HEART VALVE DOCKING DEVICE AND SYSTEM

Abstract

A novel docking device is provided. A docking device for docking a prosthetic valve at a native heart valve can include a coiled docking anchor and a retrieval suture. The docking device and retrieval suture can be configured to enhance retention and retrieval of the docking device after deployment. The docking device can have an end portion including a central axis. The retrieval suture can be connected to the end portion such that the line of force imparted by tensioning the retrieval suture is substantially aligned with the central axis.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] [CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS] This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 15 / 902,956, filed February 22, 2018, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 15 / 682,287, filed August 21, 2017, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 395,940, filed September 16, 2016, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 380,117, filed August 26, 2016, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

[0002] The present invention relates generally to medical devices and procedures related to prosthetic heart valves. More particularly, the present invention relates to the replacement of heart valves that may be malformed and / or dysfunctional. Embodiments of the present invention relate to anchor or docking devices that can hold and maintain the position of a prosthetic heart valve to replace the function of a native heart valve, for example for mitral or tricuspid valve replacement procedures, as well as installation procedures associated with the implantation of such anchor or docking devices and / or assemblies including anchor or docking devices and prosthetic heart valves. [Background technology]

[0003] 1 and 2, the mitral valve 50 controls blood flow between the left atrium 52 and the left ventricle 54 of the human heart. After the left atrium 52 receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins, the mitral valve 50 allows the flow of oxygenated blood from the left atrium 52 into the left ventricle 54. When the left ventricle 54 contracts, the oxygenated blood held in the left ventricle 54 is pumped through the aortic valve 56 and the aorta 58 to the rest of the body. Meanwhile, the mitral valve must close during ventricular contraction to prevent blood from flowing back into the left atrium.

[0004] When the left ventricle contracts, the blood pressure in the left ventricle increases substantially, which acts to encourage the mitral valve to close. Because of the large pressure difference between the left ventricle and the left atrium during this time, a large amount of pressure is exerted on the mitral valve, which can cause the leaflets of the mitral valve to prolapse or abduct into the atrium. Thus, a series of chordae tendineae 62 connect the leaflets of the mitral valve to the papillary muscles located on the wall of the left ventricle, and both the chordae tendineae and the papillary muscles are under tension during left ventricle contraction to hold the leaflets in a closed position and prevent them from extending towards the left atrium. This helps prevent oxygenated blood from flowing back into the left atrium. The chordae tendineae 62 are shown diagrammatically in both the cross-sectional view of the heart in FIG. 1 and in the top view of the mitral valve in FIG. 2.

[0005] A schematic of the mitral valve and its leaflets as viewed from the left ventricle is shown in FIG. 2. Commissures 64 are located at each end of the mitral valve 50 where the anterior leaflet 66 and posterior leaflet 68 meet. Various complications of the mitral valve can result in heart failure, which can be fatal. One form of valvular heart disease is mitral valve leakage or mitral valve regurgitation, which is characterized by abnormal leakage of blood from the left ventricle through the mitral valve into the left atrium. This can occur, for example, when the natural mitral valve leaflets are not fully coapted due to left ventricular expansion, causing leakage, when the native leaflets are damaged, or when the chordae tendineae and / or papillary muscles are weakened (or damaged). In such situations, it may be desirable to repair the mitral valve or to replace the function of the mitral valve with that of a prosthetic heart valve.

[0006] With regard to valve replacement, open-chest surgery options are more readily available, but there has been little progress on commercially available methods for replacing the mitral valve by catheter implantation and / or other minimally or minimally invasive procedures. In contrast, the field of transcatheter aortic valve replacement is much more developed and has been widely successful. This discrepancy is due, in part, to the fact that mitral valve replacement is in many ways much more difficult than aortic valve replacement, due, for example, to the non-circular physical structure of the mitral valve, the quasi-annular anatomy of the mitral valve, and the more difficult access to the mitral valve. Due to the successful development of transcatheter aortic valve technology, it may be advantageous to use the same or similar circular valve prosthesis for mitral valve replacement.

[0007] One of the most prominent obstacles to mitral valve replacement is the large cyclical loads that the valve is subjected to, causing the valve to become effectively stuck or displaced in the mitral position. As noted above, another problem with mitral valve replacement is the size and shape of the native mitral valve loop, as seen in FIG. 2. The aortic valve is more circular or cylindrical in shape than the mitral valve. Furthermore, both the mitral and tricuspid valves are larger and more elongated in shape than the aortic valve, making them more challenging and unusual sites for implanting a replacement valve having a generally circular or cylindrical valve frame. If a good seal is not established around the valve, an overly small circular prosthesis may leak around the implant (i.e., paravalvular leakage), while an overly large circular prosthesis may stretch and damage the narrower portion of the native mitral valve loop. Furthermore, aortic valve replacement is often required due to, for example, aortic stenosis, where the aortic valve is narrowed due to calcification or other hardening of the native valve leaflets. Thus, the aortic valve loop generally provides a smaller, stiffer, and more stable anchoring site for the prosthesis than the mitral valve loop, which is larger and non-circular. In instances of mitral regurgitation, such good anchoring sites are unlikely to form. Furthermore, the presence of chordae tendineae and other anatomic structures in the mitral position can provide obstacles that pose a much more serious problem in adequately anchoring the device in the mitral position.

[0008] Other obstacles to effective mitral valve replacement may arise due to the large circulatory loads that the mitral valve is subjected to and the need to establish sufficiently strong and stable anchorage and retention. Furthermore, even slight misalignment of the valve may impede or otherwise adversely affect blood flow at the valve or other parts of the heart. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0009] This summary is intended to provide some examples and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention. For example, some of the specific features included in the examples of this summary are not required by the claims unless expressly recited in the claims. Furthermore, the specific features described can be combined in various ways. The description herein relates to systems, assemblies, methods, devices, apparatus, combinations, etc. that may be utilized to treat valves in animals. Various specific features and steps described elsewhere in this disclosure may be included in the examples outlined here.

[0010] One way to apply existing circular or cylindrical transcatheter valve technology to non-circular valve replacement (e.g., mitral valve replacement, tricuspid valve replacement, etc.) is to use an anchor (e.g., mitral anchor) or docking device or docking station that forms or is otherwise configured to hold such prosthetic valves in the native valve position to more nearly circular docking sites. In this way, existing expandable transcatheter valves developed for the aortic position, or similar valves slightly modified to more effectively mimic mitral valve function, can be reliably implanted with such a docking device located in the native valve loop (e.g., native mitral valve loop). The docking device can first be placed at the native valve loop, after which the valve implant or transcatheter heart valve can be advanced and positioned through the docking device during the collapsed position, and then expanded, for example, via self-expansion (e.g., for valves constructed of NiTi or another shape memory material), balloon expansion, or mechanical expansion, thereby radially compressing the frame of the prosthetic valve against the docking device and / or tissue between the two to hold the valve in place. The docking device may also be delivered minimally or minimally invasively via the same or similar transcatheter techniques used to deliver the transcatheter heart valve, thereby preferably eliminating the need for an entirely separate procedure to implant the docking device prior to delivery of the prosthetic valve.

[0011] It is therefore desirable to provide devices and methods that can be utilized to facilitate the docking or anchoring of such valves. An embodiment of the present invention provides a stable docking station or docking device for holding an artificial valve (e.g., an artificial mitral valve). Other special features are provided to improve the deployment, positioning, stability, and / or integration of such docking stations and / or replacement prostheses that are intended to be held therein. These devices and methods can more securely hold the artificial valve and prevent or significantly reduce blood backflow or leakage around the artificial valve. Such docking devices and methods can be used in various valve replacement procedures, e.g., mitral valve replacement, tricuspid valve replacement, pulmonary valve replacement, or aortic valve replacement, to allow a valve implant to be more securely and firmly anchored and held at the native valve loop in such location.

[0012] A docking device for docking a prosthetic valve at a native valve of the heart (e.g., mitral valve, tricuspid valve, etc.) can include various special features, components, and characteristics. For example, such a docking device can include a coiled anchor having at least one central turn (e.g., a full turn or partial turn central turn) that defines a central turn diameter. The at least one central turn can be one or more functional turns / coils. The coiled anchor can include a lower turn extending from the at least one central turn that defines a diameter larger than the central turn diameter. The lower turn can be a guiding turn / coil. The coiled anchor can also include an upper turn connected to the central turn. The upper turn can be one or more stabilizing turns / coils. The upper turn can be shaped to have a first diameter along a first axis and a second diameter along a second axis. The first axial diameter of the upper turn can be larger than the central turn diameter, and the second axial diameter can be larger than the central turn diameter and smaller than the lower turn diameter. The various coiled anchors described herein can be configured to be implanted at a native valve (e.g., native mitral valve, tricuspid valve, etc.) by placing at least a portion of at least one central turn of the coiled anchor within a chamber of the heart (e.g., the left ventricle) and around the leaflets of the native valve.

[0013] Any of the coiled anchors described herein can include an extension having a length extending from the top end of the at least one central turn to the top turn / coil or stabilizing turn / coil. The extension can have a smaller thickness compared to other portions of the coiled anchor, e.g., the at least one central turn, the top turn, the bottom turn, etc. The extension can extend perpendicular to the at least one central turn at an angle of 60-120 degrees, 70-110 degrees, 80-100 degrees, 90 degrees.

