Methods and compositions for providing personalized nutritional supplements

Abstract

This specification provides methods for providing personalized nutritional supplements. It also provides personalized nutritional supplement compositions for individuals who require them. TIFF2026527630000093.tif94170

Description

Technical Field

[0001] Cross - Reference to Related Applications This application claims the benefit and priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 531,528, filed on August 8, 2023, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Background Art

[0002] Background Nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids are required in small amounts and play roles in substantially all metabolic processes. They act as coenzymes and cofactors in various biological processes. They are also known to assist in functions such as maintenance of tissue function, activation of genes, and regulation of gene transcription. These nutrients are also important in bringing about antioxidant and inflammatory processes. Considering their important roles in many biological functions, even a slight deficiency of a particular nutrient can be harmful to the body. For example, vitamin A deficiency can cause night blindness and xerophthalmia. Deficiency of the B - complex vitamins results in several clinical symptoms ranging from megaloblastic anemia, pellagra, beriberi to even neurological and cognitive impairments. Scurvy is a disease in which patients become weak and experience pain in the arms and legs, but is caused by a lack of vitamin C. Calcium deficiency can lead to decreased bone mineralization, rickets, or osteoporosis. Selenium deficiency exposes individuals to the risk of cardiomyopathy and cardiovascular diseases. Increased dental caries and effects on bone health may indicate fluoride deficiency. Iodine deficiency can cause diseases such as goiter and hypothyroidism, and iron deficiency can cause anemia.

[0003] Nutrient levels can be optimized through supplementation with nutrient-rich foods and supplements. However, nutrient supplementation can be toxic if taken in excess. While readily available commercial vitamins and minerals are widely used and have been proven to improve health, studies have recorded an increased risk of serious health problems associated with them. Excessive vitamin B6 supplementation (doses exceeding 500 mg / day) was associated with chronic sensory polyneuropathy in elderly patients taking multivitamin supplements. Similarly, health status and lifestyle are important aspects that must be considered when supplementing nutrients. Excessive intake of vitamin A (retinol) during pregnancy may increase the risk of birth defects in infants. Furthermore, smokers who took beta-carotene supplements had a higher incidence of lung cancer during a 5-8 year follow-up period than smokers who did not take beta-carotene supplements. As a result, various factors must be taken into consideration when supplementing nutrients.

[0004] Therefore, effective supplementation of nutrients requires an effective diagnosis of individual deficiencies. Consequently, additional methods are needed to diagnose and supplement nutrient deficiencies. [Overview of the project]

[0005] overview In one embodiment, a method for providing a nutritional supplement to a subject is provided herein, and the method is i. Obtaining, or having obtained, the levels of multiple extracellular nutrients measured from serum obtained from the subject, ii. Obtaining, or having obtained, the levels of multiple intracellular nutrients measured from intracellular leukocytes (WBCs) and / or red blood cells (RBCs) obtained from the subject, iii. Using both levels of multiple extracellular nutrients and levels of multiple intracellular nutrients to determine an individualized dosage of nutritional supplements for the subject. Includes.

[0006] In some embodiments, the extracellular nutrients include one or more of the following: vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids.

[0007] In some embodiments, intracellular nutrients include one or more of vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids.

[0008] In some embodiments, both extracellular nutrients and intracellular nutrients each include one or more of the following: vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids.

[0009] In some embodiments, the vitamins include one or more of the following: vitamin A (retinol), vitamin A (beta-carotene), vitamin B1 (thiamine diphosphate), vitamin B2 (riboflavin 5-phosphate), vitamin B3 (nicotinic acid), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6, pyridoxal 5-phosphate, vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid), vitamin D, 25-OH, vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), vitamin D, 1-25-dihydroxy, vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), vitamin K1 (phylloquinone), vitamin K2 (menaquinone-MK-7), folate (L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate), and coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone + ubiquinol).

[0010] In some embodiments, the minerals include one or more of selenium, sodium, potassium, calcium, zinc, manganese, iron, magnesium, copper, chromium, myo-inositol, iodine, molybdenum, phosphorus, tetrahydrobiopterin, fluoride, and copper / zinc.

[0011] In some embodiments, the amino acids include one or more of oxidized glutathione, MMA (methylmalonic acid), choline, L-cysteine, L-asparagine, L-glutamine, L-serine, L-arginine, L-citrulline, L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-leucine, free carnitine, and phenylalanine.

[0012] In some embodiments, the fatty acids include one or more of DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), DPA (docosapentaenoic acid), AA (arachidonic acid), LA (linoleic acid), total omega-3, total omega-6, omega-3 index, and AA / EPA.

[0013] In some embodiments, determining a personalized dosage of a nutritional supplement involves determining the ratio of a target nutrient value to the obtained level of either an extracellular or intracellular nutrient.

[0014] In some embodiments, determining an individualized dosage of nutritional supplements is possible. i. With respect to extracellular nutrients, determine the ratio between the target extracellular nutrient value and the obtained level of the extracellular nutrient, ii. With respect to intracellular nutrients, determine the ratio between the target intracellular nutrient value and the obtained level of the intracellular nutrient. Includes.

[0015] In some embodiments, the method further includes obtaining, or having obtained, genetic information relating to the target genetic information, or genetic information relating to the inhibition or absorption of nutrients.

[0016] In some embodiments, the target genetic information includes the genetic state of one or more genomic locations of multiple genes.

[0017] In some embodiments, the genetic state includes the presence or absence of polymorphism.

[0018] In some embodiments, the polymorphisms are rs12934922, rs6564851, rs7501331, rs11645428, rs11645428, rs10766197, rs10741657, rs10877012, rs1801131, rs1801133, rs7946, rs174547, rs17514104 , rs492602, rs602662, rs526934, rs33972313, rs4257763, rs6139591, rs6596473, rs23 04478, rs889299, rs4516035, rs11126936, rs13107325, rs1799945, rs1800562, rs76151 636, rs4074995, rs12785878, rs1799983, rs13078881, rs2108622, rs1050450, rs4680, rs225014, rs594445, rs4284505, rs1695, rs291466, rs121918252, rs2282679, rs122720 It is one of the following: 04, rs3877899, rs4588, rs4820268, rs855791, rs775607037, rs786204770, rs8007267, rs121909307, rs3733890, rs7204044, rs1667255, rs3811647, and rs5030853.

[0019] In some embodiments, the multiple genes are one or more of BCMO1, CYP2R1, MTHFR, PEMT, FADS1, SLC35F3, FUT2, TCN1, SLC23A1, SLC23A2, SLC12A3, SCNN1B, VDR, SLC30A3, SLC39A8, HFE, ATP7B, RGS14, NADSYN1, NOS3, BTD, CYP4F2, GPX1, COMT, DIO2, MOCOS, ESR1, GSTP1, HICBH, MUT, GC, APOA5, SEPP1, TF, VDR, TMPRSS6, COQ4, PAH, GCH1, GSS, BHMT, and PAH.

[0020] In some embodiments, the method further includes determining polygenic risk factors according to the genetic state of one or more locations of multiple genes.

[0021] In some embodiments, determining a personalized dosage further includes determining a personalized dosage of a nutritional supplement for a subject according to a polygenic risk score.

[0022] In some embodiments, determining a polygenic risk factor according to the genetic state at one or more positions of a plurality of genes includes assigning a genotype score according to the presence or absence of a polymorphism at the position of the gene for each of the one or more positions of the gene, and combining the genotype scores across the positions of the plurality of genes.

[0023] In some embodiments, the method further includes obtaining or having obtained a physical indicator of the subject.

[0024] In some embodiments, the physical indicator of the subject includes one or more of height and weight.

[0025] In some embodiments, determining a personalized dosage further includes determining a personalized dosage of a nutritional supplement for a subject according to the physical indicator of the subject.

[0026] In some embodiments, the method further includes obtaining or having obtained an absorption factor determined for the subject, the absorption factor reflecting the utilization of a plurality of nutrients by the subject.

[0027] In some embodiments, determining a personalized dosage further includes determining a personalized dosage of a nutritional supplement for a subject according to the absorption factor.

[0028] In some embodiments, the absorption factor of the subject is determined by comparing the pre-supplementation blood nutrient value with the post-supplementation blood nutrient value.

[0029] [[ID=

[0030] In some embodiments, pre-supplementary blood nutritional values ​​are determined from a blood sample obtained from the subject before the supplement is administered.

[0031] In some embodiments, post-supplementary blood nutritional values ​​are determined from blood samples obtained from subjects after the supplement has been administered.

[0032] In some embodiments, the supplement may contain: vitamin A palmitate, beta-carotene, thiamine mononitrate, riboflavin 5-phosphate, nicotinic acid, calcium pantothenate, pyridoxine HCl, biotin, cyanocobalamin, ascorbic acid, cholecalciferol, d-alpha-tocopheryl succinate, vitamin K1, vitamin K2 as menaquinone-7, folinic acid (folate), ubiquinone, L-selenomethionine, sea salt, potassium chloride, calcium carbonate, zinc picolinate, manganese glycinate, ferrous sulfate, magnesium citrate, copper bisglycinate chelate, chromium picolinate, Contains one or more of the following: myo-inositol, potassium iodide, molybdenum glycinate chelate, dipotassium phosphate, L-glutathione (reduced), cyanocobalamin, choline tartrate, N-acetyl-L-cysteine ​​(NAC), L-asparagine, L-glutamine, L-serine, L-arginine, L-citrulline, L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-leucine, L-carnitine, L-phenylalanine, DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), arachidonic acid, conjugated linoleic acid, and omega-3 DHA / EPA (high DHA) 3:1.

[0033] In some embodiments, the method further includes obtaining a Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) value for the subject, which is determined according to the subject's age, sex, or pregnancy or lactation status.

[0034] In some embodiments, determining a personalized dosage further includes determining a personalized dosage of a nutritional supplement for a subject according to the RDA value.

[0035] In some embodiments, the method further includes obtaining, or having obtained, measurements of the target gut microbiota.

[0036] In some embodiments, determining a personalized dosage further includes determining the amount of probiotics or prebiotics in a nutritional supplement for the subject according to the subject's gut microbiome.

[0037] In some embodiments, the measurement of the target gut microbiota includes the amount of one or more of the following: viruses, fungi, parasites, and worms.

[0038] In some embodiments, measurements of the target gut microbiota are obtained by performing a Gut Zoomer® assay.

[0039] In some embodiments, the method is i. Below: ii. Target biomarkers indicating cardiovascular health, iii. Biomarkers for indicating neurological health, iv. Target biomarkers indicating thyroid health, v. Biomarkers of the subject that indicate kidney health, and vi. Target biomarkers indicating liver health Obtaining one or more of the following, or having obtained them.

[0040] In some embodiments, determining an individualized dosage is possible. i. Levels of nutrients and / or supplements that support cardiovascular health, ii. Levels of nutrients and / or supplements that support neurological health, iii. Levels of nutrients and / or supplements that support thyroid health, iv. Levels of nutrients and / or supplements that support kidney health, as well as v. Levels of nutrients and / or supplements that support liver health This further includes determining an individualized dosage of nutritional supplements for a subject based on one or more of the following:

[0041] In some embodiments, the level of the target nutrient indicating cardiovascular health includes one or more levels of L-arginine and L-citrulline.

[0042] In some embodiments, the levels of the target nutrient that indicate neurological health include levels of one or more of fole, vitamin E, and omega-3 fatty acids.

[0043] In some embodiments, the levels of the target nutrient indicating thyroid health include levels of one or more of iodine, selenium, and zinc.

[0044] In some embodiments, the levels of the target nutrient indicating kidney health include one or more levels of vitamin B6 and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid).

[0045] In some embodiments, the level of a target nutrient indicating liver health includes the level of zinc.

[0046] In some embodiments, the method further includes obtaining, or having obtained, one or more responses from a subject via a patient questionnaire.

[0047] In some embodiments, the patient questionnaire includes one or more questions relating to the patient's medical history, sex, height, weight, nutritional deficiencies, and health goals.

[0048] In some embodiments, the nutritional supplements include one or more supplements selected based on one or more responses from the subject via a patient questionnaire.

[0049] In some embodiments, one or more supplements include hydroxocobalamin, methylcobalamin, L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate, folic acid, L-carnitine tartrate, magnesium L-threonate, L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate, calcium salt, zinc gluconate, inositol hexanicotinate, zinc sulfate, magnesium taurate, mixed tocopherols, ferrous bisglycinate chelate, magnesium malate, sodium ascorbate, zinc carnosine, potassium citrate, Contains one of the following: calcium citrate, vitamin B12, citrulline, vitamin D, L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-leucine, L-arginine, taurine, vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, selenium, coenzyme Q10, manganese, beta-alanine, lysine, L-valine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, histidine, glycine, vitamin D3, DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), L-methionine, or L-glutamine.

[0050] In some embodiments, one or more supplements are selected based on one or more responses shown in Table 6.

[0051] In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement further comprises one or more supplemental supplements.

[0052] In some embodiments, one or more supplemental supplements are selected based on one or more supplements included in the nutritional supplement.

[0053] In some embodiments, one or more supplemental materials are selected based on one or more supplements shown in Table 6.

[0054] In some embodiments, one or more supplemental materials are selected based on the presence of one or more polymorphisms in a target at one or more genomic locations of multiple genes.

[0055] In some embodiments, one or more supplemental agents are selected based on the presence of one or more polymorphisms in the subject, as shown in Table 8.

[0056] In some embodiments, one or more supplemental ingredients include micropQQ, ginger, curcumin, berberine extract, phosphatidylcholine, quercetin, phosphatidylserine, licorice, broccoli, green tea extract, 5-hydroxytryptophan, nitrate, caffeine, probiotics, prebiotics, epigallocatechin gallate, ginseng, Rhodiola rosea, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, α-ketoisocaproic acid, methylsulfonylmethane, betaine, silymarin, resveratrol, lycopene, catechin, chitosan, and glucoraphanin.

[0057] In some embodiments, the method further includes administering or having administered a personalized dose of a nutritional supplement to the target.

[0058] In some embodiments, the method is repeated at least once, twice, three times, four times, five times, six times, seven times, eight times, nine times, ten times, or more.

[0059] In some embodiments, the method further includes regularly obtaining, or having obtained, post-supplementary blood nutrient levels after a personalized dose of a nutritional supplement has been administered to the subject, and determining whether to modify the personalized dose of the nutritional supplement based on the post-supplementary blood nutrient levels.

[0060] In some embodiments, the personalized dosage of the nutritional supplement is modified after at least one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or more repetitions.

[0061] In some embodiments, nutritional supplements are i. Calcium and vitamin D, ii. Magnesium and vitamin D, iii. Omega-3 and vitamin E, iv. Sodium and potassium, v. folate and vitamin B12, vi. Vitamin B3 and tryptophan, vii. Vitamin D and Omega-3, and viii. Vitamin C and Iron Includes any combination of the above.

[0062] In some embodiments, nutritional supplements are i. Iron and zinc, ii. Zinc and magnesium, iii. Copper and zinc, iv. Calcium and iron, and v. Vitamin E and Vitamin K It does not include any of the combinations.

[0063] In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement is provided as a powder, capsule, tablet, or emulsion, or any combination thereof.

[0064] In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement further includes a flavoring agent.

[0065] In some embodiments, the method further includes administering an absorption test blend (ATB) to the subject for a predetermined period of time before or after obtaining the levels of multiple extracellular nutrients measured from serum obtained from the subject and / or intracellular nutrients measured from white blood cells (WBCs) and / or red blood cells (RBCs).

[0066] In some embodiments, ATB contains a multinutrient blend consisting of vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids.

[0067] In some embodiments, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids are administered in doses close to the RDA value or safe or generally recommended value for the nutrient.

[0068] In some embodiments, the ATB is the same across different patients.

[0069] In some embodiments, the ATB is further modified by correcting the gut microbiota before being administered to the subject.

[0070] In some embodiments, the method further comprises obtaining, or having obtained, pre-supplementary and post-supplementary blood nutritional values, the pre-supplementary blood nutritional values ​​being determined before administering ATB to the subject, and the post-supplementary blood nutritional values ​​being determined after administering ATB over a first predetermined period.

