Methods for utilizing soil improvement fiber raw materials

Abstract

To produce soil-improving fiber raw materials by controlling the decomposition conditions of active oxygen from cellulose and lignin, which are used to produce wood, non-wood, and paper products, thereby reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and contributing to a resource-recycling society by providing these materials for soil improvement in agriculture, home gardens, and organic gardens. [Solution] Wood and non-wood materials are chipped, paper is cut into scraps, conditions for organic decomposition of active oxygen are set, the materials are dried and pulverized, and then mixed with microorganisms and fungi to create a soil improvement fiber raw material.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to soil improvement in the agricultural field and home gardening that utilizes cellulose and lignin contained in wood, non-wood, and paper products, and relates to a method of utilizing a soil-improving fiber raw material obtained by decomposing cellulose and lignin through setting conditions for decomposing active oxygen.

Background Art

[0002] It is well known that wood, such as forest timber, construction materials, structural materials, and interior materials, contains large amounts of cellulose and lignin. These components are structural elements of wood, and as long as the wood is in use, they remain even in construction waste wood.

[0003] Furthermore, even after becoming waste wood, the properties of cellulose remain unchanged and the fibrous structure is maintained, and the cellulose recovered from the waste wood is used as a raw material for recycled paper, bioplastics, and bioethanol production.

[0004] Lignin is similarly abundantly contained in wood. Lignin plays a role in maintaining the strength, hardness, and waterproofness of wood, and its properties are retained even in waste wood, so lignin can be reused as a material for biomass fuels, bioplastics, adhesives, and the like.

[0005] The process of recovering and reusing cellulose and lignin from construction waste wood is extremely important from the perspective of sustainable resource utilization. For the recovery and reuse of cellulose and lignin, waste wood is made into wood chips and used as a material for paper products and heat insulating materials.

[0006] However, construction waste wood may contain adhesives, paints, preservatives, metals, and the like, and these may affect the recovery of cellulose and lignin, so it is necessary to appropriately treat and sort the waste wood.

[0007] Even when wood pellets are further powdered, cellulose and lignin still remain. Wood pellets are made by crushing and compressing wood into small pellets, and the chemical structure of cellulose and lignin itself does not change during the manufacturing process.

[0008] Furthermore, even when wood pellets are powdered, the cellulose remains intact. Cellulose is a very stable polymer compound and is not chemically decomposed during compression or molding processes.

[0009] Similarly, lignin is also present when wood pellets are powdered. Lignin plays a role in binding cellulose fibers together, and its chemical structure does not change significantly even when heated and compressed during pellet formation.

[0010] The use of wood pellet powder is to improve combustion efficiency. By turning it into powder, the surface area during combustion increases, thus improving combustion efficiency. It is particularly effective when used as fuel in boilers and power plants.

[0011] In chemical processes, powders containing cellulose and lignin are used in biorefineries (facilities that convert biomass into chemicals and fuels) as raw materials for bioplastics and biofuels.

[0012] Wood powder is sometimes used as an additive in animal feed and as a soil conditioner, and wood pellets are effectively used in a variety of industrial applications.

[0013] Regarding the utilization of cellulose and lignin from forest timber, in the papermaking industry, cellulose is a major component of paper and plays an important role. Cellulose is essential for improving the strength and quality of paper.

[0014] In the field of bioplastics, bioplastics utilizing cellulose are attracting attention as an environmentally friendly alternative to petroleum-derived plastics.

[0015] In the medical field, medical films and capsules made from cellulose are being developed. These are biodegradable and are important materials for reducing environmental impact.

[0016] In terms of energy sources, lignin is used as a raw material for biomass energy. It can be burned to obtain thermal energy and is expected to be a viable alternative to fossil fuels.

[0017] In the field of chemical raw materials, lignin is used as a raw material for aromatic compounds in the chemical industry. This allows for the manufacture of products such as adhesives, resins, and surfactants.

[0018] Non-wood pulp, obtained from plant resources such as bamboo, straw, sugarcane bagasse, and cotton, is attracting attention for its role in forest resource conservation and recycling. For example, straw and bagasse are used as renewable resources and are incorporated into paper products with a low environmental impact.

[0019] Paper fibers are the fibers used to construct paper. They are mainly cellulose fibers obtained from plants, and are made from natural resources such as wood, bamboo, straw, and cotton. Paper fibers greatly influence the properties and uses of paper products, affecting paper's strength, texture, water absorption, and processability.

[0020] Cellulose, the main component of paper fibers, is a major building block of plant cell walls. It is strong and elastic, contributing to the durability and strength of paper. Because it is derived from renewable resources and is biodegradable, it has a relatively low environmental impact. It has high water absorption, making it suitable for writing and printing. Furthermore, its hygroscopic properties make it useful for applications such as packaging paper where humidity control is required.

[0021] Paper fibers come in various types depending on the raw materials. Paper fibers obtained from wood are the most common. Through the pulping process, wood is broken down into fine fibers to be used as raw material for paper. Coniferous trees (pine, spruce, etc.) and hardwoods (eucalyptus, etc.) are mainly used, and they are selected according to the strength and texture of the paper.

[0022] As waste paper pulp, there are paper fibers used as raw materials for recycled paper and reclaimed paper. By collecting waste paper and reusing it as fibers, resources are conserved, contributing to environmental protection.

[0023] Paper fibers are used in a wide variety of paper products. Products with different strength, texture and water absorbency are manufactured according to applications, including newspaper, copy paper, corrugated fiberboard, tissue paper, wrapping paper and the like.

[0024] Furthermore, specially processed paper fibers are also used in applications that emphasize texture and appearance, such as art paper, Japanese paper, and bookbinding paper for high-grade books. Paper fibers are mainly composed of plant-derived cellulose fibers and can be obtained from various raw materials, so it is possible to create a diverse range of paper products tailored to applications and the environment. As a renewable and environmentally friendly material, it is also an important material from the perspective of sustainability.