[0014] Various docking devices for docking a prosthetic valve at a native heart valve can have a coiled anchor (e.g., can be the same or similar to other coiled anchors described in this disclosure) having a proximal tip and a distal tip. The coiled anchor can include at least one central turn (e.g., a full central turn or a partial central turn, which can be the same or similar to other central turns or functional turns described in this disclosure). The at least one central turn can have a first thickness and define a central turn diameter. Any of the coiled anchors described herein can also include an extension having a length extending from a top end of the at least one central turn. The coiled anchor can also include a top turn (e.g., can be the same or similar to other top turns or stabilizing turns / coils described in this disclosure) extending from a top end of the extension. The extension can have a second thickness less than the first thickness. The top turn can have a third thickness greater than the second thickness. As described above, the coiled anchor can be configured for implantation at a native valve (e.g., a native mitral valve, a tricuspid valve, etc.) with at least a portion of the full or partial central wrap of the coiled anchor disposed within a chamber of the heart (e.g., the left ventricle) and around the leaflets of the native heart valve (e.g., the mitral valve leaflets).

[0015] Various docking devices for docking a prosthetic valve at a native heart valve can also have a coiled anchor (e.g., can be the same as or similar to other coiled anchors described in this disclosure) having a proximal tip and a distal tip and at least one central turn (e.g., a full central turn or a partial central turn, which can be the same as or similar to other central turns / coils or functional turns / coils described in this disclosure) that defines a diameter. The coiled anchor can also have a top turn connected to the at least one central turn. A cover layer can surround the coiled anchor along all or at least a portion of the at least one central turn. The cover layer can be connected to the coiled anchor. At least one friction-enhancing layer can be disposed on the coiled anchor and / or the cover layer. The at least one friction-enhancing layer can be disposed on at least a portion of the at least one central turn. The coiled anchor can be configured such that no portion of the top turn is covered by the friction-enhancing layer. The coiled anchor can also be configured for implantation at a native valve (e.g., a native mitral valve), with at least a portion of at least one central turn of the coiled anchor being positioned within a chamber of the heart (e.g., the left ventricle) and around the leaflets of the native valve.

[0016] Any of the coiled anchors of any of the docking devices described herein may include one or more cover layers surrounding all or at least a portion of the coiled anchor or core of the coiled anchor. For example, the cover layer may surround all or at least a portion of at least one central turn (or all of the central turns / coils or functional turns / coils of the coiled anchor) and / or other portions of the coiled anchor. The cover layer may be connected to the coiled anchor in various ways. The cover layer may be a high friction cover layer or a low friction cover layer, or both low friction and high friction cover layers may be used together. The low friction cover layer may be configured to surround the coiled anchor core (e.g., the entire length of the coiled anchor) and extend beyond the proximal and / or distal tips. The low friction cover layer may form a tapered or rounded tip at its distal and / or proximal end. A high friction cover layer or a cover layer with a higher coefficient of friction (e.g., a cover layer with a higher coefficient of friction than the low friction cover layer) can surround a portion of the low friction cover layer and / or a portion of the coiled anchor (all or a portion of at least one central turn).

[0017] Any of the coiled anchors described herein may include at least one friction-enhancing element or multiple friction-enhancing elements. The at least one friction-enhancing element may be disposed on all or a portion of the coiled anchor or on a coating / layer of the coiled anchor. The at least one friction-enhancing element may be multiple bulges on the surface of the coiled anchor or on the surface of the coating, or may include multiple bulges on the surface of the coiled anchor or on the surface of the coating. The bulges may be made of PET, polymer, cloth, or another material. The bulges may extend along a length of the coiled anchor or coating along at least a portion of the central turn / coil.

[0018] In some cases, the at least one friction-enhancing element can be or can include a plurality of keyhole and key notches in the outer surface of the coiled anchor. The keyhole notches can be grooves formed in the outer surface of the coiled anchor and the key notches can be protrusions extending outwardly from the coiled anchor and can be sized and shaped to fit into the keyhole notches.

[0019] A system for implanting a docking device at a native valve of the heart can include a docking device (e.g., any docking device described above or elsewhere in this disclosure). The docking device can include an opening or bore, and the system can include a suture threaded through the opening or bore. The system can also include a delivery catheter and a pusher device disposed within the delivery catheter. The pusher device can include a central lumen that receives the suture or through which the suture passes. The pusher device and suture are such that pulling the suture pulls the coiled anchor relative to the pusher device and retracting the pusher device into the delivery catheter retracts the coiled anchor into the delivery catheter. The suture can be disposed within the central lumen such that pulling the suture and / or the pusher device proximally relative to the delivery catheter retracts the coiled anchor or delivery device into the delivery catheter.

[0020] A docking device for docking a prosthetic valve at a native valve of the heart can have a coiled anchor including a hollow tube. The hollow tube can have a proximal locking feature and a distal locking feature. A plurality of cuts can be provided through each portion of the tube. The cuts can have a pattern and shape incorporating one or both of longitudinal and transverse cuts. When the cuts have a pattern and shape incorporating both longitudinal and transverse cuts, they can form teeth and grooves in the hollow tube. The docking device can also have a wire, the distal end of which can be secured to the distal locking feature. A length of the wire (e.g., the entire length or a portion of the wire) can extend through the hollow tube and can apply tension radially inward to the hollow tube. The hollow tube is configured to at least partially surround the leaflets of the native mitral valve and form a docking surface for the expandable prosthetic valve.

[0021] The methods used to implant a docking device for a prosthetic valve at a native heart valve can include various steps (e.g., any of the steps described throughout this disclosure). The docking device implanted by these methods can be any of the docking devices described herein. For example, a docking device implantable by these steps can have a coiled anchor having at least one full or partial turn defining a central diameter, an extension having a length extending from an upper end of the at least one central turn, and an upper turn extending from an upper end of the extension. The distal end of the delivery catheter can be positioned in a first chamber of the heart (e.g., the left ventricle). In some cases, the delivery catheter can be advanced and positioned through an already implanted guide sheath. The delivery catheter can include the docking device in a first configuration. The distal end of the docking device can be advanced from the delivery catheter, whereby the docking device assumes a second configuration as it is advanced and / or implanted. The docking device is advanced through the valve loop (e.g., the native mitral valve loop) into a second chamber (e.g., the left ventricle) of the heart, such that the distal tip loosely surrounds any chordae tendineae and native leaflets of the native valve (e.g., the mitral valve). The extension of the docking device can be advanced such that the upper end of the extension is positioned in the first chamber (e.g., the left atrium). The top of the docking device can be advanced into the first chamber (e.g., the left atrium) and released such that the top contacts the first chamber wall (e.g., the left atrial wall). A replacement prosthetic valve can be implanted within the docking device. For example, a replacement valve can be inserted into the interior space defined by the docking device in the second configuration. The replacement valve can be radially expanded until a retaining force acts between the replacement valve and the docking device to hold the replacement valve in a stable position. The native leaflets or other tissue can be clamped between the delivery device and the prosthetic valve.

[0022] Valve replacement can be achieved by docking an expandable transcatheter heart valve in the native valve site using a coiled anchor or docking device, which provides a more stable base or site for expanding the prosthetic valve. Thus, embodiments of the present invention provide a more robust method for implanting a replacement heart valve even in sites such as the native mitral valve loop, where the valve loop itself may be non-circular or may have a variable shape.

[0023] One or more of the systems herein can be a system for implanting a docking device at a native valve and / or retrieving a docking device. The system can include various special features and components described herein, including a delivery catheter and a coiled docking device (e.g., an elongated coiled docking device) having an end. The system can also include a pusher device having a central lumen, which can be disposed within the delivery catheter. A retrieval line (e.g., a retrieval suture) can extend through the central lumen of the delivery catheter and be coupled to the end of the coiled docking device.

[0024] The system is configured to facilitate pulling the docking device relative to the pusher device and / or retracting the docking device into the delivery catheter without the end of the docking device getting wrapped around a T on or at the end of the pusher device and / or delivery catheter. For example, the system, e.g., the end and retrieval line, are configured such that pulling the retrieval line pulls the end of the coiled anchor relative to the pusher device and / or delivery catheter to help guide the end of the coiled anchor and the docking device into the delivery catheter. The proximal-most portion or tip of the end can be curved to help align the end with the pusher tube and / or delivery catheter for retrieval. The end and retrieval line can also be biased such that tension from pulling is substantially aligned with a central axis of the end of the coiled docking device, or can be configured and coupled such that pulling the retrieval line aligns tension with a central axis of the end of the coiled docking device. The tension can also bias the central axis of the end to align with the axis of the pusher device and / or delivery catheter, for example, so that the end can be aligned to be pulled into the delivery catheter.

[0025] The end portion can be configured to align at least a length of the retrieval line along the central axis. The retrieval line can be positioned to extend through a central passage at a distal end of the end portion of the docking device. The central passage can be aligned with or coaxial with the central axis.

[0026] The docking device can include a spherical tip (e.g., ball-shaped, hemispherical, etc.). The spherical tip can be configured to receive a retrieval line through a passage aligned with a central axis of the end of the coiled docking device. The proximal tip can include an annular groove at a transition portion of the proximal tip. The distal end of the pusher device can be configured to engage a spherical surface at the end of the coiled anchor and can retract a portion of the spherical tip somewhat into the lumen of the pusher device.

[0027] The end of the docking device may include a tip having a loop to which a recovery line may be connected.