[0071] In some embodiments, determining a personalized dose of a nutritional supplement includes determining the active absorption factor (VAF) based on the difference between the pre-supplementary and post-supplementary nutritional values, divided by the ATB dose; determining the target nutritional value (TNV) of each nutrient in both cellular and serum contexts; and determining a personalized dose of each nutrient based on the difference between the TNV and post-supplementary nutritional values, divided by the VAF.

[0072] In some embodiments, the method further comprises generating a nutritional supplement for a subject, which is personalized for the subject by containing personalized doses for each nutrient.

[0073] In some embodiments, the method further includes adjusting the dosage of nutritional supplements to suit a determined individual by using nutrient pairings.

[0074] In some embodiments, the method further includes dividing the nutrient reference ranges for an individual into several zones having different nutrient wellness levels.

[0075] In some embodiments, the number of zones may include 3 or more, 4 or more, 5 or more, 6 or more, 7 or more, 8 or more, 9 or more, or 10 or more, or any other number of zones.

[0076] In some embodiments, the number of zones includes five zones.

[0077] In some embodiments, determining a personalized dose of a nutritional supplement for a subject includes determining the current zone of the nutrient in question using both levels of multiple extracellular nutrients and levels of multiple intracellular nutrients; determining the target nutrient zone of the nutrient; determining a multiplier for the nutrient based on the current and target nutrient zones of the nutrient; and determining a personalized dose of a nutritional supplement for the subject based on the multiplier for the nutrient.

[0078] In some embodiments, determining a personalized dose of a nutritional supplement for a subject based on a multiplier involves multiplying the starting dose of the nutrient by a multiplier.

[0079] In some embodiments, the determined current zone for a nutrient is adjusted based on the pairing of nutrients related to that nutrient.

[0080] In some embodiments, the determined current zone for nutrients is adjusted based on health comorbidities associated with those nutrients.

[0081] In some embodiments, the determined current zone for nutrients is adjusted based on the subject's genetic predisposition.

[0082] In some embodiments, the method further includes administering a personalized dose of nutritional supplements to a subject along with one or more predetermined supplements.

[0083] In some embodiments, one or more predetermined supplements include one or more supplemental supplements.

[0084] In some embodiments, one or more predetermined supplements include one or more probiotic supplements.

[0085] In some embodiments, one or more predetermined supplements include one or more of the following: folate, calcium, vitamin E, iron, vitamin K, L-carnitine, tartrate, quercetin, phosphatidylserine, vitamin B3, DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), curcumin, broccoli, or Lactobacillus reuteri.

[0086] In some embodiments, one or more predetermined supplements are administered to the subject in separate morning and evening doses. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0087] These and other features, aspects, and advantages of this disclosure will be better understood in relation to the following description and accompanying drawings.

[0088] [Figure 1] Figure 1 provides a schematic diagram of the NutriPro trial process from individual subjects regarding the generation of personalized nutritional blends. [Figure 2] Figure 2 provides a diagram illustrating the information used to determine personalized nutritional amounts for optimized nutrition. [Figure 3A] Figures 3A–3C provide flowcharts of various exemplary methods of absorption test blend-based approaches for optimizing nutrient levels. [Figure 3B] See the explanation in Figure 3A. [Figure 3C] See the explanation in Figure 3A. [Figure 4A] Figures 4A–4C provide flowcharts of various exemplary methods for zone-based approaches to optimize nutrient levels. [Figure 4B] See the explanation in Figure 4A. [Figure 4C] See the explanation in Figure 4A. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0089] definition Unless otherwise specified, terms used in the claims and specification are defined as follows:

[0090] The term "improvement" means any therapeutically beneficial outcome in the treatment of a disease condition, such as nutritional deficiency or a disease condition associated with nutritional deficiency, including prevention, reduction of its severity or progression, remission, or cure.

[0091] The term "in situ" refers to processes that occur in living cells that develop independently of the living organism, such as those grown in tissue culture.

[0092] The term "in vivo" refers to processes that occur in living organisms.

[0093] As used herein, the term “mammal” includes both humans and non-humans, and includes, but is not limited to, humans, non-human primates, dogs, cats, mice, cattle, horses, and pigs.

[0094] The term "sufficient amount" means an amount sufficient to produce the desired effect, for example, an amount sufficient to regulate protein aggregation in cells.

[0095] The term "therapeutic dose" refers to the amount effective in improving the symptoms of a disease. In some embodiments, the therapeutic dose may be a "preventive dose," as a preventive agent may be considered a therapy.

[0096] The abbreviations used in this application include the following:

[0097] Please note that, as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” also include references to the plural unless the context otherwise explicitly indicates otherwise.

[0098] method This disclosure relates to the field of nutrition, particularly to the effective diagnosis of nutritional deficiencies and subsequent effective nutritional supplementation through personalized supplement blends to meet an individual's nutritional requirements. The supplement blends also take into account genetics, extracellular assessments (serum nutrient levels), intracellular assessments (RBC and WBC nutrient levels), microbiome assessments (gut health), absorption factors, physical indicators, nutrient indicators, symptoms, diseases, comorbidities, and supportive health factors that are useful in a comprehensive approach to treating nutritional deficiencies.

[0099] Methods for analyzing serum nutrient levels, combined with assessment of intracellular nutrient levels in RBCs and WBCs, are provided herein. These intracellular nutrient levels may indicate cellular uptake, utilization, and the presence of nutrients in the body over a period of time. In some embodiments, the methods further include genetic assessment of any predisposition that may directly influence nutrient levels in the body or processes that affect nutrient levels. A combination of genetic testing, extracellular testing, and / or intracellular testing provides a complete assessment of nutrient levels and the processes that influence them in the body.

[0100] The method for providing nutritional supplements to subjects disclosed herein is based on a comprehensive panel that assesses intracellular and extracellular levels of at least 41 nutrients. This analysis enables a more effective diagnosis of underlying nutritional deficiencies in the subjects. Blood analysis using the method disclosed herein examines nutrient levels in serum, red blood cells (RBCs), and white blood cells (WBCs). Additional genetic testing can assess a patient's predisposition to nutritional deficiencies. Based on the results of the blood and genetic analyses, subsequent supplemental diets, including supplements and food sources, can be designed and implemented. Subjects may be human subjects.

[0101] In some embodiments, nutrient detection methods for evaluating comprehensive nutrient levels in a subject are provided herein. In some embodiments, the detection method evaluates nutrients both in extracellular plasma and intracellularly in RBCs and WBCs. In some embodiments, the detection method is mass spectrometry-based. Extracellular and intracellular nutrient levels provide a comprehensive analysis of the subject's nutritional status, which reflects not only intake levels but also intracellular absorption levels.

[0102] In some embodiments, extracellular nutrient levels provide a snapshot of the state of baseline nutrient levels at a given time. This reflects a person's diet over a narrow period. In contrast, intracellular levels of nutrients provide information about nutrient absorption levels and therefore account for factors such as aging, lifestyle, chronic diseases, and medications that can interfere with absorption and alter functional nutrient levels. Furthermore, test panels can also test for predisposition to nutritional deficiencies at the genetic level. Genetic testing for predisposition provides information about a person's susceptibility to nutritional deficiencies.

[0103] A comprehensive panel can also assess nutritional deficiencies at the genetic level to evaluate the range of predispositions that may lead to various nutritional deficiencies. Genetic testing can be performed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), quantitative PCR (qPCR), or any other nucleic acid detection method known in the art.

[0104] In some embodiments, the methods for providing nutritional supplements disclosed herein can be used to identify nutritional deficiencies and design personalized supplemental diets including nutritional supplements and nutrient-rich food sources. The methods for providing nutritional supplements disclosed herein can then establish the effectiveness of a given diet and nutritional supplement plan by monitoring improvement in the patient's symptoms. In some embodiments, subjects may undergo additional examinations to optimize their nutritional needs. Such examinations may be performed every two months, three months, four months, five months, six months, seven months, eight months, nine months, ten months, eleven months, or annually to adjust the levels of nutrients necessary to continuously restore nutritional health in the subject.

[0105] Nutritional deficiency testing In one embodiment, a method for evaluating nutrient levels extracellularly and / or intracellularly in a subject is provided herein. In some embodiments, the nutrient value (e.g., level) is a blood nutrient value. In some embodiments, the blood nutrient value is an extracellular value (e.g., serum level) and / or an intracellular value (e.g., red blood cell (RBC) and / or white blood cell (WBC) value). In some embodiments, “nutrient level” and “nutrient value” are interchangeable terms.

[0106] In one embodiment, the Specified provides a method for providing a nutritional supplement to a subject, the method comprising obtaining, or having obtained, levels of several extracellular nutrients measured from serum obtained from the subject, obtaining, or having obtained levels of several intracellular nutrients measured from intracellular leukocytes (WBCs) and / or erythrocytes (RBCs) obtained from the subject, and using both the levels of several extracellular nutrients and the levels of several intracellular nutrients to determine a personalized dose of the nutritional supplement to the subject.

[0107] In some embodiments, extracellular nutrients include one or more of vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids. In some embodiments, intracellular nutrients include each of vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids. In some embodiments, both extracellular and intracellular nutrients each include each of vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids.

[0108] In some embodiments, the vitamins include one or more of the following: vitamin A (retinol), vitamin A (beta-carotene), vitamin B1 (thiamine diphosphate), vitamin B2 (riboflavin 5-phosphate), vitamin B3 (nicotinic acid), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxal 5-phosphate), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid), vitamin D, 25-OH, vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), vitamin D, 1-25-dihydroxy, vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), vitamin K1 (phylloquinone), vitamin K2 (menaquinone-MK-7), folate (L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate), and coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone + ubiquinol).

[0109] In some embodiments, the minerals include one or more of selenium, sodium, potassium, calcium, zinc, manganese, iron, magnesium, copper, chromium, myo-inositol, iodine, molybdenum, phosphorus, tetrahydrobiopterin, fluoride, and copper / zinc.

[0110] The amino acids include one or more of the following: oxidized glutathione, MMA (methylmalonic acid), choline, L-cysteine, L-asparagine, L-glutamine, L-serine, L-arginine, L-citrulline, L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-leucine, free carnitine, and phenylalanine.

[0111] In some embodiments, the fatty acids include one or more of DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), DPA (docosapentaenoic acid), AA (arachidonic acid), LA (linoleic acid), total omega-3, total omega-6, omega-3 index, and AA / EPA.

[0112] In some embodiments, one or more of the vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids are selected from Table 1. In some embodiments, genetic testing for one or more of the vitamin, mineral, amino acid, and fatty acid deficiencies is selected from Table 1.

[0113] Table 1 provides an exemplary set of nutrients that can be tested, as well as tissue sources (serum, RBCs, or WBCs). Table 1 also provides exemplary genetic tests for each vitamin and mineral deficiency.

[0114] In some embodiments, the methods provided herein evaluate nutrient levels in a sample of interest via any protein detection method known in the art. In some embodiments, the detection method is mass spectrometry. In some embodiments, the detection method is liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In some embodiments, the detection method is liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In some embodiments, the detection method is gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In some embodiments, the detection method is inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).

[0115] In some embodiments, the methods provided herein assess nutrient levels in both extracellular serum and intracellular red blood cells (RBCs) and / or white blood cells (WBCs). Extracellular nutrient levels provide a snapshot of the state of baseline nutrient levels at a given point in time. These extracellular nutrient levels reflect a person's diet over a narrow period. In contrast, RBCs have a normal lifespan of 120 days, and therefore, intracellular assessments of nutrients in RBCs can provide information about nutrients over a longer period. Furthermore, intracellular levels of nutrients provide information about the levels of absorbed nutrients and thus account for factors such as aging, lifestyle, chronic diseases, and medications that can interfere with absorption and alter functional nutrient levels, but are not limited to these. Moreover, actual nutrient utilization occurs within cells through cellular metabolic processes. Sometimes, nutrients may be present in the serum, but poor cellular uptake can result in cells lacking these nutrients, and therefore nutrient deficiencies due to affected cellular activity. For example, insufficient cellular uptake of vitamin B1 via the thiamine transporter protein can cause vitamin B1 deficiency regardless of its serum prevalence. Similarly, the uptake of vitamin C mediated by vitamin C transporter proteins can lead to reduced active transport of vitamin C across the cell membrane, preventing cells from obtaining adequate levels of vitamin C for their functions and potentially causing vitamin C deficiency. Therefore, it is crucial to assess nutrients intracellularly as well as extracellularly. Thus, intracellular assessment provides information on cellular uptake and nutrient utilization at the most fundamental levels, enabling an understanding of the root causes of nutrient deficiencies.

[0116] In some embodiments, determining a personalized dosage of a nutritional supplement involves determining the ratio of a target nutrient value to the obtained level of either an extracellular or intracellular nutrient.

[0117] In some embodiments, determining a personalized dosage of nutritional supplements includes, for extracellular nutrients, determining the ratio of the target extracellular nutrient value to the level of the obtained extracellular nutrient, and for intracellular nutrients, determining the ratio of the target intracellular nutrient value to the level of the obtained intracellular nutrient.

[0118] Figure 2 provides an overview of various embodiments of nutrient testing and treatment provided by the methods and compositions disclosed herein. Nutrients comprise extracellular (1) and intracellular (2) nutrient values, genetic predisposition to the nutrient (3), physical indicators of the target (4), and active absorption factors (9). A patient health questionnaire (PHQ) (5) assesses symptoms, complications, medications being taken, and side effects to determine the best form of the nutrient, as well as appropriate supplemental supplements (6) to help improve nutritional deficiency-related diseases. Furthermore, genes via PRF (3) are also considered when determining appropriate supplemental supplements (6). Gut microbiota correction (7) can be performed via a Gut Zoomer test. Similarly, test-based health comorbidities (8) can be used to induce nutrient incorporation and incorporate supplemental supplements (6) into the blend. Nutrient pairing (10) based on biotechnical considerations can also be considered while creating the blend. In some embodiments, the NutriPro dose calculation formula considers all 10 embodiments shown in Figure 2.

[0119] Nutrient measurement In some embodiments, nutrient metrics refer to “target” and “actual” nutrient values. These values ​​can be used to determine dose calculation formulas. Using these formulas, the dose required to optimize the nutrient in question can be determined. The “target nutrient value” (TNV) for extracellular (serum) and intracellular (RBC and WBC) components may be the 90th percentile of the reference range provided in Table 2. Table 2 provides exemplary optimal nutrient ranges and the 90th percentile of the optimal range for serum, RBC, and WBC nutrient values ​​for the indicated vitamins and minerals. The “actual nutrient value” (ANV) may be the actual nutrient level observed after blood analysis of extracellular (serum) and intracellular components. In some embodiments, the TVN is selected from the nutrient reference range for each indicated nutrient provided in Table 2. In some embodiments, the TVN is selected from the 90th percentile of the nutrient reference range for each indicated nutrient provided in Table 2.

[0120] In some embodiments, physicians can adjust TNV ​​using a dosage formula tailored to individual needs. For example, athletes may have higher nutritional requirements and therefore require an increased TNV.

[0121] In one embodiment, the nutrient forms in the supplement blend are modified according to individual nutrient deficiency-related symptoms. For example, different forms of vitamin B12 exist for different types of anemia (malignant or macrocytic), which are one of the main symptoms associated with vitamin B12 deficiency.

[0122] In one embodiment, the nutrient forms in the supplement blend are modified according to the individual's pre-existing medical conditions. For example, an individual with a gastrointestinal (GI) disorder may be given appropriate forms of iron and vitamin C that lessen GI discomfort. In another example, an individual suffering from blood pressure, memory, and cognitive problems may be given an appropriate form of magnesium accordingly.

[0123] In one embodiment, the nutrient forms in the supplement blend can be modified according to the individual's other medications. For example, for an individual taking medications such as heartburn medications that reduce acidity, an appropriate and suitable form of calcium can be provided.

