Animal treatment for animal oral hygiene

Abstract

This application relates to a material with a calcium carbonate content exceeding 95% (w / w) and a specific surface area (SSA) of approximately 2.70 to 3.1 m². 2 This invention describes an edible composition for animal oral hygiene comprising a dental abrasive containing treated aragonite calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles in a quantity of / g, which are effectively treated under weakly acidic conditions, pregelatinized starch, a plasticizer, and a binder. A method for washing the mouth of an animal with the edible composition and a method for producing the edible composition of the present invention are also described.

Description

[Background technology]

[0001] (Cross-reference of related applications) This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 525,171, filed on 6 July 2023, the specification of which, in whole, is incorporated herein by attribution.

[0002] (background) (a) field The disclosed subject matter generally relates to edible compositions for animal oral hygiene and methods for producing the same. More specifically, the disclosed subject matter relates to edible compositions for animal oral hygiene comprising treated aragonite particles.

[0003] (b) Related prior art Animals such as dogs and cats are susceptible to a variety of dental health problems, including bad breath, gum irritation, plaque and tartar formation, and tooth discoloration. Plaque is characterized as a biofilm composed of bacteria and other components that adheres firmly to teeth and, once formed, is not easily washed away. Tartar (or dental calculus) arises from the thickening and hardening (calcification) of plaque. Tartar that accumulates on teeth can cause inflammation of the gums and lead to gingivitis. Removing tartar is extremely difficult and is typically done by mechanical means, such as physically scraping off the formed tartar with abrasives.

[0004] A wide variety of commercially available products are available to address pet dental and oral hygiene. Many of these products are rawhide pieces in various forms and shapes, or pieces of rope with knots at their ends to resemble bone. Another example of products designed to treat pet dental and oral hygiene is edible treats that can be given to animals daily. These products are typically hard in texture and come in various sizes, shapes, and designs, such as toothbrushes or dog bones. Generally, it is desirable for animals to chew on dental products for as long as possible (ideally several minutes). The longer the chewing time, the better the expected teeth cleaning, as the mechanical action of the product scrapes away tartar and plaque from the teeth. Furthermore, animal foods for pet dental and oral hygiene generally help to reduce plaque and tartar formation, partly due to the shape of the product, which includes ridges, sharp edges, and other three-dimensional features, as well as the hardness of the product, which causes physical and mechanical action on the teeth of the animal chewing on the product.

[0005] This specification evaluates the efficacy of edible compositions for animal oral hygiene that include specific preparations of aragonite calcium carbonate (CaCO3) treated as an abrasive. [Overview of the project]

[0006] According to one embodiment, a) A dental abrasive with a concentration of approximately 1% to approximately 20% w / w • Calcium carbonate content exceeds 95% (w / w), and specific surface area (SSA) is approximately 2.70 to 3.1 m². 2 Treated aragonite calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles in a quantity of / g, which are effectively treated under weakly acidic conditions. Dental polishing agents containing; b) Pregelatinized starch at approximately 15% to 40% w / w; c) Plasticizers in an amount of approximately 11% to 45% w / w; and d) Binder at approximately 0.5% to 5% w / w The present invention provides an edible composition for animal oral hygiene, which includes [specific ingredient / method].

[0007] The particle size of the treated aragonite calcium carbonate particles can range from approximately 25 μm to approximately 70 μm.

[0008] The calcium carbonate content can be approximately 95% to 99.9% (w / w).

[0009] The specific surface area of ​​the particle is approximately 2.80 m². 2 / g ~ approximately 2.9m 2 It could be / g

[0010] The specific surface area of ​​the particle is approximately 2.9 m². 2 It could be / g

[0011] Treated aragonite calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles may originate from plant-derived aragonite.

[0012] Plant-derived aragonite can be oocyte-like aragonite.

[0013] The crystallinity of treated aragonite calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles can be approximately 24% to 28%.

[0014] The crystallinity of treated aragonite calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles can be approximately 26%.

[0015] The plasticizer may include water, glycerin, polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol, triacetin, tributyl citrate, triethyl citrate, tributyl acetylcitrate, triethyl acetylcitrate, diethyl phthalate, acetic acid, formic acid, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, ethanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 1-pentanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, ethyl acetate, ethyl formate, isopropyl acetate, methyl acetate, propyl acetate, anisole, tert-butyl methyl ether, ethyl ether, cumene, heptane, pentane, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, dimethyl sulfoxide, castor oil, propylene glycol, diacetylated monoglyceride, sorbitol, sorbitan, dibutyl sebacate, or a combination thereof.

[0016] The plasticizer may be water, glycerin, or a combination thereof.

[0017] The binder may include cellulose, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, starch, sucrose, mannitol, polyethylene glycol, liquid glucose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, acacia gum, xanthan gum, locust bean gum, chitosan, dextran, guar gum, inulin, dextrin, maltodextrin, polyethylene oxide, sodium alginate, zein, carrageenan, or a combination thereof.

[0018] The binder may be xanthan gum.

[0019] The alpha starch may be partially alpha starch, fully alpha starch, or a combination thereof.

[0020] The alpha starch may be fully alpha starch.

[0021] The pre-gelatinized starch can be derived from potato starch, corn starch, rice starch, wheat starch, cassava starch, or a combination thereof.

[0022] The edible composition of the present invention may further contain a lubricant.

[0023] The lubricant can be about 1% to about 15% w / w of the composition.

[0024] The lubricant can be magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, purified talc, light PEG, sodium stearyl fumarate, sodium lauryl sulfate, long-chain triglyceride (LCT), medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), short-chain triglyceride (SCT), or a combination thereof.

[0025] The lubricant can be magnesium stearate, medium-chain triglyceride, or a combination thereof.

[0026] The edible composition of the present invention may further contain a para-tantalum.

[0027] The para-tantalum can be a meat flavor, chicken flavor, beef flavor, pork flavor, cheese flavor, smoke flavor, fish flavor, sweetener, or a combination thereof.

[0028] The para-tantalum can be about 10% to about 30% w / w of the composition.

[0029] The edible composition of the present invention may further contain a preservative.

[0030] The preservatives may include sorbic acid, sodium sorbate, potassium sorbate, benzoic acid, ammonium benzoate, calcium benzoate, magnesium benzoate, potassium benzoate, sodium benzoate, lactic acid, propionic acid or its salts, phosphoric acid, ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, citric acid, trisodium citrate, tripotassium citrate, tartaric acid, disodium EDTA, butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole, gallic acid, sodium gallate, sulfur dioxide, sulfites, tocopherol, and combinations thereof.

[0031] The preservative may be present in a composition of approximately 0.2% to 5% w / w.

[0032] composition, a) Dental abrasive with approximately 12% w / w; b) Pregelatinized starch at approximately 31.85% w / w; c) A plasticizer comprising approximately 29% w / w, including water and glycerin; d) A binder containing xanthan gum, with a concentration of approximately 2% w / w; e) A lubricant containing approximately 4.5% w / w, comprising magnesium stearate and medium-chain triglycerides; f) Approximately 20% w / w flavoring; and g) A preservative containing approximately 0.65% w / w, comprising citric acid, potassium sorbate, and tocopherol. It may include.

[0033] The palatability of the food composition may be equivalent to or higher than that of a standard animal diet.

[0034] According to another embodiment, a treat is provided that is manufactured from the edible composition of the present invention.

[0035] Snacks can take the form of a long, slender rectangular prism.

[0036] A slender prism can be a triangular prism, a square prism, a rectangular prism, a pentagonal prism, a hexagonal prism, a heptagonal prism, an octagonal prism, a nonagonal prism, or a decagonal prism.

[0037] The longitudinal sides of the elongated prism may further include grooves.

[0038] The sides of the cross-section of the elongated rectangular prism may further include grooves.

[0039] A slender rectangular prism can be a pentagonal prism with grooves on each of its longitudinal sides.

[0040] Another embodiment provides for the use of the edible composition or snack of the present invention for oral hygiene.

[0041] According to another embodiment, the use of the edible composition or snack of the present invention is provided for the removal of tartar, the prevention of tartar formation, or a combination thereof.

[0042] Another embodiment provides a method for cleaning the oral cavity of an animal that requires oral cleaning, comprising providing the animal with the edible composition of the present invention or the treat of the present invention.

[0043] Another embodiment provides a method for preventing or removing tartar formation in the oral cavity of an animal requiring prevention or removal of tartar formation, the method comprising providing the animal with the edible composition or treat of the present invention.

[0044] According to another embodiment, the edible composition is used or provided once or twice a day or once every two days or more.

[0045] According to one embodiment, the use or method of the present invention may include brushing with toothpaste before or after using the food composition.

[0046] According to another embodiment, a method for producing an edible composition for oral hygiene of animals, 1) As a drying component, a) A dental abrasive in an amount of approximately 1% to approximately 20% w / w of the total weight of the composition, • Calcium carbonate content exceeds 95% (w / w), and specific surface area (SSA) is approximately 2.70 to 3.1 m². 2 Treated aragonite calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles in a quantity of / g, which are effectively treated under weakly acidic conditions. Dental polishing agents containing; b) Pregelatinized starch in an amount of approximately 15% to 40% w / w of the total weight of the composition; c) Parathant in an amount of approximately 10% to 30% w / w of the total weight of the composition; d) A lubricant in an amount of approximately 0.5% to approximately 5% w / w of the total weight of the composition; e) A binder in an amount of about 0.5% to about 5% w / w of the total weight of the composition; and f) A primary preservative in an amount of approximately 0.01% to approximately 1% w / w of the total weight of the composition. The present invention provides a method comprising the step of mixing to obtain a first mixture.

[0047] Method, Step 1) before Step 1': 1') A process of sieving the dried components to remove clumps. This may further include:

[0048] The method of the present invention involves step 2): 2) A step to obtain a first dough mixture by mixing a first mixture with an aqueous solution containing a plasticizer, which is about 1% to about 10% w / w of the total weight of the composition, and a second preservative, which is about 0.1% to about 2% w / w of the total weight of the composition. This may further include:

[0049] The method is as follows: Step 3) 3) A step to obtain a fourth second dough-like mixture by mixing a humectant containing glycerin in an amount of approximately 10% to approximately 35% w / w of the total weight of the composition into the first dough-like mixture. This may further include:

[0050] The method is as follows (step 4) 4) A step of mixing a first oily mixture containing medium-chain triglycerides and tocopherols into a second dough-like mixture to obtain a third dough-like mixture. This may further include:

[0051] The method is as follows (step 5): 5) Step of extruding and / or shaping the third dough-like mixture into snacks. This may further include:

[0052] The method is curing process 6): 6) The process of hardening the treat for at least 8 weeks to obtain a textured and hardened treat. This may further include:

[0053] The following terms are defined below.

[0054] The term "oolitic aragonite" refers to an egg-like shape (the word "oolitic" comes from the ancient Greek word for "egg"). This term is intended to mean aragonite, a calcium carbonate mineral that is granular and sand-grain sized (derived from JPEG2026525274000001.jpg7160). This type or aragonite mineral is typically formed in tropical waters by precipitation, sedimentation, and microbial activity, indicating a high-energy environment. Ooogenic aragonite is formed in turbulent, shallow, warm, and highly saline waters. Ooogenic aragonite begins to form around a calcium carbonate nucleus such as a peroid, shell fragment, or foraminifera. The nucleus is covered with a thin layer of crystalline carbonate, forming the ooid's outer layer. Compared to other types of sand formation involving the weathering and erosion of larger rocks by turbulent water, oogenic aragonite sand is formed by dissolved calcium carbonate binding to the ooid's outer layer or nucleus. The dissolved calcium carbonate in seawater continues to adhere to the outer layer, combining with high-velocity water to form a smooth, granular shape, resulting in ooid composed of aragonite. Biomineralization, including microbial organic matter, also appears to play an important role in the formation of oocytes.

[0055] The term "bad breath" is intended to refer to an oral hygiene problem whose primary symptom is foul-smelling breath.

[0056] The term "gingivitis" is intended to refer to a non-destructive disease that causes inflammation of the gums. The most common form of gingivitis, and the most common form of periodontitis as a whole, is a response to bacterial biofilm (also called plaque) that adheres to the surface of the teeth, and is called plaque-induced gingivitis. Most forms of gingivitis are plaque-induced. Some cases of gingivitis do not progress to periodontitis, but periodontitis always precedes gingivitis. Gingivitis is reversible with good oral hygiene, but without treatment, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, in which inflammation of the gums leads to tissue destruction and bone loss around the teeth. Periodontitis can ultimately lead to tooth loss.

[0057] The term "plaque" or "dental plaque" refers to a biofilm of microorganisms (mostly bacteria, but also fungi) that grow on the surface of the mouth. Initially a sticky, colorless deposit, it often turns brown or pale yellow when it forms calculus. It is commonly found between teeth, on the front and back of teeth, on the chewing surface, along the gingival margin (supragingival), or below the gingival neck (subgingival). Plaque is also known as microbial plaque, oral biofilm, dental biofilm, plaque biofilm, or bacterial plaque biofilm. Bacterial plaque is one of the main causes of tooth decay and gingival disease.

[0058] The term "dental calculus" or "tartar" is intended to mean calcified plaque. Because tartar is porous, it can absorb various toxic chemicals, food debris, and bacteria that can damage periodontal tissue. Tartar is composed of calcium phosphate crystals, which are formed when calcium and phosphate combine to form calcium phosphate crystals.

[0059] Oral hygiene is important because tooth biofilm can become acidic, leading to demineralization of teeth (also known as cavities) or hardening into dental calculus (also known as tartar). Dental calculus cannot be removed by brushing or using interdental aids and can only be removed by professional cleaning.

[0060] The term “animal” is intended to mean any animal having a mouth with teeth that are easily treated with the edible composition of the present invention, in particular animals that are prone to the accumulation of oral tartar. For example, animals may include livestock, such as rabbits, hamsters, guinea pigs, gerbils, rats, mice, ferrets, and chinchillas, but may particularly include pets, such as dogs and cats. According to another embodiment, livestock may also include livestock with teeth, such as cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, horses, and donkeys. According to yet another embodiment, the edible composition of the present invention may also be used by any other type of animal with teeth, such as zoo animals, such as lions, tigers, bears, pandas, and foxes.

[0061] The term "palatability" is intended to mean the fact or quality of whether an edible composition is acceptable or pleasing to the taste of the animal consuming it. For example, it may refer to tasteness or any other way the edible composition is acceptable. Palatability can be defined as "the hedonic evaluation of oral sensory food cues under standardized conditions." Taste, smell, appearance, texture, temperature, sound, and trigeminal sensation, together forming flavor, are sensory characteristics of food that people use to evaluate palatability.

[0062] The term "toothpaste" is intended to mean a paste used with a toothbrush to clean teeth. Toothpaste, as known in the art, is typically a thick, creamy, semi-solid material intended to remove naturally occurring deposits from teeth and is intended to be used in conjunction with a toothbrush. According to some embodiments, toothpaste may be toothpaste specifically designed for use with animals such as dogs (i.e., dog toothpaste) and may contain ingredients suitable for use with said animal species.

[0063] The features and advantages of the subject matter of this application will become more apparent in light of the following detailed description of the selected embodiments shown in the accompanying drawings. As should be understood, all disclosed and claimed subject matter is modifiable in various ways without departing from the scope of the claims. Therefore, the drawings and description should be considered illustrative and not restrictive, and the entire scope of the subject matter is described in the claims. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0064] Further features and advantages of this disclosure will be revealed in the following detailed description in conjunction with the attached drawings.

[0065] [Figure 1] Figure 1 is a flowchart showing the process for manufacturing snacks based on the edible composition for oral hygiene according to the present invention.

[0066] [Figure 2] Figure 2 shows the shape of a snack according to one embodiment of the present invention. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0067] All publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein are expressly incorporated herein by attribution for the purposes of this specification.

[0068] Before describing the present invention in detail, some terms are defined. In this specification, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0069] Terms such as “preferably,” “generally,” and “typically” are not used herein to limit the scope of the claimed invention or to imply that certain features are critical, essential, or even more important to the structure or function of the claimed invention. Rather, these terms are merely intended to highlight other or additional features that may or may not be used in certain embodiments of the invention.

[0070] For the purpose of describing and defining the present invention, the term “substantially” is used herein to describe the degree of inherent uncertainty that may arise from any quantitative comparison, value, measurement, or other expression. The term “substantially” is also used herein to describe the extent to which a quantitative expression may deviate from a given standard without resulting in a change in the fundamental function of the subject matter in question.

[0071] Dental calculus is calcified plaque that, being porous, can absorb various toxic chemicals, food residues, and bacteria that can damage periodontal tissues. Therefore, the removal of dental calculus is crucial for maintaining proper periodontal health in mammals. Consequently, there is considerable interest in developing and implementing approaches to facilitate the dental calculus removal process in humans and animals. Currently, the only viable method for removing dental calculus is mechanical removal through scaling in dental clinics (for humans) and veterinary clinics (for animals). Dental calculus is composed of calcium phosphate crystals, which are formed when calcium and phosphate combine to form calcium phosphate crystals.

[0072] In one embodiment, an edible composition for animal oral hygiene is disclosed. In particular, the edible composition of the present invention is unexpectedly effective in preventing tartar formation when ingested. The edible composition has a calcium carbonate content of over 95% (w / w) and a specific surface area (SSA) of approximately 2.70 to approximately 3.1 m². 2 The dental abrasive contains approximately 1% to 20% w / w of treated aragonite calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles at a concentration of / g. The treated aragonite calcium carbonate particles are effectively treated under weakly acidic conditions. The composition of the present invention also contains approximately 15% to 40% w / w of pregelatinized starch, approximately 11% to 45% w / w of plasticizer, and approximately 0.5% to 5% w / w of binder.

[0073] Aragonite is a carbonate mineral that is one of two common naturally occurring crystalline forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), the other being the mineral calcite. It is formed by biological and physical processes, including precipitation from marine and freshwater environments.

[0074] Unlike that of calcite, aragonite exhibits a different crystal structure: an orthorhombic system with acicular crystals. Repeated twinning yields a pseudohexagonal form. Aragonite can be columnar or fibrous, and sometimes, due to its association with ore from the Carinthian iron mines, it takes the branched stalactite form known as flos-ferri ("iron flower").

[0075] Aragonite forms naturally in the shells of almost all mollusks, as well as in the calcareous endoskeleton of warm-water and cold-water corals (Scleractinia). Some serpulids have aragonite tubes. Because mineral deposition in mollusk shells is strongly biologically controlled, some crystalline forms are distinctly different from inorganic aragonite. In some mollusks, the entire shell is aragonite, while in others, aragonite forms only separate parts of a two-mineral shell (aragonite and calcite). Aragonite also forms in the ocean and caves as inorganic precipitates called marine cement and cave products (speleothem), respectively. The nacre of some extinct ammonite aragonite fossil shells forms an iridescent substance called ammolite. Ammolite is primarily aragonite containing impurities, which gives it its iridescence and makes it valuable as a gemstone.

[0076] According to one embodiment, aragonite calcium carbonate (CaCO3) can be of any suitable origin that can provide treated aragonite calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles. In one embodiment, aragonite calcium carbonate may be of animal origin, such as cuttlefish or shellfish. According to another embodiment, aragonite calcium carbonate may be of inorganic origin, such as aragonite formed as a precipitate in the ocean or caves. According to yet another embodiment, aragonite calcium carbonate may be of plant origin, such as oolitic origin. In a preferred embodiment, aragonite calcium carbonate and treated aragonite calcium carbonate are chitin-free to avoid allergic reactions in individuals allergic to chitin. Since chitin is usually present in aragonite supplied from animal origin, aragonite derived from plant origin, such as oolitic origin, is preferred when the presence of chitin is to be avoided.

