery as an example of the electrochemical element of the present invention will be described. This lithium-ion secondary battery comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode, an electrolyte, and a separator, and the positive electrode is the electrode of the present invention.

[0201] (Negative electrode) The negative electrode is not particularly limited and any known electrode can be used.

[0202] (electrolyte) Typically, an organic electrolyte is used, which is obtained by dissolving a supporting electrolyte in an organic solvent. For example, lithium salts are used as supporting electrolytes. Examples of lithium salts include LiPF6, LiAsF6, LiBF4, LiSbF6, LiAlCl4, LiClO4, CF3SO3Li, C4F9SO3Li, CF3COOLi, (CF3CO)2NLi, (CF3SO2)2NLi, and (C2F5SO2)NLi. Among these, LiPF6, LiClO4, and CF3SO3Li are preferred, with LiPF6 being particularly preferred, because they are easily soluble in the solvent and exhibit a high degree of dissociation. Note that one type of electrolyte may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in any ratio. Generally, the lithium ion conductivity tends to increase as the supporting electrolyte with a higher degree of dissociation is used, so the lithium ion conductivity can be adjusted by the type of supporting electrolyte.

[0203] The organic solvent used in the electrolyte is not particularly limited as long as it can dissolve the supporting electrolyte, but suitable examples include carbonates such as dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethylene carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC), and methyl ethyl carbonate (EMC); esters such as γ-butyrolactone and methyl formate; ethers such as 1,2-dimethoxyethane and tetrahydrofuran; and sulfur-containing compounds such as sulfolane and dimethyl sulfoxide. A mixture of these solvents may also be used. Among these, carbonates are preferred because they have a high dielectric constant and a wide stable potential range, and a mixture of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate is even more preferred.

[0204] The concentration of the electrolyte in the electrolyte solution can be adjusted as appropriate. For example, it is preferably 0.5 to 15% by mass, more preferably 2 to 13% by mass, and even more preferably 5 to 10% by mass. In addition, known additives such as vinylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, and ethylmethyl sulfone may be added to the electrolyte solution.

[0205] (Separator) The separator is not particularly limited, and for example, those described in Japanese Patent Publication No. 2012-204303 can be used. Among these, a microporous membrane made of polyolefin resin (polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene, polyvinyl chloride) is preferred because it allows for a thinner overall film thickness of the separator, thereby increasing the ratio of electrode active material in the lithium-ion secondary battery and thus increasing the capacity per unit volume.

[0206] (Manufacturing method for lithium-ion secondary batteries) A lithium-ion secondary battery according to the present invention can be manufactured, for example, by stacking a positive electrode and a negative electrode with a separator in between, winding or folding them as needed according to the battery shape, placing them in a battery container, injecting an electrolyte into the battery container, and sealing it. To prevent pressure rise inside the secondary battery, overcharge and discharge, etc., an overcurrent prevention element such as a fuse or PTC element, expanded metal, lead plates, etc. may be provided as needed. The shape of the secondary battery may be any of the following: coin type, button type, sheet type, cylindrical type, rectangular type, flat type, etc.

[0207] <Application> In addition to being used for hydrogenated nitrile rubber and electrochemical elements as described above, the nitrile rubber of the present invention can be used for a variety of other applications. For example, because the nitrile rubber of the present invention has excellent oil resistance, heat resistance, and abrasion resistance, it can be used for automotive parts such as oil seals, oil hoses, fuel hoses, and diaphragms; industrial packings such as gaskets, O-ring packings, and seals; exterior parts such as electric wires and cables; and adhesives.

[0208] The hydrogenated nitrile rubber of the present invention can exhibit its functionality and be effectively utilized in any electrochemical element other than the lithium-ion secondary battery described above. Examples of usable devices include non-aqueous electrolyte batteries such as lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, potassium-ion batteries, magnesium-ion batteries, calcium-ion batteries, aluminum-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, and lithium-air batteries; inorganic solid electrolyte batteries such as sulfide-based solid electrolytes and oxide-based solid electrolytes; polymer solid electrolyte batteries such as polyethylene oxide-based batteries; and semi-solid batteries such as polymer gel electrolyte batteries in which electrolyte is impregnated into PVDF.

[0209] The hydrogenated nitrile rubber of the present invention can also be suitably used in organic electrolyte capacitors, aqueous electrolyte capacitors, and aqueous solution batteries. In fuel cells, it can be used in PEFCs, SOFCs, DMPCs, etc., and in particular, it can be used not only to impart conductivity to electrodes but also as a support for oxidation-reduction catalysts.

[0210] The hydrogenated nitrile rubber of the present invention can be used for applications other than electrochemical elements. Other suitable applications include, for example, seals, hoses, transmission belts, cable sheaths, roller covers, and vibration damping applications in the automotive sector; stators, well seals, and valve seals in the oil extraction sector; and various components in the aerospace, electrical, mechanical engineering, and shipbuilding industries.

[0211] <Equipment configuration of a nitrile rubber manufacturing system> The following describes the apparatus configuration of the nitrile rubber manufacturing system for producing nitrile rubber according to the present invention. Figure 1 is a diagram showing an example of the nitrile rubber manufacturing system in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0212] Figure 1 schematically illustrates the apparatus configuration of a nitrile rubber manufacturing system according to an embodiment of the present invention, in accordance with the manufacturing process. The nitrile rubber manufacturing system shown in Figure 1 is generally configured to include an emulsion polymerization apparatus 10, a coagulation apparatus 30, a washing apparatus 50, and a squeezer 70.

[0213] (Emulsion polymerization device 10) The emulsion polymerization apparatus 10 is configured to perform the processes related to the emulsion polymerization step. As shown in Figure 1, the emulsion polymerization apparatus 10 has a polymerization tank 11 and a stirring device 12 for copolymerizing monomer components such as acrylonitrile monomer and 1,3-butadiene monomer. The emulsion polymerization apparatus 10 may be batch type, semi-batch type, or chain type, and may be a tank reactor or a tubular reactor.

[0214] The polymerization tank 11 is formed, for example, in a closed cylindrical shape so that it can store the emulsion polymerization liquid. The stirring device 12 is located inside the polymerization tank 11 and includes a stirring blade 13 which is a member that rotates around a predetermined axis, a motor 14 that rotates the stirring blade 13, and a drive control unit (not shown) that controls the rotational number and rotational speed of the stirring blade 13.

[0215] A predetermined amount of acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene and water are placed in the polymerization vessel 11, polymerization auxiliary materials such as emulsifiers and molecular weight adjusters are added, and nitrogen purging is performed to remove oxygen from inside the polymerization vessel 11. Then, a polymerization initiator is added while stirring to start the polymerization reaction.

[0216] The stirring device 12 is configured to rotate the stirring blades 13 at a predetermined rotational speed (stirring speed) inside the polymerization vessel 11, thereby enabling proper flow of the emulsion polymerization liquid. The stirring speed of the stirring blades 13, the shape and size of the stirring blades 13, the number of blades installed, etc., are determined as appropriate considering the reaction conditions, etc.

[0217] The temperature of the emulsion polymerization solution inside the polymerization vessel 11 affects the reaction rate, molecular weight distribution, and molecular structure. For example, the proportion of 1,2-bond units in the polymerization units of 1,3-butadiene increases as the temperature of the emulsion polymerization solution increases and decreases as the temperature of the emulsion polymerization solution decreases, so this can be controlled by appropriately controlling the temperature of the emulsion polymerization solution.

[0218] When a predetermined polymerization conversion rate is reached, a polymerization inhibitor is added to the polymerization tank 11 to stop the polymerization reaction. The polymerization inhibitor rate can be used to control the molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and the proportion of 1,2-bonding units in the 1,3-butadiene polymerization units of the nitrile rubber produced, so it can be appropriately selected according to the required properties. After that, a process related to the addition of an anti-aging agent is carried out, and the anti-aging agent is added to the polymerization tank 11 after the polymerization reaction is completed. Subsequently, the latex in the polymerization tank 11 is transferred to the solidification tank 31 of the solidification device 30.

[0219] (Coagulation device 30) The solidification apparatus 30 is configured to perform processing related to the solidification process. As shown in Figure 1, the solidification apparatus 30 has a solidification tank 31 and a stirring device 32 for solidifying the latex transferred from the emulsion polymerization apparatus 10 and extracting crumb-shaped nitrile rubber (water-containing crumb).