[0124] Genetic testing In some embodiments, methods for determining nutrient deficiency predisposition at the genetic level (e.g., single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or other genetic mutations) are provided herein. Genetic testing for predisposition may be useful in providing information about the susceptibility of subjects to nutrient deficiencies. Tables 1 and 3 provide exemplary nutrient-associated polymorphisms that can be evaluated. SNPs can be identified in the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (dbSNP) database, maintained by the National Library of Medicine (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov / snp / ) as of August 2023. The dbSNP database includes genomic and RefSeq mapping information for human single nucleotide variants, microsatellites, and minor insertions and deletions, as well as common and clinical variants.

[0125] Nutrient-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can inhibit or promote the absorption or production of the nutrient in question, making them an important component to consider when diagnosing and treating nutritional deficiencies. There are various processes controlled by specific genes that can affect the state of nutrients in the body. Changes in these genes can affect the state of nutrients and their normal function. These changes can be assessed through genetic testing. For example, polymorphisms in the gene encoding the thiamine transporter protein, which regulates vitamin B1 absorption, can lead to vitamin B1 deficiency. This deficiency can occur due to impaired uptake of vitamin B1 into cells, regardless of its presence in the serum. Therefore, understanding the underlying causes of deficiencies allows for the adoption of effective measures for their treatment.

[0126] Nutrient-related polymorphisms can inhibit or promote the absorption or production of the nutrient in question. Therefore, genetic testing for polymorphisms or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can be used to diagnose nutritional deficiencies for therapeutic purposes. Genetic testing can be performed using any suitable method known in the art, including but not limited to reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or quantitative PCR (qPCR).

[0127] In some embodiments, genetic testing can also help determine the best form of nutrients to be supplemented based on polymorphisms that affect biological pathways influencing nutrient levels. For example, certain vitamin A polymorphisms in the BCMO1 gene may result in reduced conversion of provitamin A carotenoids to vitamin A (the form utilized by the body). This leads to low levels of vitamin A in the body and vitamin A deficiency. In such exemplary cases, the individual is supplemented with vitamin A, the active form of retinol, to optimize vitamin A levels. Similarly, mutations in the CYP2R1 gene, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), which affects the conversion of vitamin D to its hydroxylated form, and the CYP27B1 gene, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin (or calcitriol), which further affects the conversion of vitamin D to its active form, may lead to overall vitamin D deficiency. In these exemplary embodiments, individuals with a CYP2R1 gene mutation can be supplemented with a hydroxylated form of vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D), while individuals with a CYP27B gene mutation can be directly supplemented with calcitriol. These forms do not require a "conversion" reaction and can be readily used by the body, potentially contributing positively to an increase in serum vitamin D levels.

[0128] In another embodiment, polymorphisms in the MTHFR gene, which is involved in the conversion of synthetic folate and its active form, dietary folate, to L-methylfolate, affect how the body processes folate and how this can lead to deficiency. Under such conditions, the methylated form of folate is preferable because it bypasses the conversion process mediated by MTHFR and is therefore readily available to the body, improving serum levels of vitamin B9.

[0129] In another embodiment, vitamin E in the blood is transported by various lipoproteins. Mutations in the APOA5 gene, which is involved in lipid metabolism, can affect vitamin E levels because vitamin E is transported by lipids. Similarly, mutations in the GC gene, which is involved in the binding and transport of vitamin D metabolites to target tissues, can result in a decrease in vitamin D levels in the body. In these exemplary cases, increasing vitamin E and D supplementation can increase the probability that vitamins E and D are picked up and transported via their respective transport molecules.

[0130] In another embodiment, polymorphisms may affect the ability of the thiamine transporter protein (encoded by the SLC35F3 gene) and the vitamin C transporter protein (encoded by the SLC23A2 gene) to actively transport vitamin B1 and vitamin C across the cell membrane. This can lead to deficiency-related symptoms as cells lack vitamin B1 and vitamin C, respectively. To correct the deficiency, subjects can receive increased supplementation of vitamin B1 and vitamin C, increasing the probability that these nutrients are taken up into cells via their respective uptake proteins.

[0131] In another embodiment, a mutation in the BTD gene, which leads to a deficiency in an enzyme whose function involves the reuse and recycling of vitamin B7, can effectively alter vitamin B7 levels in the body. This polymorphism is associated with low levels of circulating vitamin B7 in the body. In this exemplary case, external supplementation of vitamin B7 can be administered to enable the target cells to readily utilize the vitamin B7.

[0132] In another embodiment, polymorphisms in the COQ4 gene, which is involved in the production of coenzyme Q10, can lead to its deficiency. Therefore, increasing coenzyme Q10 supplementation can optimize its levels in the body.

[0133] Therefore, genetic testing can help understand the underlying causes of altered nutrient levels and enable effective treatment, such as supplementing individuals with the appropriate forms of nutrients to improve those levels. Table 3 provides an overview of the exemplary nutrient-related polymorphisms evaluated, as well as the effects of exemplary supplements and approaches to correct nutrient deficiencies.

[0134] Table 3 provides exemplary suitable supplement forms for various nutrient-related gene polymorphisms.

[0135] In some embodiments, the method includes obtaining, or having obtained, genetic information relating to the inhibition or absorption of nutrients.

[0136] In some embodiments, the target genetic information includes the genetic state of one or more genomic locations of multiple genes.

[0137] In some embodiments, the genetic state includes the presence or absence of polymorphisms. In some embodiments, the genetic state includes the presence or absence of polymorphisms in a gene. In some embodiments, the genetic state includes the presence or absence of one or more polymorphisms. In some embodiments, the genetic state includes the presence or absence of one or more polymorphisms in one or more genes. In some embodiments, the genetic state includes the presence or absence of two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or more polymorphisms. In some embodiments, one or more polymorphisms and / or genes are selected from Table 3.

[0138] In some embodiments, the polymorphisms are rs12934922, rs6564851, rs7501331, rs11645428, rs11645428, rs10766197, rs10741657, rs10877012, rs1801131, rs1801133, rs7946, rs174547, rs17514104, rs492602, rs602662, rs526934, rs33972313, rs4257763, rs6139591, rs6596473, rs230 4478, rs889299, rs4516035, rs11126936, rs13107325, rs1799945, rs1800562, rs761516 36, rs4074995, rs12785878, rs1799983, rs13078881, rs2108622, s1050450, rs4680, rs 225014, rs594445, rs4284505, rs1695, rs291466, rs121918252, rs2282679, rs12272004 It is one or more of rs3877899, rs4588, rs4820268, rs855791, rs775607037, rs786204770, rs8007267, rs121909307, rs3733890, rs7204044, rs1667255, rs3811647, and rs5030853.

[0139] In some embodiments, the multiple genes are one or more of BCMO1, CYP2R1, MTHFR, PEMT, FADS1, SLC35F3, FUT2, TCN1, SLC23A1, SLC23A2, SLC12A3, SCNN1B, VDR, SLC30A3, SLC39A8, HFE, ATP7B, RGS14, NADSYN1, NOS3, BTD, CYP4F2, GPX1, COMT, DIO2, MOCOS, ESR1, GSTP1, HICBH, MUT, GC, APOA5, SEPP1, TF, VDR, TMPRSS6, COQ4, PAH, GCH1, GSS, BHMT, and PAH.

[0140] In some embodiments, nutrients are selected from Table 3. In some embodiments, common supplements are selected from Table 3. In some embodiments, the supplement is an alternative effective supplement selected from Table 3.

[0141] Multigene risk factors The effects of genetic predisposition related to nutrients can also be considered and addressed in the manner disclosed herein. The effects of exemplary alleles on each exemplary nutrient-related gene polymorphism provided in Table 4 can be determined by calculating a genotype score for each subject. The genotype score may be based on the intensity of each exemplary SNP that affects the nutrient level of the subject. For example, a risk genotype may be assigned a higher or lower score depending on the risk associated with a given SNP based on the effect of the SNP. For example, SNPs known to have more pronounced adverse effects may be given a higher score.

[0142] In some embodiments, the cumulative effect of SNPs for each nutrient can be calculated, resulting in a "multigene risk factor" (PRF). The dosage of each nutrient can be determined by multiplying the exemplary PRF for a given nutrient using a dosage calculation formula. Table 4 provides an overview of the genotype scores and PRFs for each exemplary nutrient-associated SNP.

[0143] In some embodiments, PRFs can also be used to provide “supplementary supplements” based on the risk associated with the conditions that produced nutrient-related SNPs (see Table 8).

[0144] In one embodiment, PHQ determines the supplemental supplements required for specific conditions, and PRF determines the supplemental supplements required for conditions that result in nutrient-related SNPs. In one embodiment, PRF further determines the recommended amount of supplemental supplements required for conditions that result in nutrient-related SNPs (Table 4).

[0145] In one embodiment, the nutrient forms in the supplement blend are modified according to the individual's genetics. For example, in the case of an individual with a polymorphism that affects the function of the gene that converts beta-carotene to retinol, the active form of vitamin A, the supplement blend may contain retinol, which is readily utilized by the body.

[0146] In some embodiments, the method further includes determining polygenic risk factors according to the genetic state of one or more locations of multiple genes.

[0147] In some embodiments, determining a personalized dosage further includes determining a personalized dosage of nutritional supplements for a subject according to a polygenic risk score.

[0148] In some embodiments, determining polygenic risk factors according to the genotype status of one or more locations of multiple genes includes assigning a genotype score to each of one or more locations of genes according to the presence or absence of polymorphism at the location of the gene, and combining the genotype scores across multiple locations of genes.

[0149] In some embodiments, nutrients are selected from Table 4. In some embodiments, one or more polymorphisms are selected from Table 4. For example, a risk factor may include one, two, three, four, five, or more tests of the polymorphisms provided in Table 4.

[0150] physical indicators The effects of physical indicators or body compositions may also be considered and addressed in the manner disclosed herein. Physical indicators or body compositions may be components calculated during nutrient supplementation. Changes in physical indicator factors such as height and weight may alter the nutritional needs of a subject. Therefore, physical indicators may be considered during the assessment of a subject's nutritional status to determine nutritional supplementation and to monitor the progress of dietary / supplementary interventions implemented in the subject.

[0151] In some embodiments, an individual's height and weight are compared to ideal height and weight for a given age. Ideal weight and height can be based on a gender-based weight distribution graph. Exemplary graphs can be found in Anthropometric Reference Data for Children and Adults: United States, 2015–2018, NIH Vital and Health Statistics Series 3, Number 46, or the continuous NHANES dataset (wwwn.cdc.gov / nchs / nhanes / ContinuousNhanes / Default.aspx), both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. The following formulas can be used to determine the physical index coefficients. Physical indicator = (Height × Weight) Individual value / (Height × Weight) Ideal value

[0152] In one embodiment, the nutrient forms in the supplement blend are modified according to the individual's demographic characteristics. For example, the supplement blend may take into account factors such as age, height, weight, and sex, as well as pregnancy or lactation status.

[0153] In some embodiments, the method further includes obtaining, or having obtained, a physical indicator of the subject.

[0154] In some embodiments, the physical indicators in question include one or more of height and weight.

[0155] In some embodiments, determining a personalized dosage further includes determining a personalized dosage of a nutritional supplement according to the relevant physical indicators.

[0156] Questionnaire In some embodiments, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) may be used to inquire about additional health data, such as symptoms, complications, comorbidities, medications being taken, and side effects. This questionnaire can help in selecting the appropriate form of nutritional supplement to improve specific symptoms and the subject's overall health. The health questionnaire may include the following questions: sex, height, weight, pregnancy / lactation status, any previous nutrient deficiency, and if the previous deficiency was B12, whether the subject had any of the following B12 deficiency symptoms: macrocytic anemia, Leber's optic atrophy, or high homocysteine ​​levels. If the previous deficiency was B29, the subject should be asked whether they had any of the following B29 deficiency symptoms: high homocysteine ​​levels, megaloblastic anemia, macrocytic anemia, athletic status, sleep disturbances, difficulty concentrating, depression, anxiety, mood disorders, influenza or infection, bone or joint pain, sensitive skin, rash or acne, excessive weight gain, high blood sugar, high blood pressure, heart disease, gastrointestinal discomfort, kidney disease, liver disease, taking medication for heart disease, high blood pressure or acid reflux, postprandial fatigue, regular exposure to sunlight (10-15 minutes per day), requests for fitness support, endurance, muscle strength, muscle mass, muscle recovery, etc.

[0157] Questionnaires can help determine the presence of complications or symptoms associated with changes in nutrient levels, sensitivity to potential side effects associated with nutrient supplementation, the presence of comorbidities and their symptoms, or the use of medications the subject is currently taking. Questionnaires can assess these aspects using direct questions that can be answered with either "yes" or "no." For symptoms, a 10-point Likert scale can be provided to assess the severity of symptoms. Severity can be taken into consideration, with more severe symptoms being assigned a higher priority while producing nutritional blends.

[0158] In exemplary cases where symptom severity scores are linked, the priority status can be determined using the default settings provided in Table 5. The PHQ response can be used to determine the appropriate nutrient forms and supplemental materials applicable to the disease / symptom / health comorbidity in question.

[0159] PHQ responses can determine alternative and preferred forms of nutrients administered to a subject. Therefore, PHQ can assist in customization to select more appropriate forms than the default (examples of default nutrients are shown in Table 16). Table 6 provides exemplary PHQ responses, as well as appropriate nutrient supplements and adjuncts.

[0160] For example, different forms of vitamin B12 are available to effectively treat different types of anemia (malignant or macrocytic), which are among the main symptoms associated with vitamin B12 deficiency. Since vitamin B12 is a crucial cofactor used to convert homocysteine ​​to methionine, low vitamin B12 levels lead to high homocysteine ​​levels, a major risk factor for CVD. Methylcobalamin is a form of vitamin B12 that can effectively reduce plasma homocysteine ​​levels and may be associated with vitamin B12 deficiency. Similarly, folate is a good form for treating megaloblastic anemia that can be caused by folate deficiency, while L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate can effectively increase serum folate levels and reduce homocysteine ​​levels caused by MTHFR gene-mediated folate deficiency. L-methylfolate calcium is a good form of folate for individuals suffering from neuropsychiatric disorders.

[0161] In another embodiment, individuals with gastrointestinal (GI) disorders may be given preferred forms of iron, magnesium, and zinc to reduce GI discomfort. Similarly, individuals suffering from blood pressure, memory, and cognitive problems may be given appropriate forms of magnesium accordingly. Thus, various forms of zinc can be supplemented for immune, skin, and GI concerns. Finally, if the subject is taking medications such as heartburn relievers that reduce acidity, an appropriate and suitable form of calcium should be given.

[0162] If nutritional supplements are already available based on extracellular and intracellular nutritional testing methods, and nutrients have also been identified via PHQ, then when preparing the blend, the higher value of the "calculated dose" in the dose calculation formula and RDA, or the generally recommended value, can be considered.

[0163] For example, in some embodiments, if an individual selects the "no" option for a sun exposure question in the PHQ, vitamin D and 5-hydroxytryptophan can be supplemented. In this embodiment, since vitamin D is a nutrient determined by a method already disclosed herein, a higher dose from the calculated dose and RDA value can be selected. In contrast, 5-hydroxytryptophan, which has not been evaluated, is incorporated based on its starting value shown in Table 7.

[0164] Therefore, the combination of nutrient level testing methods and PHQ can improve an individual's nutrient levels by supplementing with the best possible form of nutrients for other related or co-existing conditions, thereby improving the patient's overall health.

[0165] Table 6 shows examples of appropriate nutrient supplements and supplemental materials for each PHQ response.

[0166] In some embodiments, the method further includes obtaining, or having obtained, one or more responses from a subject via a patient questionnaire.

[0167] In some embodiments, the patient questionnaire includes one or more questions relating to the patient's medical history, sex, height, weight, nutritional deficiencies, and health goals.

[0168] In some embodiments, the nutritional supplements include one or more supplements selected based on one or more responses from the subject via a patient questionnaire.