[0025] In the foregoing, the main uses of cellulose and lignin from wood, non-wood materials obtained from plant resources such as bamboo, straw, sugarcane bagasse, cotton, and paper products have been described. In order to realize sustainable agriculture, home gardening and organic gardening aligned with environmental issues and soil improvement, the cellulose and lignin contained in wood, non-wood materials and paper products can be used as soil improvement raw materials and for soil formulation design, which can contribute to a resource-recycling society. [Disclosure of the Invention] [Problems to be Solved by the Invention]

[0026] At present, various problems caused by climate change in the agricultural field have been pointed out. One of them is the problem of soil drying and water shortage caused by rising temperatures. Particularly in arid zones, it is not possible to retain the moisture necessary for crop growth. When there is little moisture, the soil is difficult to decompose by microorganisms, and compost rich in organic matter cannot be produced. Furthermore, in order to reduce the surge in chemical fertilizer prices and the excessive use of chemical fertilizers, the need for alternative products is a major desired challenge.

[0027] Furthermore, if the water retention property is not improved, the effect of preventing soil erosion by wind and water will be weakened, the binding force for soil particles will be reduced, the prevention of surface collapse will be impaired, and there is a problem that it cannot contribute to the conservation of agricultural land.

[0028] Furthermore, if the water retention property is not improved, fertilizer components will leach out into the soil quickly, making it impossible to supply nutrients at the timing required by crops. Accordingly, there is a problem that the utilization efficiency of fertilizer is reduced, and the environmental load caused by excessive use of fertilizer increases.

[0029] For example, peat moss is obtained by drying peat, which is accumulated as humic substances from plants such as moss, and contains "humic acid" that exhibits strong acidity. It is a natural material produced by the decomposition of sphagnum moss, reeds, willows, sedges and the like by microorganisms in the soil.

[0030] It is mainly used for soil improvement in gardening. Those from strata formed more than 2,000 years ago are called "white peat", and those mined from deep strata formed 8,000 to 10,000 or more years ago are called "black peat". Black peat has higher quality and higher acidity, and is mainly produced in regions such as Hokkaido and the Tohoku region in Japan.

[0031] Various foreign-produced peat mosses are also distributed in the market, including low-moisture and fine-grained products from Canada, slightly higher-moisture and somewhat coarser products from Northern Europe, as well as products from Russia, China, and Sakhalin, and their acidity varies depending on the place of origin and the manufacturing method.

[0032] However, the environmental impact of peat moss harvesting has been under debate. Since peat moss is mainly collected from wetlands (bogs), these wetlands constitute an important part of the ecosystem, and excessive harvesting of peat moss is associated with the reduction of wetlands. Therefore, alternatives to peat moss are in demand.

[0033] Although cellulose and lignin recovered from wood and the like play important roles in the agricultural field due to their properties, their utilization in the agricultural field, home vegetable gardens, and organic vegetable gardens is low. The reason is the processing cost.

[0034] If left unprocessed, the cellulose and lignin contained in solid wood take a very long time to decompose in the soil.

[0035] Even when processed into wood pellets, it takes less time for cellulose and lignin to decompose in the soil than with solid wood, but the soil improvement effect is not achieved by the time of harvest for vegetables and other crops. Also, there is a risk of getting splinters during handling.

[0036] While the cellulose and lignin contained in wood powder decompose in the soil more quickly than solid wood or wood pellets, there are challenges in processing wood into powder, such as high processing costs, dust, environmental impact, and the ability to increase production.

[0037] With the significant rise in chemical fertilizer prices, domestic producers are increasingly reducing their use of chemical fertilizers. Efforts such as soil analysis to curb excessive fertilization, promoted by JA Zen-Noh (Japan Agricultural Cooperatives) and local governments, are being implemented at many farms.

[0038] Furthermore, fertilizer manufacturers and JA Zen-Noh (National Federation of Agricultural Cooperative Associations) are also promoting the supply of low-nutrient fertilizers. In addition, they are continuing to implement labor-saving measures to reduce fertilizer input and labor time by introducing techniques such as full fertilization of seedling trays using controlled-release fertilizers and side-dressing fertilization.

[0039] In other words, as chemical fertilizers have become more expensive, there is a need to reduce fertilizer costs as an alternative to chemical fertilizers. (Purpose of the invention)

[0040] Therefore, the objective of the present invention is to reduce the cost of decomposing wood, non-wood materials, and paper, to enable sustainable agriculture that addresses environmental issues and soil improvement, by manufacturing a product that incorporates microorganisms and fungi, thereby reducing the use of chemical fertilizers, and by providing it for soil improvement in agricultural fields, home gardens, and organic gardens, thereby contributing to a resource-recycling society.

[0041] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides a soil improvement fiber raw material characterized by the following:, however, with respect to construction waste materials, impurities and metals are removed; plant-derived organic matter consisting of wood and non-wood containing cellulose and lignin, and paper; wood and non-wood are chipped; paper is shredded; conditions for the decomposition of active oxygen are set, the temperature is 30°C to 100°C (an appropriate temperature that does not excessively promote decomposition); the reaction time is 30 minutes to 5 hours (a short time to retain the product); the oxygen supply is adjusted to a low concentration; the oxygen supply is stopped to interrupt the reaction; the product is recovered; the liquid portion is separated and concentrated; the solid organic matter portion is dried to 20% or less; these are pulverized; and then microorganisms and fungi are added. The invention provides a soil improvement fiber raw material, a method for producing the same, a method for adding the same, and a method for using the same.