[0220] The solidification tank 31 is formed, for example, in a closed cylindrical shape and is capable of storing a solidified liquid containing a coagulant (for example, calcium chloride). The stirring device 32 is located inside the solidification tank 31 and includes a stirring blade 33 which is a member that rotates around a predetermined axis, a motor 34 that rotates the stirring blade 33, and a drive control unit (not shown) that controls the rotational number and speed of the stirring blade 33.

[0221] In the coagulation apparatus 30, hydrated crumbs are generated by bringing the latex transferred from the emulsion polymerization apparatus 10 into contact with a coagulation solution containing a coagulant (e.g., calcium chloride). The method of contact between the latex and the coagulation solution is not particularly limited; for example, the latex may be added to the agitated coagulation solution, or the coagulation solution may be added to the agitated latex. In this embodiment, the coagulation apparatus 30 employs the method of adding the latex to the agitated coagulation solution. Adding the latex to the agitated coagulation solution concentrates the generated hydrated crumbs so that their shape and diameter are uniform, significantly improving the cleaning efficiency in the subsequent cleaning process.

[0222] The stirring device 32 is configured to rotate the stirring blades 33 at a predetermined rotational speed (stirring speed) within the solidification tank 31, thereby enabling proper flow of the solidified liquid. The stirring speed of the stirring blades 33, the shape and size of the stirring blades 33, and the number of blades installed are determined appropriately considering the reaction conditions, but it is preferable to configure the device to apply a strong shear force in order to generate smaller water-containing crumbs.

[0223] In the method of adding latex to a stirred solidifying solution, the solidifying solution and water (soft water) are filled into the solidifying tank 31 and stirred with the stirring blade 33, and the latex is added to the stirred solidifying solution. The latex that comes into contact with the solidifying solution solidifies and a water-containing crumb is formed.

[0224] The water-containing crumb generated in the solidification tank 31 is removed from the solidification tank 31 by overflowing it along with the solidification liquid and water-containing liquid. The water-containing crumb removed from the solidification tank 31 is transferred to the washing tank 51 of the washing device 50 via the dewatering machine 38.

[0225] As shown in Figure 1, a dewatering machine 38 is positioned between the solidification tank 31 and the washing tank 51. The dewatering machine 38 is configured to separate the water-containing crumb from the liquid (solidified liquid). A screen, wire mesh, electric sieve, etc., can be used for the dewatering machine 38.

[0226] (Cleaning device 50) The washing device 50 is configured to perform the processing related to the washing process. As shown in Figure 1, the washing device 50 has a washing tank 51 for receiving the water-containing crumb and washing water transferred from the solidification device 30, a stirring device 52, and a heating device 55.

[0227] The washing tank 51 is formed, for example, in a closed cylindrical shape and is capable of storing water-containing crumb and washing water. The stirring device 52 is located inside the washing tank 51 and includes a stirring blade 53 which is a member that rotates around a predetermined axis, a motor 54 that rotates the stirring blade 53, and a drive control unit (not shown) that controls the rotational number and speed of the stirring blade 53. The heating device 55 includes a heating unit 56 that heats the inside of the washing tank 51, and a temperature control unit (not shown) that controls the temperature inside the washing tank 51.

[0228] The agitator 52 is configured to rotate the agitator blades 53 at a predetermined rotational speed (agitation speed) within the washing tank 51, thereby washing the water-containing crumbs by appropriately circulating the water-containing crumbs and washing water. The agitation speed of the agitator blades 53, the shape and size of the agitator blades 53, and the number of blades installed are determined appropriately considering the size of the water-containing crumbs and the washing efficiency.

[0229] The heating unit 56 of the heating device 55 sends steam to a jacket provided on the outer circumference of the washing tank 51, for example, and heats the washing liquid through heat exchange with the steam. The temperature of the washing water in the washing tank 51 is controlled to be, for example, 40°C or higher in order to improve the effect of releasing emulsifiers and coagulants from the water-containing crumb.

[0230] The water-containing crumb, washed in the washing tank 51, is removed from the washing tank 51 by overflowing with washing water. The water-containing crumb removed from the washing tank 51 is then transferred to the squeezer 70 via the dewatering machine 58.

[0231] (Squeezer 70) The squeezer 70 is configured to perform the dewatering process. In this embodiment, the squeezer 70 is used as the dewatering machine, but as a dewatering device for dewatering the water-containing crumb, for example, a screw-type extruder dryer that performs dewatering and drying can be used.

[0232] As shown in Figure 1, the squeezer 70 has a two-stage configuration in which an upstream heating mechanism 71 and a downstream pressurizing mechanism 72 are connected by a connecting part 73.

[0233] The heating mechanism 71 includes a chamber 71a and a roller 71b for heating the water-containing cramb, a motor (not shown) that generates rotational power to rotate the roller 71b, and a heating device 71c that supplies steam into the chamber 71a. The roller 71b is housed in the chamber 71a so as to extend in the direction of conveying the water-containing cramb. The shape of the roller 71b is not particularly limited, but for example, it is formed in a screw shape.

[0234] At the upstream end of the chamber 71a, a crumb supply unit 70a is provided for introducing water-containing crumbs transferred from the washing device 50 into the chamber 71a. The downstream end of the chamber 71a is connected to a connecting unit 73. Steam at a predetermined temperature and pressure is supplied into the chamber 71a by a heating device 71c. The steam temperature is set to, for example, 120°C. The steam pressure is set to, for example, 150kPa. By heating the water-containing crumbs with steam in the heating mechanism 71, the dewatering efficiency in the subsequent pressurizing mechanism 72 can be improved.

[0235] The water-containing cramb fed into the cramb supply section 70a is heated while being pushed downstream by the rotation of the roller 71b (roller transport), and then transferred through the connecting section 73 into the chamber 72a of the pressurizing mechanism 72.

[0236] The pressurizing mechanism 72 includes a chamber 72a and a roller 72b for pressurizing the water-containing cramb, and a motor (not shown) that generates rotational power to rotate the roller 72b. The roller 72b is housed in the chamber 72a so as to extend in the direction of conveying the water-containing cramb. The shape of the roller 72b is not particularly limited, but for example, it is formed in a screw shape.

[0237] The upstream end of chamber 72a is connected to a connecting section 73. The downstream end of chamber 72a is provided with a crumb discharge section 70b for discharging the water-containing crumb that has been dewatered in chamber 72a.

[0238] The pressurizing mechanism 72 is configured such that a roller 72b compresses the water-containing crumb within the chamber 72a, squeezing out the moisture from the crumb. The roller 72b may be single or there may be two or more. The water-containing crumb is pushed downstream as moisture is squeezed out by the pressurizing effect of the rotation of the roller 72b, and is discharged from the crumb discharge section 70b. The dewatered water-containing crumb, dewatered by the squeezer 70, is transferred to the crushing device 75. The water content of the dewatered water-containing crumb is usually 35% by mass or less, preferably 20% by mass or less, more preferably 15% by mass or less, and even more preferably 10% by mass or less.

[0239] (Crushing device 75) The crushing device 75 is configured to crush and pulverize the water-containing crumb transferred from the squeezer 70. The water-containing crumb discharged by the squeezer 70 after dewatering is uneven in size and shape. By crushing and pulverizing it in the crushing device 75, the drying efficiency in the subsequent drying process can be improved.

[0240] The crushing device 75 can be any device capable of crushing and pulverizing the crumb, such as a hammer-type crusher, a cutter-type crusher, a roller-type crusher, or a pin mill. In particular, considering that it can efficiently and continuously crush water-containing crumb that has elasticity and viscosity, it is preferable to use a hammer-type crusher that crushes and pulverizes the water-containing crumb by the impact of a hammer rotated at high speed.

[0241] The water-containing crumb, which is crushed after dehydration, is dried in a drying process to become dried rubber. [Examples]

[0242] The present invention will be described in detail below based on examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples. In the following description, "%", "ppm", and "parts" used to express quantities refer to mass unless otherwise specified.

[0243] Furthermore, in polymers produced by copolymerizing multiple types of monomers, the proportion of a monomer unit formed by polymerizing a certain monomer in the polymer is, unless otherwise specified, usually equal to the ratio (starting ratio) of that particular monomer to the total monomers used in the polymerization of the polymer.

[0244] In the examples and comparative examples, various measurements and evaluations were carried out according to the following methods.