[0077] The treated aragonite calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles used in this invention have particle sizes of approximately 25 μm to approximately 70 μm, or approximately 26 μm to approximately 70 μm, or approximately 27 μm to approximately 70 μm, or approximately 28 μm to approximately 70 μm, or approximately 29 μm to approximately 70 μm, or approximately 30 μm to approximately 70 μm, or approximately 31 μm to approximately 70 μm, or approximately 32 μm to approximately 70 μm, or approximately 33 μm to approximately 70 μm, or approximately 34 μm to approximately 70 μm, or approximately 35 μm to approximately 70 μm, or approximately 36 μm to approximately 70 μm, or approximately 37 μm to approximately 70 μm, or approximately 38 μm to approximately 70 μm. 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65μm, or approximately 27μm~approximately 65μm, or approximately 28μm~approximately 65μm, or approximately 29μm~approximately 65μm, or approximately 30μm~approximately 65μm, or approximately 31μm~approximately 65μm, or approximately 32μm~approximately 65μm, or approximately 33μm~approximately 65μm, or approximately 34μm~approximately 65μm, or approximately 35μm~approximately 65μm, or approximately 36μm~approximately 65μm, or approximately 37μm~approximately 65μm, or approximately 38μm~approximately 65μm, Or approximately 39 μm to approximately 65 μm, or approximately 40 μm to approximately 65 μm, or approximately 41 μm to approximately 65 μm, or approximately 42 μm to approximately 65 μm, or approximately 43 μm to approximately 65 μm, or approximately 44 μm to approximately 65 μm, or approximately 45 μm to approximately 65 μm, or approximately 46 μm to approximately 65 μm, or approximately 47 μm to approximately 65 μm, or approximately 48 μm to approximately 65 μm, or approximately 49 μm to approximately 65 μm, or approximately 50 μm to approximately 65 μm, or approximately 51 μm to approximately 65 μm, or approximately 52 μm to approximately 65 μm, or approximately 53 μm to approximately 65 μm, or approximately 54 μm to approximately 65 μm, or approximately 55 μm m~approximately 65μm, or approximately 56μm~approximately 65μm, or approximately 57μm~approximately 65μm, or approximately 58μm~approximately 65μm, or approximately 59μm~approximately 65μm, or approximately 60μm~approximately 65μm, or approximately 61μm~approximately 65μm, or approximately 62μm~approximately 65μm, or approximately 63μm~approximately 65μm, or approximately 64μm~approximately 65μm, or approximately 25μm~approximately 64μm, or approximately 26μm~approximately 64μm, or approximately 27μm~approximately 64μm, or approximately 28μm~approximately 64μm, or approximately 29μm~approximately 64μm, or approximately 30μm~approximately 64μm, or approximately 31μm~approximately 64μm.Or approximately 32 μm to approximately 64 μm, or approximately 33 μm to approximately 64 μm, or approximately 34 μm to approximately 64 μm, or approximately 35 μm to approximately 64 μm, or approximately 36 μm to approximately 64 μm, or approximately 37 μm to approximately 64 μm, or approximately 38 μm to approximately 64 μm, or approximately 39 μm to approximately 64 μm, or approximately 40 μm to approximately 64 μm, or approximately 41 μm to approximately 64 μm, or approximately 42 μm to approximately 64 μm, or approximately 43 μm to approximately 64 μm, or approximately 44 μm to approximately 64 μm, or approximately 45 μm to approximately 64 μm, or approximately 46 μm to approximately 64 μm, or approximately 47 μm to approximately 64 μm, or approximately 48 μm m~approximately 64μm, or approximately 49μm~approximately 64μm, or approximately 50μm~approximately 64μm, or approximately 51μm~approximately 64μm, or approximately 52μm~approximately 64μm, or approximately 53μm~approximately 64μm, or approximately 54μm~approximately 64μm, or approximately 55μm~approximately 64μm, or approximately 56μm~approximately 64μm, or approximately 57μm~approximately 64μm, or approximately 58μm~approximately 64μm, or approximately 59μm~approximately 64μm, or approximately 60μm~approximately 64μm, or approximately 61μm~approximately 64μm, or approximately 62μm~approximately 64μm, or approximately 63μm~approximately 64μm, or approximately 25μm~approximately 63μm. Or approximately 26 μm to approximately 63 μm, or approximately 27 μm to approximately 63 μm, or approximately 28 μm to approximately 63 μm, or approximately 29 μm to approximately 63 μm, or approximately 30 μm to approximately 63 μm, or approximately 31 μm to approximately 63 μm, or approximately 32 μm to approximately 63 μm, or approximately 33 μm to approximately 63 μm, or approximately 34 μm to approximately 63 μm, or approximately 35 μm to approximately 63 μm, or approximately 36 μm to approximately 63 μm, or approximately 37 μm to approximately 63 μm, or approximately 38 μm to approximately 63 μm, or approximately 39 μm to approximately 63 μm, or approximately 40 μm to approximately 63 μm, or approximately 41 μm to approximately 63 μm, or approximately 42 μm m~approximately 63μm, or approximately 43μm~approximately 63μm, or approximately 44μm~approximately 63μm, or approximately 45μm~approximately 63μm, or approximately 46μm~approximately 63μm, or approximately 47μm~approximately 63μm, or approximately 48μm~approximately 63μm, or approximately 49μm~approximately 63μm, or approximately 50μm~approximately 63μm, or approximately 51μm~approximately 63μm, or approximately 52μm~approximately 63μm, or approximately 53μm~approximately 63μm, or approximately 54μm~approximately 63μm, or approximately 55μm~approximately 63μm, or approximately 56μm~approximately 63μm, or approximately 57μm~approximately 63μm, or approximately 58μm~approximately 63μmOr approximately 59 μm to approximately 63 μm, or approximately 60 μm to approximately 63 μm, or approximately 61 μm to approximately 63 μm, or approximately 62 μm to approximately 63 μm, or approximately 25 μm to approximately 62 μm, or approximately 26 μm to approximately 62 μm, or approximately 27 μm to approximately 62 μm, or approximately 28 μm to approximately 62 μm, or approximately 29 μm to approximately 62 μm, or approximately 30 μm to approximately 62 μm, or approximately 31 μm to approximately 62 μm, or approximately 32 μm to approximately 62 μm, or approximately 33 μm to approximately 62 μm, or approximately 34 μm to approximately 62 μm, or approximately 35 μm to approximately 62 μm, or approximately 36 μm to approximately 62 μm, or approximately 37 μm m~approximately 62μm, or approximately 38μm~approximately 62μm, or approximately 39μm~approximately 62μm, or approximately 40μm~approximately 62μm, or approximately 41μm~approximately 62μm, or approximately 42μm~approximately 62μm, or approximately 43μm~approximately 62μm, or approximately 44μm~approximately 62μm, or approximately 45μm~approximately 62μm, or approximately 46μm~approximately 62μm, or approximately 47μm~approximately 62μm, or approximately 48μm~approximately 62μm, or approximately 49μm~approximately 62μm, or approximately 50μm~approximately 62μm, or approximately 51μm~approximately 62μm, or approximately 52μm~approximately 62μm, or approximately 53μm~approximately 62μm, Or approximately 54 μm to approximately 62 μm, or approximately 55 μm to approximately 62 μm, or approximately 56 μm to approximately 62 μm, or approximately 57 μm to approximately 62 μm, or approximately 58 μm to approximately 62 μm, or approximately 59 μm to approximately 62 μm, or approximately 60 μm to approximately 62 μm, or approximately 61 μm to approximately 62 μm, or approximately 25 μm to approximately 61 μm, or approximately 26 μm to approximately 61 μm, or approximately 27 μm to approximately 61 μm, or approximately 28 μm to approximately 61 μm, or approximately 29 μm to approximately 61 μm, or approximately 30 μm to approximately 61 μm, or approximately 31 μm to approximately 61 μm, or approximately 32 μm to approximately 61 μm, or approximately 33 μm m~approximately 61μm, or approximately 34μm~approximately 61μm, or approximately 35μm~approximately 61μm, or approximately 36μm~approximately 61μm, or approximately 37μm~approximately 61μm, or approximately 38μm~approximately 61μm, or approximately 39μm~approximately 61μm, or approximately 40μm~approximately 61μm, or approximately 41μm~approximately 61μm, or approximately 42μm~approximately 61μm, or approximately 43μm~approximately 61μm, or approximately 44μm~approximately 61μm, or approximately 45μm~approximately 61μm, or approximately 46μm~approximately 61μm, or approximately 47μm~approximately 61μm, or approximately 48μm~approximately 61μm, or approximately 49μm~approximately 61μmOr approximately 50 μm to approximately 61 μm, or approximately 51 μm to approximately 61 μm, or approximately 52 μm to approximately 61 μm, or approximately 53 μm to approximately 61 μm, or approximately 54 μm to approximately 61 μm, or approximately 55 μm to approximately 61 μm, or approximately 56 μm to approximately 61 μm, or approximately 57 μm to approximately 61 μm, or approximately 58 μm to approximately 61 μm, or approximately 59 μm to approximately 61 μm, or approximately 60 μm to approximately 61 μm, or approximately 25 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 26 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 27 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 28 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 29 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 30 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 31 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 32 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 33 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 34 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 35 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 36 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 37 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 38 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 39 μm to approximately 60 μm, Or approximately 40 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 41 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 42 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 43 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 44 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 45 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 46 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 47 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 48 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 49 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 50 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 51 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 52 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 53 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 54 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 55 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 56 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 57 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 58 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 59 μm to approximately 60 μm, or approximately 25 μm to approximately 59 μm, or approximately 26 μm to approximately 59 μm, or approximately 27 μm to approximately 59 μm, or approximately 28 μm to approximately 59 μm, or approximately 29 μm to approximately 59 μm, or approximately 30 μm to approximately 59 μm, or approximately 31 μm to approximately 59 μm, or approximately 32 μm to approximately 59 μm, or approximately 33 μm to approximately 59 μm, or approximately 34 μm to approximately 59 μm, or approximately 35 μm to approximately 59 μm, or approximately 36 μm to approximately 59 μm, or approximately 37 μm to approximately 59 μm, or approximately 3 8μm to approximately 59μm, or approximately 39μm to approximately 59μm, or approximately 40μm to approximately 59μm, or approximately 41μm to approximately 59μm, or approximately 42μm to approximately 59μm, or approximately 43μm to approximately 59μm, or approximately 44μm to approximately 59μm, or approximately 45μm to approximately 59μm, or approximately 46μm to approximately 59μm, or approximately 47μm to approximately 59μm, or approximately 48μm to approximately 59μm, or approximately 49μm to approximately 59μm, or approximately 50μm to approximately 59μm, or approximately 51μm to approximately 59μm, or approximately 52μm to approximately 59μm, or approximately 53μm to approximately 59μm, or approximately 54μm to approximately 59μm,Or approximately 55 μm to 59 μm, or approximately 56 μm to 59 μm, or approximately 57 μm to 59 μm, or approximately 58 μm to 59 μm, or approximately 25 μm to 58 μm, or approximately 26 μm to 58 μm, or approximately 27 μm to 58 μm, or approximately 28 μm to 58 μm, or approximately 29 μm to 58 μm, or approximately 30 μm to 58 μm, or approximately 31 μm to 58 μm, or approximately 32 μm to 58 μm, or approximately 33 μm to 58 μm, or approximately 34 μm to 58 μm, or approximately 35 μm to 58 μm, or approximately 36 μm to 58 μm, or approximately 37 μm m~approximately 58μm, or approximately 38μm~approximately 58μm, or approximately 39μm~approximately 58μm, or approximately 40μm~approximately 58μm, or approximately 41μm~approximately 58μm, or approximately 42μm~approximately 58μm, or approximately 43μm~approximately 58μm, or approximately 44μm~approximately 58μm, or approximately 45μm~approximately 58μm, or approximately 46μm~approximately 58μm, or approximately 47μm~approximately 58μm, or approximately 48μm~approximately 58μm, or approximately 49μm~approximately 58μm, or approximately 50μm~approximately 58μm, or approximately 51μm~approximately 58μm, or approximately 52μm~approximately 58μm, or approximately 53μm~approximately 58μm, Or approximately 54 μm to approximately 58 μm, or approximately 55 μm to approximately 58 μm, or approximately 56 μm to approximately 58 μm, or approximately 57 μm to approximately 58 μm, or approximately 25 μm to approximately 57 μm, or approximately 26 μm to approximately 57 μm, or approximately 27 μm to approximately 57 μm, or approximately 28 μm to approximately 57 μm, or approximately 29 μm to approximately 57 μm, or approximately 30 μm to approximately 57 μm, or approximately 31 μm to approximately 57 μm, or approximately 32 μm to approximately 57 μm, or approximately 33 μm to approximately 57 μm, or approximately 34 μm to approximately 57 μm, or approximately 35 μm to approximately 57 μm, or approximately 36 μm to approximately 57 μm, or approximately 37 μm m~approximately 57μm, or approximately 38μm~approximately 57μm, or approximately 39μm~approximately 57μm, or approximately 40μm~approximately 57μm, or approximately 41μm~approximately 57μm, or approximately 42μm~approximately 57μm, or approximately 43μm~approximately 57μm, or approximately 44μm~approximately 57μm, or approximately 45μm~approximately 57μm, or approximately 46μm~approximately 57μm, or approximately 47μm~approximately 57μm, or approximately 48μm~approximately 57μm, or approximately 49μm~approximately 57μm, or approximately 50μm~approximately 57μm, or approximately 51μm~approximately 57μm, or approximately 52μm~approximately 57μm, or approximately 53μm~approximately 57μm,Or approximately 54 μm to approximately 57 μm, or approximately 55 μm to approximately 57 μm, or approximately 56 μm to approximately 57 μm, or approximately 25 μm to approximately 56 μm, or approximately 26 μm to approximately 56 μm, or approximately 27 μm to approximately 56 μm, or approximately 28 μm to approximately 56 μm, or approximately 29 μm to approximately 56 μm, or approximately 30 μm to approximately 56 μm, or approximately 31 μm to approximately 56 μm, or approximately 32 μm to approximately 56 μm, or approximately 33 μm to approximately 56 μm, or approximately 34 μm to approximately 56 μm, or approximately 35 μm to approximately 56 μm, or approximately 36 μm to approximately 56 μm, or approximately 37 μm to approximately 56 μm, or approximately 38 μm m~approximately 56μm, or approximately 39μm~approximately 56μm, or approximately 40μm~approximately 56μm, or approximately 41μm~approximately 56μm, or approximately 42μm~approximately 56μm, or approximately 43μm~approximately 56μm, or approximately 44μm~approximately 56μm, or approximately 45μm~approximately 56μm, or approximately 46μm~approximately 56μm, or approximately 47μm~approximately 56μm, or approximately 48μm~approximately 56μm, or approximately 49μm~approximately 56μm, or approximately 50μm~approximately 56μm, or approximately 51μm~approximately 56μm, or approximately 52μm~approximately 56μm, or approximately 53μm~approximately 56μm, or approximately 54μm~approximately 56μm, Or approximately 55 μm to 56 μm, or approximately 25 μm to 55 μm, or approximately 26 μm to 55 μm, or approximately 27 μm to 55 μm, or approximately 28 μm to 55 μm, or approximately 29 μm to 55 μm, or approximately 30 μm to 55 μm, or approximately 31 μm to 55 μm, or approximately 32 μm to 55 μm, or approximately 33 μm to 55 μm, or approximately 34 μm to 55 μm, or approximately 35 μm to 55 μm, or approximately 36 μm to 55 μm, or approximately 37 μm to 55 μm, or approximately 38 μm to 55 μm, or approximately 39 μm to 55 μm, or approximately 40 μm m~approximately 55μm, or approximately 41μm~approximately 55μm, or approximately 42μm~approximately 55μm, or approximately 43μm~approximately 55μm, or approximately 44μm~approximately 55μm, or approximately 45μm~approximately 55μm, or approximately 46μm~approximately 55μm, or approximately 47μm~approximately 55μm, or approximately 48μm~approximately 55μm, or approximately 49μm~approximately 55μm, or approximately 50μm~approximately 55μm, or approximately 51μm~approximately 55μm, or approximately 52μm~approximately 55μm, or approximately 53μm~approximately 55μm, or approximately 54μm~approximately 55μm, or approximately 25μm~approximately 54μm, or approximately 26μm~approximately 54μm,Or approximately 27 μm to approximately 54 μm, or approximately 28 μm to approximately 54 μm, or approximately 29 μm to approximately 54 μm, or approximately 30 μm to approximately 54 μm, or approximately 31 μm to approximately 54 μm, or approximately 32 μm to approximately 54 μm, or approximately 33 μm to approximately 54 μm, or approximately 34 μm to approximately 54 μm, or approximately 35 μm to approximately 54 μm, or approximately 36 μm to approximately 54 μm, or approximately 37 μm to approximately 54 μm, or approximately 38 μm to approximately 54 μm, or approximately 39 μm to approximately 54 μm, or approximately 40 μm to approximately 54 μm, or approximately 41 μm to approximately 54 μm, or approximately 42 μm to approximately 54 μm, or approximately 43 μm m~approximately 54μm, or approximately 44μm~approximately 54μm, or approximately 45μm~approximately 54μm, or approximately 46μm~approximately 54μm, or approximately 47μm~approximately 54μm, or approximately 48μm~approximately 54μm, or approximately 49μm~approximately 54μm, or approximately 50μm~approximately 54μm, or approximately 51μm~approximately 54μm, or approximately 52μm~approximately 54μm, or approximately 53μm~approximately 54μm, or approximately 25μm~approximately 53μm, or approximately 26μm~approximately 53μm, or approximately 27μm~approximately 53μm, or approximately 28μm~approximately 53μm, or approximately 29μm~approximately 53μm, or approximately 30μm~approximately 53μm Or approximately 31 μm to approximately 53 μm, or approximately 32 μm to approximately 53 μm, or approximately 33 μm to approximately 53 μm, or approximately 34 μm to approximately 53 μm, or approximately 35 μm to approximately 53 μm, or approximately 36 μm to approximately 53 μm, or approximately 37 μm to approximately 53 μm, or approximately 38 μm to approximately 53 μm, or approximately 39 μm to approximately 53 μm, or approximately 40 μm to approximately 53 μm, or approximately 41 μm to approximately 53 μm, or approximately 42 μm to approximately 53 μm, or approximately 43 μm to approximately 53 μm, or approximately 44 μm to approximately 53 μm, or approximately 45 μm to approximately 53 μm, or approximately 46 μm to approximately 53 μm, or approximately 47 μm m~approximately 53μm, or approximately 48μm~approximately 53μm, or approximately 49μm~approximately 53μm, or approximately 50μm~approximately 53μm, or approximately 51μm~approximately 53μm, or approximately 52μm~approximately 53μm, or approximately 25μm~approximately 52μm, or approximately 26μm~approximately 52μm, or approximately 27μm~approximately 52μm, or approximately 28μm~approximately 52μm, or approximately 29μm~approximately 52μm, or approximately 30μm~approximately 52μm, or approximately 31μm~approximately 52μm, or approximately 32μm~approximately 52μm, or approximately 33μm~approximately 52μm, or approximately 34μm~approximately 52μm, or approximately 35μm~approximately 52μmOr approximately 36 μm to approximately 52 μm, or approximately 37 μm to approximately 52 μm, or approximately 38 μm to approximately 52 μm, or approximately 39 μm to approximately 52 μm, or approximately 40 μm to approximately 52 μm, or approximately 41 μm to approximately 52 μm, or approximately 42 μm to approximately 52 μm, or approximately 43 μm to approximately 52 μm, or approximately 44 μm to approximately 52 μm, or approximately 45 μm to approximately 52 μm, or approximately 46 μm to approximately 52 μm, or approximately 47 μm to approximately 52 μm, or approximately 48 μm to approximately 52 μm, or approximately 49 μm to approximately 52 μm, or approximately 50 μm to approximately 52 μm, or approximately 51 μm to approximately 52 μm, or approximately 25 μm m ~ approximately 51 μm, or approximately 26 μm ~ approximately 51 μm, or approximately 27 μm ~ approximately 51 μm, or approximately 28 μm ~ approximately 51 μm, or approximately 29 μm ~ approximately 51 μm, or approximately 30 μm ~ approximately 51 μm, or approximately 31 μm ~ approximately 51 μm, or approximately 32 μm ~ approximately 51 μm, or approximately 33 μm ~ approximately 51 μm, or approximately 34 μm ~ approximately 51 μm, or approximately 35 μm ~ approximately 51 μm, or approximately 36 μm ~ approximately 51 μm, or approximately 37 μm ~ approximately 51 μm, or approximately 38 μm ~ approximately 51 μm, or approximately 39 μm ~ approximately 51 μm, or approximately 40 μm ~ approximately 51 μm, or approximately 41 μm ~ approximately 51 μm, Or approximately 42 μm to approximately 51 μm, or approximately 43 μm to approximately 51 μm, or approximately 44 μm to approximately 51 μm, or approximately 45 μm to approximately 51 μm, or approximately 46 μm to approximately 51 μm, or approximately 47 μm to approximately 51 μm, or approximately 48 μm to approximately 51 μm, or approximately 49 μm to approximately 51 μm, or approximately 50 μm to approximately 51 μm, or approximately 25 μm to approximately 50 μm, or approximately 26 μm to approximately 50 μm, or approximately 27 μm to approximately 50 μm, or approximately 28 μm to approximately 50 μm, or approximately 29 μm to approximately 50 μm, or approximately 30 μm to approximately 50 μm, or approximately 31 μm to approximately 50 μm, or approximately 32 μm m~approximately 50μm, or approximately 33μm~approximately 50μm, or approximately 34μm~approximately 50μm, or approximately 35μm~approximately 50μm, or approximately 36μm~approximately 50μm, or approximately 37μm~approximately 50μm, or approximately 38μm~approximately 50μm, or approximately 39μm~approximately 50μm, or approximately 40μm~approximately 50μm, or approximately 41μm~approximately 50μm, or approximately 42μm~approximately 50μm, or approximately 43μm~approximately 50μm, or approximately 44μm~approximately 50μm, or approximately 45μm~approximately 50μm, or approximately 46μm~approximately 50μm, or approximately 47μm~approximately 50μm, or approximately 48μm~approximately 50μm,Or approximately 49 μm to approximately 50 μm, or approximately 25 μm to approximately 49 μm, or approximately 26 μm to approximately 49 μm, or approximately 27 μm to approximately 49 μm, or approximately 28 μm to approximately 49 μm, or approximately 29 μm to approximately 49 μm, or approximately 30 μm to approximately 49 μm, or approximately 31 μm to approximately 49 μm, or approximately 32 μm to approximately 49 μm, or approximately 33 μm to approximately 49 μm, or approximately 34 μm to approximately 49 μm, or approximately 35 μm to approximately 49 μm, or approximately 36 μm to approximately 49 μm, or approximately 37 μm to approximately 49 μm, or approximately 38 μm to approximately 49 μm, or approximately 39 μm to approximately 49 μm, or approximately 40 μm m~approximately 49μm, or approximately 41μm~approximately 49μm, or approximately 42μm~approximately 49μm, or approximately 43μm~approximately 49μm, or approximately 44μm~approximately 49μm, or approximately 45μm~approximately 49μm, or approximately 46μm~approximately 49μm, or approximately 47μm~approximately 49μm, or approximately 48μm~approximately 49μm, or approximately 25μm~approximately 48μm, or approximately 26μm~approximately 48μm, or approximately 27μm~approximately 48μm, or approximately 28μm~approximately 48μm, or approximately 29μm~approximately 48μm, or approximately 30μm~approximately 48μm, or approximately 31μm~approximately 48μm, or approximately 32μm~approximately 48μm Or approximately 33 μm to approximately 48 μm, or approximately 34 μm to approximately 48 μm, or approximately 35 μm to approximately 48 μm, or approximately 36 μm to approximately 48 μm, or approximately 37 μm to approximately 48 μm, or approximately 38 μm to approximately 48 μm, or approximately 39 μm to approximately 48 μm, or approximately 40 μm to approximately 48 μm, or approximately 41 μm to approximately 48 μm, or approximately 42 μm to approximately 48 μm, or approximately 43 μm to approximately 48 μm, or approximately 44 μm to approximately 48 μm, or approximately 45 μm to approximately 48 μm, or approximately 46 μm to approximately 48 μm, or approximately 47 μm to approximately 48 μm, or approximately 25 μm to approximately 47 μm, or approximately 26 μm m~approximately 47μm, or approximately 27μm~approximately 47μm, or approximately 28μm~approximately 47μm, or approximately 29μm~approximately 47μm, or approximately 30μm~approximately 47μm, or approximately 31μm~approximately 47μm, or approximately 32μm~approximately 47μm, or approximately 33μm~approximately 47μm, or approximately 34μm~approximately 47μm, or approximately 35μm~approximately 47μm, or approximately 36μm~approximately 47μm, or approximately 37μm~approximately 47μm, or approximately 38μm~approximately 47μm, or approximately 39μm~approximately 47μm, or approximately 40μm~approximately 47μm, or approximately 41μm~approximately 47μm, or approximately 42μm~approximately 47μmOr approximately 43 μm to approximately 47 μm, or approximately 44 μm to approximately 47 μm, or approximately 45 μm to approximately 47 μm, or approximately 46 μm to approximately 47 μm, or approximately 25 μm to approximately 46 μm, or approximately 26 μm to approximately 46 μm, or approximately 27 μm to approximately 46 μm, or approximately 28 μm to approximately 46 μm, or approximately 29 μm to approximately 46 μm, or approximately 30 μm to approximately 46 μm, or approximately 31 μm to approximately 46 μm, or approximately 32 μm to approximately 4 6 μm, or approximately 33 μm to approximately 46 μm, or approximately 34 μm to approximately 46 μm, or approximately 35 μm to approximately 46 μm, or approximately 36 μm to approximately 46 μm, or approximately 37 μm to approximately 46 μm, or approximately 38 μm to approximately 46 μm, or approximately 39 μm to approximately 46 μm, or approximately 40 μm to approximately 46 μm, or approximately 41 μm to approximately 46 μm, or approximately 42 μm to approximately 46 μm, or approximately 43 μm to approximately 46 μm, or approximately 44 μm to approximately 46 μm, or approximately 45 μm to approximately 46 μm, or approximately 25 μm to approximately 45 μm, or approximately 26 μm to approximately 45 μm, or approximately 27 μm to approximately 45 μm, or approximately 28 μm to approximately 45 μm, or approximately 29 μm to approximately 45 μm, or approximately 30 μm to approximately 45 μm, or approximately 31 μm to approximately 45 μm, or approximately 32 μm to approximately 45 μm, or approximately 33 μm to approximately 45 μm, or approximately 34 μm to approximately 45 μm, or approximately 35 μm to approximately 45 μm, or approximately 36 μm to approximately 45 μm, or approximately 37 μm to approximately 45 μm, or approximately 38 μm to approximately 45 μm, or approximately 39 μm to approximately 45 μm. Or approximately 40 μm to approximately 45 μm, or approximately 41 μm to approximately 45 μm, or approximately 42 μm to approximately 45 μm, or approximately 43 μm to approximately 45 μm, or approximately 44 μm to approximately 45 μm, or approximately 25 μm to approximately 44 μm, or approximately 26 μm to approximately 44 μm, or approximately 27 μm to approximately 44 μm, or approximately 28 μm to approximately 44 μm, or approximately 29 μm to approximately 44 μm, or approximately 30 μm to approximately 44 μm, or approximately 31 μm to approximately 44 μm, or approximately 32 μm to approximately 44 μm, or approximately 33 μm to approximately 44 μm, or approximately 34 μm to approximately 44 μm, or approximately 35 μm to approximately 44 μm, or approximately 36 μm to approximately 44 μm, or approximately 37 μm to approximately 44 μm, or approximately 38 μm to approximately 44 μm, or approximately 39 μm to approximately 44 μm, or approximately 40 μm to approximately 44 μm, or approximately 41 μm to approximately 44 μm, or approximately 42 μm to approximately 44 μm, or approximately 43 μm to approximately 44 μm, or approximately 25 μm to approximately 43 μm, or approximately 26 μm to approximately 43 μm, or approximately 27 μm to approximately 43 μm, or approximately 28 μm to approximately 43 μm, or approximately 29 μm to approximately 43 μm, or approximately 30 μm to approximately 43 μm, or approximately 31 μm to approximately 43 μm, or approximately 32 μm to approximately 43 μm, or approximately 33 μm to approximately 43 μm, or approximately 3 4μm to approximately 43μm, or approximately 35μm to approximately 43μm, or approximately 36μm to approximately 43μm, or approximately 37μm to approximately 43μm, or approximately 38μm to approximately 43μm, or approximately 39μm to approximately 43μm, or approximately 40μm to approximately 43μm, or approximately 41μm to approximately 43μm, or approximately 42μm to approximately 43μm, or approximately 25μm to approximately 42μm, or approximately 26μm to approximately 42μm, or approximately 27μm to approximately 42μm, or approximately 28μm to approximately 42μm, or approximately 29μm to approximately 42μm, or approximately 30μm to approximately 42μm, or approximately 31μm to approximately 42μm, or approximately 32μm to approximately 42μm,Or approximately 33 μm to approximately 42 μm, or approximately 34 μm to approximately 42 μm, or approximately 35 μm to approximately 42 μm, or approximately 36 μm to approximately 42 μm, or approximately 37 μm to approximately 42 μm, or approximately 38 μm to approximately 42 μm, or approximately 39 μm to approximately 42 μm, or approximately 40 μm to approximately 42 μm, or approximately 41 μm to approximately 42 μm, or approximately 25 μm to approximately 41 μm, or approximately 26 μm to approximately 41 μm, or approximately 27 μm to approximately 41 μm, or approximately 28 μm to approximately 41 μm, or approximately 29 μm to approximately 41 μm, or approximately 30 μm to approximately 41 μm, or approximately 31 μm to approximately 41 μm, or approximately 32 μm m~approximately 41μm, or approximately 33μm~approximately 41μm, or approximately 34μm~approximately 41μm, or approximately 35μm~approximately 41μm, or approximately 36μm~approximately 41μm, or approximately 37μm~approximately 41μm, or approximately 38μm~approximately 41μm, or approximately 39μm~approximately 41μm, or approximately 40μm~approximately 41μm, or approximately 25μm~approximately 40μm, or approximately 26μm~approximately 40μm, or approximately 27μm~approximately 40μm, or approximately 28μm~approximately 40μm, or approximately 29μm~approximately 40μm, or approximately 30μm~approximately 40μm, or approximately 31μm~approximately 40μm, or approximately 32μm~approximately 40μm Or approximately 33 μm to 40 μm, or approximately 34 μm to 40 μm, or approximately 35 μm to 40 μm, or approximately 36 μm to 40 μm, or approximately 37 μm to 40 μm, or approximately 38 μm to 40 μm, or approximately 39 μm to 40 μm, or approximately 25 μm to 39 μm, or approximately 26 μm to 39 μm, or approximately 27 μm to 39 μm, or approximately 28 μm to 39 μm, or approximately 29 μm to 39 μm, or approximately 30 μm to 39 μm, or approximately 31 μm to 39 μm, or approximately 32 μm to 39 μm, or approximately 33 μm to 39 μm, or approximately 34 μm m~approximately 39μm, or approximately 35μm~approximately 39μm, or approximately 36μm~approximately 39μm, or approximately 37μm~approximately 39μm, or approximately 38μm~approximately 39μm, or approximately 25μm~approximately 38μm, or approximately 26μm~approximately 38μm, or approximately 27μm~approximately 38μm, or approximately 28μm~approximately 38μm, or approximately 29μm~approximately 38μm, or approximately 30μm~approximately 38μm, or approximately 31μm~approximately 38μm, or approximately 32μm~approximately 38μm, or approximately 33μm~approximately 38μm, or approximately 34μm~approximately 38μm, or approximately 35μm~approximately 38μm, or approximately 36μm~approximately 38μm,Or approximately 37 μm to 38 μm, or approximately 25 μm to 37 μm, or approximately 26 μm to 37 μm, or approximately 27 μm to 37 μm, or approximately 28 μm to 37 μm, or approximately 29 μm to 37 μm, or approximately 30 μm to 37 μm, or approximately 31 μm to 37 μm, or approximately 32 μm to 37 μm, or approximately 33 μm to 37 μm, or approximately 34 μm to 37 μm, or approximately 35 μm to 37 μm, or approximately 36 μm to 37 μm, or approximately 25 μm to 36 μm, or approximately 26 μm to 36 μm, or approximately 27 μm to 36 μm, or approximately 28 μm m~approximately 36μm, or approximately 29μm~approximately 36μm, or approximately 30μm~approximately 36μm, or approximately 31μm~approximately 36μm, or approximately 32μm~approximately 36μm, or approximately 33μm~approximately 36μm, or approximately 34μm~approximately 36μm, or approximately 35μm~approximately 36μm, or approximately 25μm~approximately 35μm, or approximately 26μm~approximately 35μm, or approximately 27μm~approximately 35μm, or approximately 28μm~approximately 35μm, or approximately 29μm~approximately 35μm, or approximately 30μm~approximately 35μm, or approximately 31μm~approximately 35μm, or approximately 32μm~approximately 35μm, or approximately 33μm~approximately 35μm, Or approximately 34 μm to 35 μm, or approximately 25 μm to 34 μm, or approximately 26 μm to 34 μm, or approximately 27 μm to 34 μm, or approximately 28 μm to 34 μm, or approximately 29 μm to 34 μm, or approximately 30 μm to 34 μm, or approximately 31 μm to 34 μm, or approximately 32 μm to 34 μm, or approximately 33 μm to 34 μm, or approximately 25 μm to 33 μm, or approximately 26 μm to 33 μm, or approximately 27 μm to 33 μm, or approximately 28 μm to 33 μm, or approximately 29 μm to 33 μm, or approximately 30 μm to 33 μm, or approximately 31 μm m~approximately 33μm, or approximately 32μm~approximately 33μm, or approximately 25μm~approximately 32μm, or approximately 26μm~approximately 32μm, or approximately 27μm~approximately 32μm, or approximately 28μm~approximately 32μm, or approximately 29μm~approximately 32μm, or approximately 30μm~approximately 32μm, or approximately 31μm~approximately 32μm, or approximately 25μm~approximately 31μm, or approximately 26μm~approximately 31μm, or approximately 27μm~approximately 31μm, or approximately 28μm~approximately 31μm, or approximately 29μm~approximately 31μm, or approximately 30μm~approximately 31μm, or approximately 25μm~approximately 30μm, or approximately 26μm~approximately 30μm,Or approximately 27 μm to 30 μm, or approximately 28 μm to 30 μm, or approximately 29 μm to 30 μm, or approximately 25 μm to 29 μm, or approximately 26 μm to 29 μm, or approximately 27 μm to 29 μm, or approximately 28 μm to 29 μm, or approximately 25 μm to 28 μm, or approximately 26 μm to 28 μm, or approximately 27 μm to 28 μm, or approximately 25 μm to 27 μm, or approximately 26 μm to 27 μm, or approximately 25 μm to 26 μm, or 25 μm, 26 μm, 27 μm, 28 μm, 29 μm, 30 μm, 31 μm It may consist of treated aragonite calcium carbonate particles that are 32μm, 33μm, 34μm, 35μm, 36μm, 37μm, 38μm, 39μm, 40μm, 41μm, 42μm, 43μm, 44μm, 45μm, 46μm, 47μm, 48μm, 49μm, 50μm, 51μm, 52μm, 53μm, 54μm, 55μm, 56μm, 57μm, 58μm, 59μm, 60μm, 61μm, 62μm, 63μm, 64μm, 65μm, 66μm, 67μm, 68μm, 69μm, or 70μm.

