Method and system for determining a preferred language for setting up electronic devices

Abstract

The present invention provides a method, system, computer program, and storage medium for determining a preferred language for setting up electronic devices. [Solution] The method includes: determining the physical region in which the electronic device resides based on a first message received by the electronic device in a communication technology within a set of communication technologies supported by the electronic device when the electronic device is powered on; selecting a preferred language based on the physical region for the operator of the electronic device to set up the electronic device; and providing one or more prompts in the preferred language to guide the operator to set up the electronic device.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] Embodiments disclosed in the present specification relate to determining a preferred language for setting up an electronic device.

Background Art

[0002] In today's hyper-connected world, many electronic devices need to be set up to connect to a network when powered on. For example, a new smartphone needs to be set up by a user when it is powered on. The setup of the smartphone involves interaction between the user and the phone, where the latter provides prompts in various languages for the user to select, and the selected language is then used to guide the setup process.

[0003] For example, when an iPhone (registered trademark) is first powered on, it provides more than 40 language options on the initial setup screen, covering major world languages including English, Spanish, French, Chinese (Simplified and Traditional), German, Japanese, Korean, Russian, Arabic, Portuguese, Italian, Hindi, Dutch, Turkish, and Hebrew. Android phones provide even more language options, up to 80 to 100 languages, on the initial setup screen. Scrolling through dozens of language options is tedious for users and dampens their enthusiasm during their first interaction with the electronic device.

Summary of the Invention

Means for Solving the Problems

[0004] The methods, systems, computer programs, and storage media of the disclosed embodiments provide a method for automatically determining a preferred language for setting up an electronic device. In one embodiment, the method includes: determining a physical area in which an electronic device resides based on a first message received by the electronic device in a communication technology within a set of communication technologies supported by the electronic device when the electronic device is powered on; selecting a preferred language based on the physical area for an operator of the electronic device to set up the electronic device; and providing one or more prompts in the preferred language to guide the operator to set up the electronic device.

[0005] The disclosed embodiments include an electronic device that determines a preferred language for setting up itself. In one embodiment, the electronic device comprises a processor and a machine-readable storage medium that provides instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to perform the following actions: determine a physical area in which the electronic device resides based on a first message received by the electronic device in a communication technology within a set of communication technologies supported by the electronic device when the electronic device is powered on; select a preferred language based on the physical area for an operator of the electronic device to set up the electronic device; and provide one or more prompts in the preferred language to guide the operator to set up the electronic device.

[0006] The disclosed embodiments include a machine-readable storage medium for determining a preferred language for setting up an electronic device. In one embodiment, the machine-readable storage medium provides instructions that, when executed, can cause a processor to perform the following actions: determining a physical area in which an electronic device resides based on a first message received by the electronic device in a communication technology within a set of communication technologies supported by the electronic device, when the electronic device is powered on; selecting a preferred language based on the physical area for an operator of the electronic device to set up the electronic device; and providing one or more prompts in the preferred language to guide the operator to set up the electronic device.

[0007] The disclosed embodiments automatically select a preferred language for the operator to interact with the electronic device, without requiring the operator to manually select a language from a number of language options. Such automatic language selection provides the operator with a smooth user experience and facilitates interaction with the electronic device.

[0008] The disclosed embodiments can be best understood by referring to the following description and the accompanying drawings used to illustrate those embodiments. The drawings are as follows: [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0009] [Figure 1] This document demonstrates automatic language selection by an electronic device without manual input, according to several embodiments.

[0010] [Figure 2] This document illustrates exemplary wireless communication technologies and embedded region information according to several embodiments.

[0011] [Figure 3] This document illustrates a flow for setting up an electronic device using an automatically selected language, based on several embodiments.

[0012] [Figure 4] This flowchart illustrates the operation of automatic language selection by an electronic device without manual input, according to several embodiments.

[0013] [Figure 5] This is a block diagram showing an electronic device that can implement automatic language selection according to several embodiments. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0014] The following description includes numerous specific details, such as logic implementations, resource partitioning / sharing / replication implementations, types and interrelationships of system components, and choices of logic partitioning / integration, in order to provide a more complete understanding of the disclosure. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that these embodiments can be implemented without such specific details. In other examples, control structures, gate-level circuits, and complete software instruction sequences are not shown in detail in order not to obscure the disclosed embodiments.

[0015] Blocks containing text in parentheses and bordered by dashed lines (e.g., large dashed lines, small dashed lines, dotted lines, and dots) may be used herein to indicate optional behaviors or components that add additional features to the disclosed embodiments. However, such notation should not be construed to mean that these are the only options or optional behaviors, and / or that blocks with solid line borders are not optional in particular embodiments.

[0016] Language selection system Electronic devices often need to be set up before they can operate. For example, once an electronic device is powered on, the operator can select their preferred language and current location, and can additionally instruct the device to connect to an available network. If authentication is required, the operator provides the necessary information to the electronic device. After the connection is established, the operator can sign in to the service provider or create an account with the service provider and select security / privacy settings to register with the service provider regarding the session on the electronic device. These settings may further include selecting service and corresponding user preferences.

[0017] When an operator selects their preferred language, all prompts for connection, sign-in, account creation, security / privacy settings, and registration are provided in that language, allowing the operator to easily interact with the electronic device. However, requiring operators to manually select their preferred language often involves them scrolling through language options screen by screen, which does not provide the best initial user experience and contradicts the plug-and-play goal that many electronic devices aim for.

[0018] It is preferable that an electronic device can automatically select a preferred language for setting up the device without manual input from the operator. If the resulting prompts in the preferred language for setting up the electronic device are delivered immediately after power-on, it gives the operator the impression that the electronic device is intelligent and knows them, making the setup and subsequent interactions between the operator and the electronic device much more pleasant. The disclosed embodiments implement automatic preferred language selection without human input.

[0019] Figure 1 illustrates automatic language selection by an electronic device without manual input, in accordance with some embodiments. System 100 includes an operator 140, an electronic device 102, a network gateway device 120 that provides network connectivity using a first communication technology, and a network gateway device 122 that provides network connectivity using an n-th communication technology (gateway devices using other communication technologies are omitted from the drawing).