[0245] <Moisture content crumb distribution> The water-containing crumbs produced by the coagulation reaction were classified using a JIS classification sieve. Afterward, each classified water-containing crumb was dried in a hot air dryer at 80°C for 3 hours, and the mass was measured to determine the proportions of masses of each crumb diameter (a) to (h). The JIS sieve conformed to the specifications of the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS Z8801-1). (a) It does not pass through a JIS sieve with a mesh size of 9.5 mm. (b) It passes through a JIS sieve with a mesh size of 9.5 mm but does not pass through a JIS sieve with a mesh size of 8.0 mm. (c) It passes through a JIS sieve with a mesh size of 8.0 mm but does not pass through a JIS sieve with a mesh size of 4.75 mm. (d) It passes through a JIS sieve with a mesh size of 4.75 mm but does not pass through a JIS sieve with a mesh size of 3.35 mm. (e) It passes through a JIS sieve with a mesh size of 3.35 mm but does not pass through a JIS sieve with a mesh size of 2.36 mm. (f) It passes through a JIS sieve with a mesh size of 2.36 mm but does not pass through a JIS sieve with a mesh size of 1.7 mm. (g) It passes through a JIS sieve with a mesh size of 1.7 mm but does not pass through a JIS sieve with a mesh size of 0.43 mm. (h) It passes through a JIS sieve with a mesh size of 0.43 mm.

[0246] <Water content> The water content of the hydrated crumb produced by the coagulation reaction after dehydration was determined according to the "oven method" specified in JIS K6238-1. Specifically, 10 g of hydrated crumb was placed in an oven at 105 ± 5°C and dried until the mass no longer changed substantially. The mass loss before and after drying was determined, and the ratio of the mass loss to the mass of the dried crumb was calculated to determine the water content.

[0247] <Repeat Unit> The acrylonitrile polymerization units and 1,3-butadiene polymerization units (the sum of 1,2-bonding units, 1,4-bonding units, and their hydride units) in the polymer are, 1 The intensity ratio of the peaks originating from each repeating unit was determined using 1H-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy, and the content ratio in the polymer was calculated by converting this to a mass ratio.

[0248] The proportion of 1,2-bond units in the 1,3-butadiene polymerized units of the polymer is 1 determined by 1H-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) method from the peak intensities derived from 1,2-bond units, 1,4-bond units and their hydride units, and the proportion of (total amount of 1,2-bond units and their hydride units) / (total amount of 1,2-bond units, 1,4-bond units and their hydride units) was calculated.

[0249] <Iodine Value> The iodine value of hydrogenated nitrile rubber was measured in accordance with JIS K 6235.

[0250] <Molecular Weight> The weight average molecular weight (Mw), Z-average molecular weight (Mz), and molecular weight distribution (Mw / Mn, Mz / Mw) of the polymer were measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using a tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution under the following measurement conditions. • Separation column: TSK-gel SuperHM-H (manufactured by Tosoh Corporation) • Detector: Differential refractometer detector RID-10A (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation) • Eluent flow rate: 0.6 mL / min • Column temperature: 40°C • Standard polymer: TSK standard polystyrene (manufactured by Tosoh Corporation)

[0251] <Anti-aging Agent Content> The polymer was dissolved in a chlorobenzene solution and analyzed by gas chromatography to determine the content of the anti-aging agent (BHT) based on the total mass of the polymer.

[0252] <Polymer pH> To measure the pH of hydrogenated nitrile rubber, 90 g of ion-exchanged water was added to 10 g of an NMP solution of hydrogenated nitrile rubber (solid content concentration: 8%), the mixture was stirred and squeezed with a spatula to extract the liquid encapsulated in the coagulated hydrogenated nitrile rubber into the ion-exchanged water phase, thereby obtaining an extract. The pH of the extract was measured at 25°C in accordance with JIS Z8802 (2011) and taken as the polymer pH.

[0253] <Water content of polymer> The water content of the polymer was measured in accordance with the "oven method" specified in JIS K6238-1.

[0254] <Ash content> The ash content contained in the rubber was measured in accordance with JIS K6228 Method A.

[0255] <Content of ash components> The content of each component in the ash was determined by pressing the ash collected during the above ash content measurement onto a Φ20 mm titration filter paper, and performing XRF measurement using ZSX Primus (manufactured by Rigaku).

[0256] <Dispersibility of conductive material dispersion> For the conductive material dispersions obtained in Examples and Comparative Examples, viscosity was measured for 120 seconds at a temperature of 25°C and a shear rate of 10 (1 / s) using a rheometer ("MCR302", manufactured by Anton Paar). The average value of the viscosity measurements from 61 seconds to 120 seconds was evaluated according to the following criteria. A smaller dispersion viscosity value indicates superior dispersibility. ◎: 4 Pa·s or less ○: more than 4 Pa·s and 6 Pa·s or less △: more than 6 Pa·s and 8 Pa·s or less ×: more than 8 Pa·s

[0257] <Viscosity stability of conductive material dispersion> For the conductive material dispersions obtained in Examples and Comparative Examples, after measuring the aforementioned dispersion viscosity (η0), the dispersion was stored in a sealed container at 25°C for 10 days. Thereafter, the dispersion viscosity was measured again (η1), and the viscosity change rate was calculated. Then, the viscosity retention rate Δη=η1 / η0×100 (%) of the conductive material dispersion before and after storage was calculated, and the viscosity stability of the conductive material dispersion was evaluated according to the following criteria. A value of the viscosity retention rate Δη closer to 100% indicates that the conductive material dispersion has superior viscosity stability. ◎: Viscosity retention rate Δη is 90% or more and less than 110% ○: Viscosity retention rate Δη is 110% or more and less than 130% △: Viscosity retention rate Δη is 130% or more and less than 140% ×: Viscosity maintenance rate Δη is 140% or more

[0258] <Peel strength> The positive electrodes prepared in the examples and comparative examples were cut into rectangles measuring 100 mm in length and 10 mm in width to form test specimens. Cellophane tape (compliant with JIS Z1522) was attached to the surface of the positive electrode composite layer with the positive electrode composite layer facing downwards. The stress was measured when one end of the current collector was pulled vertically at a speed of 100 mm / min to peel off the tape (the cellophane tape was fixed to the test stand). Three measurements were taken, and the average value was calculated and defined as the peel strength, which was evaluated according to the following criteria. A higher peel strength value indicates that the positive electrode composite layer is firmly adhered to the current collector made of aluminum foil. ◎: Peel strength of 15 N / m or more ○: Peel strength of 10 N / m or more and less than 15 N / m ○~△: Peel strength is 7N / m or more and less than 10N / m △: Peel strength is 5N / m or more and less than 7N / m ×: Peel strength is less than 5 N / m

[0259] <Flexibility> The positive electrodes prepared in the examples and comparative examples were wrapped around a 3.0 mm diameter stainless steel cylinder (with the current collector facing inward). The presence or absence of crack formation on the surface of the positive electrode composite layer was visually inspected. If no crack formation was observed, the diameter of the stainless steel cylinder was sequentially reduced to 2.5 mm and then 2.0 mm, and the same procedure was repeated. The diameter of the cylinder at which the first crack was observed on the surface of the positive electrode composite layer (cylinder diameter at the time of crack formation) was recorded and evaluated according to the following criteria. A smaller cylinder diameter at the time of crack formation indicates superior flexibility of the positive electrode, and if no cracks are formed even when using a 2.0 mm diameter cylinder, it indicates extremely superior flexibility of the positive electrode. ◎: No crack formation was observed even with a cylinder diameter of 2.0 mm. ○: The diameter of the cylinder at the time of crack formation is 2.0 mm △: The diameter of the cylinder at the time of crack formation is 2.5 mm ×: The cylindrical diameter at the time of crack formation is 3.0 mm.

[0260] <Warping characteristics> The positive electrodes prepared in the examples and comparative examples were cut into strips measuring 2 cm in width (coating width direction) and 5 cm in length (coating direction) to form test specimens. These test specimens were placed on a horizontal surface with the positive electrode composite layer side facing downwards. The height of the edges of the test specimen from the horizontal surface (amount of warping) when the center of the width direction of both ends of the test specimen in the length direction was pressed down from above against the horizontal surface was measured using a displacement laser (Keyence Corporation "LJV-7080") and evaluated according to the following criteria. A smaller amount of warping indicates that the warping of the positive electrode is suppressed. ◎: Curvature of 1.2mm or less ○: Curvature of more than 1.2mm and 1.6mm or less △: Curvature greater than 1.6mm and less than or equal to 2mm ×: Warping exceeds 2 mm, or the positive electrode composite layer is cracked.