[0042] Furthermore, in order to achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides a method for producing soil improvement fiber raw materials, characterized by the following: however, with respect to construction waste materials, impurities and metals are removed; wood and non-wood materials containing cellulose and lignin are chipped; and paper materials are shredded; the decomposition conditions for active oxygen are set, the temperature is 30 to 100°C (an appropriate temperature that does not excessively promote decomposition), the reaction time is 30 minutes to 5 hours (to retain the product in a short time), the oxygen supply is adjusted to a low concentration, the oxygen supply is stopped to interrupt the reaction, the product is recovered, the liquid portion is separated and concentrated, the organic matter of the solid portion is dried to 20% or less, and then the materials are pulverized before being mixed with microorganisms or fungi.

[0043] The microorganisms and fungi incorporated into the soil improvement fiber raw material, which is organically decomposed by the above-mentioned reactive oxygen species decomposition conditions, include bacteria, nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rhizobium), ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (Nitrosomonas), phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, white rot fungi, black rot fungi, Mycolyza, Actinomycetes, protozoa, algae (green algae and cyanobacteria), viruses, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, Trichoderma spp., Mycolyza, rhizobia (Rhizobium spp.), Azotobacter spp., Bacillus spp., photosynthetic bacteria, cellulose-degrading bacteria (Cellulomonas spp.), yeast (Saccharomyces spp.), and lactic acid bacteria (Lactic Acid Bacteria). It is characterized by containing some or more of Bacteria, cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), and protozoa.

[0044] The above-mentioned soil improvement fiber raw materials are characterized by being blended with one or more of the following components of culture soil: beet moss, vermiculite, perlite, leaf mold, compost, decomposed granite, sand, wood ash, chicken manure, and cow manure.

[0045] The soil improvement fibers described above, excluding the microorganisms and fungi, are characterized by their use as raw materials in livestock feed formulations.

[0046] Furthermore, the soil improvement fiber raw material contains cellulose, and analysis of the feces of invertebrates (earthworms) revealed that they feed on cellulose. Therefore, it can also be used as food and rearing soil for invertebrates (earthworms) and insects.

[0047] The microbial activation effect achieved through supply is a unique advantage of cellulose + lignin, while chemical fertilizers primarily supply nutrients directly, with their effects on microorganisms and soil physical properties being secondary.

[0048] Among chemical fertilizers, superphosphate (phosphate supply) is partially similar in effect to the decomposition of cellulose + lignin. The similarity lies in the fact that when cellulose + lignin decomposes in the soil, phosphate is released, thus compensating for phosphate deficiency in the soil and promoting plant root growth. The difference is that the effects of chemical fertilizers are short-term and direct, while cellulose + lignin has a long-term effect through decomposition, making it a suitable alternative to superphosphate.

[0049] A common characteristic of ammonium sulfate, a chemical fertilizer, is that it helps activate microorganisms by creating a nitrogen-rich environment through microbial activity during the decomposition process of cellulose and lignin. The difference is that ammonium sulfate is fast-acting, does not accumulate in the soil and have a long-lasting effect, and has a nitrogen-supplying effect, making it a suitable substitute for ammonium sulfate.

[0050] For sustained effects of ammonium sulfate (nitrogen supply), use organic fertilizers or chemical fertilizers containing organic fertilizers. However, the soil physical properties improvement effect and long-term impact on soil health of cellulose + lignin cannot be completely replaced by chemical fertilizers. Reducing and supplementing the use of chemical fertilizers can create a more ideal soil environment and serve as an alternative to ammonium sulfate (nitrogen supply).

[0051] High-grade compound fertilizers (14-14-14) and All-14 share similarities, such as combining slow-release and fast-release nutrient supply, resulting in a well-balanced supplementation of trace elements and improvement of soil aggregate structure. Therefore, they can be used as substitutes for high-grade compound fertilizers (14-14-14) and All-14.

[0052] To complement the properties of cellulose and lignin broken down by reactive oxygen species, and to supplement short-term nutrient supply, a combination of ammonium sulfate and phosphate fertilizer (such as superphosphate) is used as a chemical fertilizer, while fast-acting nitrogen and phosphate are supplied to maintain microbial activity.

[0053] As a complement to long-term soil improvement, a blend of slow-release fertilizer and organic fertilizer is used. The organic fertilizer promotes microbial activity and supplies carbon, while the slow-release fertilizer provides sustained nutrient supply.

[0054] To complement soil structure improvement, a combination of soil conditioners containing biochar and humic acid is used, and carbon-containing conditioners are also used to supplement the effects of humic substances produced by reactive oxygen species decomposition.

[0055] It is difficult to completely replicate the effects of cellulose and lignin decomposed by reactive oxygen species using chemical fertilizers. However, by using nutrient-supplying chemical fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate and superphosphate in combination with soil conditioners such as biochar and organic fertilizers, it is possible to complement both short-term nutrient supply and long-term soil improvement to some extent. By utilizing the reactive oxygen species decomposition process and combining it with chemical fertilizers and organic conditioners as supplements, an optimal soil environment can be created. [Effect of the Invention]

[0056] As described above, the present invention is a plant-derived organic material consisting of wood, non-wood, and paper containing cellulose and lignin. The wood and non-wood are chipped, and the paper is cut into pieces. Decomposition conditions for each are set to activate the active oxygen, with a temperature of 30-100°C (an appropriate temperature that does not over-promote decomposition), a reaction time of 30 minutes to 5 hours (to maintain the product in a short time), and the oxygen supply is adjusted to a low concentration. The oxygen supply is then stopped to interrupt the reaction, the product is recovered, the liquid portion is separated and concentrated, the solid organic matter portion is dried to less than 20%, and these are then pulverized. Microorganisms and fungi are then added to obtain a soil improvement fiber raw material. This can contribute to reducing chemical fertilizers and creating a resource-recycling society, and can contribute to soil improvement in the agricultural sector, home gardens, and organic gardens.