[0028] The end of the docking device can include a tip having a groove, and the retrieval suture can be coupled to the end within the groove, e.g., tied to the groove, coupled to a suture loop within the groove, wrapped at least partially within the groove, etc.

[0029] The coiled docking device of the system may include at least one central turn having a first thickness and defining a central turn diameter, an extension or transition section having a length extending from a proximal end of the at least one central turn and having a second thickness less than the first thickness, and a proximal or upper turn extending from a proximal or upper end of the extension section. The proximal turn may have a third thickness greater than the second thickness. The coiled docking device may also include a distal or lower turn on an opposite end of the coiled docking device relative to the proximal or upper turn and the end. The distal or lower turn may have a first thickness and may define a diameter greater than the central turn diameter. The end of the coiled docking device may be located at a proximal end of the proximal turn.

[0030] The coiled docking device is configured to be implanted at a native valve, with at least a portion of the coiled docking device disposed within a chamber of the heart and around the leaflets of the native valve. The coiled docking device can be configured to be implanted at a native mitral valve, with at least a portion of the coiled docking device disposed within the left ventricle and around the mitral leaflets of the native mitral valve. The coiled docking device can be configured to be implanted at a native tricuspid valve, with at least a portion of the coiled docking device disposed within the left ventricle and around the tricuspid leaflets of the native tricuspid valve.

[0031] The system and / or coiled docking device may include a cover layer including a biocompatible material, the cover layer surrounding at least a portion of the coiled anchor. The cover layer may be a low-friction cover layer having a distal end and a proximal end. The cover layer may surround the coiled docking device and extend along a length of the coiled docking device, past the distal tip of the coiled docking device, past the proximal tip of the coiled docking device, the low-friction cover layer tapering to a rounded tip at the distal tip. The system and / or coiled docking device may include a friction-enhancing element, the friction-enhancing element may include a second cover layer surrounding and extending along at least a portion of the cover layer, the second cover layer having a coefficient of friction of at least 1 (or one of the other friction-enhancing elements described elsewhere herein). The second cover layer may be a knitted material.

[0032] The coiled docking device can include at least one central turn defining a central turn diameter, a distal or lower turn extending from the at least one central turn defining a distal or lower turn diameter larger than the central turn diameter, and an upper or proximal turn connected to the at least one central turn, the upper or proximal turn shaped to have a first diameter along a first axis and a second diameter along a second axis. The first axial diameter can be larger than the central turn diameter, and the second axial diameter can be larger than the central turn diameter and smaller than the lower or distal turn diameter.

[0033] The coiled docking device can include a hollow tube having proximal and distal ends and multiple cuts in each section of the tube. The coiled docking device can also include a wire having a length, a proximal end, and a distal end. The distal end of the wire can be secured to the distal end of the hollow tube and the proximal end of the wire can be secured to the proximal end of the hollow tube. The length of the wire can extend through the hollow tube and can apply radially inward tension to the hollow tube. The cuts can have a pattern and shape incorporating both longitudinal and transverse cuts that form teeth and grooves in the hollow tube.

[0034] The coiled docking device can include a skeleton or core, the distal end of which can have a rectangular cross-section and a distal ring-shaped tip.

[0035] The coiled docking device may include a skeleton or core, and at least one end of the skeleton or core may have a ball-shaped tip.

[0036] In one embodiment, a docking device is provided for docking a prosthetic valve at a native heart valve, which may include any of the special features and components described above and elsewhere herein with respect to the docking device. For example, the docking device may include or be a coiled docking device having an end that includes a central axis. The end of the docking device may be configured such that a retrieval suture connected to the end is biased such that lines of force exerted on the retrieval suture by tension are aligned with the central axis.

[0037] A method of retrieving a coiled docking device from within a heart can include pulling a retrieval line to pull an end of the coiled docking device against a pusher device and / or into a delivery catheter. The end of the coiled docking device can be configured as any of the ends described above or elsewhere herein. For example, the end can be configured to bias the retrieval line to align tension applied by said pulling with a central axis of the end of the coiled docking device. The method can include pulling the pusher device and / or the end of the coiled docking device into a delivery catheter.

[0038] Further special features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0039] [Figure 1] 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a human heart. [Diagram 2] FIG. 1 is a schematic top view of a human mitral valve loop. [Diagram 3] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an exemplary anchor / docking device. [Figure 4] FIG. 4 is a side view of the anchor of FIG. 3. [Diagram 5] FIG. 5 is a top view of the anchor of FIGS. 3 and 4. [Figure 6] FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the heart during the steps of delivering the anchor of FIGS. 3-5 to the native mitral valve. [Figure 7] FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the heart during a further step of delivering the anchor of FIGS. 3-5 to the native mitral valve loop. [Figure 8] FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the heart in which the anchor of FIGS. 3-5 is placed at the native mitral valve loop. [Figure 9] FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a heart in which the anchor and prosthetic mitral valve of FIGS. 3-5 are implanted at the native mitral valve loop. [Figure 10] FIG. 6 is a perspective view of an exemplary anchor / docking device similar in many respects to the anchor / docking device of FIGS. 3-5. [Figure 11] FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of an exemplary laser cut tube that can be used as an anchor / docking device. [Figure 11A] FIG. 1 is a schematic open view of a laser cut tube to be used as an anchor and tension wire according to one embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 12] FIG. 12 is a top view of the laser cut anchor of FIG. 11 in an assembled state. [Figure 13] 12 is a top view of the laser-cut anchor of FIG. 11 with an exemplary frame of a prosthetic valve therein in an assembled and actuated state. [Figure 14] FIG. 1 illustrates a top view of an exemplary anchor / docking device having end hooks. [Figure 15] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of another exemplary anchor / docking device having a high friction cover layer. [Figure 16] FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of yet another exemplary anchoring / docking device having a friction element. [Figure 16A] FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment shown in FIG. [Figure 17] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary anchoring / docking device incorporating both a high friction coating and a friction element. [Figure 18]1A-1C show an exemplary anchor / docking device having special surface features to facilitate interlocking or position retention between adjacent coils. [Figure 19] 11 illustrates an exemplary anchor / docking device that is a variation of the anchor of FIG. 10. [Figure 19A] 1 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary embodiment of an anchor / docking device. [Figure 20] 1A is a schematic top view of an embodiment of an anchor / docking device implanted and positioned in a potential location at the native mitral valve loop. FIG. [Figure 21] FIG. 20 shows the anchor of FIG. 19 further including an exemplary marker band. [Figure 22] 20 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary proximal end of the anchor of FIG. 19. [Figure 22A] 1 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a suture looped through an exemplary anchor / docking device. [Figure 22B] 1 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a suture looped through an exemplary anchor / docking device. [Figure 22C] 1 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a suture looped through an exemplary anchor / docking device. [Diagram 23] 1 illustrates an exemplary end of a skeleton or core of an exemplary anchor / docking device. [Figure 24] 1 illustrates an exemplary end of a skeleton or core of an exemplary anchor / docking device. [Diagram 25] 1 illustrates an exemplary end of a skeleton or core of an exemplary anchor / docking device. [Figure 26] 26 illustrates an exemplary end of the docking device of FIG. 25 with a cover layer attached over the skeleton or core. [Figure 27A] 1A is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of an exemplary anchor / docking device having an exemplary spherical tip with an axially aligned retrieval line / suture opening. FIG. [Figure 27B] FIG. 27B shows a cross section of the spherical proximal tip of FIG. 27A attached to an anchor / docking device. [Figure 27C] FIG. 27C shows a line / suture looped through the bulb tip and delivery device of FIGS. 27A and 27B. [Figure 27D] FIG. 27B is a perspective view of the spherical tip of FIG. 27A. [Figure 27E] FIG. 27B is a cross-sectional view of the spherical proximal tip of FIG. 27A. [Figure 27F] FIG. 27B is an end view of the spherical tip of FIG. 27A. [Figure 27G] FIG. 27B is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of the spherical tip of FIG. 27A, in which the distal region of the tip forms a flush plane with the coiled anchor. [Figure 28A] 1A is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of an exemplary anchor / docking device having an exemplary spherical tip with an axially aligned retrieval line / suture opening. FIG. [Figure 28B] FIG. 28B shows a cross section of the spherical proximal tip of FIG. 28A attached to an anchor / docking device. [Figure 28C] FIG. 28C shows a line / suture looped through the bulb tip and delivery device of FIGS. 28A and 28B. [Figure 28D] FIG. 28B is a cross-sectional view of the spherical proximal tip of FIG. 28A. [Figure 28E] FIG. 28B is an end view of the spherical tip of FIG. 28A. [Figure 28F] FIG. 28B is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of the spherical tip of FIG. 28A, where the distal portion of the tip forms a flush plane with the coiled anchor. [Figure 29A] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an exemplary anchor / docking device having an exemplary looped tip. [Figure 29B] FIG. 29B is a side view of the looped wire / suture at the tip of FIG. 29A. [Figure 29C] FIG. 29B shows the tip of FIG. 29A in a pre-folded state. [Figure 29D] FIG. 29D is an end view of the pre-folded tip of FIG. 29C. [Figure 29E]FIG. 29B is a top perspective view of the looped proximal tip of FIG. 29A. [Figure 30A] FIG. 13 is a perspective view of an exemplary anchor / docking device end including a recessed groove and connecting line / suture at the proximal end. [Figure 30B] FIG. 30B is a side view of a retrieval line / suture connected to a connecting line / suture in a recessed groove of the exemplary anchor / docking device of FIG. 30A. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0040] Disclosed herein are various anchors or docking devices (e.g., coiled anchors or docking devices) that can be used with expandable transcatheter heart valves (THVs) at native valve loops (e.g., mitral or tricuspid loops) to more securely implant and hold prosthetic valves at the implantation site. Anchoring / docking devices according to embodiments of the invention configure or form a more circular and / or more stable valve loop at the implantation site where prosthetic valves with circular or cylindrical valve frames or stents can be expanded or otherwise implanted. The anchoring / docking devices can be sized and shaped to not only configure an anchoring site for the prosthetic valve, but also to pinch or pull the native valve (e.g., mitral, tricuspid, etc.) anatomy radially inward. In this way, one of the major causes of valve regurgitation (e.g., functional mitral regurgitation), particularly the hypertrophy of the heart (e.g., left ventricle) and / or valve loops and thus stretching from the native valve (e.g., mitral) loop, can be at least partially counteracted or counteracted. Some embodiments of the anchoring or docking device further include special features shaped and / or modified to better retain the position or shape of the docking device during and / or after expansion of the prosthetic valve within the docking device, for example. By providing such an anchoring or docking device, replacement valves can be more securely implanted and retained at various valve loops, including at mitral valve loops that do not have a naturally circular cross-section.

