Reducing radiated emissions for wireless charging

Abstract

The present invention provides a system and method for reducing emissions related to wireless power transmission. [Solution] In the emission test environment 100, one or more controllers receive emission data, including emission measurements related to inductive charging between the vehicle pad and the ground pad. One or more controllers further determine one or more adjustment parameters based on the emission data. One or more adjustment parameters may include the bus voltage of the ground pad. One or more adjustment parameters may include one or more of the ground pad duty cycle, vehicle pad duty cycle, or switching frequency. One or more controllers adjust the bus voltage of the ground pad according to one or more adjustment parameters.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] This disclosure relates to wireless charging. More specifically, the disclosed technology relates to reducing radiant emissions for wireless charging. [Background technology]

[0002] Batteries are components of a wide range of battery-powered devices, equipment, or various transportation platforms, such as electric vehicles, robots, electric motorcycles, electric scooters, drones, and many other types of devices. Batteries can be paired with wireless charging devices and configured to receive energy via electromagnetic coupling between a receiving pad and the wireless charging device. Specifically, a wireless charging device can induce an electromagnetic field using one or more internal coils, and one or more corresponding receiving coils connected to a battery can capture these electromagnetic fields within a certain close distance from the charging device. There are various technical challenges associated with wireless charging. [Overview of the Initiative]

[0003] Each of the systems, methods, and devices disclosed herein has several innovative embodiments, and not just one of them alone is responsible for all of the desirable attributes disclosed herein. Details of one or more implementations of the subject matter described herein are given in the accompanying drawings and the following description.

[0004] In some embodiments, the technology described herein relates to a method of wireless power transmission, the method comprising: receiving emission data, wherein the emission data includes emission measurements relating to inductive charging between a vehicle pad and a ground pad; determining one or more adjustment parameters based on the emission data, wherein the one or more adjustment parameters include the bus voltage of the ground pad; and adjusting the bus voltage of the ground pad according to the one or more adjustment parameters.

[0005] In some embodiments, the techniques described herein further include a method for adjusting the duty cycle of a switching circuit, wherein one or more adjustment parameters include the duty cycle of the switching circuit.

[0006] In some embodiments, the techniques described herein relate to methods in which a switching circuit is coupled to an LC resonant circuit, the LC resonant circuit includes a coil for a grounding pad, and the grounding pad is inductively coupled to a coil for a vehicle pad.

[0007] In some embodiments, the techniques described herein relate to methods, where the switching circuit is an H-bridge circuit.

[0008] In some embodiments, the techniques described herein relate to methods, wherein the step of determining one or more tuning parameters based on emission data includes the step of determining a target value for each of the one or more tuning parameters using an emission reduction routine.

[0009] In some embodiments, the techniques described herein relate to methods, the emission reduction routine comprising: determining one or more equations representing emissions based on a first current in a grounding pad and a second current in a vehicle pad; determining a zero-voltage switching (ZVS) criterion (value) based on one or more equations; deriving a target duty cycle for a switching circuit based on the ZVS criterion, wherein the switching circuit is contained in one of the grounding pad or the vehicle pad; and adjusting the duty cycle of the switching circuit based on the derived target duty cycle.

[0010] In some embodiments, the techniques described herein relate to methods and further include the step of storing, as one or more adjustment parameters, a target voltage of the ground pad bus and a target duty cycle of the switching circuit.

[0011] In some aspects, the technology described in this present disclosure relates to a method, wherein the step of determining one or more adjustment parameters includes assuming that a vehicle-side bus voltage is fixed, and assuming that a battery power is fixed.

[0012] In some aspects, the technology described in this present disclosure relates to a system for wireless power transfer, the system comprising one or more controllers, the one or more controllers being configured to receive emission data, wherein the emission data includes emission measurements associated with inductive charging between a vehicle pad and a ground pad in an environment; determine one or more adjustment parameters based on the emission data, wherein the one or more adjustment parameters include a bus voltage of the ground pad; and adjust the bus voltage of the ground pad according to the one or more adjustment parameters.

[0013] In some aspects, the technology described in this present disclosure relates to a system, wherein the one or more controllers are further configured to adjust a duty cycle of a switching circuit, and the one or more adjustment parameters include the duty cycle of the switching circuit.

[0014] In some aspects, the technology described in this present disclosure relates to a system, wherein the switching circuit is coupled to an LC resonant circuit, the LC resonant circuit includes a coil of a ground pad, and the ground pad is inductively coupled to a coil of a vehicle pad.

[0015] In some aspects, the technology described in this present disclosure relates to a system, wherein the switching circuit is an H-bridge circuit.

[0016] In some aspects, the technology described in this present disclosure relates to a system, wherein the one or more controllers are configured to determine the one or more adjustment parameters based on the emission data by performing an emission reduction routine to at least determine a target value for each of the one or more adjustment parameters.

[0017] In some aspects, the techniques described in the present specification relate to a system, and to implement an emission reduction routine, one or more controllers are configured to: determine one or more representations representative of emissions based on the current in the ground pad and the current in the vehicle pad; determine a zero voltage switching (ZVS) criterion based on the one or more representations; derive a target duty cycle for a switching circuit based on the ZVS criterion, wherein the switching circuit corresponds to at least one of the ground pad or the vehicle pad; and adjust the duty cycle of the switching circuit based on the derived target duty cycle.

[0018] In some aspects, the techniques described in the present specification relate to a system, and to implement an emission reduction routine, the one or more controllers are further configured to store, as one or more adjustment parameters, a target ground pad bus voltage and a target duty cycle of at least one of the ground pad or the vehicle pad.

[0019] In some aspects, the techniques described in the present specification relate to a system further comprising a ground pad, and the ground pad includes at least a portion of the one or more controllers.

[0020] In some aspects, the techniques described in the present specification relate to a system further comprising a vehicle pad, and the vehicle pad includes at least a portion of the one or more controllers.

[0021] In some aspects, the techniques described in the present specification relate to a system, and a controller of the one or more controllers is disposed on at least one of a wall of the environment, the ground pad, or the vehicle pad.

[0022] In some embodiments, the technology described herein relates to a non-temporary computer-readable memory device storing instructions, the instructions, when executed, cause one or more controllers to perform an operation, the operation being to determine one or more adjustment parameters based on emission data, the emission data including emission measurements relating to inductive charging between a vehicle pad and a ground pad of a wireless charging system, and the one or more adjustment parameters including the bus voltage of the ground pad, and to adjust the bus voltage of the ground pad according to the one or more adjustment parameters.