[0057] Under conditions for the decomposition of reactive oxygen species, cellulose undergoes changes. Before decomposition, cellulose exists as a long-chain polysaccharide (a molecule consisting of many glucose units linked together) and has a fibrous structure with high strength and stability. After decomposition, the long chains are cleaved, generating short-chain oligosaccharides and monosaccharides (glucose), reducing molecular weight, making it more soluble in water, and transforming into oxidized cellulose containing carboxyl groups and aldehyde groups through some oxidation reactions.

[0058] Depending on the conditions for the decomposition of reactive oxygen species, before the decomposition of lignin, lignin exists as a complex aromatic polymer (a repeating structure of phenolic compounds), which is very stable and difficult to decompose. However, after decomposition, the polymer structure is destroyed, and low-molecular-weight phenolic compounds (e.g., vanillin, syringal hydrate, etc.) are produced. Some decomposition products become more soluble in water, and depending on the degree of decomposition, some lignin residues may continue to exist stably in the soil.

[0059] By setting the decomposition conditions for reactive oxygen species in a reactive oxygen species device, the following substances can be obtained.

[0060] Short-chain oligosaccharides, which are decomposition products of cellulose, are water-soluble and can be used as an energy source for microorganisms. Glucose is easily metabolized and therefore contributes to improved microbial activity. Oxidized cellulose has increased water retention and adsorption properties in the soil, contributing to physical soil improvement.

[0061] Phenolic compounds, which are decomposition products of lignin, have antibacterial and antioxidant properties, affecting soil microorganisms and pathogens, and depending on the concentration, they have inhibitory or promoting effects on soil microorganisms. Organic acids (e.g., oxalic acid, acetic acid) are expected to have a gradual effect on adjusting soil pH, and lignin residues decompose slowly in the soil, thus functioning as a long-term carbon source.

[0062] The characteristics of cellulose after decomposition are that its molecules become shorter, making it more soluble in water and easier for microorganisms to utilize. It can be used as a soil conditioner, contributing to improved water retention and aeration, and can be used as a microbial activator, water retention agent, and soil conditioner.

[0063] The characteristics of lignin after decomposition include the fact that some of the decomposition products have hormone-like effects that promote plant growth, the antibacterial properties of phenols help suppress soil-borne diseases, and the residual lignin improves the physical stability of the soil. It can be used as an antibacterial soil conditioner, a plant growth promoter, and a long-term soil stabilization material.

[0064] The properties of the product can be adjusted by controlling the decomposition conditions in the reactive oxygen species apparatus, as these conditions influence the processing conditions of the apparatus.

[0065] In short-term treatment, the molecular weight of the decomposition products is large, and some of the properties of cellulose and lignin are retained, so a long-term soil improvement effect can be expected.

[0066] During prolonged processing, decomposition progresses, generating a large amount of low-molecular-weight compounds. This is effective for short-term microbial activation and nutrient supply.

[0067] The chemical structure and function of cellulose and lignin change before and after decomposition. However, by controlling the processing conditions of the reactive oxygen species apparatus, it is possible to obtain specific decomposition products and give them new roles. Decomposition products may have both short-term effects (microbial activation, nutrient supply) and long-term effects (soil stabilization, antibacterial properties), and the characteristics of the products can be adjusted by setting the decomposition conditions of the apparatus (reaction time, oxygen concentration, temperature).

[0068] When cellulose and lignin are broken down by conditions induced by reactive oxygen species, their original structure and properties (strength as cellulose, durability as lignin) are lost, but the decomposition products take on new roles.

[0069] By setting decomposition conditions using reactive oxygen species, cellulose and lignin are broken down into smaller molecules and structural units, resulting in changes to the products and their roles in the decomposition process.

[0070] When cellulose is broken down under conditions of decomposition by reactive oxygen species, glycosidic bonds are first cleaved, generating the following decomposition products: oligosaccharides (2-10 glucose units), monosaccharides (glucose molecules, molecular weight: 180 g / mol), and low molecular weight organic acids (such as gluconic acid and hydroxy acids). As a result, microbial activity is increased, and the supply of nitrogen and phosphate is indirectly promoted.

[0071] By setting decomposition conditions using reactive oxygen species, glucose is utilized as an energy source for microorganisms, promoting microbial activity in the soil, leading to further decomposition of organic matter and improvement of soil fertility.

[0072] By setting decomposition conditions using reactive oxygen species, the decomposed sugars are absorbed by plant roots, supplying nutrients and directly aiding plant growth. The decomposition intermediates are stabilized in the soil and contribute to the formation of humus (a collection of organic matter that aids plant growth).

[0073] When lignin is broken down under conditions of decomposition by reactive oxygen species, the aromatic and ether bonds of lignin are cleaved, generating the following low-molecular-weight compounds: aromatic compounds (vanillin, syringal hydrate, coumaric acid, etc., molecular weight: 100-200 g / mol), low-molecular-weight phenols (catechol, guaiacol, etc.), organic acids (acetic acid, formic acid, succinic acid, etc.), and water-soluble fragments (chemically active components).

[0074] Under conditions of decomposition by reactive oxygen species, phenols and organic acids, which are decomposition products of lignin, form the base of humus. Humus is an important substance that improves soil water retention and fertility.

[0075] By setting decomposition conditions using reactive oxygen species, decomposition products such as phenols adsorb and fix harmful substances in the soil (heavy metals, pesticides, etc.), playing a role in improving the soil environment. Furthermore, some phenols have antibacterial properties, and are expected to suppress harmful pathogens in the soil.

[0076] Compounds derived from degraded lignin are utilized by certain microorganisms as an energy source and metabolic substrate, thereby promoting microbial activity.