[0078] The preferred abrasive ratio is 0-88, according to the 1999 Desautels and Labreche scale. The Desautels and Labreche abrasiveness scale varies for toothpaste as follows: 1) Slightly abrasive: 0%-88%; 2) Abrasive to moderately abrasive: 88%-100%; and 3) Very abrasive: >100%.

[0079] Specific surface area (SSA), or Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)SSA, is a solid property defined as the total surface area per unit mass of a substance. The specific surface area (m²) of the treated aragonite calcium carbonate particles of the present invention is... 2The amount (per g) is approximately 2.7 to 3.1, or approximately 2.75 to 3.1, or approximately 2.8 to 3.1, or approximately 2.85 to 3.1, or approximately 2.9 to 3.1, or approximately 2.95 to 3.1, or approximately 3 to 3.1, or approximately 3.05 to 3.1, or approximately 2.7 to 3.05, or approximately 2.75 to 3.05, or approximately 2.8 to 3.05, or approximately 2.85 to 3.05, or approximately 2.9 to 3.05, or approximately 2.95 to 3.05, or approximately 3 to 3.05, or approximately 2.7 to 3.00, or approximately 2.75 to 3.00, or approximately 2.8 to 3.00, or approximately 2.85 to 3.00, or approximately 2.9 to 3.0 0, or approximately 2.95 to 3.00, or approximately 2.7 to 2.95, or approximately 2.75 to 2.95, or approximately 2.8 to 2.95, or approximately 2.85 to 2.95, or approximately 2.9 to 2.95, or approximately 2.7 to 2.90, or approximately 2.75 to 2.90, or approximately 2.8 to 2.90, or approximately 2.85 to 2.90, or approximately 2.7 to 2.85, or approximately 2.75 to 2.85, or approximately 2.8 to 2.85, or approximately 2.7 to 2.80, or approximately 2.75 to 2.80, or approximately 2.7 to 2.75, or 2.7, 2.75, 2.8, 2.85, 2.9, 2.95, 3, 3.05, or 3.1m 2 It could be / g

[0080] Crystallinity refers to the degree of structural order in a solid. In a crystal, atoms or molecules are arranged regularly and periodically. Crystallinity affects the hardness, density, transparency, and diffusivity of a solid. The crystallinity of the treated oviposited aragonite used in this invention is approximately 24% to 28%, or approximately 24% to 27.5%, or approximately 24% to 27%, or approximately 24% to 26.5%, or approximately 24% to 26%, or approximately 24% to 25.5%, or approximately 24% to 25%, or approximately 24% to 24.5%, or approximately 24.5% to 28%. or approximately 24.5% to 27.5%, or approximately 24.5% to 27%, or approximately 24.5% to 26.5%, or approximately 24.5% to 26%, or approximately 24.5% to 25.5%, or approximately 24.5% to 25%, or approximately 25% to 28%, or approximately 25% to 27.5%, or approximately 25% to 27%, or approximately 25% to 26.5%. or approximately 25% to approximately 26%, or approximately 25% to approximately 25.5%, or approximately 25.5% to approximately 28%, or approximately 25.5% to approximately 27.5%, or approximately 25.5% to approximately 27%, or approximately 25.5% to approximately 26.5%, or approximately 25.5% to approximately 26%, or approximately 26% to approximately 28%, or approximately 26% to approximately 27.5%, or approximately 26% to approximately 27%, or approximately 2 The degree of crystallinity can be 6% to approximately 26.5%, or approximately 26.5% to approximately 28%, or approximately 26.5% to approximately 27.5%, or approximately 26.5% to approximately 27%, or approximately 27% to approximately 28%, or approximately 27% to approximately 27.5%, or approximately 27.5% to approximately 28%, or approximately 24%, 24.5%, 25%, 25.5%, 26%, 26.5%, 27%, 27.5%, or 28%.

[0081] The treated aragonite calcium carbonate particles of the present invention are processed under weakly acidic conditions, for example, in ammonium chloride or ammonium acetate, to about 4.5 to about 5.5, or about 4.5 to about 5.4, or about 4.5 to about 5.3, or about 4.5 to about 5.2, or about 4.5 to about 5.1, or about 4.5 to about 5.0, or about 4.5 to about 4.9, or about 4.5 to about 4.8, or about 4.5 to about 4.7, or about 4.5 to about 4.6, or about 4.6 to about 5.5, or about 4.6 to about 5.4, or about 4.6 to about 5.3, or about 4.6 to about 5.2, or Approximately 4.6 to 5.1, or approximately 4.6 to 5.0, or approximately 4.6 to 4.9, or approximately 4.6 to 4.8, or approximately 4.6 to 4.7, or approximately 4.7 to 5.5, or approximately 4.7 to 5.4, or approximately 4.7 to 5.3, or approximately 4.7 to 5.2, or approximately 4.7 to 5.1, or approximately 4.7 to 5.0, or approximately 4.7 to 4.9, or approximately 4.7 to 4.8, or approximately 4.8 to 5.5, or approximately 4.8 to 5.4, or approximately 4.8 to 5.3, or approximately 4.8 to 5.2, or approximately 4.8 to 5.1, or approximately 4.8 Approximately 5.0, or approximately 4.8-4.9, or approximately 4.9-5.5, or approximately 4.9-5.4, or approximately 4.9-5.3, or approximately 4.9-5.2, or approximately 4.9-5.1, or approximately 4.9-5.0, or approximately 5.0-5.5, or approximately 5.0-5.4, or approximately 5.0-5.3, or approximately 5.0-5.2, or approximately 5.0-5.1, or approximately 5.1-5.5, or approximately 5.1-5.4, or approximately 5.1-5.3, or approximately 5.1-5.2, or approximately 5.2-5.5, or approximately 5.2-5.4 The material is treated to a pH of approximately 5.2 to 5.3, or approximately 5.3 to 5.5, or approximately 5.3 to 5.4, or approximately 5.4 to 5.5, preferably approximately 4.75, 4.76, 4.77, 4.78, 4.79, 4.80, 4.81, 4.82, 4.83, 4.84, 4.85, 4.86, 4.87, 4.88, 4.89, or 4.90, most preferably 4.86, in order to solubilize undesirable magnesium, ammonia, iron, and zinc compounds present in the bone material and to increase the calcium carbonate content of the powder of the present invention.In fact, the bone powder used in the present invention contains a high amount of calcium, containing at least 95% calcium carbonate, with reduced amounts of magnesium, zinc, iron, and ammonia-containing derivatives. According to one embodiment, the calcium carbonate content of cuttlefish bone powder particles is at least 95%, at least 95.5%, at least 96%, at least 96.5%, at least 97%, at least 97.5%, at least 98%, at least 98.5%, at least 99%, or about 95%~99% (w / w), or about 95%~98.5% (w / w), or about 95%~98%, or about 95%~97.5% (w / w), and or approximately 95% to approximately 97%, or approximately 95% to 96.5% (w / w), or approximately 95% to approximately 96%, or approximately 95% to 95.5% (w / w), or approximately 95.5% to 99% (w / w), or approximately 95.5% to 98.5% (w / w), or approximately 95.5% to approximately 98%, or approximately 95.5% to 97.5% (w / w), or approximately 95.5% to approximately 97%, or approximately 95.5% to 96.5% (w / w), or approximately 95.5% to approximately 96% %, or approximately 96%~99% (w / w), or approximately 96%~98.5% (w / w), or approximately 96%~98%, or approximately 96%~97.5% (w / w), or approximately 96%~97%, or approximately 96%~96.5% (w / w), or approximately 96.5%~99% (w / w), or approximately 96.5%~98.5% (w / w), or approximately 96.5%~98%, or approximately 96.5%~97.5% (w / w), or approximately 96.5%~ It could be approximately 97%, or approximately 97%-99% (w / w), or approximately 97%-98.5% (w / w), or approximately 97%-98%, or approximately 97%-97.5% (w / w), or approximately 97.5%-99% (w / w), or approximately 97.5%-98.5% (w / w), or approximately 97.5%-98%, or approximately 98%-99% (w / w), or approximately 98%-98.5% (w / w), or approximately 98.5%-99% (w / w).