[0023] In some embodiments, the techniques described herein relating to non-temporary computer-readable storage devices, wherein, in order to determine one or more adjustment parameters based on emission data, an instruction, when executed, causes one or more controllers to perform an operation which includes determining a target value for each of the one or more adjustment parameters by performing an emission reduction routine. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0024] Aspects and advantages of the technology disclosed herein are described herein with reference to the drawings of preferred embodiments and are intended to illustrate, not limit, the present disclosure.

[0025] [Figure 1] A schematic diagram of an exemplary emission test setup for wireless charging is shown.

[0026] [Figure 2] The following are illustrative schematic circuit diagrams of wireless charging systems according to several aspects of this disclosure.

[0027] [Figure 3] An exemplary block diagram of a wireless charging pad according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0028] [Figure 4]This is an illustrative schematic circuit diagram of a wireless charging system according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0029] [Figure 5A] The following are illustrative emissions based on ground pad current loops and vehicle pad loops according to several aspects of this disclosure.

[0030] [Figure 5B] Exemplary emission diagrams based on ground pad current loops and vehicle pad current loops according to several aspects of this disclosure are shown.

[0031] [Figure 6A] The equivalent circuits of wireless charging systems according to several aspects of this disclosure are shown.

[0032] [Figure 6B] The following are exemplary plots illustrating the current phase shift relative to the vehicle pad according to several aspects of this disclosure.

[0033] [Figure 6C] The following are exemplary plots representing exemplary current phase shifts for a grounding pad (e.g., the grounding pad in Figure 1) according to several aspects of this disclosure. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0034] Aspects of this disclosure relate to systems and methods for wirelessly charging a battery pack via wireless power transmission. More specifically, this disclosure relates to modifications of emissions from wireless power transmission. A controller of a wireless charging system can, for example, modify one or more tuning parameters related to the circuitry of the wireless charging system. This can reduce emissions associated with wireless power transmission.

[0035] Wireless charging systems can be used to charge vehicles such as electric vehicles that have battery packs. In these embodiments, the wireless charging device can be implemented as a ground pad or a vehicle pad. Power can be transmitted wirelessly from the ground pad to the vehicle pad. During transmission, some of the power transmitted from the ground pad may not reach the vehicle pad. Instead, some emissions may propagate in a different direction. These emissions can reduce the energy efficiency associated with wireless charging.

[0036] In vehicle wireless charging systems, radiated emissions can be a significant issue because power is transmitted or radiated wirelessly. While emissions should be kept below certain limits for product certification, this can limit hardware design space and system performance, or even necessitate a major hardware redesign.

[0037] Standards for wireless charging may include restrictions on emissions associated with wireless charging. Reducing emissions associated with wireless charging can contribute to compliance with such standards. For example, FCC18 specifies compliance limits for inductive charging. The technical solutions in this disclosure can ensure compliance with FCC18.

[0038] The techniques disclosed herein allow for the reduction of radiated emissions in a hardware-independent manner, without requiring hardware modifications or additional costs. This can be achieved by controlling one or more of the transmit coil current, receive coil current, or phase, so that emissions from the transmit and receive sides can be offset to reduce the overall effect.

[0039] In particular, the above-mentioned problems are addressed by embodiments of the present disclosure that address these problems by changing one or more tuning parameters of a wireless charging system using a controller. Changing the tuning parameters can keep excess emissions within a threshold.

[0040] Emissions can be measured, for example. To keep excess emissions within a threshold, the controller of the wireless charging system can change one or more adjustment parameters in response to emission data from measurements, for example, as described herein. The adjustment parameters may include, but are not limited to, the voltage of the grounding pads, the duty cycle of the switching circuit of the grounding pads, the duty cycle of the switching circuit of the vehicle pads, or any suitable combination thereof.

[0041] The target value for each adjustment parameter can be determined by the controller based on emission measurements. Emission values ​​can be reduced by adjusting electrical circuit components to achieve the target values. Therefore, the controller can modify electrical circuit components corresponding to at least one of the adjustment parameters to reduce the emission value below a threshold.

[0042] Exemplary examples, the electrical circuit components of a wireless charging device may include circuits for controlling the voltage of the grounding pad, switching circuits for controlling the duty cycle of the grounding pad, switching circuits for controlling the duty cycle of the vehicle pad, or any suitable combination thereof. Such switching circuits may have bridge topologies such as H-bridges and stacked half-bridges. In some embodiments, the circuit may include multiple switches. By controlling the operation of these switches, adjustment parameters can be changed. Controlling the operation of each of these switches can change, for example, the duty cycle of the grounding pad, the duty cycle of the vehicle pad, or any combination thereof.

[0043] Herein, the aforementioned aspects and other aspects of the Disclosure will be described in relation to specific examples, embodiments, and aspects intended to illustrate, but not limit, the Disclosure. Many of the aforementioned aspects of the Disclosure and the associated advantages will be more readily understood by referring to the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0044] This description refers to drawings in which similar reference numbers and / or terms may indicate identical or functionally similar elements. It should be understood that the elements shown in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. Furthermore, it should be understood that certain embodiments may include more elements and / or subsets of elements shown in the drawings than those shown. Additionally, some embodiments may incorporate any suitable combination of features from two or more drawings. Headings are provided for convenience only and do not affect the scope or meaning of the claims.

[0045] [Estimated Emission Test Setup for Wireless Charging] For certain applications, the wireless charging disclosed herein can be implemented in electric vehicles. Emission data, including one or more emission measurements, may be generated during wireless charging of an electric vehicle. Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of an exemplary emission test environment 100 for wireless charging. The exemplary emission test environment 100 includes a loop antenna 102 located at a distance 104 from a grounding pad 110 and a vehicle pad 108 of an electric vehicle (EV) 106. A system controller 112 may communicate with the grounding pad 110 as shown.

[0046] The loop antenna 102 can measure emissions from wireless charging of the electric vehicle 106 using the grounding pad 110 and the vehicle pad 108. Based on the emission measurement, the system controller 112 can change one or more parameters of at least one of the grounding pad 110 or the vehicle pad 108. Changing one or more parameters can favorably improve the energy efficiency during wireless charging of the EV 106. Changing one or more parameters can reduce emissions without reducing the amount of energy used to charge the EV 106, for example. Reducing emissions can ensure compliance with emission standards for wireless charging. Reducing emissions also means that energy loss is reduced for higher efficiency.