[0077] By setting the decomposition conditions using reactive oxygen species, the decomposition of cellulose and lignin results in oligosaccharides and monosaccharides (nanometer-sized) after cellulose decomposition, and aromatic compounds and low-molecular-weight phenols (nanoscale molecules) after lignin decomposition. The specific size depends on the reaction conditions, but it often becomes a low-molecular-weight form that is easily absorbed by microorganisms and soil, although a size more suitable for utilization is necessary.

[0078] The decomposition process induced by reactive oxygen species not only breaks down cellulose and lignin, but also significantly impacts the physical and chemical properties of the soil, promoting improved antibacterial properties of the soil.

[0079] Decomposition products produced by lignin-derived reactive oxygen species under controlled conditions bind together fine particles in the soil, forming a granular structure. This granular structure improves the soil's water retention and aeration, providing an environment conducive to plant root growth and promoting soil structure improvement.

[0080] When sugars derived from cellulose are utilized by microorganisms, nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil are efficiently circulated, increasing the nutrients supplied to plants. Furthermore, the decomposition products of cellulose and lignin contribute to the formation of humus, thereby improving the long-term fertility of the soil.

[0081] Rapid decomposition can provide short-term nutrient supply, but its long-term effects (such as the accumulation of humic substances) are limited. On the other hand, slowing down decomposition can yield the following benefits.

[0082] By setting decomposition conditions using reactive oxygen species, cellulose is slowly decomposed, supplying a continuously usable energy source for microorganisms. By slowly decomposing lignin, it contributes to the formation of humus over a long period, maintaining soil stability. Soil improvement fiber raw materials improve soil water retention and aeration.

[0083] Furthermore, by utilizing the decomposition products of cellulose and lignin as soil conditioners in agriculture, home gardens, and organic gardens, it is possible to balance the nutrients in the soil and provide sustainable support.

[0084] Soil function can be restored by using decomposition products generated by reactive oxygen species derived from cellulose and lignin, and plant growth can be promoted by developing biofertilizers that utilize these decomposition products.

[0085] Due to the soil effects of cellulose + lignin, it is characterized as a substitute for superphosphate (superphosphate), ammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, high-grade compound fertilizer (14-14-14), and All-14.

[0086] This soil treatment is characterized by the use of cellulose + lignin, and by combining one or more of the following: superphosphate of lime (superphosphate), ammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, high-grade compound fertilizer (14-14-14), and All-14.

[0087] This invention, by setting decomposition conditions using reactive oxygen species, decomposes cellulose and lignin. While the original structural function is lost, the decomposition products take on new roles, such as improving microbial activity and forming humus. This improves the soil's nutrient cycle and physical properties, reduces the use of chemical fertilizers, improves soil water retention and aeration, and provides an environment conducive to plant root growth, offering many possibilities for soil environment restoration in agriculture, home gardens, and organic gardens. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0088] [Figure 1] Manufacturing process diagram for "Soil-improving fiber raw material" [Figure 2] List of Microorganisms and Fungi: Names, Functions, and Crop Varieties [Figure 3] Table of chemical fertilizer replacement effects similar to those after cellulose + lignin decomposition. [Figure 4] The difference in function of cellulose + lignin before and after decomposition. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0089] Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the attached drawings and the like.

[0090] Cellulose and lignin recovered from wood are mostly used in industrial fields such as manufacturing. They are also used as livestock feed. Wood powder is also used in agriculture, but the amount used is small due to cost and equipment burden. In this invention, wood and non-wood materials are chipped, paper is shredded, and conditions for the decomposition of active oxygen are set for each, with a temperature of 30 to 100°C (an appropriate temperature that does not accelerate decomposition too much), a reaction time of 30 minutes to 5 hours (to retain the product in a short time), and the oxygen supply is adjusted to a low concentration. The oxygen supply is then stopped to interrupt the reaction, the product is recovered, the liquid portion is separated and concentrated, the organic matter of the solid portion is dried to less than 20%, and these are crushed into fibers. Microorganisms and fungi are then added to obtain a soil improvement fiber raw material.

[0091] In this invention, cellulose and lignin, mainly derived from construction waste wood, non-wood materials, and paper, are used as raw materials. Decomposition conditions for each reactive oxygen species are set, with a temperature of 30-100°C (an appropriate temperature that does not over-promote decomposition), a reaction time of 30 minutes to 5 hours (to maintain the product in a short time), and the oxygen supply is adjusted to a low concentration. The oxygen supply is then stopped to interrupt the reaction, the product is recovered, the liquid portion is separated and concentrated, and the organic matter in the solid portion is dried to less than 20%. These are then crushed into fibers to produce a raw material for soil improvement fibers. The aim is to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and contribute to a circular economy through resource reuse, with the goal of improving soil in agriculture, home gardens, and organic gardens.

[0092] This section discusses organic decomposition by reactive oxygen species. For example, "ZEROSONIC," a thermomagnetic decomposition device for organic matter developed and sold by WEF Technology Development Co., Ltd., is feasible.

[0093] This device can decompose organic matter without combustion under low oxygen concentrations, enabling the low-cost disposal of solid organic waste.

[0094] The specific processing mechanism is explained by the neutrino morphological wave resonance theory, which was proposed to elucidate the mechanism by which the chemical and electrical functions of carbon molecular fullerenes are expressed.

[0095] According to this theory, positive and antineutrino pairs are generated via the zero points of the imaginary-real boundary region within nano-water droplets. These neutrinos collide with the constituent atoms of organic waste, causing a continuous atomic-molecular transmutation that exothermically decomposes the organic matter, resulting in a drying process that reduces its moisture content to less than 20%.

[0096] This process transforms organic matter into fine particles bonded with carbon, ultimately leaving only ceramic residue at a volume of 1 / 300 to 1 / 500.