[0082] In one embodiment, the weak acid treatment can be carried out using a weak acid, such as ammonium chloride, ammonium bromide, ammonium acetate, ammonium carbonate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium formate, ammonium malate, triammonium citrate, ammonium tartrate, acetic acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid, tannic acid, boric acid, lactic acid, formic acid, oxalic acid, uric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, or phosphorous acid. Stronger acids such as hydrochloric acid and phosphoric acid can also be used under dilution conditions that result in a weak acid treatment of calcium carbonate.

[0083] In this embodiment, the concentration of the acid used to provide the weak acid treatment varies depending on the acid compound used. For example, in the case of ammonium chloride, the concentration may be about 0.1 M to about 10 M, preferably about 1.87 M or 2 M.

[0084] According to one embodiment of the present invention, the treated aragonite calcium carbonate, or the treated fish roe-shaped aragonite calcium carbonate described above, is present in an amount of about 1% to about 20%, or about 1% to about 19%, or about 1% to about 18%, or about 1% to about 17%, or about 1% to about 16%, or about 1% to about 15%, or about 1% to about 14%, or about 1% to about 13%, or about 1% to about 12%, or about 1% to about 11%, or about 1% to about 10%, or about 1% to about 9%, or about 1% to about 8%, or about 1% to about 7%, or about 1% to about 6%, or about 1% to about 5% of the composition. Or approximately 1% to 4%, or approximately 1% to 3%, or approximately 1% to 2%, or approximately 2% to 20%, or approximately 2% to 19%, or approximately 2% to 18%, or approximately 2% to 17%, or approximately 2% to 16%, or approximately 2% to 15%, or approximately 2% to 14%, or approximately 2% to 13%, or approximately 2% to 12%, or approximately 2% to 11%, or approximately 2% to 10%, or approximately 2% to 9%, or approximately 2% to 8%, or approximately 2% to 7%, or approximately 2% to 6%, or approximately 2% to 5%, or approximately 2% to 4%, or approximately 2% to 3%, or approximately 3% Approximately 20%, or approximately 3% to 19%, or approximately 3% to 18%, or approximately 3% to 17%, or approximately 3% to 16%, or approximately 3% to 15%, or approximately 3% to 14%, or approximately 3% to 13%, or approximately 3% to 12%, or approximately 3% to 11%, or approximately 3% to 10%, or approximately 3% to 9%, or approximately 3% to 8%, or approximately 3% to 7%, or approximately 3% to 6%, or approximately 3% to 5%, or approximately 3% to 4%, or approximately 4% to 20%, or approximately 4% to 19%, or approximately 4% to 18%, or approximately 4% to 17%, or approximately 4% to 16% %, or approximately 4% to 15%, or approximately 4% to 14%, or approximately 4% to 13%, or approximately 4% to 12%, or approximately 4% to 11%, or approximately 4% to 10%, or approximately 4% to 9%, or approximately 4% to 8%, or approximately 4% to 7%, or approximately 4% to 6%, or approximately 4% to 5%, or approximately 5% to 20%, or approximately 5% to 19%, or approximately 5% to 18%, or approximately 5% to 17%, or approximately 5% to 16%, or approximately 5% to 15%, or approximately 5% to 14%, or approximately 5% to 13%, or approximately 5% to 12%, or approximately 5% to 11%,Or approximately 5% to 10%, or approximately 5% to 9%, or approximately 5% to 8%, or approximately 5% to 7%, or approximately 5% to 6%, or approximately 6% to 20%, or approximately 6% to 19%, or approximately 6% to 18%, or approximately 6% to 17%, or approximately 6% to 16%, or approximately 6% to 15%, or approximately 6% to 14%, or approximately 6% to 13%, or approximately 6% to 12%, or approximately 6% to 11%, or approximately 6% to 10%, or approximately 6% to 9%, or approximately 6% to 8%, or approximately 6% to 7%, or approximately 7% to 20%, or approximately 7% to 19%, or approximately 7% %~approximately 18%, or approximately 7%~approximately 17%, or approximately 7%~approximately 16%, or approximately 7%~approximately 15%, or approximately 7%~approximately 14%, or approximately 7%~approximately 13%, or approximately 7%~approximately 12%, or approximately 7%~approximately 11%, or approximately 7%~approximately 10%, or approximately 7%~approximately 9%, or approximately 7%~approximately 8%, or approximately 8%~approximately 20%, or approximately 8%~approximately 19%, or approximately 8%~approximately 18%, or approximately 8%~approximately 17%, or approximately 8%~approximately 16%, or approximately 8%~approximately 15%, or approximately 8%~approximately 14%, or approximately 8%~approximately 13%, or approximately 8%~approximately 12%, or approximately 8%~approximately 11%, or approximately 8 %~approximately 10%, or approximately 8%~approximately 9%, or approximately 9%~approximately 20%, or approximately 9%~approximately 19%, or approximately 9%~approximately 18%, or approximately 9%~approximately 17%, or approximately 9%~approximately 16%, or approximately 9%~approximately 15%, or approximately 9%~approximately 14%, or approximately 9%~approximately 13%, or approximately 9%~approximately 12%, or approximately 9%~approximately 11%, or approximately 9%~approximately 10%, or approximately 10%~approximately 20%, or approximately 10%~approximately 19%, or approximately 10%~approximately 18%, or approximately 10%~approximately 17%, or approximately 10%~approximately 16%, or approximately 10%~approximately 15%, or approximately 10%~approximately 14%, or approximately 10%~approximately 13%, or approximately 10% to 12%, or approximately 10% to 11%, or approximately 11% to 20%, or approximately 11% to 19%, or approximately 11% to 18%, or approximately 11% to 17%, or approximately 11% to 16%, or approximately 11% to 15%, or approximately 11% to 14%, or approximately 11% to 13%, or approximately 11% to 12%, or approximately 12% to 20%, or approximately 12% to 19%, or approximately 12% to 18%, or approximately 12% to 17%, or approximately 12% to 16%, or approximately 12% to 15%, or approximately 12% to 14%, or approximately 12% to 13%.Or approximately 13% to 20%, or approximately 13% to 19%, or approximately 13% to 18%, or approximately 13% to 17%, or approximately 13% to 16%, or approximately 13% to 15%, or approximately 13% to 14%, or approximately 14% to 20%, or approximately 14% to 19%, or approximately 14% to 18%, or approximately 14% to 17%, or approximately 14% to 16%, or approximately 14% to 15%, or approximately 15% to 20%, or approximately 15% to 19%, or approximately 15% to 18%, or approximately 15% This could correspond to approximately 17%, or approximately 15%-16%, or approximately 16%-20%, or approximately 16%-19%, or approximately 16%-18%, or approximately 16%-17%, or approximately 17%-20%, or approximately 17%-19%, or approximately 17%-18%, or approximately 18%-20%, or approximately 18%-19%, or approximately 19%-20% (w / w), or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20%.

[0085] Humectant In another embodiment, the composition of the present invention may further include a humectant. A humectant is a substance used to keep things moist. When used as a food additive, a humectant has the effect of keeping food moist. Humidants are also found in many cosmetics where moisturizing is desired, including treatments such as moisturizing hair conditioners, and are commonly used in body lotions. Examples of humectants include, but are not limited to, propylene glycol, as well as hexylene glycol and butylene glycol, glyceryl triacetate, vinyl alcohol, neoagarobioses, sugar polyols, such as glycerol, sorbitol, xylitol and maltitol, polymer polyols, such as polydextrose, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol and poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol, quillaja, lactic acid, urea, glycerin, aloe vera gel, MP diol, alpha hydroxy acids, such as lactic acid and honey. According to another embodiment, the preferred wetting agent may be glycerol, and according to another preferred embodiment, the preferred wetting agent may be glycerol, xylitol, sorbitol, or a combination thereof.

[0086] Pregelatinized starch Pregelatinized starch is starch that has been heat-treated and then dried, for example, in a drum dryer, spray dryer, or extruder. The pregelatinization process makes the starch cold water soluble. Pregelatinization gives naturally stabilized starch the ability to form a cold water paste. They develop viscosity without the need for heat, which means that food manufacturers do not need to pre-heat-treat the starch and can include it directly in the edible compositions of the present invention. According to one embodiment, pregelatinized starch is partially pregelatinized starch, fully pregelatinized starch, or a combination thereof. Partially pregelatinized starch contains a soluble (gelatinized) fraction and an insoluble fraction. In most cases, the insoluble fraction contains intact starch granules. The larger particle size of more granular pregelatinized starch imparts better flow properties than natural starch. Fully pregelatinized starch contains only the soluble fraction. Preferably, according to one embodiment, pregelatinized starch is fully pregelatinized starch. According to another embodiment, pregelatinized starch may be modified pregelatinized starch. For example, modified starch may be carboxylated starch, hydroxypropylated starch, acetylated starch, hydroxypropylmethylated starch, aminated starch, alkylated starch, acylated starch, acid modified starch, octenylated starch, pregelatinized starch, or a combination thereof. For example, carboxylated starch may be carboxymethyl starch, carboxyethyl starch, succinyl starch, octenyl succinyl starch, acryloyl starch, acetylated starch, or a combination thereof.

[0087] In one embodiment, pregelatinized starch is derived from potato starch, corn starch, maize starch, rice starch, wheat starch, cassava starch, or a combination thereof.

[0088] The edible composition of the present invention may contain pregelatinized starch in an amount of approximately 15% to approximately 40% w / w, or approximately 20% to approximately 40% w / w, or approximately 25% to approximately 40% w / w, or approximately 30% to approximately 40% w / w, or approximately 35% to approximately 40% w / w.

[0089] The edible composition of the present invention, containing a predetermined amount of such pregelatinized starch, typically has the texture and hardness of a hard dog biscuit. The edible composition of the present invention reaches the desired texture and hardness after curing for several weeks (e.g., about 8 weeks), and the pregelatinized starch used in its manufacture may be subject to starch retrogradation (a recrystallization process in which deassociated amylose and amylopectin molecules in gelatinized starch reassociate to form a more ordered structure). After about 2 months, the product achieves its final texture / hardness and is subsequently stable.

[0090] plasticizer According to one embodiment, the edible composition of the present invention contains a plasticizer. A plasticizer is a substance added to a material to make it softer and more flexible, to increase its plasticity, to decrease its viscosity, and / or to reduce friction during handling in manufacturing.

[0091] Examples of plasticizers include, but are not limited to, water, glycerin, polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol, triacetin, tributyl citrate, triethyl citrate, tributyl acetyl citrate, triethyl acetyl citrate, diethyl phthalate, acetic acid, formic acid, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, ethanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 1-pentanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, ethyl acetate, ethyl formate, isopropyl acetate, methyl acetate, propyl acetate, anisole, tert-butyl methyl ether, ethyl ether, cumene, heptane, pentane, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, dimethyl sulfoxide, castor oil, propylene glycol, diacetylated monoglycerides, sorbitol, sorbitan, dibutyl sebacate, or combinations thereof. Preferably, the plasticizer is water, glycerin, or a combination thereof.

[0092] The present invention may contain a plasticizer in an amount of about 11% to about 45% w / w, or about 15% to about 45% w / w, or about 20% to about 45% w / w, or about 25% to about 45% w / w, or about 30% to about 45% w / w, or about 35% to about 45% w / w, or about 40% to about 45% w / w, or 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, or 45% w / w.

[0093] Binder According to one embodiment, the edible composition of the present invention may contain a binder. The binder or binding agent is a substance added in either a dry or liquid form during dough formation of the edible composition of the present invention to promote cohesiveness of the final product.

[0094] Examples of binders include, but are not limited to, cellulose, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, starch, sucrose, mannitol, polyethylene glycol, liquid glucose, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, acacia gum, xanthan gum, locust bean gum, chitosan, dextran, guar gum, inulin, dextrin, maltodextrin, polyethylene oxide, sodium alginate, zein, carrageenan, or combinations thereof. Preferably, the binder may be xanthan gum.

[0095] In one embodiment, the binder may be approximately 0.5% to approximately 5% w / w, or approximately 1% to approximately 5% w / w, or approximately 1.5% to approximately 5% w / w, or approximately 2% to approximately 5% w / w, or approximately 2.5% to approximately 5% w / w, or approximately 3% to approximately 5% w / w, or approximately 3.5% to approximately 5% w / w, or approximately 4% to approximately 5% w / w, or approximately 4.5% to approximately 5% w / w, or approximately 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, or 5% w / w of the total weight of the edible composition.

[0096] lubricant According to one embodiment, the edible composition of the present invention may contain a lubricant. The lubricant may be used in the powder mixture to prevent granules / powder from adhering to the surface of the apparatus and to inhibit the aggregation of individual particles. Minerals, such as talc or silica, and fats, such as vegetable stearin, magnesium stearate, or stearic acid, are the most frequently used lubricants in tablets or hard gelatin capsules manufactured in the pharmaceutical field. The most widely used lubricants today are hydrophobic lubricants. These are usually effective at relatively low concentrations, and many also have both anti-adhesion and flow-promoting properties.

[0097] Examples of suitable lubricants include, but are not limited to, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, purified talc, light PEG, sodium stearyl fumarate, sodium lauryl sulfate, long-chain triglycerides (LCT), medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), short-chain triglycerides (SCT), or combinations thereof. Preferably, the lubricant may be magnesium stearate, medium-chain triglycerides, or combinations thereof.

[0098] The edible composition of the present invention contains a lubricant in an amount of approximately 1% to approximately 15% w / w, or approximately 2% to approximately 15% w / w, or approximately 3% to approximately 15% w / w, or approximately 4% to approximately 15% w / w, or approximately 5% to approximately 15% w / w, or approximately 6% to approximately 15% w / w, or approximately 7% to approximately 15% w / w, or approximately 8% to approximately 15% w / w, or approximately 9% to approximately 15% w / w / w, or approximately 10% to 15% w / w, or approximately 11% to 15% w / w, or approximately 12% to 15% w / w, or approximately 13% to 15% w / w, or approximately 14% to 15% w / w, or may contain approximately 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15% w / w.

[0099] Palatant The edible composition of the present invention is an easily digestible edible composition. As described herein, the term “palatability” refers to the fact or quality of an edible composition being tolerable or pleasing to the taste of an animal consuming it. For example, it may refer to deliciousness or any other tolerability of the edible composition. Palatability can be defined as “the hedonic evaluation of oral sensory food cues under standardized conditions.” Taste, smell, appearance, texture, temperature, sound, and trigeminal sensation, together forming flavor, are sensory characteristics of food that a person uses to evaluate palatability. Palatability can be measured as a subjective preference for a diet, its subjective comfort, or actually the amount (grams) of food consumed by the subject. The relative palatability of a diet can be determined by a selection test or taste test compared to other standard diets. For example, a standard diet may be a standard animal diet provided to an animal as part of its normal diet. As used herein, the term "standard animal diet" refers to animal feed formulated to meet a wide range of purposes at various life stages and fed to laboratory animals for many years, for example, more than 75 years. In addition to providing the nutrients necessary for breeding, growth, and maintenance, standard animal diets can be used across a wide range of research areas. For example, a standard diet for dogs may be a standard diet provided for dogs, such as Purina Dog Chow®.

[0100] The palatability of the food composition of the present invention must be at least equivalent to that of a standard diet. Preferably, the palatability of the food composition of the present invention must be equivalent to or higher than that of a standard diet. More preferably, the palatability of the food composition of the present invention must be higher than that of a standard diet.

[0101] According to one embodiment, the edible composition of the present invention may contain paratants. A flavoring agent, flavoring, flavor or flavorant or a paratant related to a paratant is a component system specially designed to improve food intake. They are designed to appeal to one or more of the animal's sensory abilities (olfactory, chemosensory, taste and texture). Paratants are used to improve the taste or smell of food. This changes the perceptual impression of food, which is mainly determined by the chemoreceptors of the taste and olfactory systems. Paratants can be applied topically to pet food in liquid or dry form, or a combination of both. Palatability is the ability of a food or ingredient to stimulate the appetite of an animal, such as a dog or cat, and promote feeding and satiety. These feeding experiences depend on packaging, formulation, heat treatment, and the freshness and stability of raw materials, making palatability a science that requires strictness. Since animals that are more likely to ingest the edible composition benefit from the accompanying improvement in oral hygiene, paratants can be used in the edible composition of the present invention to improve the animal's compliance with the intake of products for animal oral hygiene.

[0102] Examples of suitable paratants include, but are not limited to, meat flavor, chicken flavor, beef flavor, pork flavor, cheese flavor, smoke flavor, fish flavor, or combinations thereof. According to another embodiment, the paratant can be a sweetener. According to one embodiment, the paratant is FlavorPal of Vetio Animal Health TM and TM can be.

[0103] For example, the edible composition of the present invention contains parathant in an amount of about 10% to about 30% w / w, or about 11% to about 30% w / w, or about 12% to about 30% w / w, or about 13% to about 30% w / w, or about 14% to about 30% w / w, or about 15% to about 30% w / w, or about 16% to about 30% w / w, or about 17% to about 30% w / w, or about 18% to about 30% w / w, or about 19% to about 30% w / w, or about 20% to about 30% w / w, or about 21% to about 30% w / w, or It may contain approximately 22% to 30% w / w, or approximately 23% to 30% w / w, or approximately 24% to 30% w / w, or approximately 25% to 30% w / w, or approximately 26% to 30% w / w, or approximately 27% to 30% w / w, or approximately 28% to 30% w / w, or approximately 29% to 30% w / w, or 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, or 30% w / w.

[0104] Preservatives According to one embodiment, the edible composition of the present invention may contain a preservative. As used herein, a preservative or preservative agent is a substance or chemical added to the edible composition of the present invention to prevent decomposition by microbial growth or by undesirable chemical changes such as oxidation. According to one embodiment, the preservative may be an antimicrobial preservative, which, as used herein, is a chemical used to protect pharmaceuticals, food or other organic materials from decomposition or fermentation by preventing microbial growth. According to another embodiment, the preservative may be an antioxidant preservative. Antioxidant preservatives are additives that can delay or prevent rancidity of food due to oxidation, and thus extend the shelf life of the product. They enable the maintenance of the nutritional properties and quality levels of the food. Antioxidant preservatives do not improve the quality of the food, but they help to preserve the food for a longer period of time. There is a wide variety of antioxidants of natural and synthetic origin, which are commonly used in food. Examples of natural antioxidants used in the food industry include tocopherol, ascorbic acid, or rosemary extract.

[0105] Examples of suitable preservatives include, but are not limited to, sorbic acid, sodium sorbate, potassium sorbate, benzoic acid, ammonium benzoate, calcium benzoate, magnesium benzoate, potassium benzoate, sodium benzoate, lactic acid, propionic acid or its salts, phosphoric acid, ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, citric acid, trisodium citrate, tripotassium citrate, tartaric acid, disodium EDTA, butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole, gallic acid, sodium gallate, sulfur dioxide, sulfites, tocopherol, and combinations thereof. Preferably, the preservative is citric acid, potassium sorbate, and tocopherol, or a combination thereof.