[0047] The loop antenna 102 may be any suitable type of loop antenna, such as a magnetic loop antenna, a self-resonant loop antenna, or any suitable combination thereof. The loop antenna 102 may be used to perform emission measurements as described herein. The loop antenna 102 can perform emission measurements, for example, during wireless charging of the EV 106 using the grounding pad 110 and the vehicle pad 108.

[0048] Figure 1 shows a loop antenna 102, but other options are possible. For example, there may be multiple loop antennas 102. In a further example, at least some of the loop antennas 102 may be at different distances 104 from the grounding pad 110. The loop antenna 102 may, as another example, be any other suitable type of antenna. Suitable types of antennas may include, but are not limited to, monopole antennas, dipole antennas, or any suitable combination thereof.

[0049] The illustrated vehicle pad 108 may be located inside the EV106. The vehicle pad 108 may be configured to receive power from the ground pad 110 during wireless charging of the EV106. The vehicle pad 108 may include, for example, a vehicle coil configured to receive power transmitted from the ground pad 110. The components of the vehicle pad 108 are further described with reference to Figures 2A to 2D and Figure 3. In some examples, the vehicle pad 108 may be electrically connected to the battery pack of the EV106. By receiving power from the ground pad 110, the vehicle pad 108 can charge the battery pack of the EV106.

[0050] The grounding pad 110 can accommodate a form factor that allows for a floor-mounted position for wireless charging in a vehicle such as an EV106 having a vehicle pad coil. The grounding pad 110 has a form factor such that the EV106 can be positioned directly above the top surface of the grounding pad 110, as shown in the figure. Exemplarily, the dimensions of the grounding pad 110 (e.g., the height and width of the grounding pad 110) may be configured such that the distance between the top surface of the grounding pad 110 and the bottom surface of the EV106 satisfies certain criteria. These criteria may include, but are not limited to, a minimum distance between the grounding pad coil and the vehicle pad coil, a maximum distance between the grounding pad coil and the vehicle pad coil, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the vehicle pad 108 and / or the grounding pad 110 (or combination thereof) may be configured with additional components for adjusting such distances (e.g., statically and / or dynamically) or for otherwise changing the relative orientation between the grounding pad 110 and the EV106.

[0051] The grounding pad 110 may include at least a grounding pad coil for generating a magnetic field from an input current supplied from an energy source. The generated magnetic field may be used to cause power transmission from the grounding pad 110 to the vehicle pad 108 during wireless charging.

[0052] In some examples, the system controller 112 may be electrically connected to the grounding pad 110. The system controller 112 can also communicate wirelessly with the grounding pad 110, either additionally or alternatively. The system controller 112 can be located, for example, inside a wall or wall box, inside the EV 106 such as the vehicle pad 108, inside the floor, etc. In some examples, the system controller 112 may include multiple controllers. For example, the emission test environment 100 may include multiple controllers in different locations. These locations may include inside a wall, inside the EV 106, inside the floor, inside the grounding pad 110, inside the vehicle pad 108, etc., or any combination thereof. Each controller may perform a subset of the functions of the system controller 112. Alternatively, each controller may perform all the functions of the system controller 112.

[0053] The system controller 112 may be any suitable type of controller. The system controller 112 comprises physical circuitry configured to perform the functions of the system controller 112 described herein. The system controller 112 may include a processor and memory, a microcontroller, etc. In some examples, the system controller 112 can change the tuning parameters of the ground pad 110, the vehicle pad 108, etc., or any combination thereof. The tuning parameters may include, but are not limited to, the voltage of the ground pad 110, such as the bus voltage of the ground pad 110, the duty cycle of the ground pad 110, the duty cycle of the vehicle pad 108, etc., or any combination thereof. The modification of tuning parameters by the system controller 112 will be further described with reference to Figures 4 to 6C.

[0054] In some examples, the system controller 112 can perform emission measurements at different distances 104. Measurements may be taken, for example, at 10 meters (m), 20 meters, and 30 meters. In some examples, the emissions at distances where no emission measurements were taken can be extrapolated from the measurements at different distances 104. For example, emission measurements at 300 meters can be extrapolated from measurements at shorter distances. An extrapolation line in logarithmic space can be used, for example, to estimate emissions at 300 meters.

[0055] [Wireless charging system with H-bridge circuit] Figures 2A to 2D show schematic circuit diagrams of exemplary wireless charging systems 200A to 200D. As shown in Figures 2A to 2D, each of the wireless charging systems 200A to 200D may include a grounding pad 110 and a vehicle pad 108 that is mounted on the vehicle or otherwise integrated with the vehicle. For example, the grounding pad 110 of wireless charging system 200A may include a capacitor 212A, an H-bridge circuit 202A, and a resonant tank 204A, as shown in Figure 2A. The vehicle pad 108 of wireless charging system 200A may include, for example, a capacitor 214A, an H-bridge circuit 208A, and a resonant tank 206A, as shown in Figure 2A. In some embodiments, power can be transmitted from a power source (not shown in Figure 2A) to the vehicle's battery pack (not shown in Figure 2A) via the H-bridge circuit 202A, resonant tank 204A, resonant tank 206A, and H-bridge circuit 208A. This power transmission may include wireless power transmission from the coil L1 of the grounding pad 110 to the coil L2 of the vehicle pad 108. Any of the wireless charging systems 200A to 200D can be implemented according to any suitable principles and advantages disclosed herein.

[0056] Figure 2A shows a schematic circuit diagram of the wireless charging system 200A. As shown in Figure 2A, the wireless charging system 200A corresponds to an LCC-LCC circuit architecture. As shown in the figure, the wireless charging system 200A includes a capacitor 212A, an H-bridge circuit 202A, a resonant tank 204A, a resonant tank 206A, an H-bridge circuit 208A, and a capacitor 214A. In the LCC-LCC circuit architecture, the inductor L f1 and capacitor C f1 And C1 is coupled between the H-bridge circuit 202A and the grounding pad coil L1 in the grounding pad, and the inductor L f2 and capacitor C f2 And C2 is coupled between the H-bridge circuit 208A and the vehicle pad coil L2 in the vehicle pad 108.