[0261] <Capacity Characteristics> The lithium-ion secondary batteries prepared in the examples and comparative examples were left to stand at 25°C for 5 hours after electrolyte injection. Next, they were charged to a cell voltage of 3.65V using a constant current method at 25°C and 0.2C (where C is a value expressed as rated capacity (mA) / 1h (hour)), and then aged at 60°C for 12 hours. Then, they were discharged to a cell voltage of 3.00V using a constant current method at 25°C and 0.2C. After that, CC-CV charging (upper limit cell voltage 4.35V) was performed using a constant current method at 0.2C, and CC discharge was performed to 3.00V using a constant current method at 0.2C. This 0.2C charge-discharge cycle was repeated three times. The discharge capacity of this third cycle was taken as the initial capacity, and the value of initial capacity / theoretical capacity was evaluated according to the following criteria. A larger value indicates a higher initial discharge capacity of the lithium-ion secondary battery. ◎: Initial capacity / theoretical capacity is 0.8 or higher ○: Initial capacity / theoretical capacity is 0.78 or more and less than 0.8 ○~△: Initial capacity / theoretical capacity is 0.76 or more and less than 0.78 △: Initial capacity / theoretical capacity is 0.74 or higher but less than 0.76 ×: initial capacity / theoretical capacity is 0.72 or more and less than 0.74 ××: initial capacity / theoretical capacity is less than 0.72

[0262] <Resistance characteristics> For the positive electrodes produced in Examples and Comparative Examples, the resistivity at the interface between the positive electrode mixture layer and the current collector (Ω·cm 2 ) was measured using an electrode resistance system ("RM2610" manufactured by Hioki E.E. Corporation) in an environment of 25°C, and evaluated according to the following criteria. ◎: resistivity is 0.03 Ω·cm 2 or less 〇: resistivity exceeds 0.03 Ω·cm 2 and is 0.1 Ω·cm 2 or less △: resistivity exceeds 0.1 Ω·cm 2 and is 0.3 Ω·cm 2 or less ×: resistivity exceeds 0.3 Ω·cm 2

[0263] <Cycle characteristics> After injecting the electrolytic solution, the lithium ion secondary batteries produced in Examples and Comparative Examples were allowed to stand at a temperature of 25°C for 5 hours. Next, the batteries were charged to a cell voltage of 3.65 V by a constant current method at 0.2 C at a temperature of 25°C, and then subjected to an aging treatment at a temperature of 60°C for 12 hours. Then, the batteries were discharged to a cell voltage of 3.00 V by a constant current method at 0.2 C at a temperature of 25°C. Thereafter, CC-CV charging (upper limit cell voltage: 4.35 V) was performed by a constant current method at 0.2 C, and CC discharging was performed to 3.00 V by a constant current method at 0.2 C. This charging and discharging at 0.2 C was repeated 3 times. Next, 300 cycles of charging and discharging were performed in an environment at a temperature of 45°C, with a cell voltage range of 4.35 V to 3.00 V and a charge-discharge rate of 1.0 C. In this process, the discharge capacity of the 1st cycle was defined as X1, and the discharge capacity of the 300th cycle was defined as X2. Using the discharge capacity X1 and the discharge capacity X2, capacity retention rate = (X2 / X1) × 100 (%) was calculated and evaluated according to the following criteria. A larger value of the capacity retention rate indicates that the lithium ion secondary battery has more excellent cycle characteristics. ◎: capacity retention rate is 87% or more 〇: capacity retention rate is 82% or more and less than 87%​ ○~△: Volume retention rate is 77% or more but less than 82% △: Capacity retention rate is 75% or more but less than 77% ×: Volume retention rate is less than 75%

[0264] <High temperature storage characteristics> The lithium-ion secondary batteries prepared in the examples and comparative examples were left to stand at 25°C for 5 hours after electrolyte injection. Next, they were charged to a cell voltage of 3.65V using a constant current method at 25°C and 0.2C, and then subjected to an aging treatment at 60°C for 12 hours. Then, they were discharged to a cell voltage of 3.00V using a constant current method at 25°C and 0.2C. After that, CC-CV charging (upper limit cell voltage 4.35V) was performed using a constant current method at 0.2C, and CC discharge was performed to 3.00V using a constant current method at 0.2C. This charging and discharging at 0.2C was repeated three times. Next, the initial IV resistance R1 was measured. Specifically, under a 25°C atmosphere, the battery was charged to 50% of the State of Charge (SOC) at 1.0C. Then, charging and discharging were performed for 20 seconds at 0.5C, 1.0C, 1.5C, and 2.0C, centered around 50% of the SOC. In each case (charging and discharging), the battery voltage after 20 seconds was plotted against the current value, and the slope was determined as the initial IV resistance R1 (Ω) (IV resistance during charging and IV resistance during discharging). Subsequently, CC-CV charging was performed at a constant current of 0.2C (maximum cell voltage 4.35V). Then, the lithium-ion secondary batteries were stored for 4 weeks in an inert oven with a nitrogen atmosphere at 80°C. After storage, the IV resistance R2 was measured using the same method as the initial IV resistance R1, after high-temperature storage. The initial IV resistance R1 and the IV resistance R2 after high-temperature storage were used to calculate the IV resistance increase rate using the following formula. IV resistance increase rate (%) = (R2 - R1) / R1 × 100 The IV resistance increase rate (%) and the IV resistance R2 after high-temperature storage were used for evaluation according to the following criteria. A smaller IV resistance increase rate (%) and a smaller IV resistance R2 (Ω) after high-temperature storage indicate that the internal resistance has been reduced over a long period, and that the battery characteristics of the lithium-ion secondary battery are superior. ◎: IV resistance increase rate is less than 40% ◎~〇: IV resistance increase rate is 40% or more but less than 45% ○: IV resistance increase rate is 45% or more but less than 50% ○~△: IV resistance increase rate is 50% or more but less than 55% △: IV resistance increase rate is 55% or more but less than 60% ×: IV resistance increase rate is 60% or more but less than 65% ××: IV resistance increase rate of 65% or more

[0265] (Example 1) <Nitrile rubber manufacturing> In a reactor with an internal volume of 10 liters, 100 parts of deionized water, 35 parts of acrylonitrile, and 65 parts of 1,3-butadiene were charged. 40 parts of a 10% aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate were added as an emulsifier, 0.1 parts of potassium phosphate as a stabilizer, and 0.27 parts of tert-dodecyl mercaptan (TDM) as a molecular weight modifier. 0.1 parts of cumene hydroperoxide (QHPO) as a polymerization initiator (chain transfer agent), appropriate amounts of reducing agent, and chelating agent were then added, and emulsion polymerization was carried out at a temperature of 30°C to copolymerize acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene. When the polymerization conversion rate reached 80%, polymerization was stopped by adding 0.2 parts of hydroxylamine sulfate per 100 parts of monomer. Subsequently, the mixture was heated and steam distilled under reduced pressure at approximately 90°C to recover the residual monomer. Then, 0.1 parts of dibutylhydroxytoluene (BHT), a phenolic antioxidant, was added, and the pH was adjusted to 5.5 with a pH buffer to obtain the polymerization solution.

[0266] In a solidification tank equipped with a thermometer and a central stirring blade device, 100 parts of the polymer solids from the obtained polymerization liquid were directly added to a 25% calcium chloride aqueous solution (4 parts as calcium chloride) heated to 45°C and vigorously stirred (600 rpm, peripheral speed 3.1 m / s). The polymer was then solidified by continuously rotating stirring blades (central part) to obtain a water-containing crumb. The obtained water-containing crumb was measured for each component using a JIS classification sieve, and the results are shown in Table 1. Note that Tables 1-1 to 1-6 below are divisions of a single table, and Tables 1-1 to 1-6 together are referred to as Table 1.