[0020] The communication technology used by the network gateway device may be a wired communication technology via optical fiber, coaxial cable, Ethernet cable, twisted pair wire, power line, or other link.

[0021] The communication technology used by the network gateway device may be a wireless communication technology over various radio or microwave frequency bands. These wireless communication technologies, in some embodiments, may operate at short ranges (10 to 100 meters), long ranges (1 to 10 km), or even longer distances.

[0022] The electronic device 102 is configured by the operator 140. In some embodiments, the operator 140 is a human, but in alternative embodiments, the operator 140 may be a machine or another entity, as long as the operator 140 sets up the electronic device 102 based on prompts provided by the electronic device 102.

[0023] The electronic device 102 may be a workstation, laptop computer, netbook, tablet, palmtop, mobile phone, smartphone, phablet, multimedia phone, Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP) phone, terminal, portable media player, Global Positioning System (GPS) unit, wearable device, game system, set-top box, Internet of Things (IoT) device, or another type of electronic device that interacts with the operator 140.

[0024] An IoT device is an electronic device incorporating sensors, software, and other technologies that enable the collection, transmission, and exchange of data via the Internet or other communication networks. These IoT devices can operate autonomously or interact with other systems, and can be found in various sectors including smart home, healthcare, entertainment, manufacturing, and transportation. For example, the IoT device may be a smart speaker with voice control for managing home automation, a smart display with touchscreen enablement / voice control, a video doorbell equipped with a motion-activated camera having two-way audio, a smart security camera with an AI-powered indoor / outdoor surveillance camera, a smart door lock with a keyless entry system and remote control, a smart lighting bulb with Wi-Fi / Bluetooth-enabled color / brightness control, a smart light switch with a voice remote control, a smart thermostat with AI-powered climate control, or a smart home appliance (refrigerator / robot vacuum cleaner, washing machine) with Internet connectivity and remote control. These IoT devices are merely examples, and the disclosed embodiments may be used to set up these and other electronic devices.

[0025] The electronic device 102 supports multiple communication technologies. As shown in the figure, the electronic device 102 may communicate with one or more of the network gateway devices 120 to 122 via interfaces 110 to 112, each of which may be a wired interface or a wireless interface used to communicate with the corresponding wired or wireless communication technology. For example, when the electronic device 102 is powered on, the wireless interface is activated, and it monitors the corresponding frequency band on which the wireless communication technology operates. When an advertisement / pairing signal is received, the electronic device 102 may establish a connection with the corresponding network gateway device and activate a session. In some embodiments, the electronic device 102 sends a connection / pairing request when powered on, and the network gateway device sends an advertisement / pairing signal in response.

[0026] In some embodiments, a language determiner 150 determines one or more preferred languages ​​to be used to interact with the operator 140, based on signaling with the network gateway device. The electronic device 102 includes a region determiner 152 that examines signals from the network gateway device as hints about the physical region in which the electronic device 102 resides. For example, the network gateway device may transmit radio or microwave signals in a specific frequency band allocated to a specific region (e.g., Europe or North America) that has a code indicating the signaling country (e.g., the United States or Australia) or the signaling service provider (e.g., the British Telecom (BT) group or Deutsche Telekom that provides Internet services). The frequency band and code, alone or in combination, indicate the physical region of the network gateway device. Since the network gateway device is physically close to the electronic device 102 (e.g., within a few meters or a few kilometers), the electronic device 102 is likely to reside within the determined physical region.

[0027] The term "territory" can refer to a large or small physical area on Earth. For example, a territory indicated by a signal from a network gateway device could be a continent (e.g., Europe, North America / South America), a country, a state, a city, a territory within a state, a community, or an area where a particular language is preferred due to cultural and / or political history or other factors.

[0028] The region-language mapping module 154 determines one or more preferred languages ​​for setting up the electronic device 102 based on the determined physical region. Within a physical region, multiple languages ​​may be spoken or written. For example, if Canada has two official languages, English and French, and the narrowest determined physical region is the country, then both languages ​​should be used in prompts to the operator 140. However, if the narrowest determined physical region is Quebec, then French may be selected as the preferred language because it is the primary language in that region. Furthermore, in addition to official languages, several indigenous languages ​​may be spoken in some pockets within the physical region, and these indigenous languages ​​may be selected as preferred languages. For example, if the Cree Nation of Quebec speaks Cree, an indigenous language, and the narrowest determined physical region is governed by the Cree Nation, then Cree may be selected as the preferred language.

[0029] It should be noted that the language selection disclosed herein may include the selection of a dialect, which is a variation of a language spoken by a particular group of people, often based on regional, cultural, or social background. For example, if the physical area is determined to be Hong Kong, the selected language may be Cantonese, which is a dialect developed in southern China and is different from Mandarin spoken in the rest of China. Voice prompts to operator 140 may be provided in Cantonese instead of Mandarin, although the latter is the primary spoken language in China, not the former.

[0030] Different signals from a network gateway device may provide different indications for physical regions, and the indicated physical regions may have different ranges. For example, one signal may suggest a large region such as a continent or a country, while another signal may indicate a smaller region such as a service area provided by a service provider. These indicators may be contradictory, and different weights may be assigned to them to make a region determination. In some embodiments, the region-language mapping module 154 uses a machine learning model 172 to make a determination for a region and / or one or more preferred languages.

[0031] The machine learning models 172 may use supervised learning, unsupervised learning, semi-supervised learning, or other types of learning. They may use reinforcement learning (RL), artificial neural networks (e.g., generative adversarial networks (GANs), transformers, large-scale language models (LLMs), and variational autoencoders), decision trees, support vector machines, regression analysis, Bayesian networks, genetic algorithms, diffusion models, or any other framework. The machine learning models 172 may be trained with one or more goals (e.g., maximizing the reward score) to set the parameters of the machine learning model so that the trained machine learning model can be used to select the best language for prompting operator 140.

[0032] Once one or more preferred languages ​​are selected, they are used by the prompt interface 130. The prompt interface 130 includes logic / circuitry for providing one or more prompts in the preferred languages ​​for interacting with the operator 140 in order to guide the operator 140 to set up and / or configure the electronic device 102. The prompt interface 130 can provide text messages, graphics on a display (e.g., a graphical user interface (GUI)), or audio via a speaker in the preferred languages. If multiple languages ​​are selected as preferred languages, prompts may be generated in the first selected language, then in the second selected language, and so on.