[0169] In some embodiments, one or more supplements include hydroxocobalamin, methylcobalamin, L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate, folic acid, L-carnitine tartrate, magnesium L-threonate, L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate, calcium salt, zinc gluconate, inositol hexanicotinate, zinc sulfate, magnesium taurate, mixed tocopherols, ferrous bisglycinate chelate, magnesium malate, sodium ascorbate, zinc carnosine, potassium citrate, calcium citrate, vitamin B12, citrulline, vitamin D, L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-leucine, L-arginine, taurine, vitamin C, Contains one of the following: Vitamin E, beta-carotene, selenium, coenzyme Q10, manganese beta-alanine, lysine, L-valine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, histidine, glycine, vitamin D3, DHA, EPA, L-methionine, and L-glutamine.

[0170] In some embodiments, one or more supplements are selected based on one or more responses shown in Table 6.

[0171] Supplementary supplements Supplementary supplements can help improve conditions caused by nutritional deficiencies and may be incorporated into blends. Exemplary supplements may be included in nutrient blends based on PRF-mediated genetic testing (Table 4), PHQ, and PHQ results (Table 6), as well as “additional health tests” (Tables 10, 11, 13, 14). For example, bone health is impaired during vitamin D and calcium deficiencies. Therefore, supplementary supplements such as ginger and curcumin, which help improve bone health, can be incorporated into the blend. Similarly, licorice supplements can be added to prevent the decline in dental health commonly associated with fluoride deficiency. For example, while we do not wish to be bound by theory, fluoride deficiency can lead to tooth decay, but excessive intake of fluoride is also dangerous as it can cause tooth fluorescence. Consequently, simply providing excessive amounts of nutrients may not be the best approach to addressing conditions associated with nutritional deficiencies, as there is a limited range of nutrient levels the body can tolerate. Therefore, in such cases, supplementary supplements may be beneficial by addressing conditions caused by nutritional deficiencies. Table 7 summarizes a variety of exemplary supplements that can be incorporated into blends for different health conditions.

[0172] In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement further comprises one or more supplemental supplements.

[0173] In some embodiments, one or more supplemental supplements are selected based on one or more supplements included in the nutritional supplement.

[0174] In some embodiments, one or more supplemental supplements are selected based on one or more supplements shown in Table 6 or Table 7.

[0175] Supplementary supplements can be an integral part of PHQ. PHQ involves several questions, and it may be possible to incorporate specific supplementary supplements into the blend (Table 6). Furthermore, nutrient-related SNPs that lead to nutrient deficiencies can also confirm the need for various supplementary supplements that can improve deficiency-related conditions.

[0176] The score obtained from PRF (Table 4) can determine the degree to which appropriate supplemental supplements should be recommended for a given SNP. Therefore, PRF also explains the need for additional supplements based on the risks associated with the condition caused by the nutrient-related SNP. However, the cumulative factor, or PRF, may be multiplied for each supplement.

[0177] Therefore, while the PHQ can determine the supplemental supplements needed for specific conditions described in the questionnaire, the PRF obtained from genetic analysis can also determine exemplary supplemental supplements and the degree of recommendation based on any risks associated with SNPs. For information based on the PHQ that can determine only the appropriate nutrients to supplement the diet in question, supplemental supplements can be added at their typical doses, as presented in Table 7. The doses have been determined based on extensive research in the field of nutrient supplementation.

[0178] In some embodiments, one or more supplemental materials are selected based on the presence of one or more polymorphisms in a target at one or more genomic locations of multiple genes.

[0179] In some embodiments, one or more supplemental materials are selected based on the presence of one or more polymorphisms in the subject, as shown in Table 8.

[0180] In some embodiments, one or more supplemental ingredients include micropQQ, ginger, curcumin, berberine extract, phosphatidylcholine, quercetin, phosphatidylserine, licorice, broccoli, green tea extract, 5-hydroxytryptophan, nitrate, caffeine, probiotics, prebiotics, epigallocatechin gallate, ginseng, rhodiola, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, α-ketoisocaproic acid, methylsulfonylmethane, betaine, silymarin, resveratrol, lycopene, catechin, chitosan, and glucoraphanin.

[0181] Table 8 summarizes a complete way in which supplemental blends can be incorporated based on the conditions caused by polymorphisms associated with nutritional deficiencies.

[0182] Correction of the gut microbiota The gut microbiota contributes to the nutrient pool. Gut bacteria can synthesize water-soluble B vitamins such as biotin, cobalamin, folate, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, riboflavin, and thiamine. While we don't want to be bound by theory, up to half of the body's daily vitamin K requirement may be provided by gut bacteria. Consequently, a decrease in nutrient-synthesizing gut bacteria, or an increase in bacteria that limit nutrient synthesis, can lead to decreased gut synthesis of a given nutrient. Table 9 provides several nutrients along with the nutrient-synthesizing gut bacteria that may influence their respective nutrient levels.

[0183] In some embodiments, the methods provided herein include an additional assessment of the gut microbiota for changes in gut bacterial species that can alter nutrient levels. Thus, such measurements allow for correction of the gut microbiota through appropriate probiotic and prebiotic supplementation. For correction of the gut microbiota, a "Gut Zoomer" test can be performed to evaluate various gut microbiota and metabolites. This test uses microarray technology to simultaneously evaluate multiple gut microbiota and metabolites using stool samples. Gut microbiota tests are commercially available from various manufacturers, including but not limited to Vibrant Wellness (test code VAREQUISTION279).

[0184] The additional gut microbiota studies disclosed herein are not limited to gut symbionts but also evaluate enteric viruses, fungi, parasites, worms, and other intestinal inflammation and dysfunction biomarkers (e.g., gut entities / markers). In some embodiments, appropriate supplements for altered levels of all gut entities / markers can be incorporated into the blend.

[0185] The results of the gut microbiota assessment provide information for supplementing modified microbial species through effective probiotic / prebiotic supplementation, thereby improving nutrient levels associated with changes in the level of a given microbial population. Table 9 provides an expected range of exemplary nutrients, gut symbionts that synthesize these nutrients, and affected nutrient-synthesizing bacteria that can correct the gut population, thereby improving gut-mediated nutrient changes. The gut microbiota assessments disclosed herein are not limited to the nutrients, bacteria, and exemplary corrective measures provided in Table 9.

[0186] In some embodiments, the supplementary nutrients are one or more nutrients provided in Table 9. In some embodiments, the bacteria are one or more bacteria provided in Table 9. In some embodiments, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or more bacteria are evaluated as presented in Table 9. In some embodiments, the probiotic / prebiotic supplementation is one or more exemplary corrective action species provided in Table 9.

[0187] In some embodiments, the method further includes obtaining, or having obtained, measurements of the target gut microbiota.

[0188] In some embodiments, determining a personalized dosage further includes determining the amount of probiotics or prebiotics in a nutritional supplement for the subject according to the subject's gut microbiome.

[0189] In some embodiments, the measured values ​​of the target gut microbiota include levels of one or more of viruses, fungi, parasites, and worms.

[0190] In some embodiments, measurements of the target gut microbiota are obtained by performing a Gut Zoomer® assay.

[0191] Trial-based health comorbidities Individuals may also have separate health conditions (comorbidities) that coexist simultaneously. In some embodiments, the methods described herein include additional health examinations to determine appropriate nutritional supplementation for the individual. Exemplary health examinations include, but are not limited to, cardiovascular health, neurological disorders, thyroid disorders, kidney disease, and liver disease. The supplementation methods disclosed herein can address these multiple health conditions through nutrient supplementation, thereby improving the individual's overall health not only by improving their nutrient levels but also by improving their comorbidities.

[0192] In some embodiments, this specification provides additional health tests that assess one or more organ systems for comorbidities. The test results may lead to the inclusion of one or more appropriate nutrients to supplement the nutritional blend. Exemplary appropriate supplements for various biomarkers are also provided. Dosage formulas for nutrients based on these biomarkers may depend on biomarker information after testing.

[0193] In one embodiment, comorbidities such as heart disease, hypertension, mild cognitive impairment, and thyroid disorders are identified using “additional health checks.” In one embodiment, such comorbidities are taken into consideration during the creation of the ATB.

[0194] In some embodiments, the method further includes obtaining, or having obtained, one or more of the target biomarkers for cardiovascular health, neurological health, thyroid health, kidney health, and liver health.

[0195] In some embodiments, determining a personalized dosage further includes determining a personalized dosage of a nutritional supplement for a subject based on one or more levels of nutrients and / or supplements that support cardiovascular health, nutrients and / or supplements that support neurological health, nutrients and / or supplements that support thyroid health, nutrients and / or supplements that support kidney health, and nutrients and / or supplements that support liver health.

[0196] In some embodiments, the level of the target nutrient indicating cardiovascular health includes one or more levels of L-arginine and L-citrulline.

[0197] In some embodiments, the levels of the target nutrient that indicate neurological health include levels of one or more of fole, vitamin E, and omega-3 fatty acids.

[0198] In some embodiments, the levels of the target nutrient indicating thyroid health include levels of one or more of iodine, selenium, and zinc.

[0199] In some embodiments, the level of the target nutrient indicating kidney health includes one or more levels of vitamin B6 and EPA.

[0200] In some embodiments, the level of a target nutrient indicating liver health includes the level of zinc.

[0201] Additional health checkups: In some embodiments, if the exemplary nutrients (vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids) evaluated by the methods herein are supplemented by the results of “additional health tests,” the higher of i) dose calculation formulas, ii) RDAs, or iii) “calculated doses” of generally recommended values ​​(provided in Table 15) may be considered when preparing the nutrient blend. Similarly, if supplemental supplements need to be added, they may be incorporated based on their starting dose, as presented in Table 7.

[0202] Cardiovascular health Cardiovascular disease (CVD) encompasses a range of conditions affecting the heart, including but not limited to infections, genetic defects, and vascular diseases. CVD is very common in the population and is important to consider when seeking to optimize nutrient levels. In some embodiments, the methods provided herein include further “cardiovascular health” tests that examine biomarkers indicating cardiovascular health, including but not limited to lipids, apolipoproteins, inflammation, myocardial stress, lipoproteins, and fatty acids. Cardiovascular disease tests that assess conditions such as lipid profiles, apolipoproteins, inflammation, myocardial stress, lipoprotein markers, and fatty acids are commercially available from various vendors, including, but not limited to, Vibrant Wellness (vibrant-america.com / cardiovascular-health).

[0203] Cardiovascular health results can provide an individual's cardiac health profile. Based on an individual's cardiac health profile, nutrients and supplements that improve heart disease can be incorporated into a blend and supplemented in appropriate amounts. Table 10 provides an exemplary list of biomarkers that can be tested in the “Cardiovascular Health” test, along with the respective nutrients, exemplary supplements, exemplary add-ons, and dosages for men and women that can improve the indicated biomarker levels and associated heart disease.

[0204] In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement is administered to improve cardiovascular risk or function. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement contains omega-3 fatty acids, coenzyme Q10, magnesium, or folic acid. In other embodiments, the nutritional supplement is administered to improve hypertension. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement contains L-arginine and L-citrulline.

[0205] In some embodiments, the cardiovascular biomarker is one or more biomarkers selected from Table 10. In some embodiments, the nutrient is one or more nutrients selected from Table 10. In some embodiments, the supplement is one or more supplements selected from Table 10. In some embodiments, the additional supplement is one or more additional supplements selected from Table 10. In some embodiments, the dose for men or the dose for women is the dose for men or the dose for women selected from Table 10.

[0206] Neurological disorders Neurological disorders such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia can commonly occur in the older age population. Poor cognitive function resulting from various causes is also commonly observed. In some embodiments, the methods provided herein further include additional serological tests to assess neurological health. “Neurological health” tests assess a robust set of neurological biomarkers and can aid in the early detection of various neurological disorders. “Neurological health” tests are commercially available from various vendors, including but not limited to Vibrant Wellness (test code VAREQUISTION116).

[0207] The results of the “neurological examination” test can help determine an individual’s neurological condition and the appropriate supplements to be provided. Table 11 provides an exemplary list of biomarkers that can be tested in the “neurological examination” test, along with exemplary nutrients for men and women that can improve biomarker levels and their associated conditions, any exemplary supplements, and dosages.

[0208] In another embodiment, nutritional supplements are administered to improve mild cognitive impairment. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplements include fole, vitamin E, omega-3 fatty acids, and / or supplements, quercetin, and curcumin.

[0209] In some embodiments, the neuronal biomarker is one or more biomarkers selected from Table 11. In some embodiments, the nutrient is one or more nutrients selected from Table 11. In some embodiments, the supplement is one or more supplements selected from Table 11. In some embodiments, the dose for men or the dose for women is the dose for men or the dose for women selected from Table 11.

[0210] thyroid disease Thyroid disease refers to conditions related to the thyroid gland, which produces thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones are associated with various biological activities, including metabolism. Women are more likely to suffer from thyroid disease than men. As a result, thyroid disease is generally more common in women and can affect women's health in various ways. Thyroid disease can affect a woman's menstrual cycle, fertility, and pregnancy. Thus, thyroid disease can have a positive impact on an individual's health and well-being. In some embodiments, the methods provided herein further include serological tests to assess thyroid health. "Thyroid disease" tests are commercially available from various manufacturers, including but not limited to Vibrant Wellness (test code VAREQUISTION106).

[0211] Thyroid panel results can indicate the state of thyroid function in the body and may allow for the incorporation of nutrients that can help improve biomarkers of thyroid function and thyroid health. Table 12 provides an exemplary list of biomarkers that can be tested in a “thyroid panel” test, along with exemplary nutrients, any exemplary supplements, and dosages for men and women that can improve biomarker levels and their associated conditions.

[0212] In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement includes iodine, selenium, or zinc.

[0213] In some embodiments, the thyroid biomarker is one or more biomarkers selected from Table 12. In some embodiments, the nutrient is one or more nutrients selected from Table 12. In some embodiments, the dose for men or the dose for women is a dose for men or the dose for women selected from Table 12.

[0214] Kidney disease Kidney disease can refer to conditions associated with the disease or impairment of kidney function. Exemplary kidney diseases include, but are not limited to, acute kidney injury, kidney cysts, kidney stones, and kidney infections. In some embodiments, the methods provided herein further include serological tests to assess kidney health. "Kidney disease" tests are commercially available from various manufacturers, including, but not limited to, Vibrant Wellness.

[0215] The results of the "Kidney Health" test can indicate an individual's kidney function status. Based on the results, appropriate supplements can be administered to the individual to improve it. Table 13 provides an exemplary list of biomarkers that can be tested in the "Kidney Health" test, along with exemplary individual nutrients, exemplary supplements, and other supplements, as well as dosages for men and women that can improve biomarker levels and their associated conditions.

[0216] In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement contains vitamin D. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement contains one or more of quercetin, ginger, or chitosan.

[0217] In some embodiments, the kidney biomarker is one or more biomarkers selected from Table 13. In some embodiments, the nutrient is one or more nutrients selected from Table 13. In some embodiments, the supplement is one or more supplements selected from Table 13. In some embodiments, the dose for men or the dose for women is the dose for men or the dose for women selected from Table 13.

[0218] liver disease The liver is primarily involved in metabolism, energy storage, and detoxification. As a result, changes in its function can have serious health consequences. Liver diseases such as liver infections, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and cirrhosis are common liver diseases. In some embodiments, the methods provided herein further include serological tests to assess liver function. In some embodiments, the test is a liver function panel to assess liver function. "Liver function panel" tests are commercially available from various manufacturers, including but not limited to Vibrant Wellness.

[0219] The results of a "liver function panel" can indicate an individual's liver health and functional status. Based on the results, appropriate exemplary supplements can be administered to the individual to improve them. Table 14 provides an exemplary list of biomarkers that can be tested in a "liver function panel" test, along with each exemplary nutrient, exemplary supplement, and other exemplary supplements, as well as dosages for men and women that can improve biomarker levels and their associated conditions.

[0220] In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement includes iron, zinc, copper, vitamin E, NAC, or vitamin C. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement includes one or more of curcumin, quercetin, ginger, or glucoraphanin.

[0221] In some embodiments, the liver biomarker is one or more biomarkers selected from Table 14. In some embodiments, the nutrient is one or more nutrients selected from Table 14. In some embodiments, the supplement is one or more supplements selected from Table 14. In some embodiments, the dose for men or the dose for women is the dose for men or the dose for women selected from Table 14.