[0106] The edible composition of the present invention contains a preservative in a concentration of approximately 0.2% to approximately 5% w / w, or approximately 0.4% to approximately 5% w / w, or approximately 0.6% to approximately 5% w / w, or approximately 0.8% to approximately 5% w / w, or approximately 1% to approximately 5% w / w, or approximately 1% to approximately 5% w / w, or approximately 1.5% to approximately 5% w / w, or approximately 2% to approximately 5% w / w, or approximately 2.5% to approximately 5% w / w, or approximately 3% to approximately 5% w / w, or approximately 3.5% May contain approximately 5% w / w, or approximately 4% to approximately 5% w / w, or approximately 4.5% to approximately 5% w / w, or approximately 5% to approximately 5% w / w, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1%, 1.2%, 1.4%, 1.6%, 1.8%, 2%, 2.2%, 2.4%, 2.6%, 2.8%, 3%, 3.2%, 3.4%, 3.6%, 3.8%, 4%, 4.2%, 4.4%, 4.6%, 4.8%, and 5% w / w.

[0107] Size, weight, and shape The size and weight of treats produced from the edible compositions of the present invention can be adjusted according to the size and weight of the animal they are intended for. Smaller animals require smaller treats than larger animals. For example, small (5-15 lbs (2.3-6.8 kg)), medium (15-25 lbs (6.8-11 kg)), large (25-50 lbs (11-22.7 kg)), and extra-large (>50 lbs (>22.7 kg)) dogs use treats of different sizes and weights. For example, a small dog can eat about 10-20 g, e.g., 15 g of treats; a medium dog can eat about 20-40 g, e.g., 30 g; a large dog can eat about 40-70 g, e.g., 55 g; and an extra-large dog can eat about 75-115 g, e.g., 95 g.

[0108] Therefore, the weight of treats for small animals should be approximately 10g to 11g, or 10g to 12g, or 10g to 13g, or 10g to 14g, or 10g to 15g, or 10g to 16g, or 10g to 17g, or 10g to 18g, or 10g to 19g, or 10g to 20g, or 11g to 12g, or 11g to 13g, or 11g to 14g, or 11g ~approximately 15g, or approximately 11g~16g, or approximately 11g~17g, or approximately 11g~18g, or approximately 11g~19g, or approximately 11g~20g, or approximately 12g~13g, or approximately 12g~14g, or approximately 12g~15g, or approximately 12g~16g, or approximately 12g~17g, or approximately 12g~18g, or approximately 12g~19g, or approximately 12g~20g, or approximately 13g~14g, or approximately 13 g to approximately 15g, or approximately 13g to approximately 16g, or approximately 13g to approximately 17g, or approximately 13g to approximately 18g, or approximately 13g to approximately 19g, or approximately 13g to approximately 20g, or approximately 14g to approximately 15g, or approximately 14g to approximately 16g, or approximately 14g to approximately 17g, or approximately 14g to approximately 18g, or approximately 14g to approximately 19g, or approximately 14g to approximately 20g, or approximately 15g to approximately 16g, or approximately 15g to approximately 17g, or approximately 15g to approximately 18g, or approximately 1 It could be 5g to approximately 19g, or approximately 15g to approximately 20g, or approximately 16g to approximately 17g, or approximately 16g to approximately 18g, or approximately 16g to approximately 19g, or approximately 16g to approximately 20g, or approximately 17g to approximately 18g, or approximately 17g to approximately 19g, or approximately 17g to approximately 20g, or approximately 18g to approximately 19g, or approximately 18g to approximately 20g, or approximately 19g to approximately 20g, or approximately 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20g.

[0109] Therefore, the weight of treats for medium-sized animals is approximately 20g to 22g, or approximately 20g to 24g, or approximately 20g to 26g, or approximately 20g to 28g, or approximately 20g to 30g, or approximately 20g to 32g, or approximately 20g to 34g, or approximately 20g to 36g, or approximately 20g to 38g, or approximately 20g to 40g, or approximately 22g to 24g, or approximately 22g to 26g, or approximately 22g to 28g, or approximately 22g to 30g, and Approximately 22g to 32g, or approximately 22g to 34g, or approximately 22g to 36g, or approximately 22g to 38g, or approximately 22g to 40g, or approximately 24g to 26g, or approximately 24g to 28g, or approximately 24g to 30g, or approximately 24g to 32g, or approximately 24g to 34g, or approximately 24g to 36g, or approximately 24g to 38g, or approximately 24g to 40g, or approximately 26g to 28g, or approximately 26g to 30g, or approximately 26g to Approximately 32g, or approximately 26g to 34g, or approximately 26g to 36g, or approximately 26g to 38g, or approximately 26g to 40g, or approximately 28g to 30g, or approximately 28g to 32g, or approximately 28g to 34g, or approximately 28g to 36g, or approximately 28g to 38g, or approximately 28g to 40g, or approximately 30g to 32g, or approximately 30g to 34g, or approximately 30g to 36g, or approximately 30g to 38g, or approximately 30g to 40g, It could be approximately 32g to 34g, or approximately 32g to 36g, or approximately 32g to 38g, or approximately 32g to 40g, or approximately 34g to 36g, or approximately 34g to 38g, or approximately 34g to 40g, or approximately 36g to 38g, or approximately 36g to 40g, or approximately 38g to 40g, or approximately 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40g.

[0110] Therefore, the weight of treats for large animals is approximately 40g to 42g, or approximately 40g to 44g, or approximately 40g to 46g, or approximately 40g to 48g, or approximately 40g to 50g, or approximately 40g to 52g, or approximately 40g to 54g, or approximately 40g to 56g, or approximately 40g to 58g, or approximately 40g to 60g, or approximately 40g to 62g, or approximately 40g to 64g, or approximately 40g to 66g, or approximately 40g to 68g, or approximately 40g to 70g, or approximately 42g to 44g, or approximately 42g to 46g, or approximately 42g to 4 8g, or approximately 42g to 50g, or approximately 42g to 52g, or approximately 42g to 54g, or approximately 42g to 56g, or approximately 42g to 58g, or approximately 42g to 60g, or approximately 42g to 62g, or approximately 42g to 64g, or approximately 42g to 66g, or approximately 42g to 68g, or approximately 42g to 70g, or approximately 44g to 46g, or approximately 44g to 48g, or approximately 44g to 50g, or approximately 44g to 52g, or approximately 44g to 54g, or approximately 44g to 56g, or approximately 44g to 58g, or approximately 44g to 60 g, or approximately 44g to 62g, or approximately 44g to 64g, or approximately 44g to 66g, or approximately 44g to 68g, or approximately 44g to 70g, or approximately 46g to 48g, or approximately 46g to 50g, or approximately 46g to 52g, or approximately 46g to 54g, or approximately 46g to 56g, or approximately 46g to 58g, or approximately 46g to 60g, or approximately 46g to 62g, or approximately 46g to 64g, or approximately 46g to 66g, or approximately 46g to 68g, or approximately 46g to 70g, or approximately 48g to 50g, or approximately 48g to 52g , or approximately 48g to 54g, or approximately 48g to 56g, or approximately 48g to 58g, or approximately 48g to 60g, or approximately 48g to 62g, or approximately 48g to 64g, or approximately 48g to 66g, or approximately 48g to 68g, or approximately 48g to 70g, or approximately 50g to 52g, or approximately 50g to 54g, or approximately 50g to 56g, or approximately 50g to 58g, or approximately 50g to 60g, or approximately 50g to 62g, or approximately 50g to 64g, or approximately 50g to 66g, or approximately 50g to 68g, or approximately 50g to 70g,Or approximately 52g to 54g, or approximately 52g to 56g, or approximately 52g to 58g, or approximately 52g to 60g, or approximately 52g to 62g, or approximately 52g to 64g, or approximately 52g to 66g, or approximately 52g to 68g, or approximately 52g to 70g, or approximately 54g to 56g, or approximately 54g to 58g, or approximately 54g to 60g, or approximately 54g to 62g, or Approximately 54g to 64g, or approximately 54g to 66g, or approximately 54g to 68g, or approximately 54g to 70g, or approximately 56g to 58g, or approximately 56g to 60g, or approximately 56g to 62g, or approximately 56g to 64g, or approximately 56g to 66g, or approximately 56g to 68g, or approximately 56g to 70g, or approximately 58g to 60g, or approximately 58g to 62g, or approximately 58 g~approx. 64g, or approx. 58g~approx. 66g, or approx. 58g~approx. 68g, or approx. 58g~approx. 70g, or approx. 60g~approx. 62g, or approx. 60g~approx. 64g, or approx. 60g~approx. 66g, or approx. 60g~approx. 68g, or approx. 60g~approx. 70g, or approx. 62g~approx. 64g, or approx. 62g~approx. 66g, or approx. 62g~approx. 68g, or approx. 62g~approx. 70g, or approx. 64g~approx. It could be 66g, or approximately 64g-68g, or approximately 64g-70g, or approximately 66g-68g, or approximately 66g-70g, or approximately 68g-70g, or approximately 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, or 70g.

[0111] Therefore, the weight of treats for extra-large animals is approximately 75g to 80g, or approximately 75g to 85g, or approximately 75g to 90g, or approximately 75g to 95g, or approximately 75g to 100g, or approximately 75g to 105g, or approximately 75g to 110g, or approximately 75g to 115g, or approximately 80g to 85g, or approximately 80g to 90g, or approximately 80g to 95g, or approximately 80g to 100g, or approximately 80g to 105g, or approximately 80g to 110g, or approximately 80g to 115g, or approximately 85g to 90g, or approximately 85g to 95g, or approximately 85g to 100g, or approximately 85g to 105g, or approximately It could be 85g to approximately 110g, or approximately 85g to approximately 115g, or approximately 90g to approximately 95g, or approximately 90g to approximately 100g, or approximately 90g to approximately 105g, or approximately 90g to approximately 110g, or approximately 90g to approximately 115g, or approximately 95g to approximately 100g, or approximately 95g to approximately 105g, or approximately 95g to approximately 110g, or approximately 95g to approximately 115g, or approximately 100g to approximately 105g, or approximately 100g to approximately 110g, or approximately 100g to approximately 115g, or approximately 105g to approximately 110g, or approximately 105g to approximately 115g, or approximately 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115g.

[0112] In one embodiment, the shape of the treat produced from the edible composition of the present invention needs to facilitate grasping and manipulating the treat in the animal's mouth while providing physical and mechanical action to the teeth of the animal chewing the treat. According to one embodiment, the shape of the treat may include elongated prisms, and particularly elongated prisms such as triangular prisms, square prisms, rectangular prisms, pentagonal prisms, hexagonal prisms, heptagonal prisms, octagonal prisms, nonagonal prisms, decagonal prisms, etc. The length, height, and width of the prism may be adapted according to the desired weight of the treat.

[0113] According to one embodiment, the longitudinal sides of the prism may be provided with one or more grooves to provide a further gripping surface area. The shape of the grooves may be any suitable shape to provide a gripping surface area, such as an open rectangle, square, or semicircle. All longitudinal sides may be provided with grooves, or fewer than the sum of the longitudinal sides may be provided with grooves.

[0114] According to another embodiment, the cross-sectional sides of the prism may be provided with one or more grooves to provide a further gripping surface area. The shape of the grooves can be any suitable shape to provide a gripping surface area, such as an open rectangle, square, or semicircle. All cross-sectional sides may include grooves, or only one of the cross-sectional sides may include grooves.

[0115] Referring to Figure 2, a snack molded as a pentagonal prism 10 is shown, with each longitudinal side divided into two sides 12 by a semicircular groove 14.

[0116] Methods and uses of edible compositions In one embodiment, the edible composition of the present invention may be used for oral hygiene. In another embodiment, the edible composition of the present invention may be used for the removal of tartar, the prevention of tartar formation, or a combination thereof.

[0117] According to another embodiment, the edible composition of the present invention may be used in a method for cleaning the mouth of an animal that requires oral cleaning. The method includes the step of providing the animal with the edible composition of the present invention.

[0118] According to another embodiment, the edible composition of the present invention may be used in a method for preventing or removing tartar formation in the oral cavity of an animal that requires prevention or removal of tartar formation. The method includes the step of providing the animal with the edible composition of the present invention.

[0119] The edible composition may be used or provided once or more times a day or once or more times every two days.

[0120] According to another embodiment, the use or method of the present invention may further include brushing with toothpaste before or after using the edible composition.

[0121] Manufacturing of edible compositions According to another embodiment, a method for producing an edible composition for oral hygiene of animals, 1) As a drying component, a) A dental abrasive in an amount of approximately 1% to approximately 20% w / w of the total weight of the composition, • Calcium carbonate content exceeds 95% (w / w), and specific surface area (SSA) is approximately 2.70 to 3.1 m². 2 Treated aragonite calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles in a quantity of / g, which are effectively treated under weakly acidic conditions. Dental polishing agents containing; b) Pregelatinized starch in an amount of approximately 15% to 40% w / w of the total weight of the composition; c) A fragrance agent in an amount of approximately 10% to 30% w / w of the total weight of the composition; d) A lubricant in an amount of approximately 0.5% to approximately 5% w / w of the total weight of the composition; e) A binder in an amount of about 0.5% to about 5% w / w of the total weight of the composition; and f) A primary preservative in an amount of approximately 0.01% to approximately 1% w / w of the total weight of the composition. A method is disclosed that includes the step of mixing to obtain a first mixture.

[0122] According to one embodiment, the method is to perform step 1') before step 1): 1') A process of sieving the dried components to remove clumps. This may further include:

[0123] After obtaining the first mixture, the method is as follows: Step 2) 2) A step to obtain a first dough-like mixture by mixing a first mixture with an aqueous solution containing a plasticizer, in an amount of about 1% to about 10% w / w of the total weight of the composition, and a second preservative, in an amount of about 0.1% to about 2% w / w of the total weight of the composition. This may further include:

[0124] After obtaining a first dough-like mixture, the method may further include the step of mixing a humectant containing glycerin in an amount of about 10% to about 35% w / w of the total weight of the composition into the first dough-like mixture to obtain a second dough-like mixture.

[0125] After obtaining a second dough-like mixture, the method may further include the step of mixing a first oily mixture containing medium-chain triglycerides and tocopherols into the second mixture to obtain a third dough-like mixture.

[0126] After obtaining a third dough-like mixture, the method may further include a step of extruding and / or shaping the third dough-like mixture into a treat. After obtaining the treat, the method may further include a curing step of curing the treat for at least eight weeks to obtain a structured and cured treat.

[0127] As the treat hardens, it may be packaged in primary or bulk packaging. The present invention will be more readily understood by referring to the following examples provided to illustrate the invention, rather than limiting its scope. [Examples]

[0128] (Example 1) Edible composition for oral hygiene An edible composition for animal oral hygiene was manufactured according to the following formulation: [Table 1]

[0129] Manufacturing process In the first step, the following dry components are separated from the mass using a hand screen, screening mill, vibrating screen or rotary impeller mill: a) calcium carbonate (modified aragonite), b) fully pregelatinized starch (Lycatab PGS), c) palatant (e.g., FlavorPal TM d) magnesium stearate (Ligamed MF-2-V-MB), e) xanthan gum and f) potassium sorbate. In step 2, the dry ingredients are placed in a convection mixer (e.g., a planetary mixer or a plow mixer) and mixed for about 2 minutes. In step 3, an aqueous solution of citric acid is prepared in a separate container. In step 4, Tocobiol TMMix SF with medium-chain triglycerides (MCT). In step 5, add the citric acid / water mixture (from step 3) to the mixture from step 2 while operating the mixer at low speed. The addition time is approximately 1 minute. In step 6, add the glycerin to the mixture while operating the mixer at low speed. The addition time is approximately 2 minutes. In step 7, after adding the entire amount of glycerin, mix the mixture for another minute. In step 8, while operating the mixer, add Tocobiol TM The SF / MCT oil mixture (from step 4) is added to the mixture. The addition time is approximately 1 minute. In step 9, mixing is continued at room temperature until the material achieves a dough-like consistency (e.g., approximately 1-3 minutes). Next, in step 10, the dough is extruded at room temperature using an extruder equipped with a die having the desired cross-sectional shape. The extruded segments are either cut directly to the desired weight during extrusion or extruded into segments of 45-61 cm (18-24 inches) and then manually cut to the appropriate weight. In step 11, the extruded segments are cured on a parchment-lined tray for 1-7 days. Then, they are packaged into primary packaging or bulk storage containers (steps 12 and 13, respectively). Figure 1 shows the process for manufacturing snacks based on the edible composition for oral hygiene according to the present invention.

[0130] (Example 2) Dog tolerance of treats made from food compositions for oral hygiene. The tolerability of treats (i.e., canine dental sticks, or "treats") prepared according to the formulation shown in Example 1 was evaluated during the efficacy test described in Example 3 below. Treat and standard diet intake was monitored and recorded in 22 dogs during a 7-day pre-test phase and in 10 dogs during a 28-day treatment period.

[0131] In the pre-test phase, 22 male and female dogs, identified by ear tattoos and cage numbers, were individually given test treats. One treat was provided once daily for 7 days in a stainless steel bowl. The bowl was left for 1 hour. Three hours before giving the test treat, all dogs were given 300g of standard diet (Purina Dog Chow) for 1 hour. Total treat intake, time to start chewing, chewing time, and time to treat intake were measured and recorded, and are shown in Tables 2.1-2.4 and 3-6 below, respectively. Standard diet intake is shown in Tables 7.1-7.4.

[0132] During the 28-day trial period, all dogs assigned to Group 1 were fed only the control diet from day 1 to day 27 (including both ends). Dogs assigned to Group 2 were given the control diet and one dental treat. On day 28, each animal was evaluated for bad breath, gingivitis, plaque, and tartar (see Example 2 for trial results and discussion). Weekly diet intake data is shown in Tables 8.1 [Standard Diet (Purina Dog Chow)] and 8.2 [Standard Diet + Treats]. Daily treat intake data is shown in Tables 9.1 to 9.4.

[0133] The kennel facility is registered under USDA No. 23-R-0126 under the Animal Welfare Act. The kennels had a 12-hour light / 12-hour dark cycle. In accordance with the Animal Welfare Act, every effort was made to maintain the temperature range within the target conditions (10°C to 27°C). In accordance with the Animal Welfare Act, cages and feeding bowls were cleaned and disinfected daily. [Table 2-1] [Table 2-2] [Table 2-3] [Table 2-4] Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 7-1 Table 7-2 Table 7-3 Table 7-4 Table 8-1 Table 8-2 Table 9-1 Table 9-2 Table 9-3 Table 9-4

[0134] (Conclusion) In the 7-day pre-trial phase, the total intake of the 22 dogs in the study was 4,510g of dental treats out of 4,677g given (96.4% of the dental treats were consumed) (Tables 2.1-24 and Table 3). Furthermore, it was found that it took the dogs an average of 3 seconds to begin chewing the sticks and an average of less than 1.5 minutes to completely consume the treats. Meanwhile, the total intake of standard diet among the 22 dogs over the 7 days was 39,755g of Purina Chow out of 46,200g given (86.0% of the standard diet was consumed) (Tables 7.1-7.4).

[0135] During the 28-day treatment period, the total intake of the 10 dogs was 8,400g of dental treats out of a total of 8,400g (100% of dental treats were consumed) (Tables 9.1-9.4). For dogs given only the control diet (Group 1), the average daily food intake per week was 252g out of 300g given (84.0% of the standard diet was consumed) (Table 8.1). For dogs given both the control diet and dental treats (Group 2), the average daily food intake per week was 217g out of 300g given (72.3% of the standard diet was consumed) (Table 8.2). It was found that dogs in the treat group (Group 2) consumed an average of 35g less standard food than dogs in the control group (Group 1).

[0136] Based on the results of these two studies, the treats were found to be extremely popular with the animals, exhibiting very high compliance with consumption and demonstrating palatability equal to or greater than that of a standard animal diet.

[0137] (Example 3) Evaluation and comparison of the effectiveness of treats made from oral hygiene food compositions for reducing plaque, tartar, gingivitis, and bad breath in dogs. The test treats formed from the composition of Example 1 were designed for use in dogs; therefore, dogs were a suitable species for evaluating this canine product. This study is a study to determine the effectiveness of one test treat for reducing plaque, tartar, gingivitis, and bad breath in dogs. The number "n" out of 10 was considered to be the minimum number of animals per group that could demonstrate that the test treat is effective in reducing plaque, tartar, gingivitis, and bad breath in dogs.

[0138] (Experimental design) Pre-test phase (Day 7-7 to Day 0). A 7-day pre-test phase was conducted before the start of the 28-day treatment period. During the pre-test phase, dogs selected for the main study were weighed and fed only the control diet, dry dog ​​food (kibble, fed dry). At the start of the pre-test phase (Day 7-7), each animal's teeth were scaled and polished. On Day 0, bad breath, plaque, and gingivitis were evaluated. The resulting scores indicated the rate of plaque accumulation for each animal when fed only the control diet. The animals were stratified into two groups based on their plaque scores. This procedure was performed to reduce score variability during the test / treat phase. After tooth scoring on Day 0, each animal underwent tooth cleaning and polishing (using non-fluoride polish) under anesthesia and intubation. After each cleaning procedure, a 2% eosin staining agent was applied to all test teeth, and an oral examination was performed to confirm that there was no remaining plaque or tartar buildup. A clean oral cavity was used at the start of the pre-test phase (-7 days) and at the start of the test (day 0).