[0033] In reference to 142, operator 140 sets up the electronic device 102 in one or more selected languages. When operator 140 responds in the language of a prompt, that language is used in subsequent prompts. In some embodiments, if the electronic device 102 recognizes that the response from operator 140 is not in the selected language, it may reset its language selection and provide all default language options via the prompt interface 130 to allow operator 140 to make a selection. Alternatively, the electronic device 102 may examine the response from operator 140 to determine the language used and adjust subsequent prompts to that language. For example, if the response is spoken language captured by the microphone of the electronic device 102, the electronic device 102 may determine the language of the spoken language and, accordingly, adjust the preferred language to be used via the prompt interface 130.

[0034] In some embodiments, based on the territorial determination, specific instructions are given to comply with the laws / regulations of the particular determined territory. For example, different jurisdictions have numerous laws and regulations that must be complied with regarding personal data, including the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS), Japan's Personal Information Protection Act (APPI), and India's Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDP). Different instructions may be presented based on the determined territory, as different personal data are collected.

[0035] Furthermore, different regions may offer different services, and specific instructions may be given for the electronic device 102 to set up location-specific services. For example, a first electronic payment platform may be provided for setting up when the region is the United States, and a second electronic payment platform may be provided when the region is Japan.

[0036] It should be noted that the machine learning model 172 can be trained using historical signals received by the electronic device, as well as corresponding region decisions and / or language selections within prompts. These ground truth data can be used to tune the parameters of the machine learning model 172. Historical data, which includes pairs of historical signals and corresponding language selections, may come from previous data of the electronic device 102 (e.g., previous setups), previous data of electronic devices of the same type as electronic device 102, or previous data of electronic devices of a different type but using similar signals for language selection. Once electronic device 102 establishes a connection with a network gateway device and has access to the network, electronic device 102 may download historical data for training, and additionally / alternatively, a pre-trained model may be downloaded to electronic device 102 from the cloud based on training performed elsewhere.

[0037] Although the language decisioner 150 is shown to include separate circuits / logic for the region decisioner 152, the region-language mapping module 154, and the machine learning model 172, some or all of them may be integrated into the same circuit. Furthermore, a memory device may also be integrated within the language decisioner 150 to store, for example, historical data and / or mappings between regions and languages ​​for training the machine learning model. These functional blocks, along with communication technology interfaces 110-112 and / or prompt interface 130, may be integrated into a system-on-a-chip (SoC) in some embodiments.

[0038] Language selection based on incoming signal As described above, the signals received from the network form the basis for selecting the language to communicate with the operator. The signals can be received via wired and / or wirelessly via microwave.

[0039] Signaling in wired communication technology can be used to infer the physical area in which an electronic device resides. For example, when an electronic device is connected to the internet via one or more physical links (e.g., fiber optic, coaxial cable, Ethernet cable, twisted wire, power line), the electronic device may obtain a public Internet Protocol (IP) address assigned by a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server. A public IP address can reveal the country, city, and even the Internet Service Provider (ISP) because public IP addresses are assigned through IP geolocation, which assigns IP addresses based on the physical area and the ISP. Based on the geolocation information revealed by the public IP address, the electronic device can determine the physical area and corresponding language for prompts, as described above.

[0040] Additionally or alternatively, electronic devices may receive various radio or microwave signals transmitted by different communication technologies, and physical domain information may be derived from these signals.

[0041] Figure 2 shows exemplary wireless communication techniques and embedded area information according to several embodiments. These and other wireless communication techniques are commonly used by electronic devices for setup, and therefore, some embodiments provide examples of how to determine the physical area in which the electronic device resides.

[0042] Bluetooth In some embodiments, signals are received via Bluetooth, as shown in reference no. 202. Bluetooth is a short-range communication technology that typically operates up to 10 to 100 meters. Electronic devices enter pairing mode upon power-up by broadcasting a signal for pairing, and a Bluetooth-enabled network gateway device can scan for such signals and pair with the device accordingly. For pairing, in some embodiments, the gateway device, upon receiving a query request from the electronic device, provides a query response to the electronic device. Bluetooth technology is divided into two main categories: Bluetooth Classic (Basic Rate (BR) and Enhanced Data Rate (EDR)) and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), the former for continuous, higher-speed data transfer and the latter for lower-power applications.

[0043] In Bluetooth Classic, the query response includes an Extended Query Response (EIR) packet sent before pairing actually begins, which may allow the electronic device to obtain additional details about the network gateway device it is responding to. The EIR packet contains the device name (also called the local name) of the network gateway device, and many vendors add a country code (or other regional designation) to the device name to distinguish regional versions of those devices (e.g., Gateway_JP). Furthermore, the EIR packet may contain manufacturer-specific data, and vendors may add a country code (or another regional designation).

[0044] In Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), a network gateway device may continuously broadcast advertising (AD) packets. AD packets include the device name and manufacturer-specific data that can reveal the network gateway device's territory.

[0045] Furthermore, some regions have set specific transmit (Tx) power levels for Bluetooth. For example, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) have set the maximum Tx power to 20 dBm, China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) has set it to 12 dBm, and Japan's Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC) has set it to 4 dBm. Based on the power level indication in the received EIR or AD packet, an electronic device can infer which region it is located in. For example, if the indicated maximum Tx power is 18 dBm, the network gateway device (and nearby electronic devices) cannot be in Japan or China. Using additional information from the device name and / or manufacturer-specific data in the packet, the electronic device can further narrow down the region determination.

[0046] Wifi In some embodiments, signals are received via WiFi, as shown in reference no. 204. WiFi is a short-range communication technology that typically operates over distances of 30 to 100 meters. A network gateway device may act as an access point (AP) for WiFi, periodically indicating its presence through broadcast beacon frames. Electronic devices can monitor and accept beacon frames and connect to the corresponding network.

