Apparatus and method for continuous filling of neutral atom registers

Abstract

The disclosure of the present invention relates to trapping and manipulating neutral atoms for quantum computing, quantum simulation, and measurement. In one embodiment, the method includes filling a plurality of neutral atoms into a packed trap array located adjacent to or at least partially juxtaposed with a storage trap array; selectively removing neutral atoms in a first electronic state |1> from the storage trap array; determining the trap occupancy of neutral atoms in the storage trap array and in the packed trap array that are in a second electronic state |2>; and moving the neutral atoms from the packed trap array to one or more unoccupied trapping sites in the storage trap array based on the determined trap occupancy of neutral atoms in the storage trap array and in the packed trap array. The method may further include shelving the neutral atoms into a shelving state.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to an apparatus, method, and computer program for sequentially filling neutral atom registers, which can be used as quantum registers for quantum technologies such as quantum computation, atomic clocks, and quantum simulations, in particular, for trapping and manipulating neutral atoms. [Background technology]

[0002] A collection of neutral atoms trapped in optical traps is a promising method for realizing quantum computers and other quantum technologies. Using neutral atoms for quantum computation or analog quantum simulation requires the initialization of the atomic assemblies using known quantum gas microscopy techniques, i.e., laser-cooled atoms are packed into multiple optical trapping potentials formed by either an optical tweezers array or an optical lattice, or a combination thereof. For example, initializing an atomic assemblies into appropriate registers for quantum computation requires preparing exactly one neutral atom per trapping site. This is demonstrated by actively moving atoms into their trapping potentials using movable optical tweezers. Preparing defect-free atomic assemblies within configurable two-dimensional optical traps provides the initialization of quantum registers required for quantum computation.

[0003] For example, the various quantum technologies mentioned above benefit from the largest possible system size, i.e., the most neutral atoms in the register, and the fastest possible initialization of the system. Preparing a defect-free assembly typically requires established imaging techniques, such as detection of initial random trapping site occupancy through fluorescence imaging using a microscope objective system, before reclassification, for example, through a movable optical trap or similar device.

[0004] In this regard, M. Norcia et al., "Iterative assembly of 171Yb atom arrays in cavity-enhanced optical lattices," arXiv:2401.16177v1, January 29, 2024, discloses the assembly of atomic arrays based on a combination of optical tweezers and cavity-enhanced optical lattices, and the piecewise filling of target arrays from a repeatedly packed reservoir. In this protocol, the tweezers provide atomic trapping and microscopic rearrangement, while the cavity-enhanced lattices enable rapid, low-loss imaging of atoms.

[0005] Furthermore, the applicant's paper, "High-fidelity detection of large-scale atom arrays in an optical lattice" by R. Tao, J. Zeiher, I. Bloch et al., arXiv:2309.04717v2, September 12, 2023 (referenced below [1]), discloses high-fidelity, high-retention imaging of strontium atoms using repulsive sisyphos cooling. The optical lattice is used as a pinning potential for atoms within a large-scale trapping array with up to 399 trappings, enabling repeatable, high-fidelity lattice-trapping-lattice transfers. The scalability of this platform is demonstrated by directly filling a single plane of the optical lattice with more than 10,000 atoms, which can be used as a locally addressable and classifiable reservoir for the continuous refilling of optical trapping arrays and similar trapping arrays. To avoid redundancy, reference [1] is incorporated herein by full citation. [Prior art documents] [Patent Documents]

[0006] [Patent Document 1] International Patent Application PCT / EP2023 / 074768 Specification [Patent Document 2] Specification of European Patent Application No. 23181879.0 [Non-Patent Literature]

[0007] [Non-Patent Literature 1] M. Norcia et al., "Iterative assembly of 171Yb atom arrays in cavity-enhanced optical lattices", arXiv:2401.16177v1, January 29, 2024 [Non-Patent Literature 2] R. Tao, J. Zeiher, I. Bloch et al., "High-fidelity detection of large-scale atom arrays in an optical lattice", arXiv:2309.04717v2, September 12, 2023 [Non-Patent Literature 3] W. Tian et al., "Parallel assembly of arbitrary defect-free atom arrays with a multi-tweezer algorithm", Physical Review Applied 19, 034048 (2023) [Non-Patent Literature 4] S. Dorscher et al., "Lattice-induced photon scattering in an optical lattice clock", Physical Review A 97, 063419 (2018) [Non-Patent Literature 5] A. W. Young et al., "An atomic boson sampler", arXiv:2307.06936 [Non-Patent Literature 6] Bluvstein, D. Author of "Logical quantum processor based on reconfigurable atom arrays", Nature 626, pp. 58-65 (2024) [Non-Patent Document 7] Original research paper "Continuous operation of large-scale atom arrays in optical lattices" [Summary of the Invention] [Problem to be Solved by the Invention]

[0008] The aforementioned scaling methods to achieve a large system size require preparation of atoms and their filling into an array of optical traps. However, preparation time increases with system size, and constitutes a serious obstacle to the assembly of large-scale regular arrays from typically stochastically filled optical trap arrays. In particular, a typical experimental sequence for controlling neutral atoms begins with preparation of an assembly, which is followed by a quantum simulation, quantum operation, or measurement sequence. This is subsequently followed by a destructive measurement of the system state that typically makes it impossible to reuse atoms from one experimental cycle to the next. Preparation of a fresh assembly of atoms typically requires significantly more time than the actual experimental sequence, leading to dead time that becomes significantly longer for large arrays. That is, there is a continuous need for rapid and large-scale preparation and / or filling of neutral atom quantum registers, while eliminating at least some of the discussed constraints.

[0009] A current constraint on further expanding the number of atoms in an atomic array is the lack of a continuous operation mode in which the atomic register operates continuously. Continuous operation in this case means that atoms are retained in the storage register without loss, potentially in a coherent superposition of two internal states, and that lost atoms can be continuously replenished from the reservoir register. In such a scheme, problems arise when refilling the reservoir register with atoms without unintentionally filling the storage register with atoms, or, equivalently, when selectively removing newly filled atoms from the storage register without removing atoms already stored in place. [Means for solving the problem]

[0010] To address such and similar problems, the disclosure of the present invention provides a method for trapping and manipulating neutral atoms, comprising, in a first aspect, filling a packing trap array (e.g., an optical tweezers array, a part of an optical grating, or a combination thereof) adjacent to or at least partially juxtaposed with a storage trap array (e.g., an optical tweezers array, a part of an optical grating, or a combination thereof) with a plurality of neutral atoms. The method further involves extracting a first electronic state |1〉 (e.g., 88 Sr or 171 Selective removal of neutral atoms (in the electronic ground state of alkaline earth-like atoms such as Yb), resulting in a second electronic state |2〉 (for example, 88 Long lifespan within Sr 3 This includes determining the trap occupancy of neutral atoms in the storage trap array and the packed trap array (which are in an electronically excited state such as P0), and moving the neutral atoms from the packed trap array to one or more unoccupied trapping sites in the storage trap array based on the determined trap occupancy of neutral atoms in the storage trap array and the packed trap array (see Figures 5 to 9 discussed below for details).

[0011] As discussed below, for example, a filling trap array can be formed by an optical tweezer array juxtaposed with a subset of trapping sites of an optical lattice, and a storage trap array can be formed by yet another array of optical tweezers, a further subset of trapping sites of the optical lattice, or a different optical lattice operated at a different wavelength from the optical lattice used for the filling trap array (see FIGS. 1 to 8 discussed below for details). For example, the storage trap array can be formed by a plurality of trapping sites of a so-called magic optical lattice, that is, an optical lattice that provides substantially the same polarization for the |0> state and the |1> state. Further possible implementation details of the filling trap array and the storage trap array are discussed in Reference [1] and Reference [2].

[0012] In an exemplary implementation, the first electronic state |1> of a neutral atom is considered to be a state having lower energy compared to the second electronic state |2>. For example, the first electronic state |1> is 88 of Sr 1 can be the S0 state, and the second electronic state |2> is 1 exhibits a natural lifetime of about 100 s due to the doubly forbidden transition to the S0 state 3 can be the P0 state. Obviously, other states can be used, for example, 3 the P0 state can be used as the |1> state, 1 the S0 state can be used as the |2> state.