[0222] Absorption test blend In some embodiments, after a diagnosis of exemplary nutritional deficiency, the methods provided herein can be used to optimize nutrient levels by creating a personalized nutritional supplement blend. Such a personalized blend can be tailored to the individual to meet their nutritional requirements. In some embodiments, the individual may first be supplemented with an absorption test blend (ATB) containing a multinutrient blend of vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids at doses close to the Recommended Nutritional Allowance (RDA) value or safe or generally recommended value for the nutrient (Table 15). The upper limit of each dose may be the 80th percentile of the established tolerable upper intake level (UTL) for a given nutrient (Table 15). This may be a common supplement blend that can be a “base blend” given to the individual. This blend may be administered for 3–6 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, or 6 months. Nutrient absorption factors can be determined using changes in one or more of the individual’s serum, WBC, and RBC. Table 15 provides the RDA, generally recommended value, and tolerable upper intake level (UTL) for nutrients.

[0223] In some embodiments, the method further includes obtaining, or having obtained, an absorption factor determined for the subject, the absorption factor reflecting the utilization of multiple nutrients in the subject.

[0224] In some embodiments, determining a personalized dosage further includes determining a personalized dosage of a nutritional supplement for a subject according to their absorption factors.

[0225] In some embodiments, the target absorption factor is determined by comparing the pre-supplementary blood nutrient level with the post-supplementary blood nutrient level.

[0226] In some embodiments, comparing pre-supplementary blood nutrient levels with post-supplementary blood nutrient levels includes determining the difference between the pre-supplementary and post-supplementary blood nutrient levels.

[0227] In some embodiments, pre-supplementary blood nutritional values ​​are determined from a blood sample obtained from the subject before supplementation is provided.

[0228] In some embodiments, post-supplementary blood nutritional values ​​are determined from blood samples obtained from the subject after the supplementation is provided.

[0229] In some embodiments, the supplement may contain: vitamin A palmitate, beta-carotene, thiamine mononitrate, riboflavin 5-phosphate, nicotinic acid, calcium pantothenate, pyridoxine HCl, biotin, cyanocobalamin, ascorbic acid, cholecalciferol, d-alpha-tocopheryl succinate, vitamin K1, vitamin K2 as menaquinone-7, folinic acid (folate), ubiquinone, L-selenomethionine, sea salt, potassium chloride, calcium carbonate, zinc picolinate, manganese glycinate, ferrous sulfate, magnesium citrate, copper bisglycinate chelate, chromium picolinate, Contains one or more of the following: myo-inositol, potassium iodide, molybdenum glycinate chelate, dipotassium phosphate, L-glutathione (reduced), cyanocobalamin, choline tartrate, N-acetyl-L-cysteine ​​(NAC), L-asparagine, L-glutamine, L-serine, L-arginine, L-citrulline, L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-leucine, L-carnitine, L-phenylalanine, DHA, EPA, arachidonic acid, conjugated linoleic acid, and omega-3 DHA / EPA (high DHA) 3:1.

[0230] In some embodiments, the nutrients are one or more nutrients selected from Table 15. In some embodiments, the dose for men or the dose for women are the dose for men or the dose for women selected from Table 15.

[0231] In some embodiments, the method further includes obtaining the RDA value of a subject, which is determined according to the subject's age, sex, or pregnancy or lactation status.

[0232] In some embodiments, determining a personalized dosage further includes determining a personalized dosage of a nutritional supplement for a subject according to the RDA value.

[0233] In some embodiments, the ATB composition may include “generally appropriate” or “default” nutrient forms at doses close to the RDA or generally recommended values. These default nutrient forms are shown in Table 16.

[0234] In some embodiments, the supplemented nutrients are one or more nutrients selected from Table 16. In some embodiments, the supplemented nutrients are the default forms of one or more nutrients selected from Table 16.

[0235] In some embodiments, an individualized blend (ATB) with non-default nutrient forms specific to the target needs can be determined via genetic testing as described in Table 3 and via PHQ. Similarly, in some embodiments, if nutritional deficiencies are associated with an altered gut microbiota, “gut microbiota correction” can be evaluated by performing a “Gut Zoomer” test, which may induce the addition of appropriate probiotics or prebiotics to improve the gut microbiota balance. In some embodiments, since “Gut Zoomer” is a comprehensive test that evaluates not only gut symbionts but also gut viruses, fungi, parasites, worms, and other intestinal inflammation and dysfunction markers, appropriate supplements to alter the levels of these gut entities or markers can also be incorporated into the blend.

[0236] In some embodiments, common comorbidities, including but not limited to heart disease, hypertension, mild cognitive impairment (neuropathy), thyroid disease, liver disease, or kidney disease, may also be considered in the event of ATB. Appropriate forms of nutrients may be used in ATB based on any tests or conditions described herein.

[0237] In some embodiments, when determining the composition of a nutrient supplement blend (such as an ATB) to address nutrient deficiencies assessed via the nutrient testing methods disclosed herein, a higher value of the “calculated dose” (from the dose calculation formula) and the RDA or generally recommended value (Table 15) may be used. In some embodiments, supplemental supplements may be incorporated into the blend based on the starting dose shown in Table 7.

[0238] Active absorption factor (VAF) In some embodiments, extracellular and intracellular blood tests for nutrient levels in one or more of serum, RBCs, and WBCs after nutritional supplementation may be performed at 3, 4, 5, or 6 months. Nutritional improvement can be determined by comparing the nutrient levels of serum, RBCs, and WBCs after nutritional supplementation with those before nutritional supplementation. Based on the improvement, the change in nutrient levels may be attributable to the amount per milligram dose of the supplemented nutrient. The evaluated nutritional change is the “active absorption factor” (VAF) (see formula (1) below). Using the VAF, the utilization of the supplemented nutrient by the subject can be determined by the difference between the extracellular and intracellular nutrient levels before and after supplementation. Based on the usefulness of the subject or the absorption of the nutrient, the dose of the nutrient required to supplement or increase the subject's nutrient levels to shift them into the optimal nutrient zone can be evaluated. In various embodiments, the VAF is determined by administering a predetermined formulation referred herein as the “absorption test blend.” In some embodiments, such calculations can be used to determine the appropriate dosage of nutrients needed in a personalized blend (CB) to adjust an individual's nutritional values ​​to an optimal zone (increase or decrease), and specific details of this are described in the following section. VAF = (Post-supplement blood nutrient value - Pre-supplement blood nutrient value) / Per milligram dose of supplemented nutrient (1)

[0239] In one embodiment, the nutritional supplement is administered according to a dosage formula based on at least one factor selected from the group consisting of VAF, age, sex, physical indicators, genetics, or any combination thereof.

[0240] In some embodiments, the method further includes administering, or having administered, a personalized dose of a nutritional supplement to a subject.

[0241] In some embodiments, the method is repeated at least once, twice, three times, four times, five times, six times, seven times, eight times, nine times, ten times, or more.

[0242] In some embodiments, the personalized dosage of the nutritional supplement is modified after at least one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or more repetitions.

[0243] Approaches to optimize nutrient levels In some embodiments, the appropriate dosage of nutrients required for a personalized blend (CB) can be optimized through various approaches disclosed herein. In the first exemplary approach, an ATB is used to determine the appropriate dosage for the CB, and therefore the first exemplary approach is also referred to as the “ATB approach.” Several exemplary methods following this approach are further described below.

[0244] Referring to the first exemplary method 300a in Figure 3A, first, the individual's pre-supplementation biomarker values, including the individual's cellular and serum nutrient levels and the individual's genetic nutrient profile, are assessed in step 310. Next, ATB is administered to the individual for a predetermined period in step 320a, after which the nutrient levels and genetic nutrient profile are reassessed to obtain post-supplementation biomarker values ​​in step 330. In some embodiments, ATB is administered in powder, capsule, or other different forms.

[0245] Next, the appropriate dose for CB is determined in step 340a. This involves determining the VAF based on the difference between the post-supplement biomarker value and the pre-supplement biomarker value, and dividing this by the ATB dose. Subsequently, TNV within the optimal nutrient range is established for each nutrient in both cellular and serum conditions, as described above in the "Nutrient Indicators" section. Then, the dose of CB for each nutrient is determined based on the difference between the TNV and the post-test nutrient value, and divided by the VAF (see formula (2) below). After determining the CB for each nutrient, the individual receives CB administration for a predetermined period in step 350a. Personalized blend = (TNV - Biomarker value after testing) / VAF (2)

[0246] In some embodiments, periodic follow-up studies are performed in step 360 to monitor and ensure improvements in nutrient levels after CB administration. In some embodiments, based on the results of the follow-up studies, it is further determined whether the dose of nutrients in the CB requires adjustment. If adjustment is necessary, the CB is modified appropriately, and then the CB is administered to the individual again. In some embodiments, the personalized dose of nutritional supplements in the CB is modified as described above after at least one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or more repetitions.

[0247] In some embodiments, various features disclosed elsewhere in this specification may be incorporated into the method 300a described above.

[0248] Referring to Figure 3B, in another exemplary method 300b, when ATB is administered to an individual, a correction of the gut microbiota is applied to the ATB. For example, in step 320b, an ATB with a correction of the gut microbiota is administered to the individual instead of the ATB. The specific type and amount of gut microbiota applied to the ATB may refer to the “Correction of Gut Microbiota” section described above.

[0249] Referring further to Figure 3B, in some embodiments, when calculating an appropriate dose for CB, a probiotic supplement is added to the determined CB. For example, when calculating an appropriate dose for CB in step 340b, a probiotic supplement is also taken into consideration. Examples of probiotic supplements that may be added to CB include, but are not limited to, Bifidobacterium such as Lactobacillus reuteri. In step 350b, the CB with the probiotic supplement is administered to the individual. In some embodiments, the other steps of method 300b, including steps 310, 330, and 360, are carried out similarly as described in method 300a.

[0250] Furthermore, in the exemplary method 300c shown in Figure 3C, the PHQ is administered in step 315, before the ATB is administered to the individual. The information obtained from the PHQ is used to select the optimal nutrient form for the individual. The optimal form is incorporated into the ATB before the ATB is administered to the individual in step 320c. For specific details regarding the selection of the optimal nutrient form using the PHQ, refer to the “Questionnaire” section described above.

[0251] Referring further to Figure 3C, in some embodiments, specific supplements and specific auxiliary supplements are added to the CB when determining an appropriate dose of the CB in step 340c. Exemplary supplements include, but are not limited to, L-carnitine tartrate, and exemplary auxiliary supplements include quercetin and phosphatidylserine. In step 350c, the CB containing the supplements is administered to the individual. In some embodiments, other steps of method 300c, including steps 310, 330, and 360, are carried out similarly as described in method 300a.

[0252] Referring here to Figures 4A-4C, a second exemplary approach to optimizing nutrient levels is further described. The second exemplary approach involves determining nutrient zones and is therefore referred to as the “zone approach.” According to some embodiments, an individual’s nutrient reference range can be divided into several zones, each representing a health and wellness level for that nutrient. The number of zones may be any number, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or any other number of zones. In one embodiment, the number of zones includes five distinct zones, such as Zone 1, Zone 2, Zone 3, Zone 4, and Zone 5. Zone 1 represents a deficiency, and Zones 4 and 5 represent optimal levels. In some embodiments, for a given nutrient, each zone is associated with a specific multiplier that can be used to determine an appropriate dose for the reference range (CB). Several exemplary methods following this zone approach are further described below.

[0253] Referring to the first exemplary method 400a in Figure 4A, one or more of an individual's cellular and serum nutrient levels, along with their nutrient gene profiles, are assessed in step 410. Based on the assessment results, the current zone for each nutrient is determined in step 420a. In some embodiments, genetic predisposition and cellular levels may influence the determination of the overall zone for a nutrient. For example, if an individual's vitamin C level is in zone 3, but the individual has a genetic predisposition to altered vitamin C uptake and poor cellular vitamin C levels, the individual's vitamin C level may be downgraded (e.g., to zone 2 or zone 1 instead). This adjustment takes into account the effects of genetic polymorphisms and suboptimal cellular levels, each reducing the nutrient's zone by one or more zones. Thus, this approach takes into account one or more of the cellular and serum nutrient levels, along with their nutrient gene profiles, to determine the overall zone for a given nutrient.

[0254] Next, in step 430, the Target Nutrient Zone (TNZ) in which the individual's nutrient levels are optimized is determined. In one example, if a nutrient is already in the optimal zone, it is not necessary to optimize the nutrient. In some embodiments, the determined TNZ is used to determine the multiplier used in step 440a to adjust the starting dose, resulting in the CB dose for each nutrient. In various embodiments, the multiplier is a fixed, constant value previously determined for the nutrient when moving from a first zone to a second zone. For example, for a particular nutrient, vitamin A, the multiplier when moving from zone 1 to zone 4 is a value of 3. As another example, for a particular nutrient, vitamin B1, the multiplier when moving from zone 1 to zone 4 is a value of 3.5. The multiplier may differ for different nutrients, even when moving between the same zones (e.g., zones 1 to 4).

[0255] Generally, the multiplier is higher when moving between more intermediate zones compared to when moving between fewer intermediate zones. For example, the multiplier for a particular nutrient may be a constant value of X when moving from zone 1 to zone 3, but the multiplier for a particular nutrient may be a larger constant value of Y when moving from zone 1 to zone 4, or from zone 1 to zone 5. In some scenarios, the first multiplier for a first nutrient may be smaller than the second multiplier for a second nutrient factor, even if the first multiplier represents a movement between more intermediate zones. For example, the first multiplier for a first nutrient may be a constant value of X when moving from zone 1 to zone 4, but the multiplier for a second nutrient may be a larger constant value of Y when moving from zone 1 to zone 3. Thus, nutrients may have different predetermined multiplier values ​​independent of other nutrients. Predetermined multiplier values ​​can be determined by analyzing data from multiple patients to determine the multiplier value for each nutrient.

[0256] The starting dose of a given nutrient (shown in Table 6) is multiplied by a TNZ-based multiplier to obtain the CB dose for each nutrient, as shown in equation (3) below. In step 450a, the CBs having the determined nutrient doses are administered to the individual over a predetermined period. Personalized blend = (dosage × TNZ ratio) (3)

[0257] In some embodiments, follow-up studies are performed periodically in step 460 to monitor progress to target nutrient levels over a predetermined period to check, for example, whether the target zone has been reached for a given nutrient. In some embodiments, based on the results of the follow-up studies, it is further determined whether the dose of the nutrient CB needs adjustment. If adjustment is necessary, the CB is modified appropriately, for example, by increasing the TNZ to increase the nutrient level. The modified CB is administered to the individual, and a re-evaluation is performed again. In some embodiments, the personalized dose of the nutritional supplement in the CB is modified as described above after at least one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or more repetitions.

[0258] In some embodiments, various features disclosed elsewhere in this specification may be incorporated into the method 400a described above.

[0259] Referring to Figure 4B, another exemplary method 400b may take into account health comorbidities when determining the TNZ for a given nutrient. For example, if an individual's cardiovascular health shows a direct increase in LDL, the current zone for a given nutrient may be configured to be adjusted as necessary. Thus, exemplary method 300b includes further adjusting the current zone for a given nutrient based on health comorbidities in step 420b for determining the current zone for each nutrient.

[0260] Referring further to Figure 4B, in some embodiments, specific supplements and specific auxiliary supplements are added to the CB in step 440b when determining an appropriate dose of the CB. Exemplary supplements include, but are not limited to, vitamin B2 and DHA, and exemplary auxiliary supplements include curcumin and broccoli. In step 450b, the CB containing the supplements is administered to the individual.

[0261] In some embodiments, other steps of Method 400b, including steps 410, 430, and 460, are carried out similarly as described in Method 400a.

[0262] Referring further to Figure 4C, in another exemplary method 400c, nutrient pairings are considered when determining the current zone of nutrients in step 420c. As described elsewhere in this specification, nutrients can interact with each other to have an overall effect on health. Some of these interactions can be synergistic (positive), while some can be antagonistic (negative). For example, vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium effectively, and both of these nutrients together help improve bone health. Therefore, when determining the current zone of vitamin D, the current zone of calcium should be taken into consideration due to their synergistic effect.