[0267] Next, the filtered water-containing crumb was added to a washing tank equipped with a stirring device and filled with deionized water at 45°C. The water-containing crumb was washed by passing 50 times the amount of deionized water (45°C) relative to the polymer while stirring. The washed water-containing crumb was heated to 60°C, dehydrated using a steam-introduced squeezer until the water content was 7%, and then dried under reduced pressure to obtain nitrile rubber A. The repeating unit ratio, molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, polymer pH, antioxidant content, water content, and ash content of the obtained nitrile rubber A were measured and are shown in Table 1. Furthermore, the sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), and chlorine (Cl) content in the ash was measured, and the ratio of the sum of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) content (Na+K) to the total ash amount, the ratio of the sum of calcium (Ca) and sulfur (S) content (Ca+S) to the total ash amount, the ratio of the sum of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) content (Na+K) to the sum of calcium (Ca) and sulfur (S) content (Ca+S) ((Na+K) / (Ca+S)), the ratio of calcium (Ca) to sulfur (S) content (Ca / S), the ratio of calcium (Ca) to chlorine (Cl) content (Ca / Cl), and the ratio of sulfur (S) to chlorine (Cl) content (S / Cl) were calculated, and these results are shown in Table 1.

[0268] <Hydrogenation of nitrile rubber> (Double decomposition reaction) Next, 9 parts of the obtained nitrile rubber A were dissolved in 141 parts of monochlorobenzene, a halogenated hydrocarbon, and added to the reactor. After heating the reactor to 80°C, 2 L of a monochlorobenzene solution containing bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)benzylideneruthenium dichloride as a Grubbs catalyst was added so that the amount of Grubbs catalyst relative to the polymer was 1000 ppm. Then, 4.4 parts of cis-2-butene-1,4-diol as a coolefin were added per 100 parts of nitrile rubber A, and the polymer was subjected to a double decomposition reaction at a stirring speed of 600 rpm. During the reaction, the temperature was kept constant using a cooling coil connected to a temperature control device and a thermal sensor.

[0269] (Hydrogenation reaction) Subsequently, the reactor was degassed three times with H2 at 0.7 MPa while stirring continued. Then, 2 L of a monochlorobenzene solution containing bis(tricyclohexylphosphine)benzylideneruthenium dichloride was added as a Grubbs catalyst so that the amount of Grubbs catalyst relative to the polymer was 1000 ppm. The temperature was then raised to 150°C, and the hydrogenation reaction of the polymer was carried out under a hydrogen pressure (gauge pressure) of 8.4 MPa. (Catalyst removal process) After the hydrogenation reaction was complete, to remove the ruthenium catalyst, 1 part of aminopropyl-modified silica (trade name "QuadraSil AP", manufactured by SIGMA-ALDRICH, silica with aminopropyl groups introduced on its surface, average particle size 54 μm) was added to the reactor and stirred for 30 minutes. Then, the mixture was filtered through a 5 μm pore size filter. The filtrate was dried under reduced pressure at 90°C until the monochlorobenzene content reached 50 ppm to isolate hydrogenated nitrile rubber A.

[0270] The repeating unit ratio, molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, iodine value, antioxidant content, polymer pH, water content, and ash content of the obtained hydrogenated nitrile rubber A were measured and are shown in Table 2. In addition, the sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), phosphorus (P), and chlorine (Cl) content in the ash were measured, and the ratio of the sum of ruthenium (Ru) and rhodium (Rh) content (Ru+Rh) to the total ash content, the ratio of phosphorus (P) to the total ash content, the ratio of the sum of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) content (Na+K) to the total ash content, and the ratio of calcium content to the total ash content were measured. The ratio of the total amount (Ca) to the total amount (S) of sulfur (S) (Ca+S), the ratio of the total amount (Na+K) of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) to the total amount (Ca+S) of calcium (Ca) and sulfur (S) ((Na+K) / (Ca+S)), the ratio of calcium (Ca) to sulfur (S) (Ca / S), the ratio of calcium (Ca) to chlorine (Cl) (Ca / Cl), and the ratio of sulfur (S) to chlorine (Cl) (S / Cl) were calculated, and the results are shown in Table 2. Note that Tables 2-1 to 2-4 below are divisions of a single table, and Tables 2-1 to 2-4 together are referred to as Table 2.

[0271] <Manufacturing of lithium-ion secondary batteries> (Manufacturing of binder for positive electrodes) After the above hydrogenation reaction, an appropriate amount of NMP was mixed with the filtered monochlorobenzene solution, and the chlorobenzene was completely evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain hydrogenated nitrile rubber positive electrode binder A (solid content concentration: 8%).

[0272] (Preparation of conductive material dispersion) Conductive material dispersion A was prepared by adding 0.4 parts of TUBALL SWCNT (manufactured by OCSiAl, single-walled carbon nanotubes) as a conductive material, 25 parts (equivalent to 2 parts as solids) of a positive electrode binder composition with a solid content of 8% obtained according to the above method, and 74.6 parts of NMP as an organic solvent. The mixture was stirred using a disperser (3000 rpm, 10 minutes), and then mixed for 1 hour at a peripheral speed of 8 m / s using a bead mill (Ashizawa Finetech, "LMZ015") with 1 mm diameter zirconia beads. The dispersibility and stability of the prepared conductive material dispersion were evaluated, and the results are shown in Table 2.

[0273] (Preparation of slurry for positive electrode) In the conductive material dispersion described above, a ternary active material having a layered structure (LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 A cathode slurry was prepared by adding 98.5 parts of O2 (average particle size: 10 μm), 1.0 part of polyvinylidene fluoride as a binder, 0.5 parts of the above conductive material dispersion (in terms of solid content), and NMP, and mixing them in a planetary mixer (60 rpm, 30 minutes). The amount of NMP added was adjusted so that the viscosity of the resulting cathode slurry (measured using a single cylindrical rotational viscometer in accordance with JIS Z8803:1991; temperature: 25°C, rotation speed: 60 rpm) was in the range of 4000 to 5000 mPa·s.

[0274] (Fabrication of the positive electrode) A 20 μm thick aluminum foil was prepared as the current collector. The above-mentioned positive electrode slurry was dried onto the aluminum foil using a comma coater, and the basis weight after drying was 20 mg / cm². 2 The material was applied to the surface, dried at 120°C for 5 minutes, then at 130°C for 5 minutes, and finally heat-treated at 60°C for 10 hours to obtain a cathode base. This cathode base was rolled using a roll press to obtain a density of 3.5 g / cm³. 3 A sheet-like positive electrode was fabricated consisting of a positive electrode composite layer and aluminum foil. This sheet-like positive electrode was cut to a width of 4.8 cm and a length of 50 cm to form positive electrode A for lithium-ion secondary batteries. The peel strength, flexibility, and warpage of the obtained positive electrode were measured, and the results are shown in Table 2.

[0275] (Fabrication of the negative electrode) In a 5 MPa pressure vessel equipped with a stirrer, 33 parts of 1,3-butadiene, 3.5 parts of itaconic acid as a carboxylic acid group-containing monomer, 63.5 parts of styrene as an aromatic vinyl monomer, 0.4 parts of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate as an emulsifier, 150 parts of deionized water, and 0.5 parts of potassium persulfate as a polymerization initiator were placed and thoroughly stirred. After heating to 50°C, polymerization was started. When the polymerization conversion rate reached 96%, the mixture was cooled to stop the polymerization reaction, and a mixture containing particulate binder (styrene-butadiene copolymer) was obtained. A 5% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was added to the above mixture to adjust the pH to 8, and unreacted monomers were removed by heated vacuum distillation. The mixture was then cooled to below 30°C to obtain an aqueous dispersion containing a binder for the negative electrode.

[0276] Next, 48.75 parts of artificial graphite and 48.75 parts of natural graphite as negative electrode active materials, and 1 part of carboxymethylcellulose as a thickener were added to a planetary mixer. Furthermore, the mixture was diluted with deionized water to a solid content of 60%, and then kneaded at a rotation speed of 45 rpm for 60 minutes. Subsequently, 1.5 parts of the aqueous dispersion containing the negative electrode binder obtained as described above was added in terms of solid content, and the mixture was kneaded at a rotation speed of 40 rpm for 40 minutes. Finally, deionized water was added to achieve a viscosity of 3000 ± 500 mPa·s (measured with a B-type viscometer at 25°C and 60 rpm) to prepare a slurry for the negative electrode composite layer.