[0057] Figure 2B shows a schematic circuit diagram of the wireless charging system 200B. As shown in Figure 2B, the wireless charging system 200B corresponds to an LCC series circuit architecture. As shown in the figure, the wireless charging system 200B includes a capacitor 212B, an H-bridge circuit 202B, a resonant tank 204B, a resonant tank 206B, an H-bridge circuit 208B, and a capacitor 214B. In the LCC series circuit architecture, the inductor L f1 and capacitor C f1 And C1 is coupled between the H-bridge circuit 202A and the grounding pad coil L1 in the grounding pad 110, and the series capacitor C2 is coupled between the H-bridge circuit 208A and the vehicle pad coil L2 in the vehicle pad 108.

[0058] Figure 2C shows a schematic circuit diagram of the wireless charging system 200C. As shown in Figure 2C, the wireless charging system 200C corresponds to a series LCC circuit architecture. As shown in the figure, the wireless charging system 200C includes a capacitor 212C, an H-bridge circuit 202C, a resonant tank 204C, a resonant tank 206C, an H-bridge circuit 208C, and a capacitor 214C. In the series LCC circuit architecture, the series capacitor C1 is coupled between the H-bridge circuit 202A and the grounding pad coil L1 in the grounding pad 110, and the inductor Lf2 and capacitor C f2 And C2 is coupled between the H-bridge circuit 208A and the vehicle pad coil L2 in the vehicle pad 108.

[0059] Figure 2D shows a schematic circuit diagram of the wireless charging system 200D. As shown in Figure 2D, the wireless charging system 200D corresponds to a series-series circuit architecture. As shown in the figure, the wireless charging system 200D includes a capacitor 212D, an H-bridge circuit 202D, a resonant tank 204D, a resonant tank 206D, an H-bridge circuit 208D, and a capacitor 214D. In the series circuit architecture, the series capacitor C1 is coupled between the H-bridge circuit 202A and the grounding pad coil L1 in the grounding pad 110, and the series capacitor C2 is coupled between the H-bridge circuit 208A and the vehicle pad coil L2 in the vehicle pad 108.

[0060] [Example Wireless Charging Pad] Figure 3 shows an exemplary wireless charging pad 300 according to several aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless charging pad 300 includes a switching circuit 322, a resonant tank 324, and a switch control circuit 326. The wireless charging pad 300 can charge a vehicle's battery pack over a relatively wide voltage range via a toggle switch in the switching circuit 322. Any suitable principle and advantages of the wireless charging pad 300 can be implemented in environments such as the emission test environment 100 in Figure 1.

[0061] The wireless charging pad 300 may be mounted on any grounding pad or vehicle pad of the wireless charging system 200A-200D to reduce emissions and / or meet any other wireless charging specifications. For example, the wireless charging pad 300 may be the grounding pad and / or vehicle pad of any of the wireless charging systems 200A-200D. In some examples, the resonant tank 324 may correspond to any of the resonant tanks 204A, 206A, 204B, 206B, 204C, 206C, 204D, and 206D.

[0062] In some embodiments, the switching circuit 322 can correspond to any of the H-bridge circuits 202A, 208A, 202B, 208B, 202C, 208C, 202D, and 208D. However, other options are also possible. The switching circuit 322 may correspond to other switching circuits. As another example, the switching circuit 322 may correspond to a stacked half-bridge circuit.

[0063] [Schematic diagram of an exemplary wireless charging pad] Figure 4 shows an exemplary schematic circuit diagram of the wireless charging system 400. When performing emission reduction routines, the controller (e.g., the system controller 112 in Figure 1) can control the circuit components of the wireless charging system 400 to approach target values ​​for one or more adjustment parameters (e.g., ground pad bus voltage, ground pad duty cycle, vehicle pad duty cycle, etc.). The target values ​​can be determined to reduce emissions generated during wireless charging by the wireless charging system 400, as will be further explained with respect to Figures 5A to 6C. Therefore, by controlling the circuit to approach target values, emissions generated during wireless charging can be favorably reduced.

[0064] The wireless charging system 400 includes a resonant LC circuit. The wireless charging system 400 can represent, for example, a bidirectional CLLC resonant dual active bridge converter topology. The wireless charging system 400 includes electrical circuit components corresponding to the vehicle pad 108 and the ground pad 110, as shown in the figure. The electrical components corresponding to the ground pad 110 include a capacitor 404, a resonant tank 424, and an H-bridge circuit 428. The ground pad bus voltage may be applied between the positive ground pad terminal 402 and the negative ground pad terminal 406. The controller (e.g., the system controller 112 in Figure 1) can, in some examples, modify the ground pad bus voltage to reduce emissions, as will be further described with respect to Figures 5A to 6C, for example.

[0065] In some examples, the resonant tank 424 can correspond to any of the resonant tanks 204A, 204B, 204C, 204D, or 324. The resonant tanks 424 and 426 on both bridges can be designed so that their self-resonant frequencies are substantially the same.

[0066] The H-bridge circuit 428 may, in some examples, be controlled by a controller (e.g., system controller 112) via a switch control circuit (e.g., switch control circuit 326 in Figure 3) to control the ground pad duty cycle of the ground pad 110. This can favorably reduce emissions, for example, with respect to Figures 5A to 6C. The H-bridge circuit 428 includes switches 422A, 422B, 422C, and 422D, as shown. Switches 422A and 422B are part of the ground pad (GP) bridge leg A408, as shown. Switches 422C and 422D are part of the ground pad bridge leg B410. Switches 422 include n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (N-MOSFETs), as shown, but other options are possible. For example, any suitable transistor may be used. Suitable transistors include, but are not limited to, p-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor FETs (P-MOSFETs), other field-effect transistors, bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), or any suitable combination thereof. In some examples, the H-bridge circuit 428 can correspond to either the H-bridge circuits 204A-204D in Figures 2A-2D or the H-bridge circuit 322 in Figure 3.

[0067] The electrical components corresponding to the vehicle pad 108 include a capacitor 419, an H-bridge circuit 430, and a resonant tank 426. The vehicle pad bus voltage can be measured between the positive vehicle pad terminal 418 and the negative vehicle pad terminal 420. The vehicle pad bus voltage can reflect the power transmitted from the ground pad 110 during wireless charging. The controller (e.g., the system controller 112 in Figure 1) can modify the ground pad bus voltage to reduce emissions in some examples, as further described with respect to Figures 5A to 6C, for example.