[0263] Referring further to Figure 4C, in some embodiments, specific supplements and / or specific auxiliary supplements are added to the CB when determining the appropriate dose of the CB in step 440c. Exemplary supplements / auxiliary supplements include, but are not limited to, fole, vitamin B12, calcium, vitamin E, iron, and vitamin K. In some embodiments, not all of these supplements are administered in the same dose. Instead, these supplements may be separated at the time of ingestion. For example, to avoid the uptake of competing nutrients, the CB may be separated by time of ingestion as a morning dose and an evening dose, and competing nutrients are supplemented in separate doses throughout the day. For example, fole, vitamin B12, calcium, and vitamin E may be included in the morning dose, and iron and vitamin K may be included in the evening dose. In step 450c, the CB containing each supplement is administered to the individual in separate, morning and evening doses.

[0264] In some embodiments, the other steps of method 400c, including steps 410, 430, and 460, are similarly implemented as described in method 400a.

[0265] In some embodiments, in the above-described method, when determining the dosage of CB, the dosage of CB may not exceed the UTL of the nutrient. For example, the high dosage may be maintained below the 10th percentile of the UTL of the nutrient to ensure safety. In some embodiments, for nutrients tested at both the cellular level and the serum level, two TNV or TNZ (each based on a specific approach) may result in the generation of two CB dosages. In this case, the higher dosage may be selected as the final dosage of CB. In some embodiments, for additional nutrient optimization based on questionnaire responses or additional health examinations, especially for those for which nutrient levels have not been tested, nutrients may be recommended based on the RDA value.

[0266] In some embodiments, in the various optimization approaches described above, nutrient gene polymorphisms are addressed through the recommendations of CB.

[0267] In some embodiments, additional approaches not described above may be used to optimize nutrients. In one embodiment, the CB is formulated by using proprietary blends. For example, several proprietary blends (e.g., 16 or another different number of blends) may be developed to address nutrient deficiencies. The number, composition, and purpose of these proprietary blends are modified to a reasonable extent consistent with the description in this disclosure. To optimize an individual's nutrients, nutrients are first evaluated at one or more of the cellular, serum, and gene levels (e.g., by using NutriLite tests). Based on the test results, the CB may be produced using standard proprietary blends. The results determine the combination and dosage of these blends used to formulate the CB for the individual. The CB is then administered to the individual for a specific period, and periodic serological evaluations are performed to monitor and ensure improvement in nutrient levels. If nutrient levels are not optimized, the formulation and dosage of the proprietary blends can be adjusted to provide the individual with a new CB.

[0268] Nutrient pairing Nutrients can interact with each other to have an overall impact on health. Some of these interactions can be synergistic (positive), while others can be antagonistic (negative). For example, vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium effectively, and both of these nutrients together help improve bone health. Similarly, as an example, magnesium helps activate vitamin D, and all the enzymes that metabolize vitamin D require magnesium as a cofactor for enzymatic reactions in the liver and kidneys. Therefore, magnesium and vitamin D work well together to alter the vitamin D levels of a target. Similarly, as an example, potassium helps check sodium levels to avoid the risk of high blood pressure, so supplementing potassium when sodium is being supplemented is useful. In some embodiments, nutrients can be co-supplemented to improve the effects of nutrient supplementation or to ensure and maintain nutrient balance.

[0269] In other cases, some nutrients can have antagonistic (negative) effects on each other. For example, intestinal absorption of iron and zinc occurs via the same protein, and zinc is primarily absorbed. If zinc and iron supplementation is done together, only zinc will be taken up, iron will not, and iron levels in the body will not improve. In such exemplary antagonistic cases, the blend can be separated into morning and evening doses at the time of intake, and zinc and iron will be supplemented in separate doses throughout the day. Also, for example, high doses of vitamin E can counteract the effects of vitamin K. Therefore, when creating a blend, considerations such as competitive uptake and antagonistic effects of nutrients can be taken into account.

[0270] In some embodiments, the nutritional blend has daily time-based components for administration. In some embodiments, the antagonistic supplement is administered at different times. In some embodiments, the antagonistic supplement is administered in the morning and afternoon. In some embodiments, the antagonistic supplement is administered in the morning and evening. In some embodiments, the antagonistic supplement is administered in the afternoon and evening. These times can range from several minutes to several hours apart. In some embodiments, the antagonistic supplement is administered at intervals of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 hours apart.

[0271] In some embodiments, synergistic nutrient pairs may be supplemented together to enhance the overall effect of the paired nutrients. In some embodiments, antagonistic nutrient pairs may be supplemented separately (for example, separated by intake time, such as morning and evening doses).

[0272] Table 17 provides an illustrative list of possible synergistic nutrient pairings and antagonistic nutrient pairings that may be avoided.

[0273] In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement includes any combination of calcium and vitamin D, magnesium and vitamin D, omega-3 and vitamin E, sodium and potassium, fole and vitamin B12, vitamin B3 and tryptophan, vitamin D and omega-3, and vitamin C and iron.

[0274] In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement does not contain any combination of iron and zinc, zinc and magnesium, copper and zinc, calcium and iron, or vitamin E and vitamin K.

[0275] Dose calculation formula This specification discloses methods for providing nutritional supplements to subjects. In various embodiments, the nutritional supplements are provided to subjects in personalized doses to ensure that the subjects can benefit from the nutritional supplements. For example, a personalized blend of personalized doses of nutrients in a nutritional supplement meets the personalized nutritional requirements of the subject. In various embodiments, the upper limit of the dose is the Nth percentile of the established UTL for a given nutrient. In various embodiments, the Nth percentile is one of the 20th, 30th, 40th, 50th, 60th, 70th, 80th, or 90th percentiles. In certain embodiments, the Nth percentile is the 80th percentile.

[0276] In various embodiments, personalized doses of nutritional supplements are determined for a subject according to various values, examples of which are further described herein in detail, for example, in Figure 2. For example, personalized doses of nutritional supplements are determined for a subject according to one or more of the following: extracellular (1) and intracellular (2) nutrient levels, genetic predisposition to nutrients (3), physical indicators of the subject (4), PHC (5), nutritional deficiency-related diseases (6), correction of gut microbiota (8), VAF (9) of the subject, and appropriate supplements to help improve nutrient pairing (10). In various embodiments, personalized doses of nutritional supplements are determined for a subject according to two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, or each of the following: extracellular (1) and intracellular (2) nutrient values, nutrient-related genetic predisposition (3), subject's physical indicators (4), PHQ (5), appropriate supplements to help improve nutritional deficiency-related diseases (6), correction of gut microbiota (7), health comorbidities (8), subject's VAF (9), and nutrient pairings (10).

[0277] In various embodiments, the personalized dose of a nutritional supplement is determined for a subject according to extracellular nutrient levels. For example, a method for providing a nutritional supplement to a subject may include obtaining levels of several extracellular nutrients measured from serum obtained from the subject. Thus, the personalized dose of a nutritional supplement can be determined according to the extracellular nutrients measured from serum obtained from the subject. Examples of extracellular nutrients are described herein (e.g., Table 2).

[0278] In various embodiments, the personalized dosage of nutritional supplements is determined for the subject according to extracellular nutrient levels and the subject's physical indicators. An example of such a personalized dosage is shown in equation (4) below: In formula TIFF2026527630000002.tif5158, TNV represents the target nutrient value, ANV represents the actual nutrient value, and i represents the i-th nutrient.

[0279] In various embodiments, the personalized dosage of nutritional supplements is determined for the subject according to extracellular nutrient levels, the subject's physical indicators, and RDA values. An example of such a personalized dosage is shown in equation (5) below: TIFF2026527630000003.tif5158

[0280] In various embodiments, personalized dosages of nutritional supplements are determined for each individual according to extracellular nutrient levels and genetic predispositions related to the nutrients. An example of such personalized dosages is shown in equation (6) below (genetic predispositions related to nutrients are referred to as “polygenetic factors” in equation (6): TIFF2026527630000004.tif5158

[0281] In various embodiments, personalized dosages of nutritional supplements are determined for each individual according to extracellular nutrient levels, genetic predisposition to the nutrient, the individual's physical indicators, and RDA values. An example of such personalized dosages is shown in equation (7) below (genetic predisposition to the nutrient is referred to as “polygenetic factor” in equation (7): TIFF2026527630000005.tif5170

[0282] In various embodiments, the personalized dose of a nutritional supplement is determined for the subject according to intracellular nutrient levels. For example, a method for providing a nutritional supplement to a subject may include obtaining levels of several intracellular nutrients from the subject. In various embodiments, intracellular nutrients are measured from circulating blood cells. For example, intracellular nutrients are measured from either red blood cells (RBCs) or white blood cells (WBCs). In such embodiments, the personalized dose of a nutritional supplement can be determined according to the intracellular nutrients measured from intracellular white blood cells (WBCs) or red blood cells (RBCs) obtained from the subject. Examples of intracellular nutrients are described herein (e.g., Table 2).

[0283] In various embodiments, the personalized dosage of a nutritional supplement is determined for a subject according to the intracellular nutritional value and the physical indicators of the subject. An example of such a personalized dosage is shown in the following formula (8): TIFF2026527630000006.tif5158

[0284] In various embodiments, the personalized dosage of a nutritional supplement is determined for a subject according to the intracellular nutritional value, the physical indicators of the subject, and the RDA value. An example of such a personalized dosage is shown in the following formula (9): TIFF2026527630000007.tif5158

[0285] In various embodiments, the personalized dosage of a nutritional supplement is determined for a subject according to the intracellular nutritional value and the genetic factors related to nutrients. An example of such a personalized dosage is shown in the following formula (10) (the genetic factors related to nutrients are referred to as "polygenic factors" in formula (10)): TIFF2026527630000008.tif5158

[0286] In various embodiments, the personalized dosage of a nutritional supplement is determined for a subject according to the intracellular nutritional value, the genetic factors related to nutrients, the physical indicators of the subject, and the RDA value. An example of such a personalized dosage is shown in the following formula (11) (the genetic factors related to nutrients are referred to as "polygenic factors" in formula (11)): TIFF2026527630000009.tif5170

[0287] In various embodiments, the personalized dose of a nutritional supplement is determined for a subject according to both extracellular (1) and intracellular (2) nutrient levels. For example, a method for providing a nutritional supplement to a subject may include obtaining levels of several extracellular nutrients measured from serum obtained from the subject, and obtaining levels of several intracellular nutrients from the subject. In various embodiments, intracellular nutrients are measured from circulating blood cells. For example, intracellular nutrients are measured from either red blood cells (RBCs) or white blood cells (WBCs). In such embodiments, the personalized dose of a nutritional supplement can be determined according to the extracellular nutrients measured from serum obtained from the subject, and the intracellular nutrients measured from intracellular white blood cells (WBCs) or red blood cells (RBCs) obtained from the subject. Examples of extracellular and intracellular nutrients are described herein (e.g., Table 2).

[0288] In various embodiments, the personalized dosage of nutritional supplements is determined for the subject according to extracellular nutrient levels, intracellular nutrient levels, and the subject's physical indicators. An example of such a personalized dosage is shown in equation (12) below: TIFF2026527630000010.tif10170

[0289] In various embodiments, the personalized dosage of nutritional supplements is determined for the subject according to extracellular nutrient levels, intracellular nutrient levels, the subject's physical indicators, and RDA values. An example of such a personalized dosage is shown in equation (13) below: TIFF2026527630000011.tif10170

[0290] In various embodiments, personalized dosages of nutritional supplements are determined for each individual according to extracellular nutrient levels, intracellular nutrient levels, and genetic predispositions related to the nutrients. An example of such personalized dosages is shown in equation (14) below (genetic predispositions related to nutrients are referred to as “polygenetic factors” in equation (14): TIFF2026527630000012.tif10170

[0291] In various embodiments, the personalized dosage of a nutritional supplement is determined for the subject according to extracellular nutrient levels, intracellular nutrient levels, genetic predisposition to the nutrient, the subject's physical indicators, and RDA values. An example of such a personalized dosage is shown in equation (15) below (genetic predisposition to the nutrient is referred to as "polygenetic factor" in equation (15): TIFF2026527630000013.tif11161

[0292] In various embodiments, the personalized dosage of a nutritional supplement is determined for the subject according to the correction of the gut microbiota. In various embodiments, the gut microbiota correction value modifies the appropriate probiotics / prebiotics in the dosage formula. Further details of the gut microbiota correction are described herein. In various embodiments, the personalized dosage of a nutritional supplement is determined for the subject according to the correction of the gut microbiota, in addition to one or more of the following: extracellular nutrients, intracellular nutrients, genetic predisposition to nutrients, subject's physical indicators, and RDA values. An example of such a personalized dosage is shown in formula (16) below: TIFF2026527630000014.tif15169

[0293] In various embodiments, the personalized dose of a nutritional supplement is determined for the subject according to an absorption factor (referred herein to as “active absorption factor” or “VAF”). Further details of the VAF are described herein. In various embodiments, the personalized dose of a nutritional supplement is determined for the subject according to the VAF, in addition to one or more of the following: extracellular nutrient levels, intracellular nutrient levels, genetic predisposition to nutrients, subject's physical indicators, and RDA values. An example of such a personalized dose is shown in formula (17): TIFF2026527630000015.tif10169

[0294] In various embodiments, the personalized dosage of nutritional supplements is determined for the subject according to one or more study-based health comorbidities, examples of which include cardiovascular health, neurological disorders, thyroid disorders, kidney disease, and liver disease.

[0295] In various embodiments, the personalized dosage of a nutritional supplement is determined for the subject according to one or more of the following: extracellular nutrient levels, intracellular nutrient levels, genetic predisposition to nutrients, subject's physical indicators, and RDA values, in addition to one or more study-based health comorbidities. An example of such a personalized dosage for a person with cardiovascular health comorbidities is shown in formula (18): TIFF2026527630000016.tif10169

[0296] Examples of nutrients specific to cardiovascular health include L-arginine and L-citrulline for hypertension.

[0297] Another example of a dosage tailored to such an individual with neurological comorbidities is shown in formula (19): TIFF2026527630000017.tif10165

[0298] Examples of nutrients specific to neurological health include folates, vitamin E, and omega-3 fatty acids, while the supplement curcumin supports neurological health.

[0299] Another example of a dosage tailored to such an individual with thyroid health comorbidities is shown in formula (20) below: TIFF2026527630000018.tif10165

[0300] Examples of nutrients specific to neurological health include iodine, selenium, and zinc, which help maintain healthy thyroid function.

[0301] Another example of a dosage tailored to such an individual with co-existing kidney health conditions is shown in formula (21) below: TIFF2026527630000019.tif10161

[0302] Examples of nutrients specific to kidney health include vitamin B6 and EPA, which are helpful in improving kidney stones.

[0303] Another example of a dosage tailored to such an individual with co-existing liver health conditions is shown in formula (22) below: TIFF2026527630000020.tif10160

[0304] Examples of nutrients specific to liver health include zinc, as well as supplements such as licorice and ginger, which enhance liver function.

[0305] composition The nutritional blends provided herein may be provided to an individual or subject as a powder, capsule, tablet, or emulsion. In some embodiments, the blend is provided to an individual or subject as a powder. In some embodiments, the blend is provided to an individual or subject as a capsule. In some embodiments, the blend is provided to an individual or subject as a tablet. In some embodiments, the blend is provided to an individual or subject as an emulsion. In some embodiments, the blend is provided to an individual or subject by intravenous (IV) injection. Nutritional supplement blends may also be modified based on annual examinations to tailor nutrients to the individual in accordance with the changing nutritional needs of the subject.

[0306] In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement blend is modified based on an individual's genetic testing. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement blend is modified based on an individual experiencing symptoms. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement blend further includes supplemental supplements based on conditions involving nutritional deficiencies. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement blend is tailored to an individual based on age and sex determined by recommended nutritional requirements. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement blend is tailored to an individual based on height and weight. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement blend is tailored to an individual based on changes in gut microbiota. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement blend is tailored to an individual based on comorbidities through assessment using “additional health tests,” as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement blend is tailored to an individual based on the time of intake to prevent competitive uptake of nutrients (e.g., morning and evening doses). In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement blend is tailored to an individual based on taste according to individual preferences (e.g., multiple flavors such as grape, apple, watermelon, banana, cherry, raspberry, and mango).