[0277] Next, a 15 μm thick copper foil was prepared as the current collector. The above-mentioned negative electrode slurry was applied to both sides of the copper foil, with a dry coating amount of 10 mg / cm² on each side. 2 The material was applied to the surface and dried at 80°C for 5 minutes and then at 120°C for 5 minutes to obtain a negative electrode base. This negative electrode base was rolled using a roll press to obtain a density of 1.6 g / cm³. 3 A sheet-like negative electrode was fabricated consisting of a negative electrode composite layer (on both sides) and copper foil. The sheet-like negative electrode was then cut to a width of 5.0 cm and a length of 52 cm to be used as a negative electrode for a lithium-ion secondary battery.

[0278] (Manufacturing of lithium-ion secondary batteries) The fabricated positive electrode and negative electrode for lithium-ion secondary batteries were placed facing each other with their electrode mixture layers facing each other, and a 15 μm thick separator (microporous polyethylene membrane) was interposed between them. The mixture was then wound around a 20 mm diameter core to obtain a wound body. The resulting wound body was then compressed from one direction at a speed of 10 mm / second until its thickness reached 4.5 mm. The compressed wound body was elliptical in plan view, and its ratio of major axis to minor axis (major axis / minor axis) was 7.7.

[0279] In addition, a 1.0 M LiPF6 solution was prepared as the electrolyte (solvent: a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate (EC) / diethyl carbonate (DEC) = 3 / 7 (volume ratio), additive: containing 2 vol% vinylene carbonate (solvent ratio)).

[0280] Subsequently, the compressed coil was placed in an aluminum laminate case along with 3.2 g of non-aqueous electrolyte. Nickel lead wires were then connected to designated locations on the negative electrode and aluminum lead wires to designated locations on the positive electrode. Finally, the opening of the case was sealed with heat to obtain lithium-ion secondary battery A. This lithium-ion secondary battery was a pouch of a predetermined size capable of housing the above-mentioned coil, and the nominal capacity of the battery was 700 mAh.

[0281] The capacity characteristics, resistance characteristics, cycle characteristics, and high-temperature storage characteristics of the obtained lithium-ion secondary batteries were evaluated, and the results are shown in Table 2.

[0282] (Example 2) Except for changing the polymerization conversion rate to 85%, nitrile rubber B, hydrogenated nitrile rubber B, positive electrode binder B, conductive material dispersion B, positive electrode slurry B, positive electrode B, and lithium-ion secondary battery B were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, and the same evaluation as in Example 1 was performed, and the results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

[0283] (Example 3) Nitrile rubber C, hydrogenated nitrile rubber C, positive electrode binder C, conductive material dispersion C, positive electrode slurry C, positive electrode C, and lithium-ion secondary battery C were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the water content after dehydration of the water-containing crumb was changed to 15%. The same evaluation as in Example 1 was performed, and the results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

[0284] (Example 4) Except for changing the water content of the dehydrated crumb to 25%, nitrile rubber D, hydrogenated nitrile rubber D, cathode binder D, conductive material dispersion D, cathode slurry D, cathode D, and lithium-ion secondary battery D were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1, and the results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

[0285] (Example 5) Except for changing the water content of the dehydrated crumb to 35%, nitrile rubber E, hydrogenated nitrile rubber E, positive electrode binder E, conductive material dispersion E, positive electrode slurry E, positive electrode E, and lithium-ion secondary battery E were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, and the same evaluation as in Example 1 was performed, and the results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

[0286] (Example 6) Except for changing the polymerization conversion rate to 75%, nitrile rubber F, hydrogenated nitrile rubber F, cathode binder F, conductive material dispersion F, cathode slurry F, cathode F, and lithium-ion secondary battery F were obtained in the same manner as in Example 5, and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 5. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

[0287] (Example 7) Except for changing the polymerization conversion rate to 78%, nitrile rubber G, hydrogenated nitrile rubber G, cathode binder G, conductive material dispersion G, cathode slurry G, cathode G, and lithium-ion secondary battery G were obtained in the same manner as in Example 5, and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 5. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

[0288] (Example 8) Except for changing the polymerization conversion rate to 90%, nitrile rubber H, hydrogenated nitrile rubber H, cathode binder H, conductive material dispersion H, cathode slurry H, cathode H, and lithium-ion secondary battery H were obtained in the same manner as in Example 5, and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 5. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

[0289] (Example 9) Except for changing the water content of the dehydrated crumb to less than 1%, nitrile rubber I, hydrogenated nitrile rubber I, positive electrode binder I, conductive material dispersion I, positive electrode slurry I, positive electrode I, and lithium-ion secondary battery I were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1, and the results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

[0290] (Example 10) Except for changing the method of adding the polymerization solution in the solidification reaction to the wall side (1 / 2 outside) from the middle of the stirring blade of the agitated calcium chloride aqueous solution to the wall of the solidification tank, nitrile rubber J, hydrogenated nitrile rubber J, positive electrode binder J, conductive material dispersion J, positive electrode slurry J, positive electrode J, and lithium-ion secondary battery J were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, and the same evaluation as in Example 1 was performed, and the results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

[0291] (Example 11) Except for changing the rotation speed of the solidification tank agitator blade to 350 rpm (peripheral speed 1.8 m / s), nitrile rubber K, hydrogenated nitrile rubber K, positive electrode binder K, conductive material dispersion K, positive electrode slurry K, positive electrode K, and lithium-ion secondary battery K were obtained in the same manner as in Example 10, and the same evaluation as in Example 10 was performed, and the results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

[0292] (Example 12) Nitrile rubber L, hydrogenated nitrile rubber L, positive electrode binder L, conductive material dispersion L, positive electrode slurry L, positive electrode L, and lithium-ion secondary battery L were obtained in the same manner as in Example 11, except that the amount of acrylonitrile in emulsion polymerization was changed to 23 parts and the amount of 1,3-butadiene to 77 parts. The same evaluation as in Example 11 was performed, and the results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

[0293] (Example 13) Nitrile rubber M, hydrogenated nitrile rubber M, cathode binder M, conductive material dispersion M, cathode slurry M, cathode M, and lithium-ion secondary battery M were obtained in the same manner as in Example 11, except that the amount of acrylonitrile in emulsion polymerization was changed to 47 parts and the amount of 1,3-butadiene to 53 parts. The same evaluation as in Example 11 was performed, and the results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

[0294] (Reference example 1) Except for changing the rotation speed of the solidification tank agitator blade to 100 rpm (peripheral speed 0.5 m / s) and changing the water content after dewatering to 25%, nitrile rubber N, hydrogenated nitrile rubber N, positive electrode binder N, conductive material dispersion N, positive electrode slurry N, positive electrode N, and lithium-ion secondary battery N were obtained in the same manner as in Example 10, and the same evaluation as in Example 10 was performed, and the results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

[0295] (Reference example 2) Except for changing the coagulation reaction to a method of adding an aqueous calcium chloride solution to the polymerization liquid being stirred in the coagulation tank and setting the water content after dehydration to 25%, nitrile rubber O, hydrogenated nitrile rubber O, positive electrode binder O, conductive material dispersion O, positive electrode slurry O, positive electrode O, and lithium-ion secondary battery O were obtained in the same manner as in Example 10, and the same evaluation as in Example 10 was performed, and the results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

[0296] (Reference example 3) Nitrile rubber, hydrogenated nitrile rubber, a binder for the positive electrode, a dispersion of conductive material, a slurry for the positive electrode, a positive electrode, and a lithium-ion secondary battery were obtained in the same manner as in Reference Example 2, except that the pH of the emulsion polymerization solution after the addition of an antioxidant was adjusted to 3.5 to obtain a polymer pH of 3.5. Evaluations were then performed in the same manner as in Reference Example 2. The results were the same as in Reference Example 2, except that the evaluation of the resistance characteristics was "×".

[0297] (Reference example 4) Nitrile rubber, hydrogenated nitrile rubber, cathode binder, conductive material dispersion, cathode slurry, cathode, and lithium-ion secondary battery were obtained in the same manner as in Reference Example 2, except that the pH of the emulsion polymerization solution after the addition of an antioxidant was adjusted to 9 to obtain a polymer pH of 9. Evaluations were performed in the same manner as in Reference Example 2. The results were the same as in Reference Example 2, except that the evaluation of the capacity characteristics was "××".