[0097] The main raw material, construction waste wood, is primarily collected from the demolition of wooden buildings. This wood is then chipped into pieces ranging from approximately 5mm to 30mm in size.

[0098] Regarding the amount and utilization rate of wood waste generated from the demolition of wooden houses, the amount of wood waste generated during the demolition of wooden houses is approximately 1 m³ 2 Approximately 0.38m 3 This accounts for approximately 50% of all demolition materials, and nationwide, it amounts to approximately 14 million m³ per year. 3 Wood shavings are being generated.

[0099] The recycling rate of these wood scraps is low, at about 20%, of which about 80% is used as fuel, and only about 4% is reused as industrial raw materials such as pulp and wood-based boards.

[0100] Regarding the production and raw material breakdown of wood chips, the annual production volume of wood chips is approximately 5,263,000 tons, with the breakdown by raw material being approximately 2,412,000 tons (approximately 45.8% of the total) from raw materials (logs), approximately 722,000 tons (approximately 13.7% of the total) from demolition materials and waste materials, approximately 2,084,000 tons (approximately 39.6% of the total) from factory residues, and approximately 45,000 tons (approximately 0.9% of the total) from forest residues.

[0101] These data indicate that while wood waste is primarily used as fuel and wood chips, the overall reuse rate remains low. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries recognizes the need to improve recycling technologies and develop new uses to promote the effective utilization of wood waste.

[0102] In Japan, approximately 85,398 wooden buildings are demolished annually, resulting in the generation of approximately 1,385,369 tons of construction waste wood.

[0103] Based on this data, the nationwide scale of construction waste wood generated from demolition is estimated to be approximately 1.38 million tons per year. Of this, 722,000 tons are reused, resulting in a low recycling rate of 52%. Construction waste wood has potential as a main raw material for soil improvement fibers.

[0104] Non-wood materials refer to plant-based or other materials that are not derived from wood and are used as raw materials for products such as paper, building materials, and textiles.

[0105] Non-wood resources are derived from plants and materials other than wood, and are mainly used as raw materials for paper, building materials, and textiles.

[0106] Kenaf, a non-wood pulp, is attracting attention due to its rapid growth and long fibers. Bamboo, used in Japan and China, has high-strength fibers. Bagasse is the residue left over from sorghum extraction and is used as a raw material for paper. Straw, the stalks of rice and wheat, has been used as a raw material for paper since ancient times.

[0107] In Japan, the utilization rate of non-wood pulp is said to be very low, at approximately 0.04% of the total. On the other hand, globally, non-wood pulp accounts for about 11% of total production, with approximately 80% of that being produced in China and India.

[0108] In developing countries, non-wood pulp accounts for a high proportion of papermaking raw materials; for example, it is 85% in China and 48% in India.

[0109] In contrast, the utilization rate of non-wood pulp is low in developed countries, at 0.3% in the United States and 2.2% in the United Kingdom.

[0110] In Japan, the use of non-wood resources such as kenaf is being considered from the perspective of environmental protection and resource diversification. However, challenges in terms of the stability of raw material supply, cost, and quality have prevented a significant shift away from wood pulp. This invention offers promising prospects for the use of non-wood resources.

[0111] Looking ahead to non-wood resources, demand is expected to increase from the perspective of sustainable resource utilization. The development of new processing technologies and improved supply chains could lead to even wider adoption of non-wood resources. Non-wood resources are important materials that complement forest resources and contribute to a sustainable society. Appropriate utilization of these resources can be expected to achieve both environmental protection and economic benefits.

[0112] Cellulose fibers are retained even when paper is recycled and reused in papermaking. However, with each recycling cycle, the cellulose fibers shorten, reducing their strength and quality. Nevertheless, reusable cellulose can continue to be used in many applications.

[0113] When wood, non-wood materials, and paper are broken down by reactive oxygen species under controlled conditions, their cellulose and lignin are decomposed, losing their original structural function. However, the decomposition products contribute to improved microbial activity and humus formation, playing a new role. This process activates the soil's nutrient cycle, improves its physical properties, and plays a significant role in soil environment restoration in agriculture, home gardens, and organic farms.

[0114] Cellulose and lignin are organic materials derived from wood and non-wood sources. Even after being subjected to decomposition conditions induced by reactive oxygen species, they are further broken down by microorganisms and fungi. As a result, the organic matter is incorporated into the soil, gradually supplying nutrients, and microbial activity is stimulated, improving soil health.

[0115] Lignin remains in the soil for a long period even after decomposition by reactive oxygen species, playing a role in stabilizing the soil structure. This effect prevents the soil from compacting, maintaining aeration and water retention suitable for root growth. Meanwhile, humus produced by the decomposition of cellulose forms a granular soil structure, similarly improving water retention and aeration.

[0116] Furthermore, cellulose and lignin are important carbon sources for soil microorganisms. Their decomposition provides energy to the microorganisms, resulting in the release of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus into the soil in a form easily utilized by crops. Additionally, because lignin decomposes slowly, it provides nutrients to the soil sustainably, rather than rapidly like fertilizers.

[0117] Lignin decomposes easily in acidic soils, and in the decomposition process, it contributes, albeit in small amounts, to the soil's pH buffering capacity. This appropriately adjusts the soil environment, maintaining conditions suitable for crop growth.

[0118] Rather than simply being broken down and disappearing, the decomposition of cellulose and lignin under conditions induced by reactive oxygen species plays a crucial role in maintaining and improving soil fertility and stability over the long term.

[0119] This invention demonstrates that when cellulose and lignin are decomposed under conditions induced by reactive oxygen species, their original structural function is lost. However, the decomposition products acquire new roles, such as improving microbial activity and forming humus. This improves the soil's nutrient cycle and physical properties, opening up many possibilities for soil environment restoration in agriculture, home gardens, and organic gardens.