[0041] Exemplary anchor / docking devices are shown in Figures 3-5. Figure 3 shows a perspective view of anchor or docking device 1, Figure 4 shows a side view of anchor / docking device 1, and Figure 5 shows a top view of anchor / docking device 1. The anchor / docking device can be coiled (e.g., include a coiled portion) as shown in these figures.

[0042] Docking device 1 includes a coil having multiple turns extending along a central axis of docking device 1. The coil can be continuous, can extend in a generally helical manner, and can have a variety of different sized and shaped cross sections, as described in more detail below. Docking device 1 shown in Figures 3-5 is configured to best fit in the mitral position, but in other embodiments can be similarly or differently shaped to better accommodate other native valve positions.

[0043] The docking device 1 includes a central region 10 having approximately three total coil turns with substantially equal inner diameters. The central region 10 of the docking device serves as a primary loading or holding area for holding an expandable prosthetic valve or THV when the docking device 1 and valve prosthesis are implanted in a patient's body. Other embodiments of the docking device 1 can have a central region 10 with more or less than three coil turns, depending on the patient's anatomy, the amount of vertical contact desired between the docking device 1 and the valve prosthesis (e.g., THV), and / or other factors. The coils in the central region 10 are sometimes referred to as "functional coils" because the characteristics of these coils contribute most to the amount of holding force that occurs between the valve prosthesis, the docking device 1, and the native mitral valve leaflets and / or other anatomical structures.

[0044] Various factors can contribute to the total retention force between the docking device 1 and the prosthetic valve retained therein. A major factor is the number of turns included in the functional coil, while other factors include, for example, the inner diameter of the functional coil, the frictional forces between the coil and the prosthetic valve, the strength of the prosthetic valve, and the radial force the valve exerts on the coil. The docking device can have a variety of coil turns. The number of functional turns can be from just over half a turn to five turns, or from one full turn to five turns, or more. In one embodiment of three full turns, an additional half turn is included in the ventricular portion of the docking device. In another embodiment, there can be a total of three full turns in the docking device. In one embodiment, there can be from one half turn to three quarter turns or one half to three quarters of a circle in the atrial portion of the docking device. A range of turns is provided, but as the number of turns in the docking device decreases, the dimensions and / or materials of the coil and / or the wire forming the coil can also be altered to maintain adequate retention force. For example, the diameter of the wire may be larger than the diameter of a functional coil turn in a docking device having fewer coils.Multiple coils may be provided within the atrium and ventricle.

[0045] The size of the functional coil or coils of the central region 10 is generally selected based on the size of the desired THV to be implanted in the patient. Generally, the inner diameter of the functional coil / turn (e.g., of the coil / turn of the central region 10 of the docking device 1) is smaller than the outer diameter of the expandable heart valve, so that when the prosthesis is expanded in the docking device, an additional radial tension or retention force acts between the docking device and the prosthesis to hold the prosthesis in place. The retention force required to properly implant the prosthesis varies based on the size of the prosthesis and the ability of the assembly to handle a mitral pressure of about 180 mmHg. For example, based on benchtop testing using a prosthesis with an expanded outer diameter of 29 mm, a retention force of at least 18.5 N between the docking device and the prosthesis is required to securely hold the prosthesis in the docking device and resist or prevent mitral regurgitation or leakage. However, in this example, to meet the 18.5 N retention force requirement with statistical confidence, the target average retention force would need to be substantially larger, e.g., about 30 N.

[0046] In many embodiments, the retention force between the docking device and the valve prosthesis is significantly reduced when the difference between the expanded outer diameter of the prosthetic valve and the inner diameter of the functional coil is less than about 5 mm. This is because this reduced size difference is too small to generate sufficient retention force between the components. For example, in one embodiment, when a prosthetic valve having an expanded outer diameter of 29 mm is expanded in a set of coils having an inner diameter of 24 mm, the retention force observed is about 30 N, but when the same prosthetic valve is expanded in a set of coils having an inner diameter of 25 mm (e.g., only 1 mm larger), the retention force observed is significantly reduced to 20 N. Thus, for this type of valve and docking device, the inner diameter of the functional coil (e.g., the coil in the central region 10 of the docking device 1) should be 24 mm or less to generate sufficient retention force between the docking device and the 29 mm prosthetic valve. In general, the inner diameter of the functional coil (e.g., the central region 10 of the docking device 1) should be selected to be at least about 5 mm smaller than the prosthetic valve selected for implantation. However, various factors can affect retention, and other special features and / or characteristics (e.g., friction enhancing special features, material properties, etc.) can be used to better provide retention when other sizes or size ranges are used. Additionally, the inner diameter of the functional coil or central region 10 can be sized to better attract the mitral anatomy to at least partially counteract and at least partially counter mitral regurgitation caused by, for example, stretching of the native valve loop as a result of left ventricular hypertrophy.

[0047] It should be noted that the desired retention forces described above are applicable to embodiments for mitral valve replacement. Thus, other embodiments of the docking device used to replace other valves may have different size relationships based on the desired retention forces for the valve replacement in each location. Additionally, the size differentials may vary based on, for example, the materials used for the valve and / or docking device, whether there are other special features to prevent functional coil expansion or enhance friction / locking, and / or various other factors.

[0048] In embodiments where the docking device 1 is used in the mitral position, the docking device can first be advanced to the native mitral valve loop and then set in the desired position before implanting the THV. The docking device 1 is preferably flexible and / or made of a shape memory material, which allows the coil of the docking device 1 to be straightened so that it can also be delivered via a transcatheter approach. In another embodiment, the coil can be made of another biocompatible material, such as stainless steel. Some of the same catheters and other delivery instruments can be used to deliver both the docking device 1 and the prosthetic valve without the need to perform separate preparation steps, simplifying the implantation procedure for the end user.

[0049] The docking device 1 can be delivered from the left atrium, transseptally through the atrial septum, transatrially to the mitral position, or delivered to the mitral position via one of a variety of other known access points or procedures. Figures 6 and 7 show several steps during delivery of the docking device 1 to the mitral position using a transseptal approach, advancing a guide sheath 1000 through the vasculature to the right atrium, advancing through the atrial septum of the heart to the left atrium, and advancing a delivery catheter 1010 through the guide sheath 1000 through the vasculature, the right atrium, the septum, and into the left atrium. As can be seen in Figure 6, the docking device 1 can be advanced through the distal end of the delivery catheter 1010 disposed in the left atrium (e.g., disposed at the commissure), and into the left ventricle, e.g., through the native mitral valve loop at the commissure of the native mitral valve. The distal end of docking device 1 then wraps around the mitral anatomy (e.g., the native mitral valve leaflets and / or chordae tendineae) located within the left ventricle, such that all or at least some of the native valve leaflets and / or chordae tendineae are surrounded and gathered by the coil of docking device 1 and retained within the coil (e.g., surrounded by the coil).

[0050] However, because the functional coil / turn or coil / turn diameter of the central region 10 of the docking device 1 is kept relatively small to enhance the retention of the prosthetic valve (e.g., the central region 10 in one embodiment can have an inner diameter of about 24 mm (e.g., ±2 mm) or another diameter smaller than the THV and / or native valve loop), it may be difficult to advance the docking device 1 around the existing leaflets and / or chordae tendineae to a desired position relative to the native mitral valve loop. This is especially true if the entire docking device 1 has the same small diameter as the central region 10. Thus, referring again to FIGS. 3-5, the docking device 1 can have a distal or lower region 20 that constitutes the induction coil / turn (or tip ventricular coil / turn) of the docking device 1, the induction coil / turn having a diameter larger than the functional coil / turn diameter or coil / turn diameter of the central region 10.