[0068] The H-bridge circuit 430 may, in some examples, be controlled by a controller (e.g., a system controller 112) via a switch control circuit (e.g., a switch control circuit 326 in Figure 3) to control the vehicle pad duty cycle of the vehicle pad 108, for example. This can favorably reduce emissions, as will be further explained with respect to Figures 5A to 6C, for example. The H-bridge circuit 430 includes switches 422E, 422F, 422G, and 422H, as shown. Switches 422E and 422F are part of the vehicle pad (VP) bridge leg B 414, as shown. Switches 422G and 422F are part of the VP bridge leg A, as shown. In some examples, the H-bridge circuit 430 may correspond to either the H-bridge circuits 206A to 206D in Figures 2A to 2D or the H-bridge circuit 322 in Figure 3.

[0069] The resonant tank 426 may, in some examples, correspond to at least a portion of any of the resonant tanks 206A, 206B, 206C, 206D, or 324. During wireless charging, the inductor L1 of the resonant circuit 424 can generate a magnetic field powered by the ground pad inductor current (i1) of the ground pad 110. The generated magnetic field can induce a current (i2) in the inductor L2 of the resonant circuit 424 of the vehicle pad 108. The inductor L1 of the ground pad 110 and the inductor L2 of the vehicle pad 108 are further coupled with a coefficient k to facilitate wireless power transmission, as shown in the figure. In some examples, K can be reduced by positioning the EV (e.g., EV106 in Figure 1) including the vehicle pad 108 relative to the ground pad 110. K may be constant during emission testing, as will be further described with respect to Figures 5A to 6C. The controller (for example, the system controller 112 in Figure 1) can adjust the grounding pad bus voltage, the grounding pad duty cycle, the vehicle pad duty cycle, or any combination thereof, in order to reduce emissions.

[0070] [Example of current flow during wireless charging] Figure 5A shows an exemplary emission figure 504 based on a ground pad current loop 500 and a vehicle pad current loop 502 according to several aspects of the present disclosure. Emission figure 504 can represent emissions caused during radio charging between the ground pad 110 and the vehicle pad 108 when the ground pad 110 and the vehicle pad 108 are substantially aligned. In some examples, emission figure 504 can represent emissions measured at the antenna location (e.g., the location of the loop antenna 102 in Figure 1).

[0071] The grounding pad current loop 500 may be a current loop within the grounding pad 110. The grounding pad current loop 500 may, for example, represent the sinusoidal current of the grounding pad 110. In some examples, the grounding pad current loop 500 may correspond to magnitude and phase. The vehicle pad current loop 502 may be a current loop within the vehicle pad 108. The vehicle pad current loop 502 may, for example, represent the sinusoidal current of the vehicle pad 108. In some examples, the vehicle pad current loop 502 may correspond to magnitude and phase. The vehicle pad 108 and the grounding pad 110 are separated by an air gap 506, as shown in the figure.

[0072] The emission diagram 504 is represented by a phasor diagram including electromagnetic vectors B1 and B2, as shown in the figure. B1 in the emission diagram 504 may be an electromagnetic vector representing the magnetic flux density of the grounding pad 110. The intensity and direction of B1 may reflect the magnitude and phase of the grounding pad current loop 500. B2 in the emission diagram 504 may be an electromagnetic vector representing the magnetic flux density of the vehicle pad 108. The intensity and direction of B2 may reflect the magnitude and phase of the vehicle pad current loop 502.

[0073] As shown in Figure 5A, when the vehicle pad 108 and the ground pad 110 are transmitting power wirelessly, the signal components representing B1 and B2 may cancel each other out in the vertical direction. However, the signal components representing B1 and B2 may be added together in the horizontal direction. The signal component obtained by adding B1 and B2 together in the horizontal direction is more likely to reach the loop antenna 102 as leakage emission. Therefore, the leakage emission of the vehicle pad 108 and the ground pad 110 may be proportional to |i1+i2|.

[0074] Figure 5A shows an example of emissions generated during wireless charging between the vehicle pad 108 and the ground pad 110, but other options are possible. Determining the generated emissions can be more complex in some examples. As will be further discussed with respect to Figure 5B, for example, a change in the inclination angle between the vehicle pad 108 and the ground pad 110 can change the leakage emissions. As another example, if more coil loops are present in the inductor L1 of the ground pad 110 in Figure 4, the contribution from the ground pad 110 to the emissions may differ from that shown with respect to Figure 5A. As yet another example, still referring to Figure 4, if more coil loops are present in the inductor L2 of the vehicle pad 108, the contribution from the vehicle pad 108 to the emissions may differ from that shown with respect to Figure 5A. The electric field strength of B1 or B2 may be proportional to, for example, the number of turns (N). For example, each of L1 and L2 may contain two turns. The square root of L1 / L2 may be used in further examples to approximate the relative contribution of the ground pad 110 versus the vehicle pad 108. Leak emissions are,

number

[0075] As a further example, returning to Figure 5A, one of the vehicle pads 108 or the ground pad 110 may have more turns than the other. For example, a high-voltage (HV) vehicle may have a different number of turns than a low-voltage (LV) vehicle. In a further example, the system controller 112 may determine this during the initialization of wireless charging to the vehicle. In a further example, the system controller 112 may add a coefficient to the formula describing the leakage emissions to describe the relative contribution of one pad to another.

[0076] Figure 5B shows an exemplary emission figure 512 based on a ground pad current loop 508 and a vehicle pad current loop 510 according to several aspects of the present disclosure. Figure 5B may reflect the inclination of the vehicle pad 108 relative to the ground pad 110. The inclination of the vehicle pad 108 relative to the ground pad 110 may affect leakage emissions during wireless charging. A controller (e.g., the system controller 112 in Figure 1) may take into account the effect of the inclination on leakage emissions, as will be further described with respect to Figures 6A-6C.

[0077] The inclination angle of the vehicle pad 108 can be affected by various factors. The rear tire of the EV, including the vehicle pad 108 (e.g., EV106 in Figure 1), may be larger and can cause inclination relative to the ground contact pad 110. Element 516 can represent, for example, the rear of EV106. Element 514 can represent the center of EV106. The system controller 112 can take into account the inclination of the vehicle pad 108 relative to the ground contact pad 110 by taking into account the horizontal component resulting from the inclination. Referring to emission figure 512, the magnetic flux B2 from the vehicle pad 108 without taking inclination can be represented by angle α. The magnetic flux B1 relative to the ground contact pad 110 may also be represented by angle α. The magnetic flux B2 from the vehicle pad 108 with inclination taken into account can be represented by angle α-β. To achieve the same amount of horizontal emission, there is a difference between taking inclination and not taking inclination.