[0120] As described above, this invention relates to wood and non-wood materials containing cellulose and lignin, as well as paper, which are plant-derived organic materials. Wood and non-wood materials are chipped, and paper materials are cut into shredded pieces. Decomposition conditions for each are set to activate oxygen, with a temperature of 30-100°C (an appropriate temperature that does not excessively accelerate decomposition), a reaction time of 30 minutes to 5 hours (a short time to retain the product), and an oxygen supply adjusted to a low concentration. The oxygen supply is then stopped to interrupt the reaction, the product is recovered, the liquid portion is separated and concentrated, and the organic matter in the solid portion is dried to less than 20%, and these are then crushed into fibers. Microorganisms and fungi are blended with these crushed fibers to obtain a soil improvement fiber raw material. This can reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer used and contribute to a resource-recycling society, and can contribute to soil improvement in the agricultural sector, home gardens, and organic gardens. The invention also provides this soil improvement fiber raw material, its manufacturing method, formulations produced using this raw material, and methods of use.

[0121] As shown in Figure 1, the manufacturing process is explained in numerical order. "▲1▼" is construction waste, non-wood, and paper. "▲2▼" is when the construction waste (excluding impurities and metals) and non-wood are chipped, and the paper is cut into shredded pieces. "▲3▼" is when the conditions for the decomposition of reactive oxygen species are set, the temperature is 30~100℃ (an appropriate temperature that does not accelerate decomposition too much), the reaction time is 30 minutes~5 hours (to maintain the product in a short time), the oxygen supply is adjusted to a low concentration, the oxygen supply is stopped, the reaction is interrupted, the product is recovered, the liquid part is separated and concentrated, and the organic matter of the solid part is obtained from the reactive oxygen organic decomposition apparatus. "▲4▼" is when the material is dried to 20% or less and turned into pulverized fibers.

[0122] "▲5▼" involves drying decomposed cellulose and lignin to less than 20%, then crushing them for use as livestock feed. "▲6▼" involves blending in microorganisms and fungi. "▲7▼" involves crushing into fibers. "▲8▼" involves blending the finished soil improvement fiber raw material with powdered fibers. "▲9▼" is used as earthworm feed or as breeding soil for earthworms and insects. "▲10▼" is used in home gardens and organic gardens. "▲11▼" is used in the agricultural sector.

[0123] Microorganisms and fungi in the soil play an extremely important role in soil improvement and plant growth. This article describes the functions of each and the vegetables that are suitable for them.

[0124] Microorganisms mainly include bacteria, actinomycetes, and protozoa, which are responsible for decomposing organic matter and cycling nutrients in the soil, making them suitable for a wide range of common crops and root vegetables (such as potatoes and carrots). Fungi include molds, yeasts, and mushrooms, which contribute to the decomposition of organic matter and the improvement of soil structure.

[0125] Microorganisms in the soil decompose organic matter such as fallen leaves, animal and plant remains, and excrement, converting it into a form (nutrients) that plants can use.

[0126] Cellulose-degrading bacteria break down cellulose into sugars, making them suitable for compost production and humus generation, while nitrifying bacteria convert nitrogen compounds into ammonia and nitrate, making them suitable for a wide range of common crops.

[0127] To promote the nitrogen cycle, rhizobia (Rhizobium spp.) and Azotobacter convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form usable by plants, making them suitable for legumes (soybeans, peas), corn, wheat, and other similar plants.

[0128] Nitrifying bacteria are responsible for the process of converting ammonia to nitrate, and some microorganisms convert nitrate back into nitrogen gas, regulating excess nitrogen, making it suitable for a wide range of common crops.

[0129] Certain bacteria (such as Bacillus subtilis) secrete antimicrobial substances that suppress pathogenic bacteria in the soil. This promotes "biological control," which protects plant health.

[0130] Some microorganisms produce plant hormones such as auxins and gibberellins, which promote root growth and contribute to the production of other plant hormones.

[0131] When microorganisms decompose organic matter, the decomposition products bind soil particles together, forming a granular structure. This granular structure improves soil structure by enhancing water retention and aeration.

[0132] Algae are specialized in breaking down lignin and cellulose and are suitable for composting processes; white rot fungi break down lignin and are suitable for woody waste treatment; and black rot fungi break down cellulose and starch and are suitable for grains (wheat, rice, etc.).

[0133] The decomposition products of organic matter produced by fungal decomposition activities help in the formation of humus, increasing soil fertility and promoting humus formation.

[0134] Trichoderma fungi (Trichoderma spp.) suppress soilborne pathogens (such as Fusarium) and are suitable for fruit and vegetable crops such as tomatoes and cucumbers. They protect crop roots, create a soil environment resistant to diseases, and suppress soilborne pathogens.

[0135] Mycorrhizal fungi (Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi) live symbiotically with plant roots, efficiently absorbing phosphorus and water from the soil, making them suitable for a wide range of crops (especially fruit trees). They improve the drought tolerance and disease resistance of plants, thus fostering a symbiotic relationship with Mycorrhizal fungi.

[0136] Nitrogen-fixing bacteria fix nitrogen from the atmosphere and supply it to plants, making them suitable for legumes, while ammonia-oxidizing bacteria convert ammonia into nitrites and nitrates, making them suitable for a wide range of common crops.

[0137] Phosphating bacteria dissolve phosphorus in the soil and convert it into a form that plants can use, making them suitable for grasses and fruit and vegetable crops. Viruses are used to control specific diseases and pests (biocontrol), making them suitable for specific applications (e.g., pest control).