[0051] The special features of the mitral anatomy in the left ventricle have variable dimensions and can have a maximum width of about 35 mm to 45 mm on the long axis. Thus, the diameter or width of the induction coil / turn (e.g., ventricular coil / turn) of the lower region 20 can be selected to be larger so that the distal tip or induction tip 21 of the docking device 1 can be more easily manipulated to go around the special features of the mitral anatomy (e.g., valve leaflets and / or chordae tendineae). Various sizes and shapes are possible, for example, in one embodiment, the diameter can be any size from 25 mm to 75 mm. The term "diameter" as used in this disclosure does not require the coil / turn to be a perfect circle, but is generally used to refer to the maximum width between opposing points of the coil / turn. For example, with respect to the induction coil / turn, the diameter can be measured from the distal tip 21 to the opposite side as if the distal lower region 20 or induction coil / turn forms a complete turn, or the diameter can be considered to be twice the radius of curvature of the induction coil / turn. In one embodiment, the lower region 20 (e.g., induction coil / turn) of the docking device 1 has a diameter (e.g., ) of about 43 mm (e.g., ±2 mm), in other words, the radius of curvature at the induction coil / turn can be about 21.5 mm. Making the size of the induction coil / turn larger than the functional coil can help guide the coil more easily around and / or through the chordae tendineae, and most importantly, properly around both native leaflets of the mitral valve. After the distal tip 21 is manipulated around the desired mitral anatomy, the remaining coils of the docking device 1 can also guide around the same special feature, pulling the enclosed anatomy special feature slightly radially inward since the other coils are reduced in size. Meanwhile, the length of the enlarged lower region 20 is generally kept relatively short to prevent or avoid the lower region 20 obstructing or interfering with blood flow along the left ventricular outflow tract. For example, in one embodiment, the enlarged lower region 20 extends over about one-half loop or turn.Because the lower region 20 has this relatively short length, as the prosthetic valve is expanded into the docking device 1, the coil of the docking device 1 begins to unwind slightly due to the size difference between the docking device and the prosthetic valve, and the lower region 20 also retracts and shifts slightly. In this example, after expansion of the prosthetic valve, the lower region 20 can be similar in size to and substantially matched to the functional coil of the docking device 1, instead of continuing to protrude from the functional coil, thereby reducing potential blood flow obstructions. Other docking device embodiments can have longer or shorter lower regions depending on the particular application.

[0052] The docking device 1 of FIGS. 3-5 also includes an enlarged proximal or upper region 30 that constitutes a stabilizing coil / turn (which may be, for example, an atrial coil / turn) of the docking device 1. Once the docking device 1 is placed in the desired position and orientation at the native mitral valve loop, the entire docking device 1 is released from the delivery catheter 1010, after which the prosthetic valve (e.g., THV) is delivered to the docking device 1. During transition or intermediate stages of the implantation procedure, i.e., between the deployment and release of the docking device 1 and the final delivery of the prosthetic valve, for example, normal cardiac function may cause the coil to shift and / or become dislodged from its desired position or orientation. Shifting of the docking device 1 may, in some cases, result in unsafe implantation, misalignment, and / or other placement issues of the prosthetic valve. Special stabilization mechanisms or coils may be used to help stabilize the docking device in the desired position. For example, the docking device 1 may include an upper region 30 having an enlarged stabilizing coil / turn (e.g., an enlarged atrial coil / turn) that is adapted to be placed within the circulatory system (e.g., within the left atrium) and that may thereby stabilize the docking device. For example, the proximal or upper region 30 or the stabilizing coil / turn may be configured to abut or press against a wall of the circulatory system (e.g., against the wall of the left atrium) to improve the ability of the docking device 1 to remain in a desired position prior to implantation of the prosthetic valve.

[0053] The stabilizing coil / turn (e.g., atrial coil / turn) at the upper region 30 of the docking device 1 in the illustrated embodiment extends over approximately one complete turn or rotation and terminates at the proximal tip 31. In other embodiments, the stabilizing coil / turn (e.g., atrial coil) can extend over more or less than one turn or rotation, depending, for example, on the amount of contact desired between the docking device and the circulatory system (e.g., with the wall of the left atrium) depending on each particular application. The radial size of the stabilizing coil / turn (e.g., atrial coil) at the upper region 30 can be significantly larger than the size of the functional coil in the central region 10, so that the stabilizing coil / turn (e.g., atrial coil) flares or extends outwardly enough to contact the wall of the circulatory system (e.g., the wall of the left atrium). For example, in one embodiment, the major axis 32 or width of the upper region 30 is about 50 mm (e.g., ±2 mm), or about twice as large as the coil in the central region 10. The bottom region of the left atrium generally narrows toward the native mitral valve loop. Thus, when the docking device 1 is properly deployed in the mitral position, the stabilizing coils / turns (e.g., atrial coils) of the upper region 30 contact and press against the left atrium wall, helping to maintain or hold the docking device 1 in a relatively high desired position and orientation, preventing or reducing slippage of the docking device 1 toward the left ventricle until the THV is advanced to and expanded in the docking device 1. After the prosthesis (e.g., THV) is expanded in the docking device, the forces generated between the functional coils and the prosthesis (e.g., by tissues, leaflets, etc. between the functional coils and the prosthesis) are sufficient to secure and stabilize the docking device and prosthesis without the need for stabilizing coils / turns.

[0054] In some cases, the stabilizing coils / turns (e.g., atrial coils) in the upper region 30 are non-circular and, in the illustrated embodiment, are offset and arranged in an elliptical or oval shape. As shown in FIG. 5, the elliptical or other non-circular stabilizing coils / turns (e.g., atrial coils) can have a major axis 32, D1 (i.e., the maximum width of the coil turn), and a minor axis 33, D2 (i.e., the minimum end-to-end width). The widths / diameters can be selected based on the size of the anatomy of the portion of the circulatory system (e.g., based on the size of the left atrium of a human). The major axis (or maximum width) D1 can range from 40 mm to 100 mm, or can range from 40 mm to 80 mm or 40 mm to 75 mm. The minor axis (or minimum width) D2 can range from 20 mm to 80 mm or 20 mm to 75 mm. The major axis / width D1 of the stabilizing coil / turn (e.g., atrial coil) may be about 50 mm, while the diameter / width D2 along the minor axis of the stabilizing coil / turn (e.g., atrial coil) may be much smaller, e.g., slightly larger than the diameter of the central region 10 of the docking device 1, as best seen in the top view of the docking device 1 in FIG. 5. In other embodiments, the biasing of the upper region of the docking device may be implemented in many ways. For example, the stabilizing coil / turn (e.g., atrial coil) of the upper region 30 may remain substantially circular and / or the stabilizing coil / turn may be biased in one direction, whereby the center of the upper region is offset from the center of the rest of the docking device. Such biasing of the shape of the upper region 30 of the docking device 1 may, for example, increase the contact between the docking device 1 and the wall of the left atrium or other anatomy in the radial direction in which the upper region 30 extends furthest from the rest of the docking device 1. The stabilizing coil / turn (e.g., atrial coil) can be offset such that, when viewed from above (FIG. 20), the center of the stabilizing coil / turn (e.g., atrial coil) is offset from the center of the functional coil by about 50%-75% of the diameter of the functional turn. The stabilizing turn (e.g., atrial turn) of the coil can be flexible and can bend inward.This accommodates the anatomy (eg, left atrial anatomy) and the stabilization coil / turn (eg, atrial coil) may have a larger major or minor axis than the atrium or other anatomy itself.

[0055] Importantly, the docking device 1 can be rotated or otherwise oriented such that the narrower portion of the upper region 30, or at least the portion that extends radially outward, is oriented in an optimal manner. For example, when implanted in a native mitral valve, it can be oriented toward the wall of the left atrium that faces or presses against the left ventricular outflow tract, thereby reducing the amount of pressure applied by the docking device 1 against that portion of the atrial wall. In this way, the amount of displacement of that portion of the wall into the left ventricular outflow tract is also reduced, and thus the enlarged upper region 30 can avoid obstructing, interfering with, or possibly affecting, blood flow through the left ventricular outflow tract.

[0056] The enlarged upper region 30 allows the docking device 1 to be more reliably held in the proper position and orientation at the native valve loop (e.g., the native mitral valve loop) before the THV is implanted and expanded within the docking device 1. Such self-retention of the docking device 1 more effectively prevents undesirable tilting or tilting of the docking device 1 before the prosthetic valve is fully implanted, thereby improving the performance of the implant as a whole.

[0057] 6-9 show some of the steps that can be used to deliver and implant a docking device (e.g., docking device 1 or other docking devices described elsewhere herein) and a THV in the mitral position. Although these are directed to the mitral position, similar steps can be used for other valve positions, e.g., the tricuspid position. The docking device can be docking device 1 described above with respect to FIGS. 3-5 or another similar docking device (e.g., other docking devices herein), and the THV is generally a self-expandable, mechanically expandable, or balloon expandable THV (or combination thereof) having a circular or cylindrical valve frame or stent sized to be expanded and retained within the docking device.

[0058] 6 and 7 illustrate a transseptal procedure for delivering the docking device 1 to the mitral position of a patient, where a guide sheath / introducer 1000 is advanced across the atrial septum of the heart and a distal end of a delivery catheter 1010 is advanced through the guide sheath 1000 and positioned such that the distal opening of the delivery catheter is positioned within the left atrium for delivery of the docking device 1. In some cases, a delivery catheter can be similarly advanced and similarly positioned through anatomy (e.g., vasculature, heart chambers, septum, etc.) without first inserting or using a guide sheath. In an exemplary procedure, the guide sheath 1000 (and / or delivery catheter 1010) is introduced into the patient's venous system, for example, via a percutaneous puncture or small incision in the patient's groin, and then the guide sheath 1000 (and / or catheter 1010) is advanced through the patient's vasculature to the left atrium, as shown in FIGS. 6 and 7. It should be noted that the illustrated transseptal procedure is only one example, and various alternative procedures and / or access sites may instead be used to deliver the docking device 1 and / or a suitable prosthetic valve to the mitral position or other positions in the heart. However, a transatrial or transseptal procedure may be preferred because such a procedure provides a clearer entry into the left side of the heart compared to, for example, a transapical procedure or other procedures in which access to the mitral valve is via the left ventricle, thereby allowing the physician to avoid direct interference with the chordae tendineae and other ventricular obstructions.