[0139] The experimental phase (days 1-28). From day 1 to day 27 (including both ends), all dogs assigned to Group 1 were fed only the control diet. Dogs assigned to Group 2 were fed the control diet of dry dog ​​food and one treat according to Example 1. On day 28, each animal was evaluated for bad breath, gingivitis, plaque, and tartar.

[0140] (Test Procedure) The study involved 20 Beagle dogs bred for this purpose: 10 males and 10 females aged 1-5 years. Groups (10 dogs per group) were determined by stratifying the animals according to their plaque scores from day 0, and randomly assigning animals with similar plaque scores to each study group. Dogs were ranked in descending order of plaque score, and pairs of dogs were randomly assigned to each study group.

[0141] Random numbers were generated using the Excel® Random Number Generator program. Even numbers assigned the first dog in each pair to Group 1 and the second dog to Group 2, while odd numbers assigned the second dog to Group 1 and the first dog to Group 2. This method was used to reduce variability between test groups. The same number of dogs were assigned to each test group. Each animal had a unique ear tattoo and cage card for identification.

[0142] The dogs were anesthetized to properly perform the dental procedures of scaling, polishing, and scoring. Anesthesia allowed for the necessary restraint and reduced the opportunity for injury to the technician. The use of anesthesia in veterinary patients for proper teeth cleaning and thorough examination is considered a proper standard of veterinary care. A literature review (Literature review "Dental Survey - Anesthesia") supports the use of anesthesia as a proper standard of veterinary care for the above dental procedures, and no alternatives to the use of anesthesia for performing the procedures were found.

[0143] Animal care assessment. The procedures for this assessment were reviewed and approved prior to implementation by Summit Ridge Farms' Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and complied with animal welfare laws.

[0144] Criteria for the animals used: Animals were in clearly good health at the time of selection for inclusion in this study. Before the start of the study, dogs underwent an oral examination for normal occlusion and the presence of all test teeth. The initial oral examination included a visual inspection for the presence of significant furcation defects (bone loss between the roots of multi-rooted teeth). Dogs with complete furcation defects in any of the required test teeth (i.e., the periodontal probe was observed to pass from the buccal surface and emerge on the palatal / lingual surface) were not included in this study.

[0145] Habituation of test animals. The dogs were housed in accordance with the intent of this study before the start of the experiment.

[0146] (method) Weight. Individual body weight was measured and recorded weekly throughout the trial (days -8, -1, 6, 13, 20, and 27).

[0147] Feeding of standard diet during the trial (days 7-28). During the trial (days 7-28), each animal was given 300g of dry dog ​​food, the control diet, once a day for approximately one hour. Dogs were fed according to their physical condition, and the amount of food was adjusted weekly as needed to maintain their weight. Food intake was recorded daily. The control diet was given as it was obtained.

[0148] Introduction of the test treat. From day 1 to day 27, dogs assigned to Group 2 were given a control diet (dry dog ​​food), and one treat once a day, two hours after the removal of the control diet, according to Example 1. The test treat was given for at least one hour. Treat intake was recorded once a day for each animal. The test treat was given as obtained.

[0149] On day 27, the timing of treats was adjusted considering the scoring time for the following day (if treats were continued, dogs were scored within ±3 hours before the treat was given). The time treats were given was recorded in the raw data. Treats were weighed before and after giving. No treats were given on dental treatment days due to the time required for dental procedures.

[0150] (Dental treatment) Anesthesia. For tooth scoring and / or irrigation procedures on days 7, 0, and 28, each animal was intravenously injected with 7 mg / kg of 1% propofol before intubation. Dogs were intubated and anesthesia was maintained by inhalation of isoflurane in oxygen. In addition, to assist in drying the gingiva for dental procedures on days 0 and 28, each animal was subcutaneously injected with atropine (concentration 0.54 mg / ml) (0.8 ml for dogs ≤ 10 kg, 1.0 ml for dogs > 10 kg), followed by administration of propofol and isoflurane.

[0151] The amount of propofol administered to each animal on days -7, -0, and 28 was based on the body weight of each animal obtained before each scheduled dental procedure (body weight obtained on days -8, -1, and 27, respectively).

[0152] Pre-test phase. The teeth of each animal were scaled and polished on day -7. On day 0, each animal's halitosis, gingivitis, and plaque were evaluated. After the scoring procedure, another tooth was cleaned and polished. After each cleaning procedure, a 2% eosin staining agent was applied to all test teeth, and an oral examination was performed to confirm that there was no remaining plaque or tartar buildup, and a clean oral cavity was used at the start of the test. Tooth cleaning / polishing was performed under general anesthesia.

[0153] Test treat phase. On day 28, each animal was evaluated for halitosis, gingivitis, plaque, and tartar. Dental evaluations were performed under general anesthesia. Halitosis and gingivitis were evaluated first, followed by plaque evaluation after application of a disclosing agent. After scoring the plaque, the teeth were brushed to remove the plaque, and then tartar accumulation was scored. Dental examination included both buccal and bilateral oral surfaces. Evaluation was limited to the following nine teeth: maxillary third incisor (I3), canine (C), third premolar (P3), fourth premolar (P4), and first molar (M1); mandibular canine (C), third premolar (P3), fourth premolar (P4), and first molar (M1).

[0154] Masking of dental scorers. Qualified dental scorers were not involved in any test-related activities other than dental scoring. Each animal was already identified with a 5-digit or 7-digit number before the start of the test, and no correlation was evident between specific animal numbers and group assignments. In addition, animals were selected in a random order on day 28 and transported to the dental laboratory by technicians other than dental scorers.

[0155] Dental observation. The presence of inflammation, formation, or laceration anywhere in the oral cavity was recorded for each dog during tooth scoring on day 0 and day 28.

[0156] (Clinical observation / measurement) Physical examination. The veterinarian performed a physical examination on all dogs prior to day 7. Each animal was assessed for general health, physical and coat condition, and oral health (including the absence of branching in the test teeth). In addition, if past data (within 6 months of the start of the study) was not available for each animal, 2 ml of blood was taken from each dog and tested for blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total protein (TP), and blood cell volume (PCV).

[0157] Observation. Qualified personnel performed clinical observations twice daily. Recorded observations included abnormal stool quality, vomiting, abnormal behavior, poor coat quality, and general malaise. Clinical laboratory diagnostic procedures were performed as needed. Veterinary care was provided appropriately to each animal according to the veterinary care program.

[0158] (Dental parameter evaluation) Timing of scoring. On day 28, dogs were scored within ±3 hours before a treat was given, if treats were to be continued. The timing of treat giving on day 27 was recorded in the raw data. Dogs were randomly presented to blinded scorers.

[0159] Halitosis. On days 0 and 28, oral odor was evaluated using OralChroma before anesthesia in the dogs. Readings were obtained by keeping the dogs' mouths open for 3–5 seconds. The mouths were then closed for 30 seconds, taking care to keep the lips completely closed. After 30 seconds, without opening the lips, a 1 ml syringe was inserted between one maxillary canine tooth and the first premolar. Exhaled samples were collected by withdrawing the plunger to the end of the syringe. With the syringe still in the mouth, the syringe was emptied and then refilled. The syringe was removed from the mouth and slowly adjusted to the 1 ml mark. The end of the syringe was then wiped with a lint-free, delicate wipe. The gas samples were then injected into OralChroma for S-compound evaluation.

[0160] Gingivitis. Gingivitis was scored on day 0 and day 28 and evaluated using a modified gingival index based on Lobene et al. (1986). The MGI scoring system was as follows: [Table 10]

[0161] A numerical score was assigned to each tooth based on the degree of inflammation. The sum of the tooth scores was divided by the number of teeth examined (18) to obtain the average gingivitis score for the entire oral cavity of each animal.

[0162] Dental calculus. Dental calculus was quantitatively scored on day 28 using a modified method developed by Warrick and Gorrell. After exposing the teeth, the calculus was recorded to obtain a plaque score. Then, each tooth was brushed with a toothbrush to remove plaque, rinsed with water, air-dried, and then the calculus was scored. Each tooth was assigned a numerical score and a thickness score based on the percentage of calculus coverage (see the calculus scoring method below). The score for each tooth was calculated by multiplying the coverage score by the thickness score. The sum of the tooth scores was divided by the number of teeth examined (18) to obtain the average calculus score for the entire oral cavity of each animal. [Table 11]

[0163] Dental plaque. Dental plaque was scored on day 0 and day 28. Plaque was evaluated using a modified plaque index method developed by Quigley and Hein (1962) (Turesky, 1970). Plaque coverage and plaque thickness were evaluated by placing a disclosing agent (2% eosin) on the tooth and rinsing off the excess with tap water. The entire tooth was scored for the percentage of the coronal surface covered with plaque and the thickness of the plaque. The score for each tooth was calculated by multiplying the coverage score and the thickness score. The sum of the tooth scores was divided by the number of teeth examined (18) to obtain the average plaque score for the entire oral cavity of each animal. Plaque formation was scored according to the table below. [Table 12]

[0164] Keeping them in captivity. The dogs were housed in cages of a size that complied with animal welfare laws.

[0165] Feeding and watering standards. Fresh tap water suitable for human consumption was freely available via an automated watering system. There were no known contaminants in the food materials that could reasonably be expected to be present and that could interfere with the purpose or conduct of the study.

[0166] Concomitant medication. Except for the use of anesthetics for planned dental procedures, no drugs or medications were administered to any animals during the study.

[0167] Exclusion from the study. All animals maintained clearly good health throughout the study, and none were excluded.

[0168] Statistical methods. Individual t-tests, mean scores, standard errors, and standard deviation functions were performed for all dental parameters. The data were first analyzed for normality and heterogeneity of variance using the Shapiro-Wilk test and the Brown-Forsythe test, respectively. If the data was determined to be normally distributed, individual t-test analyses were performed. Non-normally distributed data were analyzed using the non-parametric Wilcoxon test. All data were analyzed using SAS version 9.4. The results obtained for the treatment group were compared with the results obtained for group 1 (control group). A significant difference between the treatment group and the control group was defined as P ≤ 0.05. Mean, standard error, and standard deviation were also obtained for diet intake, test treat intake, and body weight / weight change.

[0169] (Results / Discussion) Dental plaque. On day 28, dogs given the treat according to the present invention showed a 2.2% reduction in average oral plaque compared to the average oral plaque value of control dogs. This reduction was not statistically significant. The plaque comparison is shown in Table 13. [Table 13]

[0170] Gingivitis. On day 28, dogs given the treat according to the present invention showed a 24.6% reduction in average oral gingivitis compared to the average oral gingivitis value of control dogs. This reduction was not statistically significant. The gingivitis comparison is shown in Table 14. [Table 14]

[0171] Dental calculus. On day 28, dogs given the treat according to the present invention showed an unexpectedly statistically significant (P ≤ 0.01) reduction in average oral calculus levels of 66.5% compared to the average oral calculus levels of control dogs. The comparison of dental calculus levels is shown in Table 15. [Table 15]

[0172] Bad breath. On day 28, dogs given the treat according to the present invention showed a negative decrease (increase) of -9.9% in average oral halitosis compared to the average oral halitosis of the control dogs. This negative decrease was not statistically significant. The comparison of bad breath is shown in Table 16. [Table 16]

[0173] Dental examination: No inflammation, ulcers, or lacerations were observed anywhere in the oral cavity in any of the dogs during dental scoring on day 0 and day 28.

[0174] Body weight. The average weight change for dogs given the control diet was 0.14 kg (1.35%), while the average weight change for dogs given the treat according to the present invention was -0.14 kg (-1.36%).

[0175] Dietary intake. The average daily dietary intake of dogs given only the control diet was 252g out of 300g given, while the average weekly daily dietary intake of dogs given both the control diet and the treat according to the present invention was 217g.

[0176] Treat intake. The average total treat intake of dogs given treats according to the present invention was 30g, which corresponds to 100%.

[0177] Physical Examination / Clinical Signs. Prior to the start of the study, a physical examination was conducted by a staff veterinarian, and all dogs were deemed to be in good health. No adverse clinical signs were observed in any of the dogs during the study.

[0178] Occasional episodes of loose stools and vomiting were observed in the study. These sporadic episodes are not uncommon in Beagles, and these findings were not considered to be correlated with the intake of the study treats.

[0179] (Conclusion) On day 28, the treat of the present invention resulted in a 2.2% and 24.6% decrease in the average oral plaque and gingivitis levels of the dogs compared to the group average, and a -9.9% decrease (increase) in the group average oral halitosis level compared to the group average. These differences were not found to be statistically significant.

[0180] On day 28, the treat of the present invention resulted in an unexpected and statistically significant (P ≤ 0.01) reduction of 66.5% in the group-average oral calculus value of the dogs compared to the group-average oral calculus value of the dogs in the study.

[0181] (Example 4) Evaluation and comparison of the effectiveness of treats made from oral hygiene food compositions for reducing plaque, tartar, gingivitis, and bad breath in dogs. A test treat was formed from the composition of Example 1. This study repeated the study of Example 2 to determine the effectiveness of one test treat in reducing plaque, tartar, gingivitis, and bad breath in dogs. A sample size of 25 "n" was selected and considered sufficient to provide a reliable assessment of the effectiveness of the test treat in reducing plaque, gingivitis, tartar, and bad breath in dogs.

[0182] (Experimental design) Pre-test phase (Day 7-7 to Day 0). A 7-day pre-test phase was conducted before the start of the 28-day treatment period. During the pre-test phase, dogs selected for the main study were weighed and fed only the control diet, dry dog ​​food (kibble, fed dry). At the start of the pre-test phase (Day 7-7), each animal's teeth were scaled and polished. On Day 0, bad breath, plaque, and gingivitis were evaluated. The resulting scores indicated the rate of plaque accumulation for each animal when fed only the control diet. The animals were stratified into two groups based on their plaque scores. This procedure was performed to reduce score variability during the test / treat phase. After tooth scoring on Day 0, each animal underwent tooth cleaning and polishing (using non-fluoride polish) under anesthesia and intubation. After each cleaning procedure, a 2% eosin staining agent was applied to all test teeth, and an oral examination was performed to confirm that there was no remaining plaque or tartar buildup. A clean oral cavity was used at the start of the pre-test phase (-7 days) and at the start of the test (day 0).

[0183] The experimental phase (days 1-28). From day 1 to day 27 (including both ends), all dogs assigned to Group 1 were fed only the control diet. Dogs assigned to Group 2 were fed the control diet of dry dog ​​food and one treat according to Example 1. The time to start chewing, total chewing time, and time to ingestion were recorded for 12 dogs in the test groups for 5 days during the experimental phase of the study. On day 28, each animal was evaluated for bad breath, gingivitis, plaque, and tartar.

[0184] (Test Procedure) Study setup. The study used 50 Beagle dogs bred for this purpose: 16 males and 34 females aged 11 months to 6 years. Groups (25 dogs per group) were determined by stratifying the animals according to their plaque scores from day 0, and randomly assigning animals with similar plaque scores to each study group. Dogs were ranked in descending order by plaque score, and dogs were assigned from group 1 to group 2, and then back again from group 1 to group 2 until an equal number of dogs were assigned to each group. Each animal had a unique ear tattoo and cage card for identification.

[0185] The dogs were anesthetized to properly perform the dental procedures of scaling, polishing, and scoring. Anesthesia allowed for the necessary restraint and reduced the opportunity for injury to the technician. The use of anesthesia in veterinary patients for proper teeth cleaning and thorough examination is considered a proper standard of veterinary care. A literature review (Literature review "Dental Survey - Anesthesia") supports the use of anesthesia as a proper standard of veterinary care for the above dental procedures, and no alternatives to the use of anesthesia for performing the procedures were found.

[0186] Animal care assessment. The procedures for this assessment were reviewed and approved prior to implementation by Summit Ridge Farms' Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and complied with animal welfare laws.

[0187] Criteria for the animals used: Animals were in clearly good health at the time of selection for inclusion in this study. Before the start of the study, dogs underwent an oral examination for normal occlusion and the presence of all test teeth. The initial oral examination included a visual inspection for the presence of significant furcation defects (bone loss between the roots of multi-rooted teeth). Dogs with complete furcation defects in any of the required test teeth (i.e., the periodontal probe was observed to pass from the buccal surface and emerge on the palatal / lingual surface) were not included in this study.

[0188] Habituation of test animals. The dogs were housed in accordance with the intent of this study before the start of the experiment.

[0189] (method) Weight. Individual body weight was measured and recorded weekly throughout the trial (days -8, -1, 6, 13, 20, and 27).

[0190] Feeding of the standard diet during the trial (days 7-28). During the trial (days 7-28), each animal was given a control diet of dry dog ​​food once a day for approximately one hour. Dogs were fed according to their physical condition, and the amount of food was adjusted weekly as needed to maintain weight. Food intake was recorded daily. The control diet was given as it was obtained.

[0191] Introduction of the test treat. From day 1 to day 27, dogs assigned to Group 2 were given a control diet (dry dog ​​food), and one treat once a day, two hours after the removal of the control diet, according to Example 1. The test treat was given for at least one hour. Treat intake was recorded once a day for each animal. The test treat was given as obtained.

[0192] Additionally, for five consecutive days during the trial, the 12 dogs in the test group were observed with a stopwatch to determine the time until they began chewing the treat (from the time the treat was given until the dog picked it up), the total chewing time (the time the dog was involved with the treat), and the time until they ingested the treat (from the time the dog picked up the treat until they finished eating it or ate any pieces of the treat that had fallen on the floor [this does not include the time the dog dropped the treat and was involved in other activities]). Each animal was observed for a maximum of 10 minutes, and if it took longer than 10 minutes for a dog to ingest the treat, it was indicated as >10 minutes for that animal. If the time was less than 10 minutes, the exact time was recorded. The time until chewing began, the total chewing time, and the time until ingestion were recorded for five days during the trial phase of the study. The exact trial dates on which these activities occurred were recorded in the raw data.

[0193] On day 27, the timing of treats was adjusted considering the scoring time for the following day (if treats were continued, dogs were scored within ±3 hours before the treat was given). The time treats were given was recorded in the raw data. Treats were weighed before and after giving. No treats were given on dental treatment days due to the time required for dental procedures.

[0194] (Dental treatment) Anesthesia. For tooth scoring and / or irrigation procedures on days 7, 0, and 28, each animal was intravenously injected with 7 mg / kg of 1% propofol before intubation. Dogs were intubated and anesthesia was maintained by inhalation of isoflurane in oxygen. In addition, to assist in drying the gingiva for dental procedures on days 0 and 28, each animal was subcutaneously injected with atropine (concentration 0.54 mg / ml) (0.8 ml for dogs ≤ 10 kg, 1.0 ml for dogs > 10 kg), followed by administration of propofol and isoflurane.

[0195] The amount of propofol administered to each animal on days -7, -0, and 28 was based on the body weight of each animal obtained before each scheduled dental procedure (body weight obtained on days -8, -1, and 27, respectively).

[0196] Pre-test phase. The teeth of each animal were scaled and polished on day -7. On day 0, each animal's halitosis, gingivitis, and plaque were evaluated. After the scoring procedure, another tooth was cleaned and polished. After each cleaning procedure, a 2% eosin staining agent was applied to all test teeth, and an oral examination was performed to confirm that there was no remaining plaque or tartar buildup, and a clean oral cavity was used at the start of the test. Tooth cleaning / polishing was performed under general anesthesia.

[0197] Test treat phase. On day 28, each animal was evaluated for halitosis, gingivitis, plaque, and tartar. Dental evaluations were performed under general anesthesia. Halitosis and gingivitis were evaluated first, followed by plaque evaluation after application of a disclosing agent. After scoring the plaque, the teeth were brushed to remove the plaque, and then tartar accumulation was scored. Dental examination included both buccal and bilateral oral surfaces. Evaluation was limited to the following nine teeth: maxillary third incisor (I3), canine (C), third premolar (P3), fourth premolar (P4), and first molar (M1); mandibular canine (C), third premolar (P3), fourth premolar (P4), and first molar (M1).

[0198] Masking of dental scorers. Qualified dental scorers were not involved in any test-related activities other than dental scoring. Each animal was already identified with a 5-digit or 7-digit number before the start of the test, and no correlation was evident between specific animal numbers and group assignments. In addition, animals were selected in a random order on day 28 and transported to the dental laboratory by technicians other than dental scorers.

[0199] Dental observation. The presence of inflammation, formation, or laceration anywhere in the oral cavity was recorded for each dog during tooth scoring on day 0 and day 28.