[0298] (Comparative Example 1) Except for changing the rotation speed of the solidification tank agitator blade to 100 rpm (peripheral speed 0.5 m / s) and not performing dewatering, nitrile rubber P, hydrogenated nitrile rubber P, positive electrode binder P, conductive material dispersion P, positive electrode slurry P, positive electrode P, and lithium-ion secondary battery P were obtained in the same manner as in Reference Example 2, and the results were evaluated in the same manner as in Reference Example 2 and are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

[0299] (Comparative Example 2) Except for changing the polymerization temperature to 10°C and the polymerization conversion rate to 75%, nitrile rubber Q, hydrogenated nitrile rubber Q, cathode binder Q, conductive material dispersion Q, cathode slurry Q, cathode Q, and lithium-ion secondary battery Q were obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1, and evaluated in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

[0300] (Comparative Example 3) Except for not adding a Grubbs catalyst in the hydrogenation reaction, nitrile rubber R, hydrogenated nitrile rubber R, cathode binder R, conductive material dispersion R, cathode slurry R, ​​cathode R, and lithium-ion secondary battery R were obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1, and evaluated in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

[0301] [Table 1-1]

[0302] [Table 1-2]

[0303] Table 1-3

[0304] Table 1-4

[0305] Table 1-5

[0306] Table 1-6

[0307] Table 2-1

[0308] Table 2-2

[0309] Table 2-3

[0310] Table 2-4

[0311] Tables 1 and 2 show that the acrylonitrile polymerization units are 15% to 50% by mass and 1,3-butadiene polymerization units are 50% to 85% by mass, and the 1,2-bonding units in the 1,3-butadiene polymerization units are 7% or more by mass, the ratio of the Z-average molecular weight (Mz) to the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) (Mz / Mw) is 6 or less, the ash content is 0.7% by mass or less, and the total amount of sodium content (Na) and potassium content (K) in the ash (Na+K), calcium content (Ca), and sulfur content are... Nitrile rubbers A to M of the present invention, in which the ratio of the total amount of (S) to (Ca+S) ((Na+K) / (Ca+S)) is 0.5 or less, achieve a good iodine value of hydrogenated nitrile rubber with a small amount of hydrogenation catalyst and are easy to hydrogenate. When hydrogenated nitrile rubber obtained by double decomposition is used in the manufacture of electrochemical elements, it is found that the dispersibility and stability of the conductive material dispersion are excellent, the warping characteristics of the electrodes are excellent, and the capacitance characteristics, resistance characteristics, cycle characteristics, and high-temperature storage characteristics of the electrochemical element can be dramatically improved.

[0312] Table 1 shows that by using cumene hydroperoxide as an organic polymerization initiator, the polymerization temperature and polymerization conversion rate can be increased, which can increase the proportion of 1,2-bond units in the 1,3-butadiene polymerization units of nitrile rubber (comparison of Examples 1-2 and 6-8). In particular, the use of an organic polymerization initiator can increase the proportion of 1,2-bond units in nitrile rubber.

[0313] Table 1 shows that the Mz / Mw ratio of nitrile rubber can be adjusted by controlling the polymerization temperature and polymerization conversion rate (comparison of Examples 1-2 and Examples 6-8).

[0314] Table 1 shows that the ash content of nitrile rubber with a high Mw differs depending on the conditions in the coagulation reaction (number of stirs of the coagulation solution and polymerization solution, coagulation method depending on whether polymerization solution or coagulation solution is added, and position of addition of polymerization solution), and that this can be reduced by improving washing efficiency and dewatering efficiency.

[0315] Table 1 shows that when the polymerization solution is added to the coagulated liquid vigorously stirred at 600 rpm in Examples 1-11, the water-containing crumbs produced are mostly 3.35-4.75 mm in size. This size is easy to work with and also provides good washing and dewatering efficiency (Examples 1-11). Furthermore, when the polymerization solution is added to the center of the vigorously stirred coagulated liquid (where the coagulated liquid forms a vortex and the central stirring blade is visible, and the solution should be applied directly to the stirring blade), the water-containing crumbs produced tend to have large holes in the center, and the ash content in the nitrile rubber after washing and dewatering can be reduced to 0.14% (Examples 1-2). On the other hand, when the addition position of the polymerization solution is changed to closer to the wall between the stirring blade and the tank wall (directly added to the coagulated liquid), the particle size distribution does not change, but the water-containing crumbs with almost no holes are produced, and the ash content in the nitrile rubber can only be reduced to 0.5% (comparison between Example 1 and Example 10 under the same conditions).

[0316] When the rotation speed of the agitated coagulation solution is reduced from 600 rpm to 350 rpm, the size of the generated water-containing crumbs mainly becomes 4.75 to 8 mm, and the ash content in the nitrile rubber can only be reduced to about 0.7% (Examples 11 to 13). Furthermore, when the agitation speed is reduced to 100 rpm, the amount of water-containing crumbs, which is nearly twice as large as when agitated at 600 rpm, becomes 8 to 9.5 mm, and the ash content in the nitrile rubber can only be reduced to about 1% (Reference Example 1).

[0317] Table 1 shows that when the coagulation method is changed to adding the coagulation solution to the polymerizing solution while stirring, even with vigorous stirring at the same 600 rpm, the resulting water-containing crumbs are divided into large and small sizes, and the amount of ash remaining in the nitrile rubber also increases (Reference Example 2). Furthermore, if the rotation speed of the polymerizing solution is reduced to 100 rpm, the amount of ash remaining nearly doubles (comparison of Reference Example 2 with Comparative Examples 1-2).

[0318] Table 1 shows that, in the dehydration process of the water-containing crumb produced by the coagulation reaction, the amount of ash remaining in the nitrile rubber differs significantly depending on the water content after dehydration (comparison of Example 1 with Examples 3-5 and Example 9). Furthermore, although not shown in this example, the ash content of nitrile rubber is greatly affected by the concentration of the coagulation solution (calcium chloride aqueous solution), the washing temperature, and the dehydration temperature, and the amount of ash in the nitrile rubber can be reduced by controlling these coagulation, washing, and dehydration processes.

[0319] Table 1 shows that when the ash content in nitrile rubber is reduced to 0.5%, the sodium and potassium content in the ash is almost eliminated, and most of the components in the ash become calcium and sulfur (comparison between Examples 10 to Comparative Example 2 and Examples 1 to 9).

[0320] In reducing the ash content of nitrile rubber, although not shown in this example, sodium and potassium, which are ash components, are used in many polymerization auxiliary materials, including emulsifiers. These ions become embedded in the water-containing crumb during the coagulation reaction and are difficult to remove by washing alone. However, it was found that when the water-containing crumb is produced under the specific coagulation conditions described above, both washing efficiency and dewatering efficiency are significantly improved. On the other hand, as the ash content is reduced, only calcium and sulfur components remain in the ash. This is because calcium is in the state of a salt of an acid containing sulfur (S). Since only calcium chloride is used as a coagulant, it is presumed that the chlorine in the calcium chloride was exchanged for the sulfur-containing acid during the coagulation reaction. In other words, although many compounds such as sulfates and sulfonates are used as polymerization auxiliary materials, calcium salts suddenly become poorly hydrophilic, and it is thought that they could not be removed from the water-containing crumb by normal washing and dewatering. These can be inferred from the changes observed, such as the increase in the total ratio of calcium (Ca) and sulfur (S) content (Ca+S) in the ash, the sudden decrease in the ratio of the total amount of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) content (Na+K) to the total amount of calcium (Ca) and sulfur (S) content (Ca+S) ((Na+K) / (Ca+S)), the sudden increase in the ratio of calcium (Ca) to chlorine (Cl) content (Ca / Cl) (Ca / Cl for calcium chloride is 0.565), and the sudden increase in the ratio of sulfur (S) to chlorine (Cl) content (S / Cl).

[0321] Table 2 shows that while most of the hydrogenation catalyst used was removed by treating the monochlorobenzene (MCB) solution after the hydrogenation reaction with aminopropyl group-modified silica, an ion exchange compound, almost all of the ash in the nitrile rubber remained in the hydrogenated nitrile rubber. This indicates that although the hydrogenation catalyst dissolved in the cement (MCB solution) can be removed, the ash in the nitrile rubber, which is a precursor that does not dissolve, cannot be removed at all. Therefore, reducing the ash content in the precursor nitrile rubber is necessary to reduce the ash content of hydrogenated nitrile rubber.