[0059] As shown in FIG. 6, the delivery catheter 1010 is advanced to a position in the left atrium where the distal end of the delivery catheter 1010 is located just above the plane of the native valve (e.g., the mitral plane), and the distal end can be positioned, for example, near the commissures of the native valve. The delivery catheter can be maneuverable in multiple dimensions (e.g., more than two dimensions) to allow for more precise placement. The placement of the distal opening of the delivery catheter defines an access site for implanting the docking device 1 in the mitral position. The access site is usually near one of the two commissures of the native mitral valve, whereby the guiding tip 21 of the docking device 1 can be advanced through the native valve commissure into the left ventricle, deploying the guiding coil / turn of the lower region 20 (e.g., the ventricular coil), as well as at least a portion of the functional coil / turn (e.g., the coil / turn of the middle region 10) in the left ventricle. In one deployment method, the guiding tip 21 of the docking device 1 is first passed through the commissure A3P3 of the native mitral valve, and then more of the docking device 1 is advanced from the delivery catheter through the commissure A3P3.

[0060] While the docking device 1 is held within the delivery catheter 1010, the docking device 1 can be straightened to more easily manipulate it through the delivery catheter 1010. Thereafter, when the docking device 1 is rotated, pushed, or otherwise advanced out of the delivery catheter 1010, the docking device 1 can return to its original coiled or curved shape, and when the docking device 1 is further advanced out of the delivery catheter, the guiding tip 21 advances (e.g., circles around) various special features of the mitral anatomy in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction (i.e., looking at the valve loop in the direction of blood outflow) based on the direction in which the docking device 1 is curved as it exits the delivery catheter. The enlarged guiding coil / turn (e.g., ventricular coil / turn) at the lower region 20 of the docking device 1 makes it easier to manipulate the guiding tip 21 of the docking device 1 around the mitral anatomy in the left ventricle. In the above example, as guiding tip 21 of docking device 1 enters the left ventricle through commissure A3P3 and advances clockwise when looking at the valve loop in the outflow direction (e.g., from atrium to ventricle), docking device 1 can first circle around and surround the posterior leaflet of the native mitral valve. Alternative methods are also available to first surround the posterior leaflet, for example, by inserting guiding tip 21 through commissure A1P1 and then advancing the docking device counterclockwise.

[0061] In some circumstances, it may be easier to first encircle the posterior leaflet of the native mitral valve than to first encircle the anterior leaflet. This is because the posterior leaflet is located closer to the ventricular wall, which constitutes a more limited space through which the guide tip 21 can advance. Thus, the guide tip 21 of the docking device 1 can use the ventricular wall near the posterior leaflet as a path or guide for advancing around the posterior leaflet. Conversely, when advancing the guide tip 21 of the docking device 1 to first attempt to capture the anterior leaflet of the native mitral valve, there is no nearby ventricular wall in that direction that can facilitate or guide the advancement of the guide tip 21. Thus, in some circumstances, it may be more difficult to properly begin maneuvering the guide tip 21 around the mitral anatomy when attempting to first capture the anterior leaflet rather than the posterior leaflet.

[0062] As such, depending on the procedure, it may still be preferred or necessary to encircle the anterior leaflets first. Furthermore, in many circumstances, it may be much easier to curve the distal end of the delivery catheter 1010 in a counterclockwise direction so that the docking device can be delivered. Thus, the delivery method of the docking device can be adjusted accordingly. For example, the docking device may comprise a coil / winding that spirals or rotates in a reverse counterclockwise direction (see, for example, FIG. 10 below), with the delivery catheter 1010 also wound in a counterclockwise direction. In this way, such a docking device may be advanced into the left ventricle, for example, through the commissure A3P3, in a counterclockwise direction as viewed through the valve loop in the outflow (e.g., from the atrium to the ventricle) direction, rather than the clockwise direction described above.

[0063] The amount of docking device to be advanced into the left ventricle depends on the particular application or procedure. In one embodiment, most (if not all) of the coils / turns of the lower region 20 and the coils / turns of the central region 10 are advanced and positioned into the left ventricle. In one embodiment, all of the coils / turns of the central region 10 are advanced into the left ventricle. In one embodiment, the docking device 1 is advanced to a position where the guide tip 21 is located posterior to the anterior medial papillary muscle. This position provides a more secure anchorage of the guide tip 21 and therefore the docking device 1 because the guide tip 21 is located and held between the chordae tendineae and the ventricular wall in that region. On the other hand, after any portion of the mitral anatomy is surrounded and / or captured by the guide tip 21, further advancement of the docking device 1 helps to gather the captured chordae tendineae and / or leaflets within the coils of the docking device 1. Both secure placement of the guiding tip 21 and retention of the native mitral anatomy by the docking device 1 may help prevent obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract (e.g., of the aortic valve) prior to implantation of the THV.

[0064] After a desired amount of the docking device 1 is advanced into the left ventricle, the remaining portion of the docking device 1 is deployed or released into the left atrium. FIG. 7 illustrates one method of releasing the atrial portion of the docking device 1 into the left atrium. In FIG. 7, the distal end of the delivery catheter 1010 is rotated or retracted backwards while the docking device 1 is maintained in substantially the same position and orientation until the entire docking device 1 is released from the delivery catheter 1010. For example, the docking device 1 can be advanced clockwise through the commissure A3P3, after which the distal end of the delivery catheter 1010 can be rotated or retracted counterclockwise to release the atrial portion of the docking device 1. In this way, there is no need to adjust or realign the ventricular position of the docking device 1 during or after the release of the atrial portion of the docking device 1 from the delivery catheter 1010. Various other methods of releasing the atrial portion of the docking device 1 can also be used. Prior to release of the stabilizing coil / turn (e.g., an atrial coil) from the delivery catheter, the stabilizing coil / turn may be held in place and / or retracted / retrieved by a retaining device / anchor (e.g., by fastening to a release / retrieval line connected by a barb, Velcro® hook, latch, lock, anchor, etc. that can be screwed onto the delivery device). After the docking device is released, it is not tightly engaged to the native mitral valve (i.e., the docking device is loosely positioned around the native mitral valve leaflets).

[0065] After the docking device 1 is fully deployed and adjusted to a desired position and orientation, the delivery catheter 1010 can be removed to make room for another delivery catheter for delivering the THV, or in some embodiments, the delivery catheter 1010 can be adjusted and / or repositioned if a prosthetic valve is to be delivered through the same catheter 1010. In some cases, the guide sheath 1000 can be left in place, and after the delivery catheter 1010 is removed, a prosthetic valve or THV delivery catheter can be advanced through the same guide sheath 1000. FIG. 8 shows a cross-sectional view of a portion of a patient's heart with the docking device 1 of FIGS. 3-5 positioned in the mitral position, prior to delivery of the THV. Here, the enlarged upper region 30 of the docking device 1 can press against the atrial wall to help hold the docking device 1 in a desired orientation, and as described above, the upper region 30 can be biased so that it does not press against the wall, which could potentially lead to obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract.

[0066] It should further be noted that in at least some procedures, the native mitral valve can continue to operate substantially normally and the patient can remain stable because the leaflets are not substantially constrained by the docking device between the time the docking device 1 is delivered to the mitral position as described above and the time the prosthetic valve is implanted within the docking device 1. Thus, the procedure can be performed on a beating heart without the need for a heart-lung machine. This further provides the physician with more time flexibility to implant the valve prosthesis without the fear that the patient will be in or will be in a hemodynamically compromised position if too much time passes between implanting the docking device 1 and then implanting the valve.

[0067] FIG. 9 shows a cross-sectional view of a portion of a heart with both the docking device 1 and the prosthetic valve 40 (e.g., THV) finally implanted in the mitral position. Generally, the prosthetic valve 40 has an expandable frame structure 41 that houses multiple valve leaflets 42. The expandable frame 41 of the prosthetic valve 40 can be balloon expandable or expandable in other ways, for example, the frame can be self-expanding or mechanically expandable, or can be expandable in a combination of several ways. The prosthetic valve 40 can be delivered through the same catheter 1010 used to deliver the docking device 1, or can be introduced through a separate catheter, typically while the valve 40 is radially collapsed for easier manipulation through a delivery catheter. In some cases, a guide sheath can be left in place when the catheter 1010 is removed, and a new prosthetic valve or THV delivery catheter can be advanced through the guide sheath 1000. The prosthetic valve 40 can then be advanced from the delivery catheter and placed through the docking device 1 while still in the collapsed configuration, and then expanded within the docking device 1, whereby the entire assembly is held in place in the mitral position by radial pressure or tension between the components. The mitral valve leaflets (or portions of the mitral valve leaflets) can be sandwiched between the functional turns of the anchor or docking coil and the frame of the prosthetic valve 41. After the docking device and prosthetic valve are securely deployed / implanted, the remaining delivery equipment can be removed from the patient.