[0013] In some implementations, the packed trap array can overlap with the storage trap array by alternating packed and storage sites (see Figure 7 below). Using such a configuration is beneficial because it increases the space available for the storage trap array and reduces the average travel distance required from the packed trap array to the storage trap array, which reduces heating and accelerates cycle time. Typically, the packed trap array can be packed from a source region of laser-cooled neutral atoms, for example, from a magneto-optical trap (MOT) for neutral atoms that can be operated in the same region of space as known in the art (e.g., in an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) environment). In some implementations, the source region of laser-cooled atoms may be spatially separated from the packed trap array. In such configurations, the laser-cooled atoms must first be transported to the region of the packed trap array by, for example, a carrier dipole trap, a carrier grid, or a similar device known in the art.

[0014] For example, selectively removing neutral atoms in the first electronic state |1〉 from a storage trap array can ensure that only atoms in the second electronic state |2〉 are present when determining trap occupancy, thereby enabling reliable assembly of large arrays of neutral atoms in the storage trap array. As discussed below, selectively removing neutral atoms in the |1〉 state from a storage trap array can be achieved by trap-selective heating laser pulses, leaving neutral atoms essentially unaffected in the packed trap array and neutral atoms in the |2〉 state (see Figure 12 below).

[0015] A further aspect of the disclosure of the present invention relates to a method for trapping and manipulating neutral atoms. The method includes transporting a plurality of neutral atoms trapped in a storage trap array from a first electronic state |1〉 to a second electronic state |2〉; filling a plurality of laser-cooled neutral atoms in a packed trap array located adjacent to or at least partially juxtaposed with the storage trap array; determining the trap occupancy of neutral atoms in the storage trap array and neutral atoms in the packed trap array in the second electronic state |2〉; and moving neutral atoms from the packed trap array to one or more unoccupied sites in the storage trap array based on the determined trap occupancy.

[0016] As will be discussed below with reference to Figure 10, transferring a neutral atom from the first electronic state |1〉 to the second electronic state |2〉 is, for example, 88 This can be carried out coherently or noncoherently, for example, through optical pumping, via π pulses generated by an ultranarrow linewidth laser system that resonates with the clock transitions of alkaline earth-like atoms such as Sr (see Figure 12). For example, the |2> state does not have a dipole-allowed transition to the electronic ground state. 88 Sr 3 This can result in an electronically excited state such as the P0 clock state. Below, the transfer of the first electronic state |1〉 to the second electronic state |2〉 may also be referred to as shelving, and the second electronic state |2〉 may also be referred to as the shelving state.

[0017] For example, as described above and explained in detail below, shelving atoms in a storage trap to a shelving state (e.g., |2> state) has the advantage of being able to identify and / or selectively remove other atoms that are probabilistically filled into the storage trap array, for example, when filling a packed trap array (see Figure 12). In this way, complete control over the trap occupancy of neutral atoms in the storage trap array can be achieved, which enables reliable initialization of the neutral atom register for quantum simulation, measurement, and quantum computation.

[0018] A further aspect of the disclosure of the present invention relates to a method for trapping and manipulating neutral atoms, comprising: filling a plurality of neutral atoms into a packed trap array adjacent to or juxtaposed with a storage trap array, which can be formed by an optical grating and includes at least 1,000 trapping sites, preferably at least 5,000 trapping sites, more preferably at least 10,000 trapping sites, superimposed on a source region for laser-cooled neutral atoms; determining the trap occupancy of neutral atoms in the storage trap array and the packed trap array; and moving neutral atoms from the packed trap array to one or more unoccupied trapping sites of the storage trap array based on the determined trap occupancy of neutral atoms in the storage trap array and the packed trap array.

[0019] Such large N packed trap arrays may be implemented, for example, by multiple trapping sites of a folded optical grating, as described in detail in the applicant's international patent application PCT / EP2023 / 074768, entitled “APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR TRAPPING AND MANIPULATING LARGE NUMBERS OF INDIVIDUAL NEUTRAL ATOMS” (hereinafter referred to as reference [2]), the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference and which claims priority.

[0020] As discussed in detail in reference [2], a large packed trap array of N can be formed by multiple trapping sites of an optical grating, the trapping depth of the optical grating being greater than 0.1 mK, preferably greater than 1.0 mK, and / or the trapping frequency in the z direction essentially orthogonal to the xy plane containing the optical grating being greater than 2π × 1 kHz, preferably greater than 2π × 2 kHz, more preferably greater than 2π × 4 kHz, and even more preferably greater than 2π × 8 kHz. For example, such an optical grating, referred to as an optical trapping grating in reference [2], can be realized by an apparatus for trapping and manipulating neutral atoms, including a trapping laser system and an optical system for generating an optical trapping grating in a trapping volume inside a vacuum chamber, wherein the optical system for generating the optical trapping grating is configured to generate a single elliptical trapping laser beam that is retroreflected using a bowtie configuration and focused into the trapping volume to generate the optical grating, based on the output of the trapping laser system (see Figures 1, 2, and 3 below and reference [2] for details).

[0021] As explained below, the number of atoms N that can be packed into the packing trap array during each iterative packing cycle is LIn particular, the saturation number N of atoms that can be continuously maintained in the storage trap array over an arbitrarily long retention time is essentially the number of atoms that can be continuously maintained in the storage trap array. S This is an important parameter for determining the saturation number N in the storage trap array. For example, the saturation number N in the storage trap array. S teeth, N S =(1-α r )·N L / α c (Formula 1) It can be modeled as α c This is the normalized cycle loss, and α r This is the reclassification fiduciary value associated with moving neutral atoms from the packed trap array to the unoccupied sites of the storage trap array. For example, shelving efficiency has been shown to reach 99.7% [see, e.g., W. Tian et al., "Parallel assembly of arbitrary defect-free atom arrays with a multi-tweezer algorithm," Physical Review Applied 19, 034048 (2023)]. Furthermore, with optimized trapping parameters [S. Dorscher et al., "Lattice-induced photon scattering in an optical lattice clock," Physical Review A97, 063419 (2018)] and a typical MOT stage duration of 100 ms, the loss of shelved atoms can be reduced to 0.4% or even lower with respect to the lifetime of the second state|2〉, which can always be reached with respect to the storage trap array, with respect to a lifetime of about 100 s. For example, considering a typical vacuum lifetime of ~250 s in a room-temperature UHV system, a total cycle loss of α ≈ 0.8% can be achieved using current operating techniques. Furthermore, atomic losses due to reclassification migration are α rIt can be reduced to approximately 2% (see, for example, "An atomic boson sampler" by AWYoung et al., arXiv:2307.06936). Based on this, the achievable amplification factor β = (1-α r ) / α c (See Equation 1) can reach a value β > 100. Using such amplification, it is thought that by filling the packed trap array with as few as 100 atoms during each packing cycle, it is possible to achieve the approximately 10,000 atoms that are constantly maintained in a single array within the storage trap array. Using the larger N packed trap arrays disclosed in references [1] and [2] would allow for a further increase in this number, paving the way for a quantum advantage over neutral atom-based quantum technologies in the near future (see, for example, Bluvstein, D. et al., "Logical quantum processor based on reconfigurable atom arrays," Nature 626, pp. 58-65 (2024)).

[0022] The disclosure of the present invention also relates to a method for continuous operation of a quantum computing, simulation, and / or measurement device, which includes repeating the steps of the method discussed above to iteratively assemble and maintain an assembly of neutral atoms in a storage trap array, and using a subset of the assembly of neutral atoms to perform a quantum computing sequence, a quantum simulation sequence, and / or a quantum measurement sequence. Such a method may further include receiving instructions from a remote computing device (e.g., via a network interface to a cloud computing system or supercomputer facility, etc.) to perform a quantum computing sequence, a quantum simulation sequence, and / or a quantum measurement sequence, performing the quantum computing sequence, a quantum simulation sequence, and / or a quantum measurement sequence based on the received instructions, and transmitting the results of the performed quantum computing sequence, a performed quantum simulation sequence, and / or a performed quantum measurement sequence to the remote computing device (e.g., via a network). Such a method makes it possible to provide state-of-the-art quantum computing sequences, quantum simulation sequences, and / or quantum measurement sequences to a variety of remote computer devices that can be spatially separated by a much longer distance from the actual quantum hardware.