[0200] (Clinical observation / measurement) Physical examination. The veterinarian performed a physical examination on all dogs prior to day 7. Each animal was assessed for general health, physical and coat condition, and oral health (including the absence of branching in the test teeth). In addition, if past data (within 6 months of the start of the study) was not available for each animal, 2 ml of blood was taken from each dog and tested for blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total protein (TP), and blood cell volume (PCV).

[0201] Observation. Qualified personnel performed clinical observations twice daily. Recorded observations included abnormal stool quality, vomiting, abnormal behavior, poor coat quality, and general malaise. Clinical laboratory diagnostic procedures were performed as needed. Veterinary care was provided appropriately to each animal according to the veterinary care program.

[0202] (Dental parameter evaluation) Timing of scoring. On day 28, dogs were scored within ±3 hours before a treat was given, if treats were to be continued. The timing of treat giving on day 27 was recorded in the raw data. Dogs were randomly presented to blinded scorers.

[0203] Halitosis. On days 0 and 28, oral odor was evaluated using OralChroma before anesthesia in the dogs. Readings were obtained by keeping the dogs' mouths open for 3–5 seconds. The mouths were then closed for 30 seconds, taking care to keep the lips completely closed. After 30 seconds, without opening the lips, a 1 ml syringe was inserted between one maxillary canine tooth and the first premolar. Exhaled samples were collected by withdrawing the plunger to the end of the syringe. With the syringe still in the mouth, the syringe was emptied and then refilled. The syringe was removed from the mouth and slowly adjusted to the 1 ml mark. The end of the syringe was then wiped with a lint-free, delicate wipe. The gas samples were then injected into OralChroma for S-compound evaluation.

[0204] Gingivitis. Gingivitis was scored on day 0 and day 28 and evaluated using a modified gingival index based on Lobene et al. (1986). The MGI scoring system was as follows: [Table 17]

[0205] A numerical score was assigned to each tooth based on the degree of inflammation. The sum of the tooth scores was divided by the number of teeth examined (18) to obtain the average gingivitis score for the entire oral cavity of each animal.

[0206] Dental plaque. Dental plaque was scored on day 0 and day 28. Plaque was evaluated using a modified plaque index method developed by Quigley and Hein (1962) (Turesky, 1970). Plaque coverage and plaque thickness were evaluated by placing a disclosing agent (2% eosin) on the tooth and rinsing off the excess with tap water. The entire tooth was scored for the percentage of the coronal surface covered with plaque and the thickness of the plaque. The score for each tooth was calculated by multiplying the coverage score and the thickness score. The sum of the tooth scores was divided by the number of teeth examined (18) to obtain the average plaque score for the entire oral cavity of each animal. Plaque formation was scored according to the table below. [Table 18]

[0207] Dental calculus. Dental calculus was quantitatively scored on day 28 using a modified method developed by Warrick and Gorrell. After exposing the teeth, the calculus was recorded to obtain a plaque score. Then, each tooth was brushed with a toothbrush to remove plaque, rinsed with water, air-dried, and then the calculus was scored. Each tooth was assigned a numerical score and a thickness score based on the percentage of calculus coverage (see the calculus scoring method below). The score for each tooth was calculated by multiplying the coverage score by the thickness score. The sum of the tooth scores was divided by the number of teeth examined (18) to obtain the average calculus score for the entire oral cavity of each animal. [Table 19]

[0208] Keeping them in captivity. The dogs were housed in cages of a size that complied with animal welfare laws.

[0209] Feeding and watering standards. Fresh tap water suitable for human consumption was freely available via an automated watering system. There were no known contaminants in the food materials that could reasonably be expected to be present and that could interfere with the purpose or conduct of the study.

[0210] Combined medicine. Except for the use of anesthetic agents for the dental treatment scheduled, no drugs or medicines were administered to any animals during the conduct of the test.

[0211] Exclusion of subjects from the test. Four dogs in Group 2 were excluded from the calculations, except for the calculation of dental plaque, gingivitis and halitosis on Day 0, due to inconsistent and / or low snack intake throughout the test. No other animals were excluded from the test.

[0212] Statistical methods. Individual t-tests, mean scores, standard error and standard deviation functions were performed for all dental parameters. The results obtained for Group 2 (treatment group) were compared with the results obtained for Group 1 (control group). The significant difference between the treatment group and the control group was set at P ≤ 0.05. Means, standard error and standard deviation were also obtained for data on diet intake, test snack intake, body weight / weight change and chewing time. All data were analyzed using SAS version 9.4.

[0213] (Results / Discussion) Dental plaque. On Day 28, the dogs given the snack according to the present invention showed a negative decrease of -1.5% (an increase) in the mean oral dental plaque value compared to the mean oral dental plaque value of the target dogs. This change was not statistically significant. The dental plaque comparison is shown in Table 20. [[ID=|17|]]

Table 20

[0214] Gingivitis. On Day 28, the dogs given the snack according to the present invention had a 17.6% decrease in the mean oral gingivitis value compared to the mean oral gingivitis value of the control dogs. This change was not statistically significant. The gingivitis comparison is shown in Table 21.

Table 21

[0215] Dental calculus. On day 28, dogs given the treat according to the present invention showed a statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) reduction in average oral tartar levels of 32.0% compared to the average oral tartar levels of control dogs. The tartar comparison is shown in Table 22. [Table 22]

[0216] Bad breath. On day 28, dogs given the treat according to the present invention showed a 33.4% reduction in average oral halitosis compared to the average oral halitosis of control dogs. This reduction was not statistically significant. The comparison of bad breath is shown in Table 23. [Table 23]

[0217] Dental examination: No inflammation, ulcers, or lacerations were observed anywhere in the oral cavity in any of the dogs during dental scoring on day 0 and day 28.

[0218] Body weight. The average weight change for dogs given the control diet was -0.10 kg (-1.15%), while the average weight change for dogs given the treat according to the present invention was -0.09 kg (-1.12%).

[0219] Dietary intake. The average daily dietary intake of dogs given only the control diet was 185g, while the average weekly daily dietary intake of dogs given the control diet and the treat according to the present invention was 161g.

[0220] Treat intake. The average total treat intake of dogs given treats according to the present invention was 30g, which corresponds to 100%.

[0221] Physical Examination / Clinical Signs. Prior to the start of the study, a physical examination was conducted by a staff veterinarian, and all dogs were deemed to be in good health. No adverse clinical signs were observed in any of the dogs during the study.

[0222] Episodes of loose stools and diet vomiting were occasionally observed in the test. Sporadic episodes of loose stools and diet vomiting are not uncommon in beagle dogs, and these findings were not considered to be correlated with the intake of test snacks.

[0223] (Conclusion) On the 28th day, the snack of the present invention resulted in a 17.6% and 33.4% decrease in the gingivitis value and halitosis value of the group-average oral cavity of the target dogs, respectively, compared to the gingivitis value and halitosis value of the group-average oral cavity, and a -1.5% decrease (increase) in the dental plaque value of the group-average oral cavity compared to the dental plaque value of the group-average oral cavity of the target dogs. These differences were found not to be statistically significant.

[0224] On the 28th day, the snack of the present invention resulted in a statistically significant (P≦0.05) decrease of 32.0% in the group-average oral calculus value compared to the group-average oral calculus value of the target dogs.

[0225] According to the tests of Examples 3 and 4, the Veterinary Oral Health Council (VOHC) gave the snack of the present invention an approval mark in the category of supporting calculus control.

[0226] (Example 5) Evaluation and comparison of the effectiveness of snacks and dog toothpastes manufactured from edible compositions for oral hygiene in reducing dental plaque, calculus, gingivitis and halitosis in dogs The test snack is formed from the composition of Example 1. This test was conducted to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of the snack of the present invention and dog toothpaste in reducing dental plaque, calculus, gingivitis and halitosis in beagle dogs.

[0227] (Test design) Pre-test phase (Day 7-7 to Day 0). A 7-day pre-test phase was conducted before the start of the 28-day treatment period. During the pre-test phase, dogs selected for the main study were weighed and fed only the control diet, dry dog ​​food (kibble, fed dry). At the start of the pre-test phase (Day 7-7), each animal's teeth were scaled and polished. On Day 0, bad breath, plaque, and gingivitis were evaluated. The resulting scores indicated the rate of plaque accumulation for each animal when fed only the control diet. The animals were stratified into two groups based on their plaque scores. This procedure was performed to reduce score variability during the test / treat phase. After tooth scoring on Day 0, each animal underwent tooth cleaning and polishing (using non-fluoride, wheat flour pumice / glycerin polishing) under anesthesia and intubation. After each cleaning procedure, a 2% eosin staining agent was applied to all test teeth, and an oral examination was performed to confirm that there was no remaining plaque or tartar buildup. A clean oral cavity was used at the start of the pre-test phase (-7 days) and at the start of the test (day 0).

[0228] The experimental phase (days 1-28). From day 1 to day 27 (including both ends), all dogs assigned to Group 1 were fed only the control diet. Dogs assigned to Group 2 were given the control diet dog food (Purina Dog Chow®) and had their teeth brushed without toothpaste using a wet (tap water) toothbrush (Oral-B® Indicator® Toothbrush Flat Trim (soft bristles) (VOHC approved and American Dental Association approved toothbrush)). Dogs assigned to Group 3 were given the control diet dry dog ​​food and had their teeth brushed with dog toothpaste applied to the toothbrush. Dogs assigned to Group 4 were given the control diet dry dog ​​food and one of the treats of the present invention and had their teeth brushed with dog toothpaste applied to the toothbrush. On day 28, each animal was evaluated for bad breath, gingivitis, plaque, and tartar.

[0229] (Test Procedure) Study setup. Forty Beagle dogs, bred for this purpose, were used in the study: 16 males and 24 females, aged 1–7 years. At the start of the study, the dogs weighed between 6.81 and 10.76 kg. Groups (10 dogs per group) were determined by stratifying the animals according to their plaque scores from day 0, and randomly assigning animals with similar plaque scores to each study group. Dogs were ranked in descending order by plaque score, and assigned from group 1 to group 4, then back to group 4 until the last dog was assigned to group 1. On day 2, the same scheme was followed, but dogs were assigned starting from group 2. An equal number of dogs were assigned to each study group. Each animal had a unique ear tattoo and cage card for identification.

[0230] The dogs were anesthetized to properly perform the dental procedures of scaling, polishing, and scoring. Anesthesia allowed for the necessary restraint and reduced the opportunity for injury to the technician. The use of anesthesia in veterinary patients for proper teeth cleaning and thorough examination is considered a proper standard of veterinary care. A literature review (Literature review "Dental Survey - Anesthesia") supports the use of anesthesia as a proper standard of veterinary care for the above dental procedures, and no alternatives to the use of anesthesia for performing the procedures were found.

[0231] Animal care assessment. The procedures for this assessment were reviewed and approved prior to implementation by Summit Ridge Farms' Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and complied with animal welfare laws.

[0232] Criteria for the animals used: Animals were in clearly good health at the time of selection for inclusion in this study. Before the start of the study, dogs underwent an oral examination for normal occlusion and the presence of all test teeth. The initial oral examination included a visual inspection for the presence of significant furcation defects (bone loss between the roots of multi-rooted teeth). Dogs with complete furcation defects in any of the required test teeth (i.e., the periodontal probe was observed to pass from the buccal surface and emerge on the palatal / lingual surface) were not included in this study.

[0233] Habituation of test animals. The dogs were housed in accordance with the intent of this study before the start of the experiment.

[0234] (method) Weight. Individual body weight was measured and recorded weekly throughout the trial (days -8, -1, 6, 13, 20, and 27).

[0235] Feeding of the standard diet during the trial (days 7-28). During the trial (days 7-28), each animal was given a control diet of dry dog ​​food once a day for approximately one hour. Dogs were fed according to their physical condition, and the amount of food was adjusted weekly as needed to maintain weight. Food intake was recorded daily. The control diet was given as it was obtained.

[0236] Daily provision / application of test substance and toothbrushing procedure. On days 1 to 27, dogs assigned to Group 2 were given the control diet (dried dog food), and approximately 2 hours after the removal of the control diet, their teeth were brushed with a toothbrush moistened only with tap water. Dogs assigned to Group 3 were given the control diet (dried dog food), and approximately 2 hours after the removal of the control diet, their teeth were brushed with dog toothpaste applied to a toothbrush. Dogs assigned to Group 4 were given the control diet (dried dog food) for 1 hour. 2 hours after the removal of the control diet, the dogs were given one treat according to the present invention for approximately 1 hour. 1 hour after the removal of the treat, the dogs' teeth were brushed with dog toothpaste applied to a toothbrush.

[0237] The buccal surface (buccal side) of dogs' teeth was brushed using a soft-bristled Oral-B® Indicator® toothbrush. This toothbrush is American Dental Association certified, meets ADA standards for bristle length, hardness, and tip rounding, and is VOHC approved. One toothbrush (each toothbrush labeled with the dog number) was used per dog during the study. If a brush was damaged, it was replaced for that dog. For Group 2, the brush was moistened with tap water. For Groups 3 and 4, approximately 0.2 g of dog toothpaste was dispensed by an administration unit, placed on the brush, and applied to the surface of each set of teeth at a 45° angle to the gingival line, with the bristles facing the gingival tissue (each dog was given a total of approximately 2.4 g of dog toothpaste per day). Brushing was performed horizontally across the teeth using a total of three sets of back-and-forth strokes (one stroke was defined as one back-and-forth movement). For the fourth stroke, lift the bristles away from the gums and move towards the tip of the tooth crown. The toothbrush was gently pressed against the buccal surface of the tooth during the brushing stroke.

[0238] Upper jaw "set": Left side: all three incisors and canines; Left side: 1st to 3rd premolars; Left side: 4th premolar and 1st to 2nd molars; Right side: all three incisors and canines; Right side: 1st to 3rd premolars; Right side: 4th premolar and 1st to 2nd molars.

[0239] Mandibular "set": Left side: all three incisors and canines; left side: 1st to 4th premolars; left side: 1st to 3rd molars; right side: all three incisors and canines; right side: 1st to 4th premolars; right side: 1st to 3rd molars.

[0240] For the first three horizontal brush strokes, brush all teeth in groups as described above (for example, upper left side: brush the 1st to 3rd premolars together as one set of teeth; brush the 4th premolar and the 1st and 2nd molars together as another set of teeth). For the fourth brush stroke (one stroke) facing coronally, brush each set of teeth separately if possible (for example, upper left side: brush the three incisors and canines together as one set of teeth; brush the 1st to 3rd premolars together as one set of teeth). Due to the spacing of some teeth, it may be necessary to perform the fourth brush stroke facing coronally on each tooth individually rather than by set of teeth.

[0241] Additionally, when brushing the lower teeth, slightly opening the dog's mouth so that the upper teeth do not overlap the lower teeth makes it easier to brush them.

[0242] From day 1 to day 27 (including both ends), teeth brushing was performed on dogs in groups 2 and 3, starting approximately 2 hours after the removal of the control diet. Dogs in group 4 had their teeth brushed 1 hour after the removal of the treat of the present invention.

[0243] Polishing began on the first day and continued once a day throughout the trial period. Two technicians were involved in the polishing process.

[0244] To account for the inherent variability in brushing techniques when two technicians perform the same procedure, such as brushing teeth, the technicians were evenly distributed within groups 2-4 and rotated equally throughout the trial period.

[0245] (Dental treatment) Anesthesia. For tooth scoring and / or irrigation procedures on days 7, 0, and 28, each animal was intravenously injected with 7 mg / kg of 1% propofol before intubation. Dogs were intubated and anesthesia was maintained by inhalation of isoflurane in oxygen. In addition, to assist in drying the gingiva for dental procedures on days 0 and 28, each animal was subcutaneously injected with atropine (concentration 0.54 mg / ml) (0.8 ml for dogs ≤ 10 kg, 1.0 ml for dogs > 10 kg), followed by administration of propofol and isoflurane.

[0246] The amount of propofol administered to each animal on days -7, -0, and 28 was based on the body weight of each animal obtained before each scheduled dental procedure (body weight obtained on days -8, -1, and 27, respectively).

[0247] Pre-test phase. The teeth of each animal were scaled and polished on day -7. On day 0, each animal's halitosis, gingivitis, and plaque were evaluated. After the scoring procedure, another tooth was cleaned and polished. After each cleaning procedure, a 2% eosin staining agent was applied to all test teeth, and an oral examination was performed to confirm that there was no remaining plaque or tartar buildup, and a clean oral cavity was used at the start of the test. Tooth cleaning / polishing was performed under general anesthesia.

[0248] Test treat phase. On day 28, each animal was evaluated for halitosis, gingivitis, plaque, and tartar. Dental evaluations were performed under general anesthesia. Halitosis and gingivitis were evaluated first, followed by plaque evaluation after application of a disclosing agent. After scoring the plaque, the teeth were brushed to remove the plaque, and then tartar accumulation was scored. Dental examination included both buccal and bilateral oral surfaces. Evaluation was limited to the following nine teeth: maxillary third incisor (I3), canine (C), third premolar (P3), fourth premolar (P4), and first molar (M1); mandibular canine (C), third premolar (P3), fourth premolar (P4), and first molar (M1).

[0249] Masking of dental scorers. Qualified dental scorers were not involved in any test-related activities other than dental scoring. Each animal was already identified with a 5-digit or 7-digit number before the start of the test, and no correlation was evident between specific animal numbers and group assignments. In addition, animals were selected in a random order on day 28 and transported to the dental laboratory by technicians other than dental scorers.

[0250] Dental observation. The presence of inflammation, formation, or laceration anywhere in the oral cavity was recorded for each dog during tooth scoring on day 0 and day 28.

[0251] (Clinical observation / measurement) Physical examination. The veterinarian performed a physical examination on all dogs prior to day 7. Each animal was assessed for general health, physical and coat condition, and oral health (including the absence of branching in the test teeth). In addition, if past data (within 6 months of the start of the study) was not available for each animal, 2 ml of blood was taken from each dog and tested for blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total protein (TP), and blood cell volume (PCV).

[0252] Observation. Qualified personnel performed clinical observations twice daily. Recorded observations included abnormal stool quality, vomiting, abnormal behavior, poor coat quality, and general malaise. Clinical laboratory diagnostic procedures were performed as needed. Veterinary care was provided appropriately to each animal according to the veterinary care program.

[0253] (Dental parameter evaluation) Timing of scoring. On day 28, dogs were scored within ±3 hours before a treat was given, if treats were to be continued. The timing of treat giving on day 27 was recorded in the raw data. Dogs were randomly presented to blinded scorers.

[0254] Halitosis. On days 0 and 28, oral odor was evaluated using OralChroma before anesthesia in the dogs. Readings were obtained by keeping the dogs' mouths open for 3–5 seconds. The mouths were then closed for 30 seconds, taking care to keep the lips completely closed. After 30 seconds, without opening the lips, a 1 ml syringe was inserted between one maxillary canine tooth and the first premolar. Exhaled samples were collected by withdrawing the plunger to the end of the syringe. With the syringe still in the mouth, the syringe was emptied and then refilled. The syringe was removed from the mouth and slowly adjusted to the 1 ml mark. The end of the syringe was then wiped with a lint-free, delicate wipe. The gas samples were then injected into OralChroma for S-compound evaluation.

[0255] Gingivitis. Gingivitis was scored on day 0 and day 28 and evaluated using a modified gingival index based on Lobene et al. (1986). The MGI scoring system was as follows: [Table 24]

[0256] A numerical score was assigned to each tooth based on the degree of inflammation. The sum of the tooth scores was divided by the number of teeth examined (18) to obtain the average gingivitis score for the entire oral cavity of each animal.

[0257] Dental plaque. Dental plaque was scored on day 0 and day 28. Plaque was evaluated using a modified plaque index method developed by Quigley and Hein (1962) (Turesky, 1970). Plaque coverage and plaque thickness were evaluated by placing a disclosing agent (2% eosin) on the tooth and rinsing off the excess with tap water. The entire tooth was scored for the percentage of the coronal surface covered with plaque and the thickness of the plaque. The score for each tooth was calculated by multiplying the coverage score and the thickness score. The sum of the tooth scores was divided by the number of teeth examined (18) to obtain the average plaque score for the entire oral cavity of each animal. Plaque formation was scored according to the table below. [Table 25]

[0258] After using a modified version of the method developed by Quigley and Hein (1962) (Turesky, 1970) to determine the plaque index described above, another method was applied to score the thickness of the plaque. The teeth were exposed again, rinsed, and then each tooth was scored again for plaque thickness based on the proportion of colors (pink, red, and dark red) observed on each tooth.

[0259] For example, the tooth scores were pink (1-light) - 20%, red (2-moderate) - 80%, and dark red (3-dark) - 0%. The recorded total thickness percentage was equal to 100%.