[0322] Tables 1 and 2 show that the proportions of acrylonitrile polymerization units, 1,3-butadiene polymerization units, and 1,2-bonding units in nitrile rubbers A to M are inherited by hydrogenated nitrile rubbers A to M after double decomposition. It can be seen that by adjusting the proportion of acrylonitrile polymerization units in nitrile rubber, the dispersibility of the conductive material dispersion of hydrogenated hydrogenated nitrile rubber and the resistance and cycle characteristics of the electrochemical element can be highly balanced (Examples 11 to 13). On the other hand, it can be seen that by adjusting the proportion of 1,2-bonding units in the 1,3-butadiene polymerization units of nitrile rubber to 7% by mass or more, the warpage characteristics of the electrode and the capacitance characteristics of the electrochemical element of the hydrogenated hydrogenated nitrile rubber can be highly improved (comparison with Examples 1 to 2, Examples 6 to 8 and Comparative Example 2).

[0323] Tables 1 and 2 show that the amount of antioxidant in nitrile rubbers A to M is almost entirely retained in hydrogenated nitrile rubbers A to M after double decomposition and hydrogenation. Although comparative examples are not shown in this example, hydrogenated nitrile rubber obtained by double decomposition and hydrogenation of nitrile rubber without antioxidants shows reduced stability of the conductive material dispersion and reduced electrode peel strength.

[0324] Tables 1 and 2 show that the ash content and ash component content in nitrile rubbers A to M are inherited in hydrogenated nitrile rubbers A to M after double decomposition, significantly improving the peel strength and high-temperature storage characteristics of the electrochemical element. It can be seen that the capacitance characteristics of the electrochemical element can be significantly improved by reducing the ash content and reducing the proportion of sodium and calcium in the ash. Furthermore, it can be seen that the high-temperature storage characteristics can be improved by reducing the ash content and eliminating sodium and potassium in the ash, making it almost entirely calcium and sulfur, and that this calcium and sulfur-rich ash increases the peel strength of the electrochemical element (Example 9).

[0325] Tables 1 and 2 show that high molecular weight, low ash nitrile rubber can be hydrogenated after double decomposition to produce low molecular weight, low ash hydrogenated nitrile rubber, which improves the dispersibility of conductive material dispersions and significantly enhances the resistance characteristics and high-temperature storage characteristics of electrochemical elements. Furthermore, although the Mz / Mw ratio of nitrile rubber is slightly reduced during double decomposition, it can be retained at a high level in the hydrogenated nitrile rubber, without reducing the electrode peel strength.

[0326] As shown in Tables 1 and 2 above, when hydrogenated nitrile rubbers A to M, obtained by hydrogenating nitrile rubbers A to M of the present invention, are used in the manufacture of electrochemical elements, the dispersibility and stability of the conductive material dispersion, the peel strength, flexibility and warping characteristics of the electrodes, and the capacitance characteristics, resistance characteristics, cycle characteristics and high-temperature storage characteristics of the electrochemical elements are excellent, and these characteristics can be highly balanced. [Explanation of symbols]

[0327] 10 Emulsion polymerization equipment 11 Polymerization can 12, 32, 52 Stirring device 13, 33, 53 Stirring blade 14, 34, 54 motors 30 Coagulation equipment 31 Solidification Tank 38, 58 Drainer 50 Cleaning device 51 Washing Tank 55, 71c heating device 56 Heating section 70 Squeezer 70a Clam supply section 70b Clam discharge section 71 Heating mechanism 71a, 72a Chamber 71b, 72b Laura 72 Pressurization mechanism 73 Connecting part 75 Crushing device

Claims

1. Nitrile rubber comprising 15% to 50% by mass of acrylonitrile polymerization units and 50% to 85% by mass of 1,3-butadiene polymerization units, and 7% or more by mass of 1,2-bonding units in the 1,3-butadiene polymerization units, wherein the ratio of the Z-average molecular weight (Mz) to the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) (Mz / Mw) is 6 or less, the ash content is 0.7% by mass or less, and the ratio of the total amount of sodium content (Na) and potassium content (K) in the ash (Na+K) to the total amount of calcium content (Ca) and sulfur content (S) (Ca+S) ((Na+K) / (Ca+S)) is 0.5 or less.

2. The nitrile rubber according to claim 1, comprising a phenolic antioxidant.

3. The nitrile rubber according to claim 1, comprising a phenolic antioxidant in an amount ranging from 0.001% to 2% by mass.

4. The nitrile rubber according to claim 1, wherein the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) is 100,000 or more.

5. The nitrile rubber according to claim 1, wherein the total ratio of the acrylonitrile polymerization units and the 1,3-butadiene polymerization units is 70 to 100% by mass.

6. The nitrile rubber according to claim 1, wherein the total ratio of sodium content (Na) and potassium content (K) in the ash (Na + K) is 30% by mass or less.

7. The nitrile rubber according to claim 1, wherein the total ratio of calcium content (Ca) and sulfur content (S) in the ash (Ca + S) is 30% by mass or more.

8. The nitrile rubber according to claim 1, wherein the (Na+K) / (Ca+S) ratio in the ash content is 0.3 or less.

9. The nitrile rubber according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of calcium content (Ca) to chlorine content (Cl) in the ash (Ca / Cl) is 1.5 or more.

10. The nitrile rubber according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of sulfur content (S) to chlorine content (Cl) in the ash (S / Cl) is 1.5 or more.

11. The nitrile rubber according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of calcium content (Ca) to sulfur content (S) in the ash (Ca / S) is 3.5 or less.

12. The nitrile rubber according to claim 1, wherein the total ratio of sodium content (Na) and potassium content (K) in the ash (Na + K) is 20% by mass or less, and the total ratio of calcium content (Ca) and sulfur content (S) (Ca + S) is 40% by mass or more.

13. The nitrile rubber according to claim 1, wherein the ash content is 0.01% by mass or more.

14. The nitrile rubber according to claim 1, wherein the water content is less than 1% by mass.

15. The nitrile rubber according to claim 1, which is a polymer obtained by emulsion polymerization of acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene and coagulation with calcium chloride.

16. The nitrile rubber according to claim 1, wherein acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene are emulsion polymerized using an alkali metal salt as a polymerization auxiliary material.

17. The nitrile rubber according to claim 1, wherein acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene are emulsion polymerized using sulfates and / or sulfonates as polymerization auxiliary materials.

18. The nitrile rubber according to claim 1, wherein at least one salt compound selected from the group consisting of alkali metal salts, sulfates, and sulfonates is used as a polymerization auxiliary material, and acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene are emulsion polymerized and coagulated with calcium chloride.

19. A polymerization step to obtain an emulsion polymer solution by emulsion polymerization of monomer components containing acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene at a polymerization temperature of 15°C or higher in the presence of an organic polymerization initiator, If necessary, an anti-aging agent is added to the emulsion polymerization liquid in an anti-aging agent addition step, A coagulation step is performed in which an emulsion polymerization solution to which an antioxidant is added as needed is brought into contact with an aqueous calcium chloride solution to produce a hydrated crumb, A washing process in which the generated water-containing crumb is washed with hot water, A dewatering process in which the washed, water-containing crumb is dewatered at a dewatering temperature of 60°C or higher to a water content of 35% by mass or less, A drying process to reduce the water content of the dehydrated crumb to less than 1% by mass, A method for producing nitrile rubber containing the following:

20. The method for producing nitrile rubber according to claim 19, wherein the nitrile rubber is the nitrile rubber described in any one of claims 1 to 18.

21. Hydrogenated nitrile rubber having an iodine value of 100 mg / 100 mg or less, obtained by hydrogenating the nitrile rubber according to any one of claims 1 to 18.

22. A hydrogenated nitrile rubber obtained by hydrogenating the nitrile rubber described in any one of claims 1 to 18 after double decomposition, having a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 100,000 or less and an iodine value of 100 mg / 100 mg or less.

23. A positive electrode material comprising the hydrogenated nitrile rubber described in claim 21.

24. A positive electrode binder obtained by dissolving the hydrogenated nitrile rubber described in claim 21 in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP).

25. A conductive material dispersion obtained by dissolving or dispersing the hydrogenated nitrile rubber and conductive material described in claim 21 in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP).

26. A slurry for a positive electrode, comprising a positive electrode active material, a conductive material, and the hydrogenated nitrile rubber described in claim 21, dissolved or dispersed in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP).

27. A positive electrode comprising the hydrogenated nitrile rubber described in claim 21.

28. An electrochemical element comprising the hydrogenated nitrile rubber described in claim 21.

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