[0023] The disclosure of the present invention further relates to quantum computing, simulation, and / or measurement devices (see, for example, Figures 1 to 3, reference [1], and reference [2]) that include means for performing any of the methods disclosed herein, for example, the methods described above or the methods discussed below with reference to Figures 8 to 10. The disclosure of the present invention further relates to computer programs that include instructions for causing a control unit to control the quantum computing, simulation, and / or measurement devices in order to perform any of the methods disclosed herein.

[0024] In short, the disclosure of the present invention relates to a novel method for replenishing an atomic register from a reservoir without affecting the stored atoms. The method disclosed herein relies on several embodiments and combinations of techniques, including, for example, highly efficient shelving of atoms in a metastable state in which atoms are hidden from fluorescence associated with a magneto-optical trap contributing as a reservoir, and a combination of two atomic registers, a packing register and a storage register, which can operate at different wavelengths in some implementations. This mode of operation allows for the selective removal of atoms packed in the storage register while retaining atoms in the packing register before reclassification. This method can be used to assemble and maintain large neutral atom quantum registers. That is, the disclosure of the present invention is therefore to assemble a dense atom array and store it in a storage trap array such as an optical grating or optical tweezers array. In particular, embodiments of the disclosure of the present invention enable the assembly of larger atom arrays that can be stored indefinitely and can contribute as neutral atom registers and / or reservoirs for quantum computers, simulations, and measurements. Yet another embodiment of the method disclosed herein is discussed below with reference to Figures 9, 10, and 11.

[0025] The following discussion will refer to exemplary embodiments illustrating further details of the above-described apparatus, methods, and associated computer programs with reference to the drawings. The above provides a broad overview of the features and technical advantages of the embodiments disclosed in the present invention to better facilitate understanding of the following detailed description. Additional features and advantages are described below. The disclosed concepts and specific examples can readily be used as a basis for modifying them to perform the same purposes as disclosed in the present invention and for designing other structures. The features of the concepts disclosed herein, both their configuration and operation, along with their advantages, will be better understood by considering the following description in relation to the accompanying drawings. Each of the figures is provided for illustrative and explanatory purposes only, and not as a definition of the limitations of the claims. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0026] [Figure 1] This figure shows an exemplary apparatus for trapping and manipulating neutral atoms, which may be used in and / or part of a possible embodiment of the disclosure of the present invention. [Figure 2] This figure shows a typical configuration for generating a packed trap array, which can be used in and / or part of a possible embodiment of the disclosed invention, as well as a storage trap array. [Figure 3] This is a side view of a part of an apparatus for trapping and manipulating neutral atoms, which can be used in and / or part of a possible embodiment of the disclosure of the present invention. [Figure 4] This figure shows an exemplary experimental sequence for the assembly and continuous operation of a neutral atom array in a storage trap array, which can be used in and / or part of a possible embodiment of the disclosure of the present invention. [Figure 5] This figure shows a possible embodiment of a packed trap array positioned adjacent to a storage trap array according to an aspect of the disclosure of the present invention. [Figure 6] This figure shows the transfer of atoms from a packed trap array to an adjacent storage trap array with minimal heating, according to an aspect of the disclosure of the present invention. [Figure 7] This figure shows a possible embodiment of a packed trap array arranged at least partially juxtaposed with a trapping site of a storage trap array according to an aspect of the disclosure of the present invention. [Figure 8] This figure shows the repeated assembly and continuous operation of N>1000 neutral atom arrays for a period of time longer than 30 minutes in an exemplary storage trap array that can be used in and / or part of a possible embodiment of the disclosure of the present invention. [Figure 9] This figure shows, for example, a method for trapping and manipulating neutral atoms according to the embodiments of the disclosure of the present invention in reference [1] and / or reference [2] using the apparatus described herein. [Figure 10]This figure shows, for example, a method for trapping and manipulating neutral atoms according to the embodiments of the disclosure of the present invention in reference [1] and / or reference [2] using the apparatus described herein. [Figure 11] This figure shows, for example, a method for trapping and manipulating neutral atoms according to the embodiments of the disclosure of the present invention in reference [1] and / or reference [2] using the apparatus described herein. [Figure 12] This figure shows a possible embodiment of trapping and state-selective removal of neutral atoms from a storage trap array according to an aspect of the disclosure of the present invention. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0027] Hereinafter, various aspects of the disclosure of the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the disclosure of the present invention can be implemented in many different forms and should not be construed as limiting any of the aspects provided herein to a particular structure or function. Rather than being limiting, these aspects are provided so that the disclosure of the present invention is complete and fully conveys the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. Based on the teachings set forth herein, those skilled in the art should recognize that the scope of the disclosure of the present invention is intended to cover all aspects of the disclosure of the present invention disclosed herein, whether they are implemented independently or in combination with any other aspect of the disclosure of the present invention. For example, any number of aspects revealed herein may be used to implement a device or system or a method. Furthermore, the scope of the disclosure of the present invention is intended to cover devices, apparatus, systems or methods that are implemented using, in addition to or in addition to, various aspects of the disclosure of the present invention disclosed herein, other structures, functions, or structures and functions. Any aspect of the disclosure of the present invention disclosed herein may be implemented by one or more elements described in the claims. The following describes specific combinations of features with respect to certain aspects of the disclosure of the present invention, but it will be understood that not all features of the examples discussed must be present to bring about the technical advantages of the devices, apparatus, systems, methods, and computer programs disclosed herein. The disclosed aspects can be modified by combining certain features of one aspect with features of another aspect or two or more aspects. Those skilled in the art will understand that features, things, components, and / or functional elements of one aspect can be combined with features, things, components, and / or functional elements of any other aspect of the disclosure of the present invention that are compatible therewith.

[0028] Herein, several aspects of trapping and manipulating neutral atoms (e.g., imaging, gate operation, spectroscopy, heating, shelving, subdivision, etc.) are described in the following detailed description and provided by various blocks, modules, components, circuits, processes, algorithms, and / or similar (collectively referred to as “elements”) with respect to various devices, apparatus, systems, and methods illustrated in the accompanying drawings. These elements can be implemented using hardware, software, or a combination thereof. Whether such elements are embodied as hardware and / or software depends on the specific application and the design constraints imposed on the overall system. Furthermore, the apparatus and methods disclosed herein can be part of a complex quantum technology system, such as neutral atom quantum computing. Those skilled in the art will acknowledge that some components of such systems, such as laser sources, experimental control units, and timing synchronization units, etc., are not explicitly described below. Further details regarding such quantum technology elements are provided in the prior European Patent Application No. 23181879.0 owned by the applicant, entitled "HARDWARE-EFFICIENT NEUTRAL ATOM QUANTUM COMPUTING METHOD and DEVICE," which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0029] In the following, aspects of the disclosure of the present invention are described in relation to strontium isotopes which are bosons. 88 This is presented with respect to Sr and / or specific laser wavelengths of optical trapping gratings in the range of 1010 nm to 1100 nm, but other embodiments of the disclosure of the present invention may include other alkaline earth-like atoms having suitable internal energy levels (e.g., 171 It is understood that any other neutral atomic species such as Y) and any other suitable trapping laser system can be used. Furthermore, the internal state is discussed below. 1 S0 and 3 We will discuss P0 as an example, but other state pairs, for example, 1 S0 and 3 P2 can be used.