[0307] In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement is provided as a powder, capsule, tablet, or emulsion, or any combination thereof.

[0308] In some embodiments, the nutritional supplement further includes a flavoring agent.

[0309] In some embodiments, the supplement (e.g., either ATB or a personalized blend) may be provided in powder form. In such cases, the required daily intake for the individual may be indicated, and the individual can scoop the required amount using a spoon or similar device and dissolve it in an aqueous fluid (water, shake, smoothie, etc.). The individual can then consume it immediately.

[0310] In one embodiment, the supplement may be contained within a capsule. The individual can then consume the capsule orally as directed.

[0311] In one embodiment, the supplement can be provided in the form of tablets that an individual can consume orally as directed.

[0312] In one embodiment, the supplement can be combined with an emulsion that can be consumed as a liquid beverage. The emulsion can enable the dissolution of water-soluble and fat-soluble nutrients.

[0313] In one embodiment, the supplement may be provided as a combination of at least two of the following: powder, capsule, and tablet.

[0314] In one embodiment, the supplements are separated by time of intake. To avoid the uptake of competing nutrients, the mixture is separated by time of intake as morning and evening doses, and competing nutrients are supplemented in separate doses throughout the day. The intake of these separate doses is also indicated.

[0315] In one embodiment, water-soluble supplements can be added together as a flavorful blend, while insoluble components are added in capsule form.

[0316] Absorption Test Blend (ATB) In some embodiments, an Absorption Test Blend (ATB) is provided herein. The ATB may be a polynutrient supplement blend containing exemplary vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids as described herein. The exemplary doses of nutrients in the ATB may be similar to the RDA or generally recommended values, as shown in Table 15. In some embodiments, the doses of the vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids described herein in the ATB are within 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, or 10% of the RDA or generally recommended values ​​described herein, or within approximately 0.25–10%.

[0317] In one embodiment, the ATB includes the “general” or “default” forms of nutrients, including vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids, in doses close to the RDA or generally recommended values, as shown in Table 15.

[0318] In one embodiment, the ATB includes preferred forms of nutrients, including vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids, determined from genetic test results and PHQ, in doses close to the RDA or generally recommended values, as shown in Table 15.

[0319] In another embodiment, the ATB contains nutrients including vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids in calculated doses of nutrients needed to improve an individual's nutritional status. In another embodiment, the “personalized blend” includes a modified ATB for a specific individual.

[0320] Personalized blends In some embodiments, this specification provides a “personalized blend” containing nutrients in doses calculated based on the amount needed to optimize individual nutrient values ​​(e.g., to ensure individual nutrient levels reach the optimal nutrient zone), as determined by a “dose” calculation formula. Thus, based on the measured nutrient deficiency, the “personalized blend” dose may take into account RDAs or generally recommended values, along with any additional nutrients needed to meet individual nutrient needs. [Examples]

[0321] The following are examples of specific embodiments for carrying out the present invention. The examples are provided for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to the numbers used (e.g., quantity, temperature, etc.), but naturally, some experimental errors and deviations should be allowed.

[0322] The implementation of this invention will employ conventional methods of protein chemistry, biochemistry, recombinant DNA technology, and pharmacology within the scope of the art, unless otherwise indicated. These techniques are described in detail in the literature. For example, see T.E. Creighton, Proteins: Structures and Molecular Properties (WH Freeman and Company, 1993); AL Lehninger, Biochemistry (Worth Publishers, Inc., current addition); Sambrook, et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2nd Edition, 1989); Methods in Enzymology (S. Colowick and N. Kaplan eds., Academic Press, Inc.); Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Edition (Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Company, 1990); and Carey and Sundberg Advanced Organic Chemistry 3rd Ed. (Plenum Press) Vols A and B (1992).

[0323] [Example 1] NutriPro test NutriPro testing is used to assess serum (extracellular), RBC, and WBC (intracellular) nutritional values ​​and is used in conjunction with genetic testing for predispositions that may affect nutritional values ​​in the body. Additional tests such as Gut Zoomer, cardiovascular health, thyroid testing, kidney function tests, and liver function tests are performed as needed. Figure 1 provides a schematic diagram of the NutriPro testing process from individual subjects regarding the generation of a personalized nutritional blend.

[0324] The subjects complete a Health Questionnaire (PHQ), which helps establish factors such as symptoms, complications, comorbidities, and medications they are taking. Blood samples are taken from the subjects, and extracellular serum and intracellular blood cells are tested for nutritional deficiencies via mass spectrometry (e.g., liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)). Figure 1 provides a diagram of the NutriPro test procedure.

[0325] NutriPro test results indicate any altered levels of nutrients in the subject. ABT (Acceptable Behavioral Therapy) consisting of nutrient forms in doses close to the RDA (Reduced Daily Allowance) or generally recommended values ​​of the nutrient is then supplemented to the individual.

[0326] Furthermore, the blood samples in question undergo genetic testing. Information obtained from genetic testing and PHQ is used to select the optimal nutrient form for the individual. If an individual chooses to have their ATB tailored, the optimal form is incorporated into the ATB. Similarly, supplements to improve nutritional deficiency-related diseases are incorporated into the ATB. If the deficiency is related to changes in the gut microbiota, probiotics or prebiotics are also added to the blend to replenish the microbial species determined by the correction of the gut microbiota. Finally, for individuals requesting a tailored ATB, the presence of comorbidities such as heart disease, hypertension, mild cognitive impairment, and thyroid disorders is taken into consideration.

[0327] ATB is administered to individuals for nutritional supplementation, and blood tests for nutrients in serum, RBCs, and WBCs are performed 3 or 6 months later.

[0328] Based on the improvement (compared to values ​​before supplement administration), the change in nutrient levels is attributable to the amount of the supplemented nutrient per milligram dose. The assessed change is called VAF. VAF is used to understand how an individual's body utilizes these nutrients, depending on the difference between extracellular and intracellular nutrient levels before and after supplementation. Based on the body's utilization or absorption of nutrients, the amount of nutrients needed to be supplemented to bring an individual's nutrient levels into the optimal nutrient zone is understood. VAF calculations help determine the appropriate dosage of nutrients needed for a personalized blend.

[0329] The “Dosage” formula is used to calculate the personalized dosage used in personalized blends. Supplement dosages are personalized for each individual and are determined using the “Dosage” formula, which takes into account factors such as age, polygenetic factors, target nutrient values ​​(TNV), the individual’s actual nutrient values ​​(ANV) for both extracellular (serum) and intracellular (WBC and RBC) nutrients, calculated VAF, and physical indicators (weight, height) and RDA (based on sex and age).

[0330] After the test, the individual takes ATB or a personalized blend for the indicated time. Improvements in the individual's nutritional health are observed. Improvements in the individual's comorbidities and overall health are also observed.

[0331] While the present invention has been shown and described in particular with reference to preferred embodiments and various alternative embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications of form and detail can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

[0332] [Examples 2-3] ATB approach to optimize nutrient levels The following is an example demonstrating how to optimize nutrient levels using the ATB approach described above. The table provides the selected ATB doses for each nutrient. While the ATB doses may vary, the underlying formula used to achieve the CB remained consistent.

[0333] Example 2: 18-year-old male The serological profile of an 18-year-old male athlete showed deficiencies in several vitamins, minerals, and amino acids. Cellular levels of the essential fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), were also low. Genetic polymorphisms in the folate gene affected the conversion of folate to its physiologically active form, methyl folate, resulting in decreased circulating folate levels in the body. Considering the man's own cellular nutrient levels and nutrient gene profile, his own cellular vitamin C and zinc levels were low due to insufficient cellular absorption.

[0334] ATB was administered for one month, after which nutritional levels were retested. VAF was calculated by dividing the difference between pre-supplementary and post-supplementary nutritional levels by ATB. Then TNV was determined, and CB was obtained by dividing the difference between TNV and post-supplementary biomarker values ​​by VAF. Furthermore, this questionnaire indicated that the male, as an athlete, desired to improve muscle soreness. Therefore, although not deficient, arginine supplementation was administered to improve its level to an optimal range that could support muscle health and recovery. CB was taken for three months, after which nutrient levels were retested. Follow-up studies showed that CB could improve the individual's nutrient levels, and those levels exceeded the optimal range for TNV.

[0335] Table 18 provides an exemplary optimization of the nutrient profile of an 18-year-old male via the ATB approach.

[0336] Example 3: A 50-year-old woman This 50-year-old woman is postmenopausal. Her serological profile showed deficiencies in several vitamins, minerals, and amino acids. Cellular levels of manganese and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were also low. Genetic evaluation revealed polymorphisms leading to inadequate conversion of folete to its active form, L-methylfolate, which may have contributed to the low circulating folete levels. Similarly, polymorphisms affecting selenium transport resulted in deficient serum folete levels. Poor cellular uptake of vitamin C led to insufficient cellular vitamin C levels. Considering serum and cellular nutrient levels, as well as the nutrient gene profile, genetic polymorphisms causing inadequate conversion of vitamin A to its active form, retinol, resulted in low circulating and cellular levels of vitamin A. Furthermore, polymorphisms affecting vitamin D3 transport resulted in low serum and cellular levels of vitamin D3.

[0337] ATB was administered for 3 months, after which nutritional levels were re-examined. VAF was calculated by dividing the difference between pre- and post-supplementary nutritional levels by ATB. Then, TNV was determined, and CB was obtained by dividing the difference between TNV and post-supplementary biomarker values ​​by VAF. Additional health examinations revealed that the patient had hypothyroidism. Therefore, although not deficient, zinc was supplemented to raise zinc levels to the optimal range and support thyroid health. In addition, iodine was also supplemented to enhance thyroid function using RDA values. Selenium, which supports thyroid function, was already optimized due to a pre-existing deficiency. CB was taken for 3 months, after which nutrient levels were re-examined. Follow-up studies showed that CB successfully improved the individual's nutrient levels, and these levels exceeded the optimal range for TNV.

[0338] Table 19 provides an exemplary optimization of the nutrient profile of a 50-year-old woman via the ATB approach.

[0339] [Examples 4-5] Zone approach to optimize nutrient levels The following example demonstrates how to optimize nutrient levels using the zone approach. The table provides the selected starting dose for each nutrient. While the starting dose and multiplier may vary, the underlying formula used to achieve the cross-sectional area (CB) remained consistent.

[0340] Example 4: 35-year-old male A 35-year-old male bodybuilder. His serological profile showed deficiencies in several vitamins, minerals, and amino acids. All of these nutrients were in Zone 1 due to their levels. The cellular levels of the fatty acids linoleic acid (LA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) were in Zone 2, but work was done to improve their levels to the optimal zone. Despite being in Zone 2, vitamin B1 was downgraded to Zone 1 due to low cellular levels caused by insufficient cellular uptake from a genetic polymorphism in the gene involved. Similarly, selenium was declared in Zone 1 due to affected transport caused by polymorphism.

[0341] Identifying the zone determined the TNZ, which in turn provided a multiplier to be used to reach optimal nutrient levels when the starting dose was multiplied. This yielded the CB dose for each nutrient, which was followed for three months. Furthermore, the questionnaire indicated that the individual, being a bodybuilder, desired to improve muscle mass. Therefore, carnitine was supplemented to improve its level relative to the TNZ, which could support muscle health and mass. The follow-up study showed that most nutrient levels reached the TNZ, with the exception of vitamin B1, which was expected to reach zone 4, and DPA and LA, which were expected to reach the higher zone 5, respectively. The CB dose was continued for several months until the nutrients were optimized to the TNZ.

[0342] Table 20 provides an exemplary optimization of the nutrient profile of a 35-year-old male via a zone approach.

[0343] Example 5: 70-year-old woman The serological profile of a 70-year-old woman showed deficiencies in most vitamins, minerals, and amino acids. Cellular vitamin B1, EPA, and DHA were also low. All of these nutrients were classified into zone 1 due to their low levels, with the exception of L-glutamine, which was in zone 2. Although not in the deficiency zone, L-glutamine levels were optimized to reach the optimal zone.

[0344] Once the zones were identified, the TNZ (Thoroughly Transmitted Zone) was determined, and the TNZ provided a multiplier for adjusting the starting dose to reach optimal nutrient levels. This calculation yielded the CB (Continuously Transmitted) dose for each nutrient, which was followed for three months. The follow-up study showed that only vitamin B1 and vitamin B6 increased moderately and were managed to reach Zone 2. L-glutamine levels increased slightly but remained in Zone 2. The remaining nutrients did not show substantial improvement, as they were still in Zone 1. CB doses are recommended for a certain period until the nutrient zone is optimized, and if no improvement in nutrient levels is observed, updating the CB should be considered.

[0345] Table 21 provides an exemplary optimization of the nutrient profile of a 70-year-old woman via a zone approach.

[0346] All references, published patents, and patent applications cited herein are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference for all purposes.

[0347] [Table 1] TIFF2026527630000022.tif200158TIFF2026527630000023.tif20088

[0348] [Table 2] TIFF2026527630000025.tif242156TIFF2026527630000026.tif242161TIFF2026527630000027.tif241161TIFF2026527630000028.tif243151TIFF2026527630000029.tif241161TIFF2026527630000030.tif243115

[0349]

Table 3

[0350]

Table 4

[0351]

Table 5

[0352]

Table 6

[0353] Table 7 TIFF2026527630000053.tif24175

[0354] Table 8 TIFF2026527630000055.tif243160TIFF2026527630000056.tif244158TIFF2026527630000057.tif24444

[0355] Table 9 TIFF2026527630000059.tif245150

[0356] Table 10 TIFF2026527630000061.tif217160TIFF2026527630000062.tif217156TIFF2026527630000063.tif217125

[0357] Table 11

[0358] Table 12 TIFF2026527630000066.tif145161TIFF2026527630000067.tif146128

[0359] [Table 13]

[0360] [Table 14]

[0361] [Table 15] TIFF2026527630000071.tif198157TIFF2026527630000072.tif19874*There are no established UTL values ​​for these nutrients. Therefore, safe recommended limits for these nutrients should be considered after consultation with healthcare professionals in the field (physicians and dietitians).

[0362] [Table 16] TIFF2026527630000074.tif220160TIFF2026527630000075.tif220131

[0363] [Table 17] TIFF2026527630000077.tif191161TIFF2026527630000078.tif192128

[0364] [Table 18] TIFF2026527630000080.tif243160TIFF2026527630000081.tif243161TIFF2026527630000082.tif24483

[0365] Table 19 TIFF2026527630000084.tif245149TIFF2026527630000085.tif245149TIFF2026527630000086.tif245144

[0366] Table 20 TIFF2026527630000088.tif255154TIFF2026527630000089.tif25572

[0367] Table 21 TIFF2026527630000091.tif255138TIFF2026527630000092.tif25575

Claims

1. Obtaining, or having obtained, the levels of multiple extracellular nutrients measured from serum obtained from the subject, Obtaining, or having obtained, the levels of multiple intracellular nutrients measured from intracellular white blood cells (WBCs) and / or red blood cells (RBCs) obtained from the aforementioned subject, Using both the levels of the plurality of extracellular nutrients and the levels of the plurality of intracellular nutrients, to determine a personalized dosage of nutritional supplements for the subject. A method for providing nutritional supplements to a target group, including the provision of such supplements.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the extracellular nutrient comprises one or more of vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the intracellular nutrients include one or more of vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein both the extracellular nutrient and the intracellular nutrient each contain one or more of the following: vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids.

5. The method according to any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein the vitamin comprises one or more of the following: vitamin A (retinol), vitamin A (beta-carotene), vitamin B1 (thiamine diphosphate), vitamin B2 (riboflavin 5-phosphate), vitamin B3 (nicotinic acid), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6, pyridoxal 5-phosphate, vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid), vitamin D, 25-OH, vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), vitamin D, 1-25-dihydroxy, vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), vitamin K1 (phylloquinone), vitamin K2 (menaquinone-MK-7), folate (L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate), and coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone + ubiquinol).