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[0078] [Equivalent circuit for illustrative emission reduction] Figure 6A shows an equivalent circuit 602 of a wireless charging system according to several embodiments of the present disclosure. The equivalent circuit 602 may be used by a controller (e.g., a system controller 112) in modeling for reducing emissions generated during wireless charging according to an emission generation routine, as will be further described herein.

[0079] Equivalent circuit 602A can represent, for example, the equivalent circuit for the bidirectional CLLC resonant dual active bridge converter topology shown in Figure 4. However, other options are also possible. The equivalent circuit can be generated based on, for example, the wireless charging system 400 in Figure 4, or the wireless charging systems 200A, 200B, 200C, or 200D in Figures 2A to 2D, or any combination thereof.

[0080] Returning to Figure 6A, Table 1 below provides an overview of the components represented by the equivalent circuit 602A and their corresponding descriptions. [Table 1]

[0081] In some examples, the system controller 112 can use the equivalent circuit 602A to determine one or more equations based on the current of the grounding pad (e.g., grounding pad 110 in Figure 1) and the vehicle pad (e.g., vehicle pad 108 in Figure 1). The system controller 112 can, for example, determine the relationship between the switching current and the resonant tank based on the equivalent circuit 602. The system controller 112 can, for example, perform a Wye-Delta impedance network transformation based on the equivalent circuit 602 to derive these equations. The Wye configuration of the equivalent circuit 602A may be the equivalent circuit 602B. The Delta configuration of the equivalent circuit 602A may be the equivalent circuit 602C. The system controller 112 can use the equivalent circuits 602B and 602C to determine the instantaneous power and real power of the equivalent circuit 602.

[0082] The system controller 112 may, additionally or alternatively, express the variables of the equivalent circuit 602A as quasi-periodic symbols that can be approximated by a Fourier series represented here by equation (1).

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[0083] The system controller 112 can, for example, generate a Fourier series representation for the fundamental wave approximation of the switching functions of the vehicle pad 108 and the ground pad 110.

[0084] The system controller 112 can plot (or generate a representation of the plot) the fundamental wave approximation of the switching function, the switching function, and the tank current for the wireless charging pads of the wireless charging system (e.g., vehicle pad 108 and ground pad 110), as will also be explained with reference to Figures 6B and 6C.

[0085] Based on the plot or a representation thereof, the system controller 112 may determine the real component and the imaginary component of the tank current of the wireless charging pad. In some examples, the system controller 112 may make assumptions regarding the wireless charging system (e.g., the wireless charging system 200, the wireless charging system 400, etc.) when determining the real component and the imaginary component of the tank current of the wireless charging pad. As an example, the system controller 112 may assume that the vehicle-side bus voltage is fixed. Further, the system controller 112 may assume that the battery power specification is fixed.

[0086] From the real component and the imaginary component of the tank current, the system controller 112 may determine the phase shift of the tank current for each respective switching frequency. The system controller 112 may then determine a zero-voltage switching criterion. The system controller 112 may use an equation to determine target values for one or more adjustment parameters (e.g., the ground pad bus voltage, the ground pad duty cycle, the vehicle pad duty cycle, etc.). The system controller 112 may then use the electrical components of the wireless charging system (e.g., the wireless charging system 200, the wireless charging system 400, etc.) to bring the one or more adjustment parameters close to the target values. This may advantageously reduce emissions during wireless charging.

[0087] [Exemplary Emission Reduction] FIG. 6B shows an exemplary plot 620 representing current phase shift for a vehicle pad (e.g., the vehicle pad 108) in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure. A controller (e.g., the system controller 112 of FIG. 1) may, for example, use the reflected tank current i'₂ of the vehicle pad 108, the switching function (S₂) of the vehicle pad 108, and the fundamental wave approximation switching function (S 2FHAPlot 620 can be generated by plotting the following. The system controller 112 can derive an equation that includes one or more adjustment parameters (e.g., ground pad bus voltage, ground pad duty cycle, vehicle pad duty cycle, etc.). As part of the emission reduction routine, the system controller 112 can determine target values ​​for the adjustment parameters based on the derived equation, one or more control targets, or any combination thereof. The target values ​​for the adjustment parameters can be selected to reduce the emissions generated during wireless charging between the vehicle pad 108 and the ground pad 110 to below a threshold.

[0088] Regarding the vehicle side, the system controller 112 may assume that the reference phase in the switching function is given by φr = -θ, and that the vehicle pad side switching function phase is 0.

[0089] The vehicle pad-side switching function can then be expressed as shown in equations (2) and (3).

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[0090] In Equation 2, D1 can reflect the duty cycle of the ground contact pad 110. In Equation 6, D2 can reflect the duty cycle of the vehicle pad 108.

[0091] The system controller 112 can use information including, but not limited to, plot 620 and the vehicle pad-side switching function to derive the real and imaginary components of the reflected vehicle-side tank current as shown in equations (4) and (5) below.

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[0092] In equations (5) and (6), X a , X b and X c This can reflect the impedance derived from the equivalent circuit. a , X b and X c This can reflect the impedance derived from, for example, the equivalent circuit 602 in Figure 6A.

[0093] The system controller 112 can further derive a vehicle-side tank current phase shift 622 with respect to the vehicle pad-side switching function. The vehicle-side current phase shift may be based, for example, on the real and imaginary components of the reflected vehicle-side tank current. The system controller 112 can use the vehicle-side tank current phase shift 622 to further determine a zero-voltage switching (ZVS) criterion. ZVS may be a switching technique used to minimize switching losses and improve efficiency. The ZVS margin may reflect, for example, the range over which ZVS operation is possible in a wireless charging system. The ZVS margin may remain positive, for example, to improve the likelihood that a switch transition occurs at zero voltage. In a further example, the system controller 112 may use the ZVS margin as a control target to consider when reducing emissions.