[0030] Figure 1 shows an exemplary apparatus 100 for trapping and manipulating neutral atoms provided for disclosure of the present invention. The illustrated apparatus 100 may include a trapping laser system (not shown) and an optical system 110 (e.g., lenses, mirrors, waveplates, fiber collimators, etc.) for generating an optical trapping grating 120 in a trapping volume 140 inside a vacuum chamber 150. The optical system 110 for generating the optical trapping grating 120 may be configured to generate a single elliptical trapping laser beam 130, based on the output of the trapping laser system, which is retroreflective using a bowtie configuration with an intersection angle θ, focused into the trapping volume 140 inside the vacuum chamber 150, and generates the optical trapping grating 120 by, for example, quadruple interference of the intersecting and retroreflective beams of the bowtie configuration. The interference plane of the bowtie configuration beam defines the xy plane of the xyz coordinate system, in which case the z axis is orthogonal to the xy plane.

[0031] In some embodiments, the aspect ratio of the elliptical trapping laser beam 130 can be configured / selected such that the trapping depth of the optical trapping grating is greater than 0.1 mK, preferably greater than 1 mK, and / or the trapping frequency in the z-direction essentially orthogonal to the plane containing the optical trapping grating 120 is higher than 2π × 1 kHz, preferably higher than 2π × 2 kHz, more preferably higher than 2π × 4 kHz, and even more preferably higher than 2π × 8 kHz.

[0032] For example, in one possible implementation, the optical trapping grating 120 is achieved using a single 1040 nm laser beam 130 that retroreflects in a 4f configuration on the xy plane. The beam intersection angle θ is a along the x-axis of the grating. x =1186.5nm, along the y-axis a yThe beams are selected to have a grating spacing of approximately 26.56°, resulting in a grating spacing of 578.5 nm. The focus of all four beams coincides at the center of the field of view of objective system 160, each with a waist of approximately 20 μm (~100 μm) along the z-axis (in the xy-plane). With the polarization of all beams aligned along the z-axis, interference due to multiple-pass beams results in trapping frequencies that can reach 2π × 150 kHz (2π × 300 kHz) along the x-axis (y-axis) with a trapping depth of 1.4 mK due to a refractive power of 12 W. Along the z-axis, the grating trapping frequency is higher than 2π × 4 kHz. By increasing the laser power and / or beam aspect ratio of the elliptic / anisotropic beams, for example, up to 2π × 10 kHz can be achieved within technically feasible parameters using an aspect ratio of 1 / 10. Such trapping parameters facilitate efficient filling of the optical trapping grating 120 after transfer from the MOT operating in the trapping volume 140 to a physical trap array 170 or physical trapping grating, in some implementations, to provide a source of laser-cooled neutral atoms to be trapped and manipulated within the optical grating 120. The physical trap array 170 or physical trapping grating can be operated at different wavelengths and / or lower trapping depths, for example, to extend the lifetime of the neutral atoms inside by reducing non-resonant scattering events.

[0033] In some implementations, the trapping laser system may include a ytterbium-doped fiber amplifier having an operating wavelength λ in the range of 1010 nm to 1100 nm, which can readily utilize power outputs greater than 10 W, in contrast to the wavelength range that may be required due to clock magic trap conditions that make it impossible to use commercially available laser sources with high power outputs. In the example in Figure 1, the physical trap array may be implemented as a physical trap array 170 (e.g., as an optical tweezers array) which is generated, for example, by a spatial light modulator (SLM) or a similar device and imaged into the trapping volume 140 through a high-resolution objective system 160.

[0034] In the example in Figure 1, the tweezers spacing along both axes is 6a each. y and 3a x It can be selected to be such (see inset in Figure 1). In this case, a 2D array of 21 × 19 = 399 tweezers traps 170, each with a trap depth of ~140 μK, can be generated at a wavelength of ~520 nm using a refractive power of 650 mW and a computer-generated hologram. The waist of the tweezers trap can be estimated to be approximately 472 (3) nm from independent calibration of the trap depth and trap frequency. The trap frequency at a depth of 140 μK is approximately 2π × 77 kHz radially and 2π × 19 kHz axially (i.e., z direction). The trap depth of the tweezers 170 is, 88 The initial tweezers pattern, pre-corrected for diffraction efficiency using Sr atoms as a reference. 1 S0- 3 By minimizing the change in the minute spectral shift measured at the P1 transition, the change in intensity can be equalized to ~2.2% of the root mean square. Further details of the apparatus in Figure 1 are discussed in reference [2].

[0035] Figure 2 shows a typical optical configuration for generating an optical trapping grating, as well as a physical grating, using a bowtie configuration in a trapping volume 140 inside a vacuum chamber 150 and, in some examples, within the field of view of a high-resolution imaging objective system 160. To realize such a bowtie configuration, the optical system may include a set of three mirrors 220a to 220c and a set of focusing lenses 210a arranged in the xy plane. To realize the optical trapping grating described herein, a single elliptical trapping laser beam (see Figure 1) can be incident on the bowtie configuration through a first focusing lens 210a that focuses the optical trapping beam to a focal point in the trapping volume 140. Next, a second lens 210b parallelizes the trapping laser beam, which is then reflected by deflection mirrors 220a and 220b and refocused to the focal point in the trapping volume 140 through lens 210c. Lens 210d reparallels the laser beam to the retroreflective mirror 220c, and refocuses this laser beam to a focal point in the trapping volume 140. The retroreflective laser beam is further parallelized by lens 210c, deflected by mirrors 220b and 220c, and refocused to a focal point in the trapping volume 140, resulting in quadruple interference that generates the optical trapping grating described above with reference to Figure 1. The intersection angle θ of the bowtie configuration formed by mirror 220 and lens 210 can be adjusted to control the grating constants in the x and y directions as discussed above. As also discussed above, using an elliptic / anisotropic laser beam as input to the bowtie configuration shown in Figure 2 provides strong constraint in the z direction, even though the optical trapping grating contains only a single 2D grating plane.

[0036] To generate a physical trapping grating with a trapping volume of 140, a similar bowtie configuration using, for example, θ = 45° can be used. By adjusting the intersection angle of the optical and physical trapping gratings, as well as the wavelengths of their respective laser beams, it is possible to ensure that both gratings are essentially aligned (see Figure 9 in reference [2]). In addition, the bowtie configuration of one or both gratings may also include an adjustable phase shift element (e.g., EOM, rotatable glass plate, etc.) that allows adjustment of the relative phase between the optical and physical gratings.

[0037] Figure 3 illustrates a partial side view of the apparatus 100 of Figure 1, in which an optical trapping laser beam 130 generates an optical trapping grating in a trapping volume 140, and a physical trap beam 310 generates a physical trapping grating in the trapping volume 140 using a second bowtie configuration having, for example, different crossing angles (e.g., 45°). The trapping volume 140 may be provided with a reservoir of laser-cooled atoms that can be filled into the optical trapping grating and / or physical trapping grating by operating a MOT. Furthermore, a high-resolution objective system 160 can be used to image the physical trap array, as well as the movable optical tweezers 310b, onto the trapping volume 140. Using the same objective system 160, fluorescence from neutral atoms inside the optical trapping grating and / or physical traps can be collected and imaged onto an imaging sensor 340 using, for example, a dichroic mirror 320 and yet another focusing lens 320.

[0038] The exemplary apparatus discussed above can be used, in particular, to provide the packed trap array and the adjacent or partially juxtaposed storage trap array disclosed herein.