[0138] Bacillus bacteria suppress pathogenic bacteria in the soil and secrete growth-promoting substances, making them suitable for all kinds of vegetables (lettuce, cabbage, etc.), while photosynthetic bacteria decompose organic matter, supply nutrients and oxygen, making them suitable for rice and greenhouse crops.

[0139] Cellulose-degrading bacteria break down cellulose into sugars, making them suitable for composting and humus production, while yeasts decompose organic matter through fermentation and provide nutrients, making them suitable for all types of vegetables.

[0140] Lactic acid bacteria suppress pathogenic bacteria and stabilize soil pH, making them suitable for fruit and vegetable crops such as tomatoes and cucumbers. Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) perform photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation, making them suitable for rice paddies and plants around aquaculture farms.

[0141] Fungal hyphae bind soil particles together, forming a granular structure. This prevents soil erosion, maintains a sustainable soil environment, and stabilizes the soil structure.

[0142] Microorganisms utilize the organic matter decomposed by fungi, further decomposing it and creating a nutrient cycle. Furthermore, while fungi suppress soil-borne diseases, microorganisms maintain a balance and suppress pathogenic bacteria. In short, microorganisms and fungi work together to form humus and aggregate structures, improving the physical properties of the soil through their interactions.

[0143] Microorganisms and fungi break down nutrients that are easily absorbed by plants, supporting root growth. They also promote root growth through hormone production and phosphate supply. By supplying moisture and improving soil conditions, they strengthen plants' resistance to drought and salt damage.

[0144] Figure 2 is a list of names, functions, and crops for which microorganisms and fungi can be artificially produced. All of the listed microorganisms and fungi are characterized by being incorporated into soil improvement fiber raw materials, one or more of them.

[0145] Artificially produced microorganisms and fungi play a crucial role in soil improvement and plant growth. Their main functions include nutrient supply through organic matter decomposition, soil structure improvement, disease control, and efficient nutrient absorption through symbiosis with plants. By utilizing these activities, it becomes possible to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and improve soil in sustainable agriculture, home gardens, and organic farms.

[0146] The applicant had previously filed a patent application (filed November 18, 2024, reference number: CELL-LIG) for a powdered fiber raw material that has a soil improvement effect due to the action of cellulose and lignin contained in paper (recycled paper), as well as a method for producing the same, a method for blending the same, and a method for using the same.

[0147] This powder fiber raw material is characterized by dissolving, drying, and pulverizing fragments of recycled paper containing cellulose and lignin, which are plant-derived organic materials made from wood pulp and non-wood, to obtain powder fibers.

[0148] The method for producing this powder fiber raw material involves cutting recycled paper resources, which are paper fibers produced from wood pulp and non-wood pulp, into shredded pieces; boiling the shredded pieces; putting the boiled shredded pieces into a rotary motor, adding water, and rotating them to dissolve them; separating the water from the dissolved material; dehydrating the dissolved material to remove water and inks, drying it to a moisture content of 10% or less; and pulverizing the dried dissolved material to obtain the powder fiber raw material.

[0149] There is a significant difference between the soil-improving effects of powdered fiber raw materials, which benefit from the action of cellulose and lignin contained in these paper products (recycled paper), and the soil-improving effects of wood, non-wood, and paper products containing cellulose and lignin after organic decomposition by reactive oxygen species.

[0150] The cellulose contained in powdered fibers is quickly decomposed by microorganisms, while the lignin contained in powdered fibers is difficult to decompose.

[0151] The cellulose and lignin contained in powdered fibers have short-term effects, such as reducing nitrogen deficiency and providing a stable effect, and long-term effects, such as promoting granular structure formation and soil stabilization.

[0152] The cellulose and lignin contained in powdered fibers significantly improve soil structure due to the effects of lignin.

[0153] The cellulose and lignin contained in the powdered fibers are expected to have a disease-suppressing effect due to the decomposition products of lignin, and have a stable growth-promoting effect on plants from the early stages.

[0154] In improving the physical properties of soil through organic decomposition of wood, non-wood, and paper containing cellulose and lignin under controlled conditions of reactive oxygen species, this process promotes long-term improvements in aeration and water retention through the formation of aggregate structures, and also provides a readily available and long-term carbon source through monosaccharides and low-molecular-weight compounds.

[0155] After decomposition under controlled conditions for reactive oxygen species, the entire microbial community becomes activated, promoting microbial activity and improving biodiversity.

[0156] After decomposition under controlled conditions for reactive oxygen species, nitrogen and phosphorus are gradually released and readily absorbed by plants during nutrient supply.

[0157] After decomposition under controlled conditions for reactive oxygen species, the lignin degradation products exhibit a sustained effect in terms of humic substance formation, and also have an inhibitory effect on disease control due to phenols.

[0158] By controlling the conditions for the decomposition of reactive oxygen species, decomposing cellulose and lignin yields both short-term effects (nutrient supply and microbial activation) and long-term effects (aggregate structure formation and sustained soil improvement). In particular, the role of the decomposed cellulose is extremely beneficial when long-term soil management is emphasized, such as in agriculture and home gardens.

[0159] This product is characterized by being formulated with one or more of the following: superphosphate of lime (superphosphate), ammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, high-grade compound fertilizer (14-14-14), and All-14.

[0160] Therefore, by combining powdered fiber raw materials with soil-improving fiber raw materials after decomposition under specific conditions for reactive oxygen species decomposition, the two sets together provide even greater functional effects.

Claims

1. A method for utilizing soil improvement fiber raw materials, characterized in that the soil decomposition effect of cellulose and lignin can serve as a substitute for superphosphate (superphosphate), ammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, high-grade compound fertilizer (14-14-14), and All-14.

2. A method for utilizing soil improvement fiber raw materials, characterized by blending one or more of the following: superphosphate of lime (superphosphate), ammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, high-grade compound fertilizer (14-14-14), and All-14.

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