[0094] The system controller 112, for example, outputs a specified power (P) to the battery. req ), appropriate limits for the grounding pad bus voltage (V1), and the root mean square (RMS) current specification of the grounding pad 110 tank (i rms1 ), Vehicle pad 108 tank RMS current specifications (i rms2 Control objectives can be considered that include, but are not limited to, ZVS margins, or any combination thereof.

[0095] In some examples, the control objective may be based on assumptions. In some examples, the system controller 112 may make assumptions regarding the wireless charging system (e.g., wireless charging system 200, wireless charging system 400, etc.). For example, the system controller 112 may assume that the vehicle-side bus voltage (V2) is fixed. Furthermore, the system controller 112 may assume that the battery power specification (P req It may be assumed that ) is fixed. The system controller 112 can then control one or more tuning parameters within the range of the control target to reduce the predicted emissions below a threshold as part of the emission reduction routine.

[0096] The control objective may be, for example, as follows: Output power P=P req Adjust to V1∈[V 1min , V 1max Determine the appropriate V1 so that ] Stay within the tank RMS current specifications. i rms1 rms1max i rms2 rms2max Remain within the specifications of ZVS operation. θ zvs1 ≥0 θ zvs2 ≥0

[0097] To meet the control objective, the system controller 112 controls the ground bus pad voltage (V1), the duty cycle of the ground pad 110 (D1), the duty cycle of the vehicle pad 108 (D2), and the switching frequency (f s One or more tuning parameters, including, but not limited to, the switching function phase shift (θ), and any combination thereof, can be changed.

[0098] ​​The system controller 112 can generate equations, for example, for the vehicle pad side output power, the reflected vehicle side tank current (both real and imaginary components), and the ground pad bus voltage. The system controller 112 uses these equations to calculate the tank current vector of the vehicle pad 108.

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[0099] Equations (6) and (7) include the real and imaginary components of the tank current equation (i1) for the grounding pad 110 and the real and imaginary components of the tank current equation (i2) for the vehicle pad 108. The tank current equations include variables representing adjustment parameters. Equations (4) and (5) for the reflected tank current of the vehicle pad 108 include, for example, a variable D1 representing the duty cycle of the grounding pad 110 and a variable D2 representing the duty cycle of the vehicle pad 108.

[0100] To reduce emissions, the system controller 112 can analyze the tank current vector in relation to the equation representing leakage emissions. The equation representing leakage emissions will be described herein with respect to at least Figures 5A and 5B. As an example, referring to Figure 5B, the leakage emission equation is

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[0101] In a particular embodiment, the system controller 112 is defined by the following formula

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[0102] ​​Figure 6C shows an exemplary plot 650 representing the current phase shift for a grounding pad (e.g., grounding pad 110 in Figure 1) according to several aspects of the present disclosure. The system controller 112 has an equation (S1) representing the switching function of the grounding pad 110, and a fundamental wave representation (S) of the switching function of the grounding pad 110. 1FHA Plot 650 can be generated based on the ), and tank current. Based on this information, the system controller 112 can determine equations representing the ground pad side phase shift and ZVS margin using any of the methods described above with respect to Figure 6B. The system controller 112 can further derive equations representing the tank current vectors of the ground pad 110 and the vehicle pad 108 using any of the methods described with respect to Figure 6B.

[0103] The system controller 112 can use these tank current equations to reduce leakage emissions. The system controller 112 can analyze the equations in light of control objectives (e.g., output power, tank RMS current specification, ZVS margin). The tank current vector can represent, for example, one or more adjustment parameters (e.g., ground pad bus voltage, ground pad duty cycle, vehicle pad duty cycle, etc.). In a further example, the system controller 112 can determine target values ​​for one or more adjustment parameters based on the leakage equations including the tank current vectors. Referring to Figure 5B,

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[0104] A controller (for example, the system controller 112 in Figure 1) can determine a target value for the grounding pad bus voltage using, as an example, any of the methods described herein. The target value is determined by the effect of the grounding pad bus voltage on the grounding pad RMS current (i) of the equation representing leakage emissions during wireless charging. 1rms ) and vehicle pad RMS current (i 2rms The contribution of ) can be varied to accommodate values ​​that can be changed. The leakage formula, as shown in Figure 5B,

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[0105] [term] All methods and tasks described herein can be performed by one or more controllers and may be fully automated. The one or more controllers may optionally include multiple separate computers or computing devices (e.g., physical servers, workstations, storage arrays, cloud computing resources, etc.) that communicate and interoperate over a network to perform the described functions. Each such computing device typically includes a processor device (or multiple processors) that executes program instructions or modules stored in memory or other non-temporary computer-readable storage media or devices (e.g., solid-state storage devices, disk drives, etc.). The various functions disclosed herein may be performed by such program instructions or by application-specific circuits (e.g., ASICs or FPGAs) in the computer system. If the computer system includes multiple computing devices, these devices may, but do not need to, be located in the same place. The results of the disclosed methods and tasks can be permanently stored by converting physical storage devices, such as solid-state memory chips or magnetic disks, into different states. In some embodiments, the computer system may be a cloud-based computing system in which its processing resources are shared by multiple different business entities or other users.

[0106] The processor device may be a microprocessor, but in alternative examples, the processor device may be a controller, microcontroller, or state machine, or a combination thereof. The processor device may include electrical circuits configured to process computer executable instructions. In another embodiment, the processor device may include an FPGA or other programmable device that performs logical operations without processing computer executable instructions. The processor device may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, for example, a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors combined with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. Although this specification primarily describes digital technologies, the processor device may also include primarily analog components. For example, some or all of the algorithms described herein can be implemented in analog circuits or mixed analog and digital circuits. The computing environment may include, but is not limited to, any type of computer system based on a microprocessor, mainframe computer, digital signal processor, portable computing device, device controller, or in-device computing engine, to name a few.

[0107] Elements of methods, processes, routines, or algorithms described in relation to embodiments disclosed herein can be directly embodied in hardware, software modules executed by a processor device, or a combination of the two. Software modules can reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disks, removable disks, CD-ROMs, or any other form of non-temporary computer-readable storage medium. Exemplary storage media can be coupled to a processor device so that the processor device can read information from and write information to the storage media. Alternatively, the storage media may be integrated into the processor device. The processor device and storage media can reside within an ASIC. The ASIC can reside within a user terminal. Alternatively, the processor device and storage media can reside as separate components within a user terminal.