6. The method according to any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein the mineral comprises one or more of selenium, sodium, potassium, calcium, zinc, manganese, iron, magnesium, copper, chromium, myo-inositol, iodine, molybdenum, phosphorus, tetrahydrobiopterin, fluoride, and copper / zinc.

7. The method according to any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein the amino acid comprises one or more of oxidized glutathione, MMA (methylmalonic acid), choline, L-cysteine, L-asparagine, L-glutamine, L-serine, L-arginine, L-citrulline, L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-leucine, free carnitine, and phenylalanine.

8. The method according to any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein the fatty acid comprises one or more of DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), DPA (docosapentaenoic acid), AA (arachidonic acid), LA (linoleic acid), total omega-3, total omega-6, omega-3 index, and AA / EPA.

9. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein determining the personalized dosage of the nutritional supplement includes determining the ratio of a target nutrient value to the obtained level of the extracellular nutrient or intracellular nutrient for one of the extracellular nutrient or intracellular nutrient.

10. Determining the appropriate dosage of the aforementioned nutritional supplement for the individual is Regarding extracellular nutrients, the ratio between the target extracellular nutrient value and the obtained level of the extracellular nutrient is determined. Regarding intracellular nutrients, the ratio between the target intracellular nutrient value and the obtained level of the intracellular nutrient is determined. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, including

11. Obtaining, or having obtained, the genetic information of the subject, relating to the inhibition or absorption of nutrients. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 10, further comprising:

12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the genetic information of the target includes the genetic state of one or more genomic locations of a plurality of genes.

13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the genetic state includes the presence or absence of polymorphism.

14. The aforementioned polymorphs are rs12934922, rs6564851, rs7501331, rs11645428, rs11645428, rs10766197, rs10741657, rs10877012, rs1801131, rs1801133, rs7946, rs174547, rs17514104, rs492602 , rs602662, rs526934, rs33972313, rs4257763, rs6139591, rs6596473, rs2304478, rs88 9299, rs4516035, rs11126936, rs13107325, rs1799945, rs1800562, rs76151636, rs4074 995, rs12785878, rs1799983, rs13078881, rs2108622, rs1050450, rs4680, rs225014, rs 594445, rs4284505, rs1695, rs291466, rs121918252, rs2282679, rs12272004, rs387789 The method according to claim 13, wherein the method is one of 9, rs4588, rs4820268, rs855791, rs775607037, rs786204770, rs8007267, rs121909307, rs3733890, rs7204044, rs1667255, rs3811647, and rs5030853.

15. The method according to claim 12 or 13, wherein the plurality of genes are one or more of BCMO1, CYP2R1, MTHFR, PEMT, FADS1, SLC35F3, FUT2, TCN1, SLC23A1, SLC23A2, SLC12A3, SCNN1B, VDR, SLC30A3, SLC39A8, HFE, ATP7B, RGS14, NADSYN1, NOS3, BTD, CYP4F2, GPX1, COMT, DIO2, MOCOS, ESR1, GSTP1, HICBH, MUT, GC, APOA5, SEPP1, TF, VDR, TMPRSS6, COQ4, PAH, GCH1, GSS, BHMT, and PAH.

16. The method according to any one of claims 12 to 15, further comprising determining a polygene risk factor according to the genetic state of one or more locations of the plurality of genes.

17. The method according to claim 16, further comprising determining a personalized dose for the subject according to a polygene risk score.

18. Determining polygenetic risk factors according to the genetic state of one or more locations of the plurality of genes, Assigning a genotype score to each of one or more positions of a gene according to the presence or absence of polymorphism at that position of the gene, Combining the genotype scores across the aforementioned locations of the plurality of genes The method according to claim 16, including the method described in claim 16.

19. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 18, further comprising obtaining or having obtained the aforementioned physical indicators of the subject.

20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the physical indicators of the subject include one or more of height and weight.

21. The method according to claim 19 or 20, further comprising determining a personalized dose for the individual according to the physical indicators of the subject.

22. Obtaining, or having obtained, an absorption factor determined for the subject, wherein the absorption factor reflects the use of the subject for multiple nutrients. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 21, further comprising:

23. The method according to claim 22, further comprising determining an individualized dose according to the absorption factor, in which case the individualized dose of the nutritional supplement for the subject is determined.

24. The absorption factor for the aforementioned target is Compare pre-supplementary blood nutrient levels with post-supplementary blood nutrient levels. The method according to claim 22 or 23, as determined by...

25. The method according to claim 24, wherein comparing pre-supplementary blood nutrient levels with post-supplementary blood nutrient levels is performed to determine the difference between the pre-supplementary blood nutrient levels and the post-supplementary blood nutrient levels.

26. The method according to claim 24 or 25, wherein the pre-supplementary blood nutritional value is determined from a blood sample obtained from the subject before providing the supplement.

27. The method according to claim 24 or 25, wherein the post-supplementary blood nutrient level is determined from a blood sample obtained from the subject after the supplement has been provided.

28. The aforementioned supplement contains: Vitamin A palmitate, beta-carotene, thiamine mononitrate, riboflavin 5-phosphate, nicotinic acid, calcium pantothenate, pyridoxine HCl, biotin, cyanocobalamin, ascorbic acid, cholecalciferol, d-alpha-tocopheryl succinate, vitamin K1, vitamin K2 as menaquinone-7, folinic acid (folate), ubiquinone, L-selenomethionine, sea salt, potassium chloride, calcium carbonate, zinc picolinate, manganese glycinate, ferrous sulfate, and kue. The method according to claim 26 or 27, comprising one or more of magnesium bisglycinate, copper chelate bisglycinate, chromium picolinate, myo-inositol, potassium iodide, molybdenum glycinate chelate, dipotassium phosphate, L-glutathione (reduced), cyanocobalamin, choline tartrate, N-acetyl-L-cysteine ​​(NAC), L-asparagine, L-glutamine, L-serine, L-arginine, L-citrulline, L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-leucine, L-carnitine, L-phenylalanine, DHA, EPA, arachidonic acid, conjugated linoleic acid, and omega-3 DHA / EPA (high DHA) 3:

1.

29. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 28, further comprising obtaining a Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) value for the subject, wherein the RDA value is determined according to the age, sex, or pregnancy or lactation status of the subject.

30. The method according to claim 29, further comprising determining the individualized dose according to the RDA value, wherein determining the individualized dose of the nutritional supplement for the subject.

31. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 30, further comprising obtaining, or having obtained, a measurement value of the intestinal microbiota of the subject.

32. The method according to claim 31, further comprising determining the appropriate dosage for the individual by determining the amount of the probiotics or prebiotics in the nutritional supplement for the subject according to the subject's gut microbiota.

33. The method according to claim 31 or 32, wherein the measured value of the target intestinal microbiota includes one or more levels of viruses, fungi, parasites, and worms.

34. The method according to any one of claims 31 to 33, wherein the measured value of the target intestinal microbiota is obtained by performing a Gut Zoomer® assay.

35. The aforementioned biomarkers indicating cardiovascular health, Biomarkers of the subject indicating neurological health, The aforementioned biomarkers indicating thyroid health, The aforementioned biomarkers indicating kidney health, and The aforementioned biomarkers indicating liver health The method according to any one of claims 1 to 34, further comprising obtaining one or more of the above.

36. Determining the appropriate dosage for the individual is Levels of nutrients and / or supplements that support cardiovascular health, Levels of nutrients and / or supplements that support neurological health, Levels of nutrients and / or supplements that support thyroid health, The levels of nutrients and / or supplements that support kidney health, as well as Levels of nutrients and / or supplements that support liver health The method of claim 35, further comprising determining a personalized dose of the nutritional supplement for the subject according to one or more of the following.

37. The method according to claim 35 or 36, wherein the level of the target nutrient that indicates cardiovascular health includes one or more levels of L-arginine and L-citrulline.

38. The method according to claim 35 or 36, wherein the level of the nutrient in question that indicates neurological health includes one or more levels of folates, vitamin E, and omega-3 fatty acids.

39. The method according to claim 35 or 36, wherein the level of the nutrient in question that indicates thyroid health includes one or more levels of iodine, selenium, and zinc.

40. The method according to claim 35 or 36, wherein the level of the target nutrient that indicates kidney health includes one or more levels of vitamin B6 and EPA.

41. The method according to claim 35 or 36, wherein the level of the target nutrient that indicates liver health includes a level of zinc.

42. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 41, further comprising obtaining, or having obtained, one or more responses from the subject via a patient questionnaire.

43. The method according to claim 42, wherein the patient questionnaire includes one or more questions relating to the patient's medical history, sex, height, weight, nutritional deficiencies, and health goals.

44. The method according to claim 42 or 43, wherein the nutritional supplement comprises one or more supplements selected based on one or more responses from the subject via the patient questionnaire.

45. The one or more of the above supplements include hydroxocobalamin, methylcobalamin, L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate, folic acid, L-carnitine tartrate, magnesium L-threonate, L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate, calcium salt, zinc gluconate, inositol hexanicotinate, zinc sulfate, magnesium taurate, mixed tocopherols, ferrous bisglycinate chelate, magnesium malate, sodium ascorbate, zinc carnosine, potassium citrate, and The method according to claim 44, comprising any one of the following: calcium enate, vitamin B12, citrulline, vitamin D, L-isoleucine, L-valine, L-leucine, L-arginine, taurine, vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, selenium, coenzyme Q10, manganese, beta-alanine, lysine, L-valine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, histidine, glycine, vitamin D3, DHA, EPA, L-methionine, and L-glutamine.

46. The method according to claim 44, wherein one or more of the supplements are selected based on one or more responses shown in Table 6.

47. The method according to claim 44, wherein the nutritional supplement further comprises one or more supplemental supplements.

48. The method according to claim 47, wherein the one or more supplemental supplements are selected based on the one or more supplements contained in the nutritional supplement.

49. The method according to claim 48, wherein one or more supplemental supplements are selected based on one or more supplements shown in Table 6.

50. The method according to claim 47, wherein the one or more supplemental materials are selected based on the presence of one or more polymorphisms for the target at one or more genomic locations of multiple genes.

51. The method according to claim 50, wherein the one or more supplemental materials are selected based on the presence of one or more polymorphisms for the subject shown in Table 8.

52. The method according to any one of claims 47 to 51, wherein the one or more supplemental materials include any of the following: micro PQQ, ginger, curcumin, berberine extract, phosphatidylcholine, quercetin, phosphatidylserine, licorice, broccoli, green tea extract, 5-hydroxytryptophan, nitrate, caffeine, probiotics, prebiotics, epigallocatechin gallate, ginseng, Rhodiola rosea, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, α-ketoisocaproic acid, methylsulfonylmethane, betaine, silymarin, resveratrol, lycopene, catechin, chitosan, and glucoraphanin.

53. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 52, further comprising administering or administering a personalized dose of the nutritional supplement to the subject.

54. After administering the nutritional supplement to the subject in a dose tailored to the individual, the post-supplementary blood nutritional values ​​are regularly obtained or are obtained. Based on the blood nutritional values ​​after supplementation, it is determined whether to adjust the dosage of the nutritional supplement to suit the individual. The method according to claim 53, further comprising:

55. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 54, repeated at least once, twice, three times, four times, five times, six times, seven times, eight times, nine times, ten times, or more.

56. The method according to claim 55, wherein after at least one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or more repetitions, the personalized dosage of the nutritional supplement is changed.

57. The aforementioned nutritional supplement Calcium and vitamin D, Magnesium and vitamin D, Omega-3 and vitamin E, Sodium and potassium, Folate and vitamin B12, Vitamin B3 and tryptophan, Vitamin D and omega-3, as Vitamin C and iron The method according to any one of claims 1 to 56, including any combination of any of the following.

58. The aforementioned nutritional supplement Iron and zinc, Zinc and magnesium, Copper and zinc, Calcium and iron, as well as Vitamin E and Vitamin K The method according to any one of claims 1 to 57, which does not include any combination of any of the above.

59. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 58, wherein the nutritional supplement is provided as a powder, capsule, tablet, or emulsion, or any combination thereof.

60. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 59, wherein the nutritional supplement further comprises a flavoring agent.

61. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 60, further comprising administering an absorption test blend (ATB) to the subject for a first predetermined period of time before or after obtaining the levels of a plurality of extracellular nutrients measured from serum obtained from the subject and a plurality of intracellular nutrients measured from RBCs and / or WBCs.

62. The method according to claim 61, wherein the ATB comprises a multinutrient blend consisting of vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids.

63. The method according to claim 62, wherein the vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids are in doses close to the RDA values ​​or safe or generally recommended values ​​for the nutrients.

64. The method according to any one of claims 61 to 63, wherein the ATB is the same across different patients.

65. The method according to any one of claims 61 to 64, wherein the ATB is further adjusted by correcting the intestinal microbiota before being administered to the subject.

66. The method according to any one of claims 61 to 65, further comprising obtaining or having obtained pre-supplementary blood nutritional values ​​and post-supplementary blood nutritional values, wherein the pre-supplementary blood nutritional values ​​are determined before administration of the ATB to the subject, and the post-supplementary blood nutritional values ​​are determined after administration of the ATB over a first predetermined period.

67. Determining the appropriate dosage of the aforementioned nutritional supplement for each individual is The active absorption factor (VAF) is determined based on the difference between the nutritional value before and after supplementation, divided by the ATB dose. Determining target nutrient values ​​(TNVs) for each nutrient in both cellular and serum contexts, The individualized dosage for each nutrient is determined based on the difference between the TNV and the nutritional value after supplementation, divided by the VAF. The method according to claim 66, including the method described in claim 66.

68. The method according to claim 67, further comprising manufacturing the nutritional supplement for the subject, wherein the nutritional supplement is tailored to the subject by containing an individualized dose of each nutrient.

69. The method according to any one of claims 61 to 68, further comprising adjusting the determined personalized dose of the nutritional supplement using nutrient pairings.

70. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 60, further comprising dividing an individual's nutrient reference range into several zones having different nutrient wellness levels.

71. The method according to claim 70, wherein the number of zones includes three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, or ten or more zones.

72. The method according to claim 70 or 71, wherein the number of zones includes five zones.

73. Determining the appropriate dosage of the nutritional supplement for the subject is Using both the levels of the plurality of extracellular nutrients and the levels of the plurality of intracellular nutrients, the current zone of nutrients for the target is determined. Determining the target nutrient zone of the aforementioned nutrient, Determining a multiplier for the nutrient based on the current zone and the target nutrient zone of the nutrient, Based on the ratio of the aforementioned nutrients, the individualized dosage of the nutritional supplement for the subject is determined. The method according to any one of claims 70 to 72, including the method described in any one of claims 70 to 72.

74. The method according to claim 73, wherein determining an individualized dose of the nutritional supplement for the subject based on the ratio includes multiplying the starting dose of the nutrient by the ratio.

75. The method according to claim 73 or 74, wherein the current zone of the determined nutrient is adjusted based on a pairing of nutrients related to the nutrient.

76. The method according to claim 73 or 74, wherein the current zone of the determined nutrient is adjusted based on health comorbidities associated with the nutrient.

77. The method according to claim 73 or 74, wherein the current zone of the determined nutrient is adjusted based on the genetic predisposition of the subject.

78. The method according to any one of claims 61 to 77, further comprising administering to the subject a personalized dose of the nutritional supplement together with one or more predetermined supplements.

79. The method according to claim 78, wherein the one or more predetermined supplements include one or more supplemental supplements.

80. The method according to claim 78, wherein the one or more predetermined supplements include one or more probiotic supplements.

81. The method according to any one of claims 78 to 80, wherein the one or more predetermined supplements include one or more of the following: folate, calcium, vitamin E, iron, vitamin K, L-carnitine, tartrate, quercetin, phosphatidylserine, vitamin B3, DHA, curcumin, broccoli, or Lactobacillus reuteri.

82. The method according to any one of claims 78 to 80, wherein one or more of the prescribed supplements are administered to the subject in separate morning and evening doses.

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