[0039] Figure 4 shows an exemplary experimental sequence that can be used to iteratively assemble and maintain a large neutral atom array within a storage trap array. Thus, implementation of the disclosure of the present invention may include a combination of a storage register (also referred herein as a storage trap array) and a packing register (also referred herein as a packing trap array). The storage register is used to hold atoms for quantum operations, while the packing register is iteratively filled from a reservoir, e.g., a magneto-optical trap or an optical dipole trap. An exemplary step sequence allows for the continuous refilling of atoms into the storage register. Generally, such a sequence, as discussed herein, may include: 1. Shelving atoms in the storage register to a metastable state of alkaline earth or alkaline earth-like atoms. 2. Establish an optical magnetotrap to fill a packed register, which is kept in a wavelength-optimized state for purposes such as atomic packing and cooling, with atoms in their ground internal state. 3. Execute a parity projection pulse that affects only the atoms in state 2 within the packed register, thereby removing the double occupancy of sites within that register without affecting the atoms in state 1 within the storage register. 4. Remove ground-state atoms that have accidentally filled the storage register using a laser specially tuned with transitions that selectively remove ground-state atoms from the storage register, while leaving the ground-state atoms in the packing register, as well as the atoms shelved in metastable excited states within the storage register, unaffected. For this crucial step, the wavelengths of the storage and packing registers must typically be carefully selected. 5. Move atoms from the packing register to the storage register. 6. Unshelve the atom from the storage register, i.e., move it from the shelved state to the ground state. 7. Image all atoms, adjust the resulting images, rearrange them to new locations in the storage register, and free up the packing register. 8. Continue to step 1 and close the loop. For example, a packing register can use an optical trap array generated by, for instance, a spatial light modulator or an acousto-optic deflector. A storage register can use an optical trap array formed by an optical grating or a spatial light modulator. For the array-specific heating pulse, a repulsive sissyphos cooling technique can be used to address transitions that heat the atoms in internal state 2 within the storage register while leaving the atoms in state 1 within the storage register and the atoms in state 2 within the packing register unaffected.

[0040] Figure 5 shows a possible embodiment of a packed trap array positioned adjacent to a storage trap array according to an aspect of the disclosure of the present invention. Specifically, a 1040 nm stationary bowtie optical grating similar to that discussed above is used for the physical array 510(a x =579nm and a y It can contribute as a grid having a wavelength of 1187 nm. The accessible area can be subdivided into a packing zone 520 and a storage zone 530. Trapping sites of the optical grating within the packing zone 520 can be superimposed with a stationary array of optical tweezers 525, for example, with a wavelength of 520 nm, to form a packing trap array. Neutral atoms can be moved / transported using an acousto-optic deflector that steers a single optical tweezers beam 540 in the grating plane from the packing zone 520 to the storage zone 530. As shown in Figure 8, the trapping sites of the optical grating within the storage zone 530 form a storage trap array in which a large array of neutral atoms can be assembled by single-atom control and maintained essentially indefinitely.

[0041] Figure 6 shows typical migration trajectories of neutral atoms from a packed trap array to a storage array. The upper graph in panel figure a) illustrates the energy landscape of the optical lattice. The lower graph in panel figure a) illustrates how the trap depth modulation experienced by atoms traveling between lattice sites (line 610 in the upper graph) is reduced compared to that experienced when traveling through lattice sites (line 620 in the upper graph). Panel figure b) illustrates exemplary reclassification using AOD-controlled travel reclassification tweezers that prioritize horizontal movement along pathways between lattice sites to keep heating as low as possible. Panel Figure c) illustrates the atomic loss probability as a function of the distance between the occupied lattice site and the traveling reclassification tweezers. Disturbances causing atomic loss are observed at distances less than 1 μm. Panel diagram d) illustrates the probability of successful atom transfer as a function of distance traveled when the transfer is performed through lattice sites (trace 630) and when it is performed between lattice sites (trace 640). The probability of successful atom transfer can be defined, for example, as the probability of not losing any atoms during the entire transfer operation.

[0042] Figure 7 shows a possible implementation of a packed trap array positioned to be at least partially juxtaposed with a storage trap array. For example, in Figure 7, the grid 710 represents an optical lattice, and the spiral 715 represents multiple trapping sites of the optical lattice within a packed zone. The black dot 720 illustrates the location of a juxtaposed optical tweezers array. In such a configuration, the combination of the trapping potentials of the optical lattice and the optical tweezers forms the packed trap array, and the adjacent trapping sites of the optical lattice form the storage trap array. As described above, such a configuration reduces the complexity of moving atoms from the packed array to the storage array.

[0043] Figure 8 illustrates the number of atoms in a continuously operating array within the storage zone (trace 810) and the number of atoms in the packed zone (trace 820). The inset in Figure 8 illustrates the number of atoms during the initial configuration period from 0 to ~2.0 minutes. As can be seen from Figure 8, arrays with an average of more than 1000 neutral atoms can be repeatedly assembled and maintained essentially indefinitely using the methods and apparatus disclosed herein. Insets I, II, and II illustrate exemplary fluorescence images of neutral atoms in a storage trap array taken at three different time points.

[0044] Various apparatuses disclosed herein for trapping and manipulating neutral atoms can be employed as part of a quantum computing device that includes the apparatus discussed above and a qubit gate laser system for performing local 1-qubit gate operations and local 2-qubit gate operations on neutral atoms in a physical trap array or physical trapping lattice. Similarly, an atomic clock device may include the apparatus discussed above and a clock laser system for performing clock spectroscopic sequences on neutral atoms in a physical trapping lattice or physical trapping array. Likewise, a quantum simulation device may include the apparatus discussed above that can operate a physical trap array or physical trapping lattice so that neutral atoms can move through it via tunneling, and optionally include a many-body evolution laser system for performing many-body evolution on neutral atoms in a physical trap array or physical trapping lattice.

[0045] Figure 9 shows a method 900 for trapping and manipulating multiple neutral atoms using, for example, the apparatus described above and / or in references [1] and [2]. Step 910 involves filling multiple neutral atoms into a packed trap array positioned adjacent to (see Figure 5) or at least partially juxtaposed with (see Figure 7) the storage trap array. In step 920, neutral atoms in a first electronic state |1〉 are selectively removed from the storage trap array. In step 930, the trap occupancy of neutral atoms in the storage trap array in a second electronic state |2〉 is determined (i.e., indirectly by re-pumping atoms in state |2〉 to state |1〉 and then imaging state |1〉), and the trap occupancy of neutral atoms in the packed trap array is further determined. Furthermore, method 900 includes a step 940 in which, based on the determined trap occupancy of neutral atoms in the storage trap array and the packed trap array, neutral atoms are moved from the packed trap array to one or more unoccupied trapping sites in the storage trap, for example, as shown in Figure 6 above. Typically, during detection, atoms in state |2> will be rapidly re-pumped to state |1>.

[0046] In some implementations, the trap depth of a packed trap array for neutral atoms differs from the trap depth of a storage trap array for neutral atoms. Preferably, the trap depth of the packed traps is greater than that of the storage traps. For example, the trap depth of the packed trap array can be at least 10%, preferably at least 30%, and more preferably at least 30%, greater than that of the storage trap array. Using such packed trap arrays and storage trap arrays makes it possible to implement states and trap-selective heating pulses and trap-selective atom removal, as discussed below with reference to Figure 12.

[0047] Generally, step 820, which selectively removes neutral atoms in a first electronic state |1〉 from the storage trap array, may include selective heating of neutral atoms in a first electronic state |1〉 within the storage trap array. Alternatively or in addition, step 830 may include selective ionization of neutral atoms in a first electronic state |1〉 within the storage trap array. Alternatively or in addition, step 830 may include selectively modifying the trapping potential for neutral atoms in a first electronic state |1〉 within the storage trap and / or selectively modifying the trapping potential for neutral atoms in a packed trap array. Specifically, selective heating of neutral atoms in a first electronic state |1〉 within the storage trap array may include applying trap and state-selective heating laser pulses to the packed trap array and the storage trap array. Preferably, the trap and state-selective heating pulses may be trap and state-selective sissyphos heating pulses (see Figure 12 below). In some embodiments, the application of trap and state-selective heating laser pulses may include the application of sideband heating laser pulses at frequency detuning corresponding to the blue sideband for neutral atoms in the packed trap array.

[0048] Generally, determining the trap occupancy of neutral atoms within a storage trap array and a packed trap array can include fluorescence imaging of the neutral atoms while laser cooling them. For example, laser cooling of neutral atoms can be sideband cooling, Raman sideband cooling, optical molasses cooling, or Sisyphus cooling, or any combination thereof.

[0049] Step 840, which moves neutral atoms from a packed trap array to one or more unoccupied trapping sites in a storage trap array, may include determining one or more migration trajectories for one or more neutral atoms in a packed trap based on one or more determined trap occupancies in the storage trap and in the packed trap. Step 840 may further include controlling one or more beam steering units of optical tweezers to perform the determined migration trajectories for one or more neutral atoms. For example, the beam steering units may include single-axis or multi-axis acousto-optic deflectors or digital mirror devices. Determining one or more migration trajectories, as discussed with reference to Figure 6, may further include determining migration trajectories that follow the minimum energy plane within the trapping potential of a folded single-plane bowtie lattice disclosed above and references [1] and [2].