[0068] FIG. 10 shows a perspective view of an exemplary anchor or docking device 1. The docking device 100 in FIG. 10 has a central region 110, a lower region 120, and an upper region 130 that may be the same as or similar to the central region 10, the lower region 20, and the upper region 30, respectively, in the docking device 1 described above. The docking device 100 may include the same or similar special features and characteristics as those described with respect to the docking device 1, and may be implanted using the same or similar steps. However, the docking device 100 includes an additional extension 140 that is disposed substantially between the central region 110 and the upper region 130. In some embodiments, the extension 140 may be disposed, for example, generally in the central region 110 (e.g., above the central region 110) or generally in the upper region 130, as the case may be. In FIG. 10, the extension 140 is comprised of or includes a vertical portion of a coil that extends substantially parallel to the central axis of the docking device 100. In some embodiments, the extensions 140 may be angled relative to the central axis of the docking device 100, but generally act as vertical or axial spacers that separate adjacent connection portions of the docking device 100 vertically or axially, thereby creating a vertical or axial gap between the coil portions on each side of the extensions 140 (e.g., a gap may be created between the upper or atrial side and the lower or ventricular side of the docking device 100).

[0069] The extension 140 of the docking device 100 is positioned through (e.g., across) or near the native valve loop to reduce the amount of the docking device 100 passing through or pressing against or leaning against the native valve loop when the docking device 100 is implanted. This can potentially reduce stress or strain applied to the native mitral valve by the docking device 100. In one configuration, the extension 140 is positioned at one of the commissures of the native mitral valve and passes through or crosses the commissure. In this way, the extension 140 can space the upper region 130 away from the native mitral valve leaflets and prevent the upper region 130 from interacting with or engaging the native leaflets from the atrial side. The extension 140 also raises the position of the upper region 130, thereby raising or moving the contact point between the upper region 130 and the atrial wall away from the native valve, thereby, for example, reducing stress on and around the native valve and providing more secure retention of the position of the docking device 100. The extension 140 can range in length from 5 mm to 100 mm, and in one embodiment is 15 mm.

[0070] Docking device 100 may further include one or more thread holes 150 at or near one or both of the proximal and distal ends of docking device 100. Thread holes 150 may serve as, for example, suture holes for attaching a cover layer over the coil of docking device 100 and / or attachment sites for delivery instruments such as pushers, retention devices / anchors (e.g., to hold the docking device and / or allow it to be retracted and retrieved after it has been fully or partially deployed from the delivery catheter), or pull wires / sutures for other advancement or retention devices. In some embodiments, the width or thickness of the coil of docking device 100 may also vary along the length of docking device 100. For example, among other reasons, a central region of docking device 100 may be slightly thinner than end regions (not shown) of docking device 100, e.g., to make the central region more flexible, the end regions stronger or more rigid, and / or the end regions provide a larger surface area for sewing or otherwise attaching a cover layer to the coils of docking device 100. In one embodiment, all or a portion of extension 140 may have a thickness that is less than the thickness in other regions of the docking device, e.g., extension 140 may be thinner than, e.g., induction coil / turn or lower region 120, thinner than functional coil / turn or central region 110, and / or thinner than stabilizing coil / turn or upper region 130, e.g., as shown in FIG. 19.

[0071] In FIG. 10 (and similarly FIG. 19), the coils of docking device 100 are shown wound in the opposite direction to the coils in docking device 1 described above. Thus, docking device 100 is configured to be threaded through the native valve loop in a counterclockwise direction when looking at the valve loop in the direction of blood outflow (e.g., from atrium to ventricle) as shown. This advancement can be through commissure A3P3, commissure A1P1, or another portion of the native mitral valve. Positioning docking device 100 in a counterclockwise direction also allows the distal end of the delivery catheter to be bent in a counterclockwise direction as well, which in many instances is easier than bending the delivery catheter in a clockwise direction. The various anchor / docking device embodiments described herein (including anchor / docking devices 1, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, and 1100) can be configured for clockwise or counterclockwise advancement through one of the various access points (e.g., either commissure).

[0072] In most situations and patients, the docking device needs to be placed high (e.g., farther in the left atrium) relative to the native mitral valve. Given the mitral anatomy, the final combined dock and valve combination needs to be placed high at the native valve, and possibly as high as possible, to anchor the valve to the clear zone of the native mitral valve leaflets. Furthermore, in a healthy human heart, the native mitral valve leaflets are generally smoother above the coaptation line (e.g., above where the leaflets meet when the mitral valve is closed) and rougher below the coaptation line. The smoother areas or zones of the native leaflets have much more collagenous components and are stronger, thereby providing a more reliable anchoring surface for the prosthetic valve than the rougher areas or zones. Thus, in most cases, the docking device needs to be placed as high as possible at the native valve during insertion and also needs to have sufficient retention to anchor the prosthetic valve or THV. For example, the length of the coil in a docking device placed in the ventricle is generally determined by the number of turns in the ventricle and the thickness of the wire used. Generally, the thinner the wire used, the longer the length required in the ventricle to provide sufficient retention. For example, if the docking device coil is 370 mm long, about 280 mm (e.g., ±2 mm) is placed in the ventricle. About 70 mm to 90 mm is placed in the atrium, and about 10 to 15 mm is used at the transition or extension length to move the docking device coil away from the plane of the mitral valve on the atrial side of the docking device.

[0073] The average mitral valve in humans is approximately 50 mm along its long axis and 38 mm along its short axis. Due to the size and shape of the native valve and the usually smaller size of the replacement valve, an inverse relationship is formed between how high the docking device can be placed in the mitral position and the retention force it can provide to the THV to be implanted in it, with respect to the coil diameter of the docking device. A docking device with a larger diameter can capture more chordae tendineae and therefore has the ability to be deployed higher relative to the native valve, but will have a weaker retention force on the valve docked to the docking device. Conversely, a docking device with a smaller diameter can exert a stronger retention force on the docked valve, but may not have as many chordae tendineae to wrap around and capture during deployment, which may result in the docking device being lower in the native valve loop. On the other hand, larger docking devices can be modified to have a larger coil diameter or thickness and / or be constructed using materials with a higher elastic modulus.

[0074] 11-13 show a docking device according to another embodiment of the invention. Docking device 200 (see FIGS. 12 and 13) comprises a laser cut tube 210 and tension wires 219. Wires 219 can be used to adjust the curvature and / or size of docking device 200. For example, docking device 200 can assume a larger or wider configuration when placed at the native valve loop, and can then be adjusted by wires 219 to assume a smaller or narrower configuration in preparation for docking a prosthetic valve.

[0075] FIG. 11 shows a schematic of an open sheet view of a laser cut tube 210, e.g., the sheet can be connected end-to-end to form a tubular structure, or a similar tube can be formed as a tube, i.e., seamlessly, and cut as a tube. The tube 210 can be made of a shape memory material or a non-shape memory material (e.g., NiTi, stainless steel, other materials, or combinations of materials). The tube 210 can be laser cut to have the pattern shown in FIG. 11, or a similar pattern, where the cutting pattern indicates the shape of the docking device 200 when it is actuated. The patterned cuts in FIG. 11 include a plurality of separate cuts 211 that extend transversely to the longitudinal axis of the tube 210 and separate the tube 210 into a plurality of interconnected links 212. Each of the cuts 211 can further form one or more teeth 213 and one or more corresponding grooves 214 in the adjacent link 212, and the teeth 213 can extend into the adjacent grooves 214, including when the tube 210 is bent or curved. The teeth 213 and grooves 214 formed by each cut 212 can extend in the same direction along the tube 210, or some can be configured to extend in opposite directions, depending on the desired shape of the docking device 200. The cuts 211 can also be included entirely on the sheet or tube, in other words, the cuts 211 do not extend to any edge of the sheet or tube, whereby the links 212 remain interconnected to one another in at least one region. In other embodiments, some or all of the cuts can extend to the edge of the sheet or tube, as desired. In the embodiment of FIG. 11, each of the cuts 211 further includes an end region 215 on each end of the cut 211 that extends parallel to the longitudinal axis of the tube 210. The end regions 215 provide space for adjacent links 212 to pivot relative to one another while remaining interconnected.

[0076] The laser cut patterning can also be modified or changed along the length of the tube 210 such that the cuts have different sizes, shapes, and locations on the sheet or tube to achieve different shapes and curvatures in the docking device 200 when the docking device 200 is tensioned or actuated. For example, as can be seen in FIG. 11, the left end of the sheet or tube includes another cut 216 that is larger than the cut 211 found in the center and right hand portion of the sheet or tube (as shown). The left end of the tube 210 can have such an enlarged laser cut pattern to make the distal tip of the docking device 200 more mobile or flexible, as described in more detail below.