[0047] A WiFi beacon frame includes a Media Access Control (MAC) header field, fixed parameters, and a variable-length information element field (IE), as defined in standards such as IEEE 802.11-2020 and the following modifications that define extended beacon frame capabilities for roaming, security, efficiency, etc. As defined, the country IE field within the variable-length IE contains a 3-byte country code, defined as an ISO 3166-1 Alpha-2 country code that explicitly indicates the country / territory. Note that some territories of a country may have their own country codes different from those of the country. For example, Puerto Rico is a territory of the United States, but has a country code (PR) different from the country code (US). When an electronic device detects the country code PR, it can determine that Spanish is the preferred language, since English is the preferred language in the United States, but Spanish is the primary language in Puerto Rican households.

[0048] Zigbee In some embodiments, the signal is received via Zigbee, as shown in reference no. 206. Zigbee is a short-range communication technology that typically operates up to 10 to 100 meters. The network gateway device may transmit a beacon frame that each contains (1) channel information, where a specific frequency band is country / territory specific, and (2) a personal area network (PAN) identifier (ID), which may be set based on the country / territory in which the network gateway device operates.

[0049] For example, a network gateway device may operate in a frequency band of (i) 902–928 MHz (channels 1–10) in North America, (ii) 868 MHz (channel 0) in Europe, or (iii) 2,400–2,483.5 MHz (channels 11–26) globally. If the beacon frame is in frequency band (i) or (ii), the electronic device may determine a physical area at the continental level.

[0050] Furthermore, some utility companies or IoT deployments use a fixed PAN ID for all devices within a given area, such as a nationwide smart meter network. Additionally, network gateway devices may use Zigbee Smart Energy (SE) and Home Automation (HA) profiles that specify PAN ID ranges by country or continent.

[0051] From (1) channel information and (2) PAN ID of the Zigbee beacon frame, an electronic device may determine the physical region in which it exists, and based on that, one or more preferred languages ​​may be selected.

[0052] thread In some embodiments, signals are received via Thread, as shown in reference no. 208. Thread is a short-range communication technology that typically operates up to 10 to 100 meters. As an IPv6-based low-power wireless networking protocol for IoT, Thread does not have an explicit “country code” field like in the case of Wi-Fi. However, country or regional regulatory settings can be inferred through radio frequency usage and network configuration. Beacon frames from a Thread network gateway device include (1) a channel mask indicating the permitted frequency channels depending on the region, and (2) a PAN ID, which is a network-specific ID for distinguishing Thread networks, and / or an extended PAN ID, which is a globally unique ID for distinguishing Thread networks. The PAN ID and extended PAN ID may be assigned based on the region.

[0053] Channel masks vary by region. For example, North America uses channels 11-26 between 2405-2480MHz with a corresponding channel mask of 0x07FFF800, while China uses only channels 16-22 between 2425-2465MHz with a corresponding channel mask of 0x0007F800.

[0054] From (1) the channel mask and (2) the PAN ID and / or extended PAN ID, an electronic device can determine the physical region in which it exists, and based on this, one or more preferred languages ​​can be selected.

[0055] Z wave In some embodiments, signals are received via Z-Wave, as shown in reference no. 212. Z-Wave is a short-range communication technology primarily used for automation in residential and commercial buildings, typically operating over distances of 30 to 100 meters. Z-Wave operates on different sub-GHz frequencies depending on the country / region. In the United States and Canada, Z-Wave operates at 908.4 MHz or 916 MHz; in Europe and China, at 868.4 MHz or 869.85 MHz; in Japan, at 922.5 MHz, 923.9 MHz, and 926.0 MHz; and other countries have different frequencies.

[0056] Therefore, based on frequency, electronic devices can derive region information for preferred language selection.

[0057] Ultra-wideband (UWB) In some embodiments, signals are received via UWB, as shown in reference no. 214. UWB uses very low energy levels for short-range, high-bandwidth communication across a large portion of the radio spectrum, typically operating up to 10–50 meters. UWB operates in different frequency bands depending on the region, and country-specific regulations stipulate power limits, permitted channels, and signal parameters.

[0058] For example, the permissible UWB frequency ranges are 3.1–10.6 GHz in the United States, 6.0–8.5 GHz in Europe, 7.2–8.2 GHz in China, and 3.4–4.8 GHz in Japan. The frequency range of the UWB gateway device, as confirmed by the electronic device (e.g., indicated by the PHY header (PHR) and MAC command frames), then provides the electronic device with region indication.

[0059] Furthermore, UWB devices have a region-dependent maximum transmit (Tx) power limit (similar to Bluetooth) and a region-dependent pulse repetition frequency (for example, to comply with interference limits), and this information within the PHR and extended MAC IE, as well as within the PHR and ranging exchange frames, can similarly indicate the region in which they exist.

[0060] Therefore, these indicators can be used to select a preferred language for prompts to interact with the operator of the corresponding electronic device.

[0061] Long Range (LoRa) In some embodiments, the signal is received via LoRa, as shown in reference numeral 216. LoRa uses an unlicensed sub-gigahertz radio frequency band and typically operates at distances of up to 2–15 km. LoRa operates in different frequency bands depending on the region, as area regulations define the permissible frequency bands.

[0062] For example, the LoRa frequency bands are 902-928MHz in the US, 867-870MHz in Europe, 470-510MHz and 779-787MHz in China, 920-923MHz in Japan, 865-867MHz in India, and 915-928MHz in Australia. Based on the network gateway device frequency band allocation shown in the Channel Frequency List (CFList) within the acceptance message, the electronic device can determine the region in which it resides. Furthermore, MAC commands from the LoRa network gateway device can indicate adaptive data rate parameters and duty cycle limits, both of which vary by country / region and can indicate the country / region in which the electronic device resides, and may be used to select one or more preferred languages ​​accordingly.

[0063] Mobile Wireless Access Technology (RAT) In some embodiments, signals are received through various mobile radio access technologies (RATs), as shown in reference numeral 218. RATs typically operate over distances of 1 to 15 km. Mobile RATs refer to various wireless communication technologies used in mobile networks to enable connectivity between user devices (e.g., various electronic devices including IoT devices) and cellular network infrastructure. Mobile RATs are standardized by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), IEEE, and other standards bodies.