[0050] Generally, Method 900 may further include generating laser-cooled neutral atoms by activating a magneto-optical trap (MOT) on a neutral atom in a region of space including at least a portion of a packed trap array and at least a portion of a storage trap array. Specifically, the MOT on the neutral atom can be activated without using laser light that resonates with the optical transition of the neutral atom having a second electronic state |2〉. Furthermore, the neutral atom can be an alkaline earth-like atom that exhibits a dipole-forbidden transition coupling a first electronic state |1〉 and a second electronic state |2〉. For example, the neutral atom can be a strontium atom, a ytterbium atom, or an element similar to that. For example, a strontium atom is 88 It can be an Sr atom, and the first electronic state |1〉 is, 1 It can be in the S0 state, and the second electronic state |2〉 is long lifetime 3 P0 state or long life 3 It can be put into a P2 state. 171 A similar state is available for the Yb atom as well.

[0051] Generally, a packed trap array can include an optical tweezers array on which a first subset of trapping sites of an optical grating can be superimposed (see Figures 5 and 7). For example, the optical grating can be a folded optical grating in the bowtie configuration discussed above and in references [1] and [2]. Furthermore, a second subset of trapping sites of the optical grating can form a storage trap array. Specifically, packing multiple neutral atoms into a packed trap array may preferably include increasing the laser intensity of the optical tweezers array while operating MOT on the neutral atoms. Furthermore, the optical grating can be operated to maintain a storage trap array for neutral atoms in a second electronic state |2>. In some embodiments, determining the trap occupancy of neutral atoms in a packed trap array may include transferring the neutral atoms from the packed trap array into the trapping sites of a first subset of trapping sites of the optical grating. Optionally, the determination of trap occupancy may further include fluorescence imaging of neutral atoms in a first subset of trapping sites of the optical lattice while laser cooling the neutral atoms in the optical lattice, as described, for example, in references [1] and [2]. Generally, method 900 may further include transporting neutral atoms in the storage trap from a first electronic state |1〉 to a second electronic state |2〉, as will be discussed in more detail with reference to Figure 10.

[0052] Figure 10 shows yet another method 1000 for trapping and manipulating neutral atoms. Method 1000 transports multiple neutral atoms trapped in a storage trap from a first electronic state |1〉 to a second electronic state |2〉 (for example, these atoms 88 Sr 3This includes step 1010, which involves shelving to a long-lived metastable state such as P0. In step 1020, multiple laser-cooled neutral atoms are packed into a packed trap array located adjacent to or at least partially juxtaposed with the storage trap array. In step 1030, the trap occupancy of neutral atoms in the second electronic state |2〉 within the storage traps and the packed trap array, and the trap occupancy of neutral atoms within the packed trap array, is determined. In step 1040, the neutral atoms are moved from the packed trap array to one or more unoccupied sites in the storage trap array, based on the trap occupancy determination discussed in more detail above.

[0053] Specifically, Method 1000 transports multiple neutral atoms trapped in the storage trap array from a first electronic state |1〉 to a second electronic state |2〉, and then selectively removes the neutral atoms in the first electronic state |1〉 from the storage trap array (as discussed above with reference to Figure 12). In this way, shelved atoms are not removed from the storage trap array.

[0054] In some embodiments, the duration of the packing of multiple laser-cooled neutral atoms into the packing trap array can be shorter than the lifetime of the second electronic state |2〉. For example, the packing duration can be at least twice as short as the lifetime of the second electronic state |2〉, preferably four times shorter, more preferably ten times shorter, and even more preferably 100 times shorter. Generally, the packing of multiple laser-cooled neutral atoms into the packing array can include the generation of laser-cooled neutral atoms by operating a MOT on the neutral atoms. Preferably, the MOT is operated in a region of space including at least a portion of the packing trap array, and optionally at least a portion of the storage trap array. Generally, the transfer of multiple neutral atoms trapped in the storage trap array from the first electronic state |1〉 to the second electronic state |2〉 can include the coherent transfer of multiple neutral atoms from the first electronic state |1〉 to the second electronic state |2〉. Alternatively, or in addition to the above, the transfer of multiple neutral atoms may include using one or more repump lasers to non-coherently transfer multiple neutral atoms from a first electronic state |1〉 to a second electronic state |2〉.

[0055] Figure 11 illustrates a method for trapping and manipulating neutral atoms. The method includes step 1110 of filling a packing trap array adjacent to or at least juxtaposed with a storage trap array with a plurality of neutral atoms. The packing trap array is configured to include at least 1000 trapping sites, preferably at least 5000 trapping sites, and more preferably at least 10000 trapping sites, superimposed on the source region of the laser-cooled neutral atoms. For example, the packing trap array can be formed by a plurality of trapping sites of an optical grating, for example, the trapping depth of the optical grating can be greater than 0.1 mK, preferably greater than 1.0 mK. Alternatively or in addition thereto, the trapping frequency in the z direction essentially orthogonal to the xy plane containing the optical grating can be higher than 2π × 1 kHz, preferably higher than 2π × 2 kHz, more preferably higher than 2π × 4 kHz, and even more preferably higher than 2π × 8 kHz.

[0056] Method 1100 further includes step 1120 of determining the trap occupancy of neutral atoms in the storage trap array and in the packed trap array. In step 1130, the neutral atoms are moved from the packed trap array to one or more unoccupied trapping sites in the storage trap array based on the determined trap occupancy of neutral atoms in the storage trap array and in the packed trap array, as discussed in more detail above.

[0057] A further aspect of the disclosure of the present invention relates to a method for the continuous operation of quantum computing, simulation, and / or measurement devices. The method includes repeating the method of trapping and manipulating neutral atoms according to one of the embodiments described above, and iteratively assembling and maintaining an assembly of neutral atoms in a storage trap array. The method further includes using a subset of the assembly of neutral atoms to perform a quantum computing sequence, a quantum simulation sequence, and / or a quantum measurement sequence. Specifically, the method may further include receiving instructions from a remote computing device to perform a quantum computing sequence, a quantum simulation sequence, and / or a quantum measurement sequence. Furthermore, the method may include performing the quantum computing sequence, a quantum simulation sequence, and / or a quantum measurement sequence based on the received instructions. In addition, the method may include transmitting the results of the performed quantum computing sequence, the performed quantum simulation sequence, and / or the performed quantum measurement sequence to the remote computing device.

[0058] Another embodiment relates to a quantum computing, simulation, and / or measurement device, which includes means for performing a method of trapping and manipulating neutral atoms according to one of the embodiments described above, and means for performing a method of continuous operation of a quantum computing, simulation, and / or measurement device according to one of the embodiments described above.

[0059] Another aspect relates to a computer program for controlling a quantum computing, simulation, and / or measurement device to perform a method of trapping and manipulating a neutral atom according to one of the embodiments described above, and to perform a method of continuous operation of the quantum computing, simulation, and / or measurement device according to one of the embodiments described above.

[0060] Figure 12 shows a possible embodiment of trapping and state-selective removal of neutral atoms from a storage trap array according to an aspect of the disclosure of the present invention. Panel diagram a) is,88 The associated states and energy levels of Sr are illustrated. Panel Figure b) illustrates the trap packing ratio (trace 1210) obtained after applying a trap-selective 689 nm Sisyphus heating laser pulse to atoms trapped in a storage trap array, and the trap packing ratio (trace 1220) obtained after applying the same laser pulse to atoms trapped in a packed trap array, as a function of the applied laser frequency detuning in MHz. These traces are normalized to the packing ratio when there is no heating pulse on the lattice, and further normalized to the number of optical tweezers with respect to the composite potential of the packed trap array. When a frequency detuning of 1.28 MHz (dotted line) is selected, the ground state (|1> state) atoms in the storage trap array (lattice potential only) are 5 × 10⁻¹⁰. -4 The vanishing rate is obtained, while atoms within the composite tweezers lattice potential remain almost unaffected. Panel diagram c) illustrates that the round-trip shelving fidelity reaches 3% after 10 ms (dotted line) as a function of shelving duration. Panel diagram d) shows that the shelving lifetime in a storage trap array at a trap depth of ~200 μK reaches a 1 / e lifetime of 13 seconds. The dotted line shows the exponential fit in the last fit of the last four data points. The inset shows a magnified view of the retention time region shorter than 1 second.