[0108] Depending on the embodiment, any particular operation, event, or function of any of the processes or algorithms described herein may be executed in a different order and may be added, merged, or completely excluded (for example, not all described operations or events are necessary for the implementation of the algorithm). Furthermore, in certain embodiments, the operations or events may be executed not sequentially, but concurrently, for example, through multithreading, interrupt handling, or via multiple processors or processor cores, or on other parallel architectures.

[0109] Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, words such as “equipped with” and “include” throughout the description and claims should be interpreted in a comprehensive sense, not exclusive or exhaustive, that is, “includes but not limited to.” The term “combined” as commonly used herein refers to two or more elements that are directly connected or that can be connected by one or more intermediate elements. Similarly, the term “connected” as commonly used herein refers to two or more elements that are directly connected or that can be connected by one or more intermediate elements. Where the context allows, words in the above detailed description that use singular or plural numbers may also include plural or singular numbers. The word “or” referring to a list of two or more items encompasses all interpretations of this word: any of the items in the list, all items in the list, and any combination of items in the list.

[0110] Furthermore, the conditional language used herein, in particular "can," "could," "may," "for example," and "such as," is generally intended to convey that some embodiments include certain features, elements, and / or states, while others do not, unless otherwise specified or understood in the context in which they are used. Therefore, such conditional language is generally not intended to imply that features, elements, and / or states are required in any way in one or more embodiments.

[0111] The above description is based on reference to specific embodiments. However, the above illustrative description is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the exact form described. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings. This will enable those skilled in the art to best utilize the technology and various embodiments with various modifications suitable for various applications.

[0112] While the present disclosure and embodiments have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings, various changes and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications should be understood to be within the scope of the present disclosure.

Claims

1. A method of wireless power transmission, A step of receiving emission data, wherein the emission data includes emission measurements related to inductive charging between the vehicle pad and the ground pad, A step of determining one or more adjustment parameters based on the emission data, wherein the one or more adjustment parameters include the bus voltage of the grounding pad, The steps include adjusting the bus voltage of the grounding pad according to one or more adjustment parameters, Methods that include...

2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of adjusting the duty cycle of a switching circuit, wherein one or more adjustment parameters include the duty cycle of the switching circuit.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the switching circuit is coupled to an LC resonant circuit, the LC resonant circuit includes a coil for the grounding pad, and the grounding pad is inductively coupled to the coil for the vehicle pad.

4. The method according to claim 2, wherein the switching circuit is an H-bridge circuit.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of determining one or more adjustment parameters based on the emission data includes determining a target value for each of the one or more adjustment parameters using an emission reduction routine.

6. The aforementioned emission reduction routine is: Determine one or more formulas representing emissions based on the first current in the grounding pad and the second current in the vehicle pad, The zero-voltage switching (ZVS) criterion is determined based on the aforementioned one-territory formula, The process involves deriving the target duty cycle of a switching circuit based on the ZVS criterion, wherein the switching circuit is included in one of the grounding pad or the vehicle pad. The method according to claim 5, further comprising adjusting the duty cycle of the switching circuit based on the derived target duty cycle.

7. The method according to claim 6, further comprising the step of storing one or more adjustment parameters, namely, a target ground pad bus voltage and the target duty cycle of the switching circuit.

8. The step of determining one or more adjustment parameters is: Assuming that the vehicle's bus voltage is fixed, The method according to claim 6, comprising the assumption that the battery power is fixed.

9. A system for wireless power transmission, It comprises one or more controllers, and the controllers are A step of receiving emission data, wherein the emission data includes emission measurements related to inductive charging between vehicle pads and ground pads in the environment, A step of determining one or more adjustment parameters based on the emission data, wherein the one or more adjustment parameters include the bus voltage of the grounding pad, A system configured to perform the steps of adjusting the bus voltage of the grounding pad according to one or more adjustment parameters.

10. The system according to claim 9, wherein the one or more controllers are further configured to adjust the duty cycle of a switching circuit, and the one or more adjustment parameters include the duty cycle of the switching circuit.

11. The system according to claim 10, wherein the switching circuit is coupled to an LC resonant circuit, the LC resonant circuit includes a coil for the grounding pad, and the grounding pad is inductively coupled to a coil for the vehicle pad.

12. The system according to claim 10, wherein the switching circuit is an H-bridge circuit.

13. The system according to claim 9, wherein one or more controllers are configured to determine one or more adjustment parameters based on emission data by performing an emission reduction routine to determine at least one target value for each of the one or more adjustment parameters.

14. In order to implement the emission reduction routine, one or more controllers Determining one or more formulas that represent emissions based on the current in the grounding pad and the current in the vehicle pad, Based on the aforementioned one-territory formula, a zero-voltage switching (ZVS) criterion is determined, The process involves deriving a target duty cycle for a switching circuit based on the ZVS criteria, wherein the switching circuit corresponds to at least one of the grounding pad or the vehicle pad. The system according to claim 13, configured to adjust the duty cycle of the switching circuit based on the derived target duty cycle.

15. The system according to claim 14, wherein, in order to carry out the emission reduction routine, one or more controllers are further configured to store, as one or more adjustment parameters, the target grounding pad bus voltage and the target duty cycle of at least one of the grounding pad or the vehicle pad.

16. The system according to claim 9, further comprising the grounding pad, wherein the grounding pad comprises at least a portion of the one or more controllers.

17. The system according to claim 9, further comprising the vehicle pad, wherein the vehicle pad comprises at least a portion of the one or more controllers.

18. The system according to claim 9, wherein the controller among the one or more controllers is located on at least one of the environment wall, the grounding pad, or the vehicle pad.

19. A non-temporary computer-readable memory device that stores instructions, wherein, when an instruction is executed, it causes one or more controllers to perform an action, and the action is A step of determining one or more adjustment parameters based on emission data, wherein the emission data includes emission measurements related to inductive charging between a vehicle pad and a ground pad of a wireless charging system, and the one or more adjustment parameters include the bus voltage of the ground pad, A non-temporary computer-readable storage device comprising the step of adjusting the bus voltage of the grounding pad according to one or more adjustment parameters.

20. The non-temporary computer-readable storage device according to claim 19, wherein, in order to determine one or more adjustment parameters based on the emission data, the instruction, when executed, causes one or more controllers to perform an operation which includes the step of determining a target value for each of the one or more adjustment parameters by performing an emission reduction routine.

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