[0064] Mobile RATs include second-generation (2G), third-generation (3G), fourth-generation (4G), also known as Long Term Evolution (LTE), fifth-generation (5G), also known as New Radio (NR), and sixth-generation (6G). These mobile RATs operate from the initial cellular frequency bands ranging from 850 MHz to 1.9 GHz in 2G to 100 GHz to 1 THz in 6G.

[0065] NB-IoT is a low-power wide-area (LPWA) technology specifically designed for IoT applications, operating in a similar cellular frequency band but using a significantly narrower bandwidth (e.g., 200 kHz).

[0066] Electronic devices may scan for wireless signals from any of these mobile RATs upon power-up. RAT network gateway devices (e.g., base stations such as eNBs or gNBs) may broadcast system information (SI) messages indicating the mobile country code (MCC) and mobile network code (MNC). The MCC code is a three-digit code that identifies the country of origin of the gateway device and network, and is assigned by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). For example, 310 is the United States, 262 is Germany, and 404 / 405 / 406 is India. The MNC code is a two- or three-digit code that identifies a specific mobile network operator (MNO) within a country, and is assigned by the national regulatory authority of each country. For example, 310-260 is T-Mobile in the United States, 262-01 is Deutsche Telekom in Germany, and 406-001 is Reliance Jio in India. MCC and MNC codes are available for both 2G-6G cellular networks and NB-IoT networks.

[0067] Based on the MCC code and MNC code, the receiving electronic device can derive region information for preferred language selection.

[0068] Figure 2 shows some examples of wireless technologies in which an electronic device can derive domain information; however, this list is illustrative and not exhaustive, and other wireless technologies can also be used to determine domain information. Based on the domain information, the electronic device may determine one or more preferred languages ​​for interacting with the operator.

[0069] The electronic device can support multiple wired and wireless communication technologies, as shown in Figure 1. It should be noted that the electronic device determines the region based on various instructions and hints regarding continents, countries, states, communities, etc. The electronic device can select the narrowest determined region for preferred language selection. For example, if the region is determined to be North America based on the first wireless technology, Canada based on the second wireless technology, Quebec based on the third wireless technology, and the Cree Nation of Quebec based on the fourth wireless technology, then even if French or English is spoken in other regions near the determined region, the last one will be used as the determined region, and Cree, an indigenous language, will be selected as the preferred language for communication with the operator.

[0070] Setup of electronic devices by several embodiments Figure 3 shows a flow for setting up an electronic device using an automatically selected language, according to several embodiments. The entities in the setup process are described herein in relation to Figure 1. The setup process begins with powering on the electronic device 102, as reference no. 302. The operator 140 may cause power-on by turning on the power switch, or the electronic device 102 is powered on when the power cord connects the electronic device 102 to a power source.

[0071] The electronic device 102 may be in its factory default configuration and not connected to any network when powered on. For example, the electronic device 102 may be provided by a vendor and not provisioned at its current physical location. Alternatively, the electronic device 102 may have undergone a reset by operator 140 or another operator to remove any customized settings on the electronic device 102.

[0072] In some embodiments, when powered on, the electronic device 102 broadcasts one or more connection or pairing requests 304 (e.g., periodically) over its network link and / or wirelessly. The electronic device 102 scans signals received over its network link and / or wirelessly to extract messages, and based on this, the electronic device 102 detects the presence of a network implemented with one or more communication technologies.

[0073] Each of the network gateway devices 120 to 122 implements communication technology and sends signals containing messages for providing network information (reference numeral 310) so that the electronic device 102 can be paired with or connected to each of the network gateway devices.

[0074] In reference to reference no. 312, the electronic device 102 determines the region in which it is located based on a set of messages received in a communication technique. Each message from the communication technique may provide a region indication, and the corresponding set of indications is then used to determine the location. Region indications from various communication techniques are described in more detail in the section related to Figure 2.

[0075] In some embodiments, the most represented region within a set of instructions is determined to be the location. In some embodiments, all instructions are given equal weight, but in alternative embodiments, received messages are ranked based on their corresponding signal strength, with regions indicated by messages extracted from stronger signals being given higher weight. In some embodiments, the region with the highest overall score is determined to be the location, based on a weighted or unweighted approach.

[0076] Signal strength is indicated by various metrics based on one or more messages received from the corresponding network gateway device. For example, signal strength can be indicated by the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), which is a measure of the power level of the received signal in wireless communication systems implementing communication technologies such as Bluetooth, WiFi, Zigbee, LoRa, and mobile RAT. While RSSI is still used in 5G networks, Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SINR) are used more frequently as measures of the quality and strength of the wireless connection.

[0077] Furthermore, if instructions from different technologies conflict with each other, the one with the highest signal strength and the area that is most represented will take precedence.

[0078] In some embodiments, machine learning is implemented to perform region determination, and the corresponding machine learning model is trained using historical data as described above herein. The machine learning model can determine the location of an electronic device in light of competing instructions.

[0079] Once the region is determined, one or more preferred languages ​​are selected based on the region, as shown in reference no. 314. The electronic device 102 then provides the operator 140 with one or more prompts in the selected language (or languages), as shown in reference no. 322. The prompts may be text messages, graphics on a display, or voice via a speaker in the preferred language. The operator 140 then provides setup instructions based on the prompts, as shown in reference no. 322. In some embodiments, specific instructions are provided to comply with the laws / regulations of the particular determined region.

[0080] In reference numeral 324, the electronic device 102 sets itself up based on setup instructions and selected communication technology to connect to the corresponding network gateway device, in reference numeral 324. In reference numeral 326, the electronic device 102 connects to the network gateway device and prepares for use by operator 140.

[0081] In some embodiments, the interaction between the operator 140 and the electronic device 102 is solely verbal communication after a preferred language has been selected. For example, two or more preferred languages ​​are selected, and the electronic device 102 then greets the operator 140 in multiple preferred languages ​​based on the operator's response in one of the languages, and then the electronic device 102 uses a single preferred language in subsequent interactions.