[0061] While the above disclosures have provided figures and descriptions, the disclosures of the present invention are not intended to be comprehensive or to be limited to the exact forms disclosed. Modifications and changes may be made based on the above-mentioned disclosures or achieved from the embodiments described above. As used herein, the term "component" is intended to be interpreted broadly as hardware, firmware, or a combination of hardware and software. As used herein, a processor is implemented as hardware, firmware, or a combination of hardware and software.

[0062] It will be apparent that the systems and / or methods described herein can be implemented in various forms of hardware, firmware, or combinations of hardware and software. The actual specific control hardware or control software used to implement these systems and / or methods is not limited to the embodiments described above. Therefore, although the operation and behavior of the systems and / or methods are described herein without reference to specific software code, it is understood that software and hardware can be designed to perform these systems and / or methods based on the descriptions herein.

[0063] While certain combinations of features are referenced in the claims and / or disclosed herein, these combinations are not intended to limit the disclosure of various aspects of the Invention. In fact, many of these features could be combined in ways not specifically described in the claims and / or disclosed herein. Each of the dependent claims listed below may directly depend on only one claim, but the disclosure of various aspects of the Invention includes each dependent claim combined with all other claims in the group of claims. The phrase “at least one of” the enumerated items means any combination of these items, including individual members. For example, “at least one of a, b, or c” is intended to cover a, b, c, ab, ac, bc, and abc, and also to cover any combination with multiple identical elements (e.g., aa, aaa, aab, aac, abb, acc, bb, bbb, bbc, cc, and ccc, or any other order of a, b, and c).

[0064] No element, action, or command used herein should be construed as important or essential unless expressly stated otherwise. Similarly, when used herein, “a” and “an” include one or more items. Furthermore, when used herein, the terms “set” and “group” are intended to include one or more items (e.g., related items, unrelated items, and / or combinations of related and unrelated items) and can be used interchangeably with “one or more.” Use the phrase “only one” or similar wording when you intend only one item. Furthermore, when used herein, terms such as “has,” “have,” and / or “having” are intended to be non-restrictive terms.

[0065] When used herein, the phrase “based on” should not be interpreted as depending on a closed set such as information, one or more conditions, or one or more factors. In other words, the phrase “based on A” (where “A” may be information, a condition, or a factor, etc.) should be interpreted as “based on at least A” unless otherwise specifically stated.

[0066] When used herein, the term "or" is inclusive unless restrictive language is used for the enumerated options. For example, when it is written "X is based on A or B," it must be interpreted that the scope includes X being based on A, X being based on B, and X being based on both A and B. In this regard, when it is written "X is based on A or B," the inclusive nature of "or" means "at least one of A or B" or "one or both of A or B." Similarly, when it is written "X is based on A, B, or C," it must be interpreted that the scope includes X being based on A, X being based on B, X being based on C, X being based on both A and B, X being based on A and C, X being based on B and C, and X being based on A, B, and C. In this regard, when it is written "X is based on A, B, or C," the inclusive nature of "or" means "at least one of A, B, or C" or "one or more of A, B, or C." As an example of restrictive wording, when it is written as "X is based on either A or B," it must be interpreted that the scope includes X being based on A and X being based on B, but does not include X being based on both A and B.

[0067] Furthermore, process diagrams such as those in Figures 9, 10, and 11 do not necessarily represent a specific order or sequence of actions. For example, actions can be performed in a different order or simultaneously, if hardware functionality allows, without departing from the scope of the disclosure of the present invention.

[0068] Related original research To illustrate further concepts, advantages, and exemplary embodiments, the details of the disclosure of the present invention are further described in an attached original research paper entitled "Continuous operation of large-scale atom arrays in optical lattices," the entire contents of which are incorporated herein and thus form an integral part of the disclosure of the present invention. Due to their specific legal functions in the context of patent applications, it is understood that terms such as "constitute" and "constitute" used in the original research paper should be replaced with appropriate terms such as "include" and "contain" or similar. [Explanation of Symbols]

[0069] 510 physical arrays 520 filling zones 525 Optical Tweezers 530 storage zones 540 Optical Tweezers Beam

[0070] JPEG2026531099000002.jpg246170 JPEG2026531099000003.jpg232170 JPEG2026531099000004.jpg236170 JPEG2026531099000005.jpg236170 JPEG2026531099000006.jpg233170 JPEG2026531099000007.jpg240170 JPEG2026531099000008.jpg232170 JPEG2026531099000009.jpg235170 JPEG2026531099000010.jpg30170

Claims

1. A method of manipulating neutral atoms by trapping them, Filling a packing trap array adjacent to or at least partially juxtaposed with a storage trap array with multiple neutral atoms, To selectively remove neutral atoms in the first electronic state |1> from the storage trap array, To determine the trap occupancy of neutral atoms in the storage trap array and neutral atoms in the packed trap array that are in the second electronic state |2>, and Based on the determined trap occupancy of the neutral atoms in the storage trap array and the packed trap array, move the neutral atoms from the packed trap array to one or more unoccupied trapping sites in the storage trap array. A method that includes this.

2. The trapping depth of the packed trap array for the neutral atoms is different from the trapping depth of the storage trap array for the neutral atoms, preferably at least 10% greater, preferably at least 30% greater, and more preferably at least 75% greater. The method according to claim 1.

3. Selectively removing the neutral atom in the first electronic state |1〉 from the storage trap array is: Selectively heating the neutral atoms in the first electronic state |1> within the storage trap array, Selectively ionizing the neutral atoms in the first electronic state |1> within the storage trap array, Selectively modifying the trapping potential for the neutral atom in the first electronic state |1> within the storage trap array, and Selectively modifying the trapping potential for the neutral atoms in the packed trap array, Including one or more of the following: The method according to claim 1 or claim 2.

4. Selectively heating the neutral atoms in the first electronic state |1> within the storage trap array is Applying a trap-selective heating laser pulse, preferably a trap-selective sissyphos heating laser pulse, to the packed trap array and the storage trap array. including, The method according to claim 3.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein applying the trap-selective heating laser pulse includes applying a sideband heating laser pulse with frequency detuning corresponding to the blue sideband for the neutral atoms in the packed trap array.

6. Determining the trap occupancy of the neutral atoms in the storage trap array and the neutral atoms in the packed trap array is: Preferably, laser-cooling the neutral atoms using sideband cooling, Raman sideband cooling, optical molasses cooling, or sissyphos cooling, or a combination thereof, while fluorescence imaging the neutral atoms within the storage trap array and within the packed trap array or within the trapping sites of an optical lattice placed alongside the packed trap array. including, The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5.

7. Moving the neutral atoms from the packed trap array to the one or more unoccupied trapping sites of the storage trap array is: Based on the determined trap occupancy rate of the neutral atoms in the storage trap array and the packed trap array, one or more migration trajectories for one or more neutral atoms in the packed trap array are determined, and To execute the determined movement trajectory for the one or more neutral atoms, a beam steering unit is controlled, preferably including one or more single-axis or multi-axis acousto-optic deflectors or digital mirror devices of optical tweezers. including, The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6.

8. In a region of space including at least a portion of the packed trap array and at least a portion of the storage trap array, the laser-cooled neutral atoms are generated by activating a magneto-optical trap (MOT) on the neutral atoms. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, further comprising:

9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the MOT for the neutral atom is operated without using laser light that resonates with the optical transition of the neutral atom accompanied by the second electronic state |2〉.

10. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the neutral atom is an alkaline earth-like atom that exhibits a dipole-forbidden transition that couples the first electronic state |1〉 and the second electronic state |2〉.