[0260] Dental calculus. Dental calculus was quantitatively scored on day 28 using a modified method developed by Warrick and Gorrell. After exposing the teeth, the calculus was recorded to obtain a plaque score. Then, each tooth was brushed with a toothbrush to remove plaque, rinsed with water, air-dried, and then the calculus was scored. Each tooth was assigned a numerical score and a thickness score based on the percentage of calculus coverage (see the calculus scoring method below). The score for each tooth was calculated by multiplying the coverage score by the thickness score. The sum of the tooth scores was divided by the number of teeth examined (18) to obtain the average calculus score for the entire oral cavity of each animal. [Table 26]

[0261] Keeping them in captivity. The dogs were housed in cages of a size that complied with animal welfare laws.

[0262] Lighting and temperature. A 12-hour light / 12-hour dark cycle was used. In accordance with the Animal Welfare Act, every effort was made to maintain the temperature range within the target conditions (50°F to 80°F).

[0263] Hygiene. In accordance with animal welfare laws, cages and feeding bowls were cleaned and disinfected daily.

[0264] Feeding and watering standards. Fresh tap water suitable for human consumption was freely available via an automated watering system. There were no known contaminants in the food materials that could reasonably be expected to be present and that could interfere with the purpose or conduct of the study.

[0265] Concomitant medication. Except for the use of anesthetics for planned dental procedures, no drugs or medications were administered to any animals during the study.

[0266] Exclusion from the study. All animals maintained clearly good health throughout the study, and no animals were excluded from the study.

[0267] Statistical methods. The data were initially analyzed for normality and heterogeneity of variance using the Shapiro-Wilk test and the Brown-Forsythe test, respectively. If the data was determined to be normally distributed, individual t-tests were performed. Data found not to be normally distributed were analyzed using the nonparametric Wilcoxon test. All data were analyzed using SAS version 9.4.

[0268] The results obtained from Group 2 (brushing without toothpaste), Group 3 (brushing with toothpaste), and Group 4 (brushing with toothpaste and a treat) were compared with the results obtained from Group 1 (no brushing). The results of brushing with toothpaste (Group 3) and brushing with toothpaste and a treat (Group 4) were compared with brushing without toothpaste (Group 2). The results of brushing with toothpaste and a treat (Group 4) were compared with brushing with toothpaste only (Group 3). A statistically significant difference between groups was defined as P ≤ 0.05. The mean, standard error, and standard deviation were also obtained for diet intake, test treat intake, and body weight / weight change.

[0269] (Results / Discussion) Dental plaque. Dogs whose teeth were brushed with water showed a statistically significant (P≦0.05) reduction in average oral plaque by 15.8% compared to dogs whose teeth were not brushed (Purina Dog Chow® only). Dogs whose teeth were brushed with dog toothpaste showed a statistically significant (P≦0.01) reduction in average oral plaque by 58.1% compared to dogs whose teeth were not brushed (Purina Dog Chow® only). Dogs given the treat according to the present invention and whose teeth were brushed with dog toothpaste showed a statistically significant (P≦0.01) reduction in average oral plaque by 67.9% compared to dogs whose teeth were not brushed (Purina Dog Chow® only). Dogs whose teeth were brushed with dog toothpaste showed a statistically significant (P≦0.01) reduction in average oral plaque levels of 50.2% compared to dogs whose teeth were brushed with water. Dogs given the treat according to the present invention and whose teeth were brushed with dog toothpaste showed a statistically significant (P≦0.01) reduction in average oral plaque levels of 61.9% compared to dogs whose teeth were brushed with water. Dogs given the treat according to the present invention and whose teeth were brushed with dog toothpaste showed a 23.5% reduction in average oral plaque levels compared to dogs whose teeth were brushed with dog toothpaste (without being given the treat). This change was not statistically significant.

[0270] Table 27 shows a comparison of dental plaque levels. [Table 27]

[0271] (Gingivitis) Dogs whose teeth were brushed with water showed a statistically significant (P≦0.01) reduction in average oral gingivitis values ​​of 60.7% compared to dogs whose teeth were not brushed (Purina Dog Chow® only). Dogs whose teeth were brushed with dog toothpaste showed a statistically significant (P≦0.01) reduction in average oral gingivitis values ​​of 57.1% compared to dogs whose teeth were not brushed (Purina Dog Chow® only). Dogs given the treat according to the present invention and whose teeth were brushed with dog toothpaste showed a statistically significant (P≦0.01) reduction in average oral gingivitis values ​​of 69.6% compared to dogs whose teeth were not brushed (Purina Dog Chow® only). Dogs whose teeth were brushed with dog toothpaste showed a negative decrease (increase) of -9.1% in average oral gingivitis values ​​compared to dogs whose teeth were brushed with water. This change was not statistically significant. Dogs given the treat according to the present invention and brushed with dog toothpaste had a 22.7% reduction in average oral gingivitis compared to dogs brushed with water. This change was not statistically significant. Dogs given the treat according to the present invention and brushed with dog toothpaste had a 29.2% reduction in average oral gingivitis compared to dogs brushed with dog toothpaste (without treats). This change was not statistically significant. The gingivitis comparison is shown in Table 28. [Table 28]

[0272] (Dental calculus) Dogs whose teeth were brushed with water showed a statistically significant (P≦0.01) reduction in average tartar levels by 61.7% compared to dogs whose teeth were not brushed (Purina Dog Chow® only). Dogs whose teeth were brushed with dog toothpaste showed a statistically significant (P≦0.01) reduction in average tartar levels by 65.7% compared to dogs whose teeth were not brushed (Purina Dog Chow® only). Dogs given the treat according to the present invention and whose teeth were brushed with dog toothpaste showed a statistically significant (P≦0.01) reduction in average tartar levels by 82.4% compared to dogs whose teeth were not brushed (Purina Dog Chow® only). Dogs whose teeth were brushed with dog toothpaste showed a 10.5% reduction in average tartar levels compared to dogs whose teeth were brushed with water. This change was not statistically significant. Dogs given the treat according to the present invention and brushed with dog toothpaste showed a statistically significant (P ≤ 0.01) reduction in average oral calculus (calculus) levels by 54.0% compared to dogs brushed with water. Dogs given the treat according to the present invention and brushed with dog toothpaste showed a 48.6% reduction in average oral calculus levels compared to dogs brushed with dog toothpaste (without treats). This change was not statistically significant. A comparison of calculus levels is shown in Table 29. [Table 29]

[0273] (bad breath) Dogs whose teeth were brushed with water showed a statistically significant (P≦0.01) reduction in average oral halitosis by 69.2% compared to dogs whose teeth were not brushed (Purina Dog Chow only). Dogs whose teeth were brushed with dog toothpaste showed a statistically significant (P≦0.01) reduction in average oral halitosis by 79.7% compared to dogs whose teeth were not brushed (Purina Dog Chow only). Dogs given the treat according to the present invention and whose teeth were brushed with dog toothpaste showed a statistically significant (P≦0.01) reduction in average oral halitosis by 83.0% compared to dogs whose teeth were not brushed (Purina Dog Chow only). Dogs whose teeth were brushed with dog toothpaste showed a statistically significant (P≦0.01) reduction in average oral halitosis by 34.0% compared to dogs whose teeth were brushed with water. This change was not statistically significant. Dogs given the treat according to the present invention and brushed with dog toothpaste showed a 44.8% reduction in average oral halitosis compared to dogs brushed with water. This change was not statistically significant. Dogs given the treat according to the present invention and brushed with dog toothpaste showed a 16.3% reduction in average oral halitosis compared to dogs brushed with dog toothpaste (without being given the treat). This change was not statistically significant. A comparison of halitosis is shown in Table 30. [Table 30]

[0274] (Dental examination) No inflammation, ulcers, or lacerations were observed anywhere in the oral cavity in any of the dogs during dental scoring on day 0 and day 28.

[0275] (body weight) The average weight change for dogs given the control diet was 0.03 kg (0.19%), for dogs given the control diet and brushed with water it was -0.02 kg (0.20%), for dogs given the control diet and brushed with dog toothpaste it was -0.13 kg (-1.26%), and for dogs given the control diet, brushed with dog toothpaste and given the treat according to the present invention it was -0.23 kg (-2.49%).

[0276] (Dietary intake) The average daily food intake per week for dogs given a control diet was 215g, for dogs given a control diet and brushed with water it was 217g, for dogs given a control diet and brushed with dog toothpaste it was 236g, and for dogs given a control diet, brushed with dog toothpaste and given the treat according to the present invention it was 193g.

[0277] (Snack consumption) Dogs whose teeth were brushed with dog toothpaste and given the treat according to the present invention (approximately 31g of treat) consumed an average total of 30g of treats.

[0278] (Physical examination / clinical signs) Prior to the start of the study, a physical examination was conducted by a staff veterinarian, and all dogs were deemed to be in good health. No adverse clinical signs were observed in any of the dogs during the study. Occasional episodes of loose stools and vomiting were observed during the study. Sporadic episodes of loose stools and vomiting are not uncommon in Beagles, and these findings were not considered to be correlated with the intake of the study treats.

[0279] (Conclusion) On day 28, dogs whose teeth were brushed with water showed statistically significant (P≦0.01) reductions of 15.8% for plaque, gingivitis, calculus, and halitosis, and 60.7%, 61.7%, and 69.2% for bad breath, respectively, compared to the group-average oral plaque and calculus levels of dogs that were not brushed (control group, Purina Dog Chow only). On day 28, dogs whose teeth were brushed with dog toothpaste showed statistically significant (P≦0.01) reductions of 58.1%, 57.1%, 65.7%, and 79.7% for bad breath, respectively, compared to the group-average oral plaque, gingivitis, calculus, and halitosis levels of dogs that were not brushed (control group, Purina Dog Chow only). On day 28, dogs given the treat of the present invention and brushed with dog toothpaste showed statistically significant (P≦0.01) reductions of 67.9%, 69.6%, 82.4%, and 83.0% in average oral plaque, gingivitis, tartar, and halitosis values ​​compared to the control group of dogs that were not brushed (Purina Dog Chow only). On day 28, dogs brushed with dog toothpaste showed a statistically significant (P≦0.01) reduction of 50.2% in average oral plaque values ​​compared to the control group of dogs brushed with water. Furthermore, dogs whose teeth were brushed with dog toothpaste showed a non-significant decrease in the group-average oral gingivitis (-9.1% [increase]), tartar (10.5%), and halitosis (34.0%) compared to dogs whose teeth were brushed with water. On day 28, dogs given the treat of the present invention and whose teeth were brushed with dog toothpaste showed a remarkable statistically significant (P ≤ 0.01) decrease in the group-average oral plaque and tartar values ​​of 61.9% and 54.0%, respectively, compared to dogs whose teeth were brushed with water. Furthermore, dogs given the treats of the present invention and whose teeth were brushed with dog toothpaste showed a non-significant decrease in the group-average oral gingivitis value (22.7%) and halitosis value (44.8%) compared to dogs whose teeth were brushed with water.On day 28, dogs given the treat of the present invention and brushed with dog toothpaste showed non-significant reductions of 23.5%, 29.2%, 48.6%, and 16.3% in the group-average oral plaque, gingivitis, tartar, and halitosis values ​​compared to dogs brushed with dog toothpaste.

[0280] Preferred embodiments are described above and shown in the accompanying drawings, but it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications can be made without departing from the disclosure. Such modifications will be considered possible variations that fall within the scope of the disclosure.

Claims

1. a) A dental abrasive with a concentration of approximately 1% to approximately 20% w / w, - Calcium carbonate content exceeds 95% (w / w), and specific surface area (SSA) is approximately 2.70 to 3.1 m². 2 Treated aragonite calcium carbonate (CaCO2) is / g 3 ) Particles, which are effectively treated under weakly acidic conditions, treated aragonite calcium carbonate particles. Dental polishing agents containing; b) Pregelatinized starch at approximately 15% to 40% w / w; c) Plasticizers in an amount of approximately 11% to 45% w / w; and d) Binder in a concentration of approximately 0.5% to 5% w / w A food composition for animal oral hygiene, including [a specific ingredient / method].

2. The edible composition according to claim 1, wherein the particle size of the treated aragonite calcium carbonate particles is approximately 25 μm to approximately 70 μm.

3. The edible composition according to claim 1, wherein the calcium carbonate content is approximately 95% to approximately 99.9% (w / w).

4. The specific surface area of ​​the aforementioned particles is approximately 2.80 m². 2 / g to approximately 2.9m 2 The edible composition according to claim 1, wherein the weight is / g.

5. The specific surface area of ​​the aforementioned particles is approximately 2.9 m². 2 The edible care composition according to claim 1, wherein the amount is / g.

6. The aforementioned treated aragonite calcium carbonate (CaCO) 3 The edible composition according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the particles are derived from plant-derived aragonite.

7. The edible composition according to claim 6, wherein the plant-derived aragonite is fish-egg-shaped aragonite.

8. The aforementioned treated aragonite calcium carbonate (CaCO) 3 The edible composition according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the degree of crystallinity of the particles is approximately 24% to approximately 28%.

9. The aforementioned treated aragonite calcium carbonate (CaCO) 3 ) The edible product according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the degree of crystallinity of the particles is approximately 26%.

10. The edible composition according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the plasticizer comprises water, glycerin, polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol, triacetin, tributyl citrate, triethyl citrate, tributyl acetyl citrate, triethyl acetyl citrate, diethyl phthalate, acetic acid, formic acid, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, ethanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 1-pentanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, ethyl acetate, ethyl formate, isopropyl acetate, methyl acetate, propyl acetate, anisole, tert-butyl methyl ether, ethyl ether, cumene, heptane, pentane, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, dimethyl sulfoxide, castor oil, propylene glycol, diacetylated monoglyceride, sorbitol, sorbitan, dibutyl sebacate, or a combination thereof.

11. The edible composition according to claim 10, wherein the plasticizer is water, glycerin, or a combination thereof.

12. The edible composition according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the binder comprises cellulose, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, starch, sucrose, mannitol, polyethylene glycol, liquid glucose, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, acacia gum, xanthan gum, locust bean gum, chitosan, dextran, guar gum, inulin, dextrin, maltodextrin, polyethylene oxide, sodium alginate, zein, carrageenan, or a combination thereof.

13. The edible composition according to claim 12, wherein the binder is xanthan gum.

14. The edible composition according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the pregelatinized starch is partially pregelatinized starch, fully pregelatinized starch, or a combination thereof.

15. The edible composition according to claim 14, wherein the pregelatinized starch is fully pregelatinized starch.

16. The edible composition according to claim 14 or 15, wherein the pregelatinized starch is derived from potato starch, corn starch, rice starch, wheat starch, cassava starch, or a combination thereof.

17. An edible composition according to any one of claims 1 to 16, further comprising a lubricant.

18. The edible composition according to claim 17, wherein the lubricant is present in an amount of about 1% to about 15% w / w of the composition.

19. The edible composition according to claim 17 or 18, wherein the lubricant is magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, purified talc, light PEG, sodium stearyl fumarate, sodium lauryl sulfate, long-chain triglycerides (LCT), medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), short-chain triglycerides (SCT), or a combination thereof.

20. The edible composition according to claim 19, wherein the lubricant is magnesium stearate, the medium-chain triglyceride, or a combination thereof.

21. An edible composition according to any one of claims 1 to 20, further comprising a parathant.

22. The edible composition according to claim 21, wherein the paratant is a meat flavoring, chicken flavoring, beef flavoring, pork flavoring, cheese flavoring, smoke flavoring, fish flavoring, sweetener, or a combination thereof.

23. The edible composition according to claim 21 or 22, wherein the parathant is present in an amount of about 10% to about 30% w / w of the composition.

24. An edible composition according to any one of claims 1 to 23, further comprising a preservative.

25. The edible composition according to claim 24, wherein the preservative is sorbic acid, sodium sorbate, potassium sorbate, benzoic acid, ammonium benzoate, calcium benzoate, magnesium benzoate, potassium benzoate, sodium benzoate, lactic acid, propionic acid or its salts, phosphoric acid, ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, citric acid, trisodium citrate, tripotassium citrate, tartaric acid, disodium EDTA, butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole, gallic acid, sodium gallate, sulfur dioxide, sulfites, tocopherol, and combinations thereof.

26. The edible composition according to claim 24 or 25, wherein the preservative is present in an amount of about 0.2% to about 5% w / w of the composition.

27. The composition is a) Dental abrasive with approximately 12% w / w; b) Approximately 31.85% w / w pregelatinized starch; c) A plasticizer comprising approximately 29% w / w, including water and glycerin; d) A binder containing xanthan gum, which is approximately 2% w / w; e) A lubricant containing approximately 4.5% w / w, comprising magnesium stearate and medium-chain triglycerides; f) Approximately 20% w / w flavoring; and g) A preservative containing approximately 0.65% w / w, comprising citric acid, potassium sorbate, and tocopherol. An edible composition according to any one of claims 1 to 26, comprising:

28. The food composition according to any one of claims 21 to 27, wherein the palatability of the food composition is equal to or higher than that of a standard animal diet.

29. A snack made from an edible composition according to any one of claims 1 to 28.

30. The snack according to claim 29, having the shape of an elongated rectangular prism.

31. The snack according to claim 29, wherein the elongated prism is a triangular prism, a quadrangular prism, a rectangular prism, a pentagonal prism, a hexagonal prism, a heptagonal prism, an octagonal prism, a nonagonal prism, or a decagonal prism.

32. The snack according to claim 30 or 31, wherein the longitudinal side of the elongated rectangular prism further includes a groove.

33. The snack according to any one of claims 30 to 32, wherein the side of the cross-section of the elongated rectangular prism further includes a groove.

34. The snack according to claim 33, wherein the elongated rectangular prism is a pentagonal prism with grooves in each of its longitudinal sides.

35. Use of the edible composition according to any one of claims 1 to 28, or the snack according to any one of claims 29 to 34, for oral hygiene.

36. Use of the edible composition according to any one of claims 1 to 28, or the treat according to any one of claims 29 to 34, for the removal of tartar, the prevention of tartar formation, or a combination thereof.

37. A method for cleaning the oral cavity of an animal that requires oral cleaning, comprising providing the animal with an edible composition according to any one of claims 1 to 28, or a treat according to any one of claims 29 to 34.

38. A method for preventing or removing tartar formation in the oral cavity of an animal requiring prevention or removal of tartar formation, comprising providing the animal with an edible composition according to any one of claims 1 to 28, or a treat according to any one of claims 29 to 34.

39. The use according to claim 35 or 36, or the method according to claim 37 or 38, wherein the edible composition is used or provided once or twice a day or once every two days.

40. The use according to claim 35 or 36, or the method according to claim 37 or 38, further comprising brushing with toothpaste before or after using the food composition.

41. A method for producing an edible composition for the oral hygiene of animals, 1) As a drying component, a) A dental abrasive in an amount of approximately 1% to approximately 20% w / w of the total weight of the composition, ・ Calcium carbonate content exceeds 95% (w / w), and the specific surface area (SSA) is about 2.70 to about 3.1 m 2 / g of treated aragonite calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) particles, which have been effectively treated under weakly acidic conditions, treated aragonite calcium carbonate particles Dental polishing agents containing; b) Pregelatinized starch in an amount of approximately 15% to 40% w / w of the total weight of the composition; c) Parathant in an amount of approximately 10% to approximately 30% w / w of the total weight of the composition; d) A lubricant in an amount of approximately 0.5% to approximately 5% w / w of the total weight of the composition; e) A binder in an amount of approximately 0.5% to approximately 5% w / w of the total weight of the composition; and f) A primary preservative in an amount of approximately 0.01% to approximately 1% w / w of the total weight of the composition; A method comprising the step of mixing to obtain a first mixture.

42. Step 1' before Step 1): 1') A step of sieving the dried components to remove lumps. The method according to claim 41, further comprising:

43. Process 2): 2) A step to obtain a first dough-like mixture by mixing the first mixture with an aqueous solution containing a water-containing plasticizer in an amount of about 1% to about 10% w / w of the total weight of the composition, and a second preservative in an amount of about 0.1% to about 2% w / w of the total weight of the composition. The method according to claim 41 or 42, further comprising:

44. Step 3): 3) A step to obtain a fourth second dough-like mixture by mixing a wetting agent containing glycerin in an amount of about 10% to about 35% w / w of the total weight of the composition into the first dough-like mixture. The method according to claim 43, further comprising:

45. Step 4): 4) A step of mixing a first oily mixture containing medium-chain triglycerides and tocopherols into a second dough-like mixture to obtain a third dough-like mixture. The method according to claim 44, further comprising:

46. Step 5): 5) The process of extruding and / or molding the third dough-like mixture into a snack. The method according to claim 45, further comprising:

47. Curing process 6): 6) The process of hardening the snack for at least 8 weeks to obtain a structured and hardened snack. The method according to claim 46, further comprising:

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