[0082] In some embodiments, if the electronic device 102 fails to find a region (e.g., the received message indicates too many competing regions), fails to find at least one preferred language, or determines that the preferred language is incorrect based on interaction with the operator 140 (e.g., after the prompt is spoken in the preferred language, the operator 140 responds in a different language), the electronic device 102 may implement a recovery mechanism. For example, the electronic device 102 may restart the process (e.g., repeat the operation that started at reference number 304), select a second region that was previously determined to be less favorable than the first region (e.g., instead of Quebec, the electronic device 102 selects Quebec), and select the previously selected second preferred language. Furthermore, the electronic device 102 may present all language options to the operator 140 so that the operator 140 can manually select the preferred language. The selected and detected messages in various communication technologies are then stored as historical data for later training a machine learning model for automatic language selection.

[0083] The disclosed embodiments provide seamless compatibility with multiple wireless communication standards, ensuring applicability of language selection in various operating environments and locations. The operator does not need to provide input for automatic language selection, and therefore, prompts in the preferred language present plug-and-play convenience that makes the initial user experience comfortable.

[0084] Operation according to several embodiments The operations in the flowchart may be described with reference to exemplary embodiments in other diagrams. However, it should be understood that the operations in the flowchart may be performed by disclosed embodiments other than those described with reference to other diagrams, and these disclosed embodiments described with reference to other diagrams may perform operations different from those described with reference to the flowchart.

[0085] Figure 4 is a flowchart illustrating the operation of automatic language selection by an electronic device without manual input, according to several embodiments. Method 400 can be performed by an electronic device such as electronic device 102 in some embodiments.

[0086] In reference numeral 402, when the electronic device is powered on, the physical region in which the electronic device resides is determined based on a first message received by the electronic device in a communication technology within the set of communication technologies supported by the electronic device. In reference numeral 404, a preferred language is selected based on the physical region for the operator of the electronic device to set up the electronic device. In reference numeral 406, one or more prompts are provided in the preferred language to guide the operator to set up the electronic device.

[0087] In some embodiments, the first message is received in response to a connection request sent by an electronic device.

[0088] In some embodiments, the first message is received wirelessly or via a link connected to an electronic device.

[0089] In some embodiments, the first message is selected from a plurality of messages received by the electronic device when power is turned on, and the first message is selected from messages received wirelessly based on the signal strength measured by the electronic device.

[0090] In some embodiments, the signal strength measured by the electronic device is indicated by a received signal strength indicator, a reference signal received power, a reference signal received quality, or a signal-to-interference noise ratio.

[0091] In some embodiments, the physical region is determined based on a second message in a second communication technique within a set of communication techniques, where both the first and second messages indicate a physical region. For example, both messages may indicate Canada.

[0092] In some embodiments, the preferred language is further selected based on a different physical region determined based on a second message in a second communication technique within a set of communication techniques. In some embodiments, the two messages do not have to refer to the same physical region. For example, the first message may refer to North America and the second message may refer to Canada, and since the two indications coincide and mean the same physical region, Canada, being a smaller region, is determined to be the location.

[0093] In some embodiments, the communication technology is mobile radio access technology (RAT), and the physical area is determined based on a first code and a second code in a first message, where the first code indicates the physical area and the second code indicates a network provider implementing the communication technology, where the network provider is determined to operate in the physical area.

[0094] In some embodiments, the communication technology is Wi-Fi, and the physical area is determined based on a country code indicated in an information element within a beacon frame received by an electronic device.

[0095] In some embodiments, the communication technology is Bluetooth, and the physical area is determined based on country or region information in the device name field, or manufacturer-specific data in the Extended Inquiry Response (EIR) packet or advertising packet.

[0096] In some embodiments, the communication technology is Zigbee, and the physical area is determined based on channel information or a personal area network identifier in a beacon frame received by an electronic device.

[0097] In some embodiments, one or more prompts include text messages, graphic interface displays, or voice messages in a preferred language.

[0098] Operating environment and implementation Embodiments described herein may be implemented in electronic devices. Electronic devices store and transmit code (composed of software instructions, sometimes called computer program code or computer programs) and / or data (internally and / or via a network together with other electronic devices) using machine-readable media (also called computer-readable media), such as machine-readable storage media (e.g., magnetic disks, optical disks, solid-state drives, read-only memory (ROM), flash memory devices, phase-change memory) and machine-readable transmission media (also called carriers) (e.g., electrical, optical, radio, microwave, acoustic, or other forms of propagating signals such as carrier waves, infrared signals). Thus, an electronic device (e.g., a computer) includes hardware and software such as a set of one or more processors coupled to one or more machine-readable storage media for storing code and / or data to be executed on a set of processors (e.g., a processor is a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), field-programmable gate array (FPGA), other electronic circuits, or a combination of one or more of the above). For example, an electronic device may include non-volatile memory containing code, because non-volatile memory can persist code / data even when the electronic device is turned off (when power is removed). When the electronic device is turned on, that portion of the code executed by the electronic device's processor(s) is typically copied from the slower non-volatile memory to the electronic device's volatile memory (e.g., dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), static random-access memory (SRAM)). A typical electronic device also includes a set of one or more physical network interfaces (NIs) to establish network connectivity with other electronic devices (to transmit and / or receive code and / or data using propagating signals).For example, a set of physical NIs (or a set of physical NIs combined with a set of processors that execute code) may perform any formatting, encoding, or conversion to enable electronic devices to send and receive data via wired and / or wireless connections. In some embodiments, the physical NI may include a radio or microwave circuit capable of (1) receiving data from other electronic devices via a wireless connection, and / or (2) transmitting data to other devices via a wireless connection. This radio or microwave circuit may include a transmitter(s), receiver(s), and / or transceiver(s) suitable for radio or microwave frequency communication. The radio or microwave circuit can convert digital data into radio or microwave signals with appropriate parameters (e.g., frequency, timing, channel, bandwidth, etc.). The radio or microwave signals may then be transmitted via an antenna to a suitable receiver(s). In some embodiments, the set of physical NIs may include a network interface controller(s) (NIC), also known as a network interface card, network adapter, or local area network (LAN) adapter. A NIC (Network Interface Card) facilitates the connection of one electronic device to another, and by plugging cables into the physical ports connected to the NIC, other electronic devices can communicate via wires. One or more parts of the embodiment may be implemented using different combinations of software, firmware, and / or hardware.