11. The neutral atom is a strontium atom, preferably, 88 It is an Sr atom and / or The first electronic state is, 1 S 0 The state is, and the second electronic state is, 3 P 0 It is in that state. The method according to claim 10.

12. The packed trap array includes an array of optical tweezers superimposed on a first subset of trapping sites of an optical grating, preferably a folded optical grating in a bowtie configuration. A second subset of the trapping sites of the optical grating forms the storage trap array. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 11.

13. Filling the aforementioned plurality of neutral atoms into the packed trap array is Preferably, the laser intensity of the optical tweezers array is increased while the MOT is activated on the neutral atoms, and Operate the optical lattice to maintain the storage trap array for neutral atoms in the second electronic state |2〉, including, The method according to claim 12.

14. Determining the degree to which the neutral atoms in the packed trap array occupy the traps is: Transferring neutral atoms from the packed trap array into the trapping sites of the first subset of trapping sites of the optical lattice, and optionally While laser-cooling the neutral atoms in the optical lattice, fluorescence imaging is performed on the neutral atoms in the first subset of the trapping sites of the optical lattice. including, The method according to either claim 12 or claim 13.

15. To transfer neutral atoms in the storage trap array from the first electronic state |1> to the second electronic state |2>, The method according to any one of claims 1 to 14, further comprising:

16. A method for continuous operation of quantum computing, simulation, and / or measurement devices, Repeating the method described in any one of claims 1 to 15 in order to repeatedly assemble and maintain an aggregate of neutral atoms within the storage trap array, Using a subset of the said aggregate of neutral atoms to perform quantum computation sequences, quantum simulation sequences, and / or quantum measurement sequences, A method that includes this.

17. Receiving instructions from a remote computing device for executing the aforementioned quantum computation sequence, the aforementioned quantum simulation sequence, and / or the aforementioned quantum measurement sequence. Based on the received command, execute the quantum computation sequence, the quantum simulation sequence, and / or the quantum measurement sequence, and Transmit the results of the executed quantum computation sequence, the executed quantum simulation sequence, and / or the executed quantum measurement sequence to the remote computing device. The method according to claim 16, further comprising:

18. Means for carrying out the method described in any one of claims 1 to 17, Quantum computing, simulation, and / or measurement devices, including those mentioned above.

19. A computer program for controlling a quantum computing, simulation, and / or measurement device to perform the method described in any one of claims 1 to 17.

20. A method of manipulating neutral atoms by trapping them, Transferring multiple neutral atoms trapped within a storage trap array from a first electronic state |1> to a second electronic state |2>, A plurality of laser-cooled neutral atoms are packed into a packed trap array that is positioned adjacent to or at least partially juxtaposed with the storage trap array. Determining the degree of trap occupancy of the neutral atoms in the storage trap array and the neutral atoms in the packed trap array, and Based on the determination of the trap occupancy, neutral atoms are moved from the packed trap array to one or more unoccupied sites in the storage trap array. A method that includes this.

21. After transferring the plurality of neutral atoms trapped in the storage trap array from the first electronic state |1> to the second electronic state |2>, the neutral atoms in the first electronic state |1> are selectively removed from the storage trap array. The method according to claim 20, further comprising:

22. The duration of the filling of the plurality of laser-cooled neutral atoms into the packed trap array is at least twice as short as the lifetime of the second electronic state |2>, preferably four times shorter, more preferably ten times shorter, and even more preferably 100 times shorter. The method according to claim 20 or claim 21.

23. Filling the aforementioned plurality of laser-cooled neutral atoms into a packed trap array is The laser-cooled neutral atoms are generated by operating the MOT on the neutral atoms in a region of space including at least a portion of the packed trap array and at least a portion of the storage trap array, or in a region spatially separated from the region of space including at least a portion of the packed trap array. including, The method according to any one of claims 20 to 22.

24. Transferring the plurality of neutral atoms trapped within the storage trap array from the first electronic state |1> to the second electronic state |2> is: Coherently transferring the plurality of neutral atoms from the first electronic state |1> to the second electronic state |2>, and / or Using one or more re-pump lasers, the plurality of neutral atoms are non-coherently transferred from the first electronic state |1> to the second electronic state |2>. including, The method according to any one of claims 20 to 23.

25. A method for continuous operation of quantum computing, simulation, and / or measurement devices, Repeating the method described in any one of claims 20 to 24 to iteratively assemble and maintain an aggregate of neutral atoms within the storage trap array, Using a subset of the said aggregate of neutral atoms to perform quantum computation sequences, quantum simulation sequences, and / or quantum measurement sequences, A method that includes this.

26. Receiving instructions from a remote computing device for executing the aforementioned quantum computation sequence, the aforementioned quantum simulation sequence, and / or the aforementioned quantum measurement sequence. Based on the received command, execute the quantum computation sequence, the quantum simulation sequence, and / or the quantum measurement sequence, and Transmit the results of the executed quantum computation sequence, the executed quantum simulation sequence, and / or the executed quantum measurement sequence to the remote computing device. The method according to claim 25, further comprising:

27. Means for carrying out the method described in any one of claims 20 to 26, Quantum computing, simulation, and / or measurement devices, including those mentioned above.

28. A computer program for controlling a quantum computing, simulation, and / or measurement device to perform the method described in any one of claims 20 to 26.

29. A method of manipulating neutral atoms by trapping them, The method of filling a packing trap array adjacent to or juxtaposed with a storage trap array with a plurality of neutral atoms, wherein the packing trap array includes at least 1,000 trapping sites, preferably at least 5,000 trapping sites, more preferably at least 10,000 trapping sites, superimposed on a source region for laser-cooled neutral atoms, and the packing trap array is formed by a plurality of trapping sites of an optical grating. To determine the trap occupancy rate of neutral atoms in the storage trap array and neutral atoms in the packed trap array, and Based on the determined trap occupancy of the neutral atoms in the storage trap array and the packed trap array, move the neutral atoms from the packed trap array to one or more unoccupied trapping sites in the storage trap array. A method that includes this.

30. The trapping depth of the optical grating is greater than 0.1 mK, preferably greater than 1.0 mK, and / or The trap frequency in the z direction, which is essentially orthogonal to the x-y plane containing the optical grating, is higher than 2π × 1 kHz, preferably higher than 2π × 2 kHz, more preferably higher than 2π × 4 kHz, and even more preferably higher than 2π × 8 kHz. The method according to claim 29.

31. The trap depth of the packed trap array is at least twice as large, preferably ten times as large, and / or greater than the trap depth of the storage trap array. The lifetime of the neutral atoms in the storage trap array is at least twice as long, preferably ten times longer, than the lifetime of the neutral atoms in the packed trap array. The method according to claim 29 or claim 30.

32. The aforementioned neutral atom is an alkaline earth-like atom of the same atomic species. The storage trap array is operated at a magic wavelength for the electronic ground state and long-lived metastable electronic excited states of the neutral atom. The method according to any one of claims 29 to 31.

33. A method for continuous operation of quantum computing, simulation, and / or measurement devices, Repeating the method described in any one of claims 1 to 15 in order to repeatedly assemble and maintain an aggregate of neutral atoms within the storage trap array, Using a subset of the said aggregate of neutral atoms to perform quantum computation sequences, quantum simulation sequences, and / or quantum measurement sequences, A method that includes this.

34. Receiving instructions from a remote computing device for executing the aforementioned quantum computation sequence, the aforementioned quantum simulation sequence, and / or the aforementioned quantum measurement sequence. Based on the received command, execute the quantum computation sequence, the quantum simulation sequence, and / or the quantum measurement sequence, and Transmit the results of the executed quantum computation sequence, the executed quantum simulation sequence, and / or the executed quantum measurement sequence to the remote computing device. The method according to claim 33, further comprising:

35. Means for carrying out the method described in any one of claims 29 to 34, Quantum computing, simulation, and / or measurement devices, including those mentioned above.

36. A computer program for controlling a quantum computing, simulation, and / or measurement device to perform the method described in any one of claims 29 to 34.

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