[0099] The communication network includes one or more wireless and / or wired networks, enabling users of the digital camera system to remotely control one or more digital cameras via networks such as a wide area network (WAN), metropolitan area network (MAN), local area network (LAN), internet area network (IAN), campus area network (CAN), and virtual private network (VPN). Entities within the communication network, such as mobile devices and digital cameras, may be assigned an Internet Protocol (IP) address for identification, and the IP address may be IP version 4 (IPv4) or IP version 6 (IPv6).

[0100] An electronic device may access a wireless communication network and receive services from the wireless communication network. The electronic device may also be a user device (UE) that can be a subscriber station, a portable subscriber station, a mobile station (MS), or an access terminal (AT).

[0101] Figure 5 is a block diagram showing an electronic device that can implement automatic language selection according to several embodiments. In some embodiments, electronic device 500 may be electronic device 102. Electronic device 500 can include many different components. These components may be implemented as an integrated circuit (IC), a part thereof, a discrete electronic device, or other modules adapted to a circuit board such as a motherboard or add-in card of a computing system, or as components incorporated within the chassis of a computing system. It should also be noted that electronic device 500 is intended to show a high-level diagram of many components of a computing system. However, it should be understood that additional components may exist in certain embodiments, and furthermore, in other embodiments, different arrangements of the shown components may occur.

[0102] In some embodiments, the electronic device 500 includes a processor 501 interconnected via a bus or interconnect 510, a machine-readable storage medium 503, and optionally device units 504-508. The processor 501 may refer to a single processor core or a single or multiple processors comprising multiple processor cores. The processor 501 may refer to one or more general-purpose processors, such as a microprocessor, a central processing unit (CPU), or a processing device. More specifically, the processor 801 may be a composite instruction set computing (CISC) microprocessor, a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) microprocessor, a very long instruction word (VLIW) microprocessor, or a processor implementing another instruction set, or a processor implementing a combination of instruction sets. The processor 501 may also be one or more dedicated processors, such as an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a cellular or baseband processor, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a digital signal processor (DSP), a network processor, a graphics processor, a network processor, a communications processor, a cryptographic processor, a coprocessor, an embedded processor, or any other type of logic capable of processing instructions.

[0103] The processor 501 may communicate with the machine-readable storage medium 503, which in one embodiment may be implemented via a plurality of memory devices to provide a given amount of system memory. The machine-readable storage medium 503 may include one or more volatile storage (or memory) devices, such as random access memory (RAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), static RAM (SRAM), or other types of storage devices. The machine-readable storage medium 503 may store information including sequences of instructions to be executed by the processor 801 or any other device unit. For example, executable code and / or data for various operating systems, device drivers, firmware (e.g., I / O basic systems or BIOS) and / or applications may be loaded into the machine-readable storage medium 503 and executed by the processor 801. The operating system could be any type of operating system, such as Microsoft's Windows® operating system, Apple's Mac OS® / iOS®, Google's Android®, Linux®, Unix®, or other real-time or embedded operating systems like VxWorks.

[0104] A machine-readable storage medium 503 (in some embodiments, the storage medium is non-transient) includes an automatic setup selector 522 capable of performing the operations in the embodiments described above. For example, the automatic setup selector 522 may automatically select a language for interacting with the operator of the electronic device 500, and in addition, the automatic setup selector 522 may automatically select location-specific services based on area determination, as discussed herein in some embodiments.

[0105] The electronic device 500 may optionally include input / output (I / O) devices such as device units 504-508, including a display control and / or display device unit 504, a wireless transceiver(s) 505, a video I / O device unit(s) 506, an audio I / O device unit(s) 507, and other I / O device units 508, as shown in the figure. The wireless transceiver(s) 505 may be a WiFi transceiver, an infrared transceiver, a Bluetooth transceiver, a WiMAX transceiver, a wireless cellular phone transceiver, a satellite transceiver (e.g., a Global Positioning System (GPS) transceiver), or another radio frequency (RF) transceiver, or a combination thereof. The electronic device 500 may also include an ultrasonic device unit (not shown) for transmitting conference session codes.

[0106] The video I / O device unit 506 may include an image processing subsystem (e.g., a camera), which may include optical sensors such as a charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) optical sensor used to facilitate camera functions such as recording photographs and video clips and conferences. The audio I / O device unit 507 may include a speaker and / or microphone to facilitate voice-enabled functions such as speech recognition, voice duplication, digital recording, and / or telephone functions. Other optional devices 608 may include storage devices (e.g., hard drives, flash memory devices), multiple universal serial bus (USB) ports, multiple parallel ports, multiple serial ports, printers, network interfaces, bus bridges, multiple sensors (e.g., accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, optical sensors, compasses, proximity sensors, and other motion sensors), or combinations thereof. Optional device 608 may further include certain sensors coupled to interconnect 810 via a sensor hub (not shown), and other devices such as a keyboard or thermal sensor may be controlled by an embedded controller (not shown) depending on the specific configuration or design of the electronic device 500. These I / O device units implemented in the circuit enable the electronic device 500 to interact more efficiently with the operator of the electronic device.

[0107] It should be noted that while the electronic device 500 is shown with various components, it is not intended to represent any particular architecture or method of interconnecting those components, for such details are not closely related to the disclosed embodiments. It will also be understood that electronic devices with fewer or possibly more components may also be used with the embodiments. For example, some entities shown in electronic device 102 may also be implemented in electronic device 500.

[0108] Some parts of the detailed explanation above are presented in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bits in computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are the methods used by those skilled in the data processing technology to most effectively communicate the nature of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is considered here, and also generally, to be a self-consistent set of actions that produce a desired result. An operation requires the physical manipulation of physical quantities.

[0109] However, it should be noted that all of these terms and similar terms should be associated with appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to those quantities. As is evident from the above description, unless otherwise specified, throughout this description, any description using terms such as those set forth in the following claims will be understood to refer to the actions and processes of a conference device or similar electronic computing device that manipulates data represented as physical (electronic) quantities in the registers and memory of the conference device and converts it into other data similarly represented as physical quantities in the memory or registers of the conference device or other such information storage, transmission, or display device.

[0110] term References in the specification such as “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” or “an exemplary embodiment” indicate that the embodiments described may include certain features, structures, or characteristics, but not all embodiments necessarily include those specific features, structures, or characteristics. Furthermore, such phrases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Moreover, if certain features, structures, or characteristics are described in relation to a particular embodiment, it is within the knowledge of those skilled in the art to realize such features, structures, or characteristics in relation to other embodiments, whether or not they are explicitly described.

[0111] The description and claims may use the terms “combined” and “connected,” along with their derivatives. These terms are not intended to be synonymous with one another. “Combined” is used to indicate that two or more elements, whether or not they are in direct physical or electrical contact with each other, cooperate or interact with each other. “Connected” is used to indicate the establishment of wireless or wired communication between two or more elements that are combined with each other. As used herein, “set” can refer to any integer number of items, including one item.

[0112] As used in this application, the terms “module,” “logic,” and “unit” may refer to a circuit for performing a specified function. In some embodiments, the specified function may be performed by the circuit in combination with software, such as by software executed by a general-purpose processor.

[0113] Any suitable step, method, feature, function, or benefit disclosed herein may be performed through one or more functional units or modules of one or more virtual devices. Each virtual device may comprise a plurality of such functional units. These functional units may be implemented via processing circuits, which may include one or more microprocessors or microcontrollers, and other digital hardware, which may include digital signal processors (DSPs), dedicated digital logic, etc. The processing circuits may be configured to execute program code stored in memory, and the memory may include one or more types of memory, such as read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), cache memory, flash memory devices, optical storage devices, etc. The program code stored in memory includes program instructions for executing one or more telecommunications protocols and / or data communication protocols, and instructions for executing one or more techniques described herein. In some implementations, the processing circuits may be used to cause each functional unit to perform the corresponding function according to one or more embodiments of this disclosure.

[0114] The term "unit" may have its conventional meaning in the field of electronics, electrical devices, and / or electronic devices, and may include, for example, electrical and / or electronic circuits, devices, modules, processors, memories, logical solid-state and / or discrete devices, computer programs or instructions for performing their respective tasks, procedures, calculations, outputs, and / or display functions, such as those described herein.

Claims

1. It is a method, When an electronic device is powered on, the physical region in which the electronic device exists is determined based on a first message received by the electronic device using a communication technology within the set of communication technologies supported by the electronic device. In order for the operator of the electronic device to set up the electronic device, a preferred language is selected based on the physical area, A method comprising providing one or more prompts in the preferred language to guide the operator to set up the electronic device.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first message is received in response to a connection request transmitted by the electronic device.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first message is received wirelessly or via a link connected to the electronic device.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first message is selected from a plurality of messages received by the electronic device when power is turned on, and the first message is selected from messages received wirelessly based on the signal strength measured by the electronic device.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the signal strength measured by the electronic device is indicated by a received signal strength indicator, a reference signal received power, a reference signal received quality, or a signal-to-interference noise ratio.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the physical region is further determined based on a second message in a second communication technology within the set of communication technologies, and both the first message and the second message indicate the physical region.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the preferred language is further selected based on another physical area determined based on a second message in a second communication technology within the set of communication technologies.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the communication technology is mobile radio access technology (RAT), the physical area is determined based on a first code and a second code in the first message, the first code indicating the physical area, the second code indicating a network provider implementing the communication technology, and the network provider is determined to operate in the physical area.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the communication technology is Wi-Fi, and the physical area is determined based on a country code indicated in an information element within a beacon frame received by the electronic device.

10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the communication technology is Bluetooth, and the physical area is determined based on country or region information in the device name field, or manufacturer-specific data in an Extended Inquiry Response (EIR) packet or advertising packet.

11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the communication technology is Zigbee, and the physical area is determined based on channel information of a beacon frame received by the electronic device or an identifier of a personal area network.

12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the one or more prompts include a text message, a graphic interface display, or a voice message in the preferred language.

13. It is an electronic device, A processor, and when executed by the said processor, When the electronic device is powered on, the physical region in which the electronic device exists is determined based on a first message received by the electronic device using a communication technology within the set of communication technologies supported by the electronic device. In order for the operator of the electronic device to set up the electronic device, a preferred language is selected based on the physical area, An electronic device comprising: a machine-readable storage medium that provides one or more prompts in the preferred language to guide the operator to set up the electronic device; and provides instructions that can cause the processor to execute.

14. The electronic device according to claim 13, wherein the physical region is further determined based on a second message in a second communication technology within the set of communication technologies, and both the first message and the second message indicate the physical region.

15. The electronic device according to claim 13, wherein the preferred language is further selected based on another physical region determined based on a second message in a second communication technology within the set of communication technologies.

16. The electronic device according to claim 13, wherein the communication technology is mobile radio access technology (RAT), the physical area is determined based on a first code and a second code in the first message, the first code indicating the physical area, the second code indicating a network provider implementing the communication technology, and the network provider is determined to operate in the physical area.

17. The electronic device according to claim 13, wherein the communication technology is Wi-Fi, and the physical area is determined based on a country code indicated in an information element within a beacon frame received by the electronic device.

18. The electronic device according to claim 13, wherein the communication technology is Bluetooth, and the physical area is determined based on country or region information in the device name field, or manufacturer-specific data in an Extended Inquiry Response (EIR) packet or advertising packet.

19. A non-temporary machine-readable storage medium that provides instructions, when executed by a processor, When an electronic device is powered on, the physical region in which the electronic device exists is determined based on a first message received by the electronic device using a communication technology within the set of communication technologies supported by the electronic device. In order for the operator of the electronic device to set up the electronic device, a preferred language is selected based on the physical area, A non-temporary machine-readable storage medium that provides one or more prompts in the preferred language to guide the operator to set up the electronic device, and provides instructions that the processor can execute.

20. The non-temporary machine-readable storage medium according to claim 19, wherein the communication technology is mobile radio access technology (RAT), the physical area is determined based on a first code and a second code in the first message, the first code indicating the physical area, the second code indicating a network provider implementing the communication technology, and the network provider is determined to operate in the physical area.

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