[0077] Additionally, the laser cut sheet or tube may include one or more distal wire lock special features, e.g., notches 217, at the distal or left end of the sheet or tube as shown, and / or one or more proximal wire lock special features, e.g., notches 218, at the proximal or right end of the sheet or tube as shown. Using either or both of the distal wire lock special feature 217 or the proximal wire lock element, a locking wire 219, shown in FIG. 11A, may be attached to the distal or proximal end of the tube 210 and then tensioned through the tube 210 to lock it to the opposite end of the tube 210 to obtain the desired actuated configuration of the docking device 200. By placing the laser cut pattern along a large portion of the tube 210 or the entire length of the tube 210, when the locking wire 219 is attached to one end of the tube 210 and then actuated to lock to the other end of the tube 210, the tube 210 is forced into the desired final coiled form or shape by the configuration of the notches 211 and 216. The tension in the tension wire has the ability to control the radial outward and inward forces applied on the docking device 200 as well as the radial outward and inward forces applied by the docking device 200 to other special features, such as the replacement valve 40 held within the docking device 200. The locking wire can help control the forces applied by the docking device and in other embodiments, the locking wire is not needed. The locking wire can be placed in the laser cut hypotube or the locking wire can be placed in a tube that is not laser cut. The locking wire can be a suture, a tether, a wire, a strip, etc., and the locking wire can be made from a variety of materials, such as metal, steel, NiTi, polymer, fiber, Dyneema, other biocompatible materials, etc.

[0078] In some embodiments, for example those in which a shape memory material such as NiTi is used to assemble the docking device 200, the tube 210 can be placed around a round mandrel that defines a desired coil diameter as manufactured and a shape set at that particular diameter. The shape set diameter can be larger in some embodiments than the desired final diameter of the docking device 200, such that the tube 210 assumes this larger shape set diameter when pushed out of the delivery catheter and prior to actuation of the locking or tension wires. During this time, the larger diameter of the docking device 200 can help to more easily manipulate and turn the docking device 200 around the anatomy of the native valve.

[0079] Additionally, in some embodiments, the distal tip 222 of the tube 210 can be shaped differently so that instead of following the same coil shape as the rest of the docking device 200, the distal tip 222 flexes or articulates slightly radially outward compared to the rest of the docking device 200 to further aid in turning around the mitral anatomy or other valvular anatomy, as can be seen, for example, in FIG 12. In addition to or in lieu of different shaping as described above, the distal end 222 of the tube 210 can include different notches 216 to make the distal end 222 more flexible or easier to move, which can aid in maneuvering the distal end 222 of the docking device 200 around the anatomy shape.

[0080] After the docking device 200 has been manipulated around the mitral anatomy or other anatomy shape and reached a desired position relative to the native valve, the locking wires can be tensioned or otherwise actuated to reduce the size of the docking device (e.g., reduce the diameter of the coil turns) to allow for firmer or more secure docking of the prosthetic replacement valve 40. On the other hand, in some embodiments in which the distal tip 222 of the docking device 200 is shaped to deflect outwardly, tension in the locking wires can potentially pull or retract the distal tip 222 further inward, thereby causing the distal tip 222 to conform more closely to the remainder of the docking device 200 and more effectively contribute to docking the replacement valve 40.

[0081] The replacement valve 40 can then be placed and expanded within the docking device 200. FIG. 13 is an example of the docking device 200 after it has been actuated by the locking wires and after the replacement valve 40 has been expanded within the docking device 200. The tension on the locking wires helps to more effectively hold the desired shape and size of the docking device 200 and maintain a stronger retention force between the docking device 200 and the valve 40. The radially outward pressure exerted by the valve 40 on the docking device 200 is countered by the tension wires or locking wires and the radially inward pressure exerted by the docking device 200 on the valve 40, providing a stronger and more secure retention between these members. As can be further seen in FIG. 13, because the docking device 200 can more effectively hold its shape and size, the radially inward pressure from the docking device 200 on the valve 40 can create a flaring effect at the ends of the frame of the valve 40, thereby providing a much more secure retention between the docking device 200 and the valve 40.

[0082] Docking device 200 may be modified in various ways in other embodiments. For example, the docking device may be made of or include a shape memory material other than NiTi, or in some embodiments, may be made of a non-shape memory material, such as stainless steel, other biocompatible materials, and / or combinations thereof. Additionally, while docking device 200 has been described above for use at the mitral valve, in other applications, similar or slightly modified docking devices may be used to dock replacement valves at other native valve sites, such as the tricuspid, pulmonary, or aortic valves.

[0083] The docking device 200 described above, and similar devices using tension or locking wires, can provide several advantages over other docking devices, such as devices in which locking wires are not used. For example, the locking wires provide the user with the ability to control the amount of radial outward and inward force applied by generating and adjusting tension in the locking wires on or by the docking device, without compromising the desired profile of the docking device, or to deliver the docking device through a catheter or minimally invasive techniques. FIG. 11A shows a tension wire 219 that is held under or looped around the teeth 218, then pulled through and crimped at the opening 217 to set the shape of the docking device. Additionally, the laser cuts in the tube make the docking device more flexible, allowing it to be introduced through a catheter that may have a relatively small bend radius in some locations.

[0084] In embodiments where shape memory materials are used, the docking device can be shaped to include coils / turns with a larger diameter to allow the coil to more easily turn around the anatomy feature during delivery of the docking device and before tensioning the locking wire. Additionally, the distal tip of the docking device can be further shaped to bend or bias outward slightly to aid in turning around a greater portion of the anatomy shape during advancement and placement of the docking device. Additionally, in some embodiments, the distal end of the docking device can be further modified such that, for example, more material is removed to form larger cuts, making the distal portion of the docking device much more flexible, thereby allowing the tip to be more easily actuated and manipulated to more effectively manipulate and turn around different cardiovascular anatomy. Patterns can be laser cut to make the force in one area weaker than the force in another area. The tube can be oval, i.e., the cross-sectional area of ​​the tube can be oval, so that a force can be applied to bend the tube in a desired direction. Tension wires can also be clipped to both the proximal and distal ends of the tube to create tension. Although an exemplary cut pattern is shown, other cut patterns are possible.

[0085] Various features may be further incorporated or added to one or more of the docking devices described herein (e.g., docking devices 1, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, and 1100 herein) to increase the retention force between the docking device and the replacement valve expanded within the docking device. Generally, a coiled or coil-shaped docking device has two open or free ends after implantation. When a THV or other replacement valve is expanded within the coil, the coil may partially unwind, increasing the diameter of the coil due to the outward pressure exerted by the valve expanding on the coil, reducing the retention force exerted by the coil on the valve. Thus, a mechanism or other special mechanism may be incorporated into the docking device to prevent or reduce the unwinding of the coil when the replacement valve is expanded within the coil, thereby increasing the radial force and retention force between the docking device and the valve. Such features can be incorporated instead of modifying the size and shape of the docking device, for example, without increasing the thickness of the coil or decreasing the diameter of the interior space formed by the coil, both of which would adversely affect the performance of the docking device or the ease with which it can be delivered. For example, making the coil of the docking device itself thicker would make the docking device more difficult to pass through a delivery catheter because the increased thickness would make the coil more stiff. On the other hand, making the diameter of the interior space formed by the coil too small could prevent the expandable valve from fully expanding due to the narrowing of the space.

[0086] A first alternative modification to ensure sufficient retention between the docking device and the valve expanded therein is shown in FIG. 14. The docking device 300 in FIG. 14 includes a main coil 310 (which may be similar in size and shape to one of the docking devices described above) and anchors 320 extending from two free ends of the coil 310. The anchors 320 are configured or otherwise configured, for example, to have a size or shape to embed themselves in the surrounding tissue (e.g., in the atrial and / or ventricular walls) when the replacement valve is expanded within the docking device 300. The anchors 320 may be barbed to promote ingrowth after the anchors 320 are embedded in the heart wall or other tissue. The anchors may be any of a number of different shapes and sizes. The anchors may extend from any area at or near the ends. In some cases, the anchors or barbs may also be located at various locations along the length and exterior surface of the docking device.

[0087] In operation, when the docking device 300 is deployed in the mitral anatomy, one end of the docking device 300 is located in the left atrium while the other end of the docking device 300 is located in the left ventricle after the docking device 300 is placed through the mitral valve. The shape and size of the coil 310 of the docking device 300 can be selected and optimized to ensure that the ends of the coil 310 abut against the atrial and ventricular walls, respectively, when the docking device 300 is advanced to a desired position. Thus, the anchors 320 at the ends of the coil 310 can anchor themselves in the respective heart walls. When the replacement valve is expanded within the coil 310, the free ends of the coil 310 are held in place by the anchors 320 housed within the heart walls. The immobilization of the free end of coil 310 when the replacement valve is expanded within docking device 300 prevents coil 310 from unwinding, thereby increasing the radial force applied between docking device 300 and the expanded valve and improving the retention between these components.

[0088] FIG. 15 shows a schematic diagram of a portion of another modified docking device for improving the retention between the docking device and the replacement valve. A portion of three turns of the docking device 400 is shown in FIG. 15. The docking device 400 includes a main coil or core 410, which can be, for example, a NiTi coil / core, or a coil / core made of or including one or more of a variety of other biocompatible materials. The docking device 400 further includes a coating 420 covering the coil / core 410. The coating 420 can be made of or include a high friction material, such that when the expandable valve is expanded within the docking device 400, an amount of friction that occurs between the valve and the coating 420 is increased to retain the shape of the docking device 400 and prevent or inhibit / resist unwinding of the docking device 400. Additionally or alternatively, the coating can increase the amount of friction between the docking device and the native valve leaflets and / or prosthetic valve, helping to maintain the relative positions of the docking device, leaflets, and / or prosthetic valve.

[0089] The covering 420 is made of one or more high friction materials that are placed on the coil wire 410. In one embodiment, the covering 420 is made of or includes PET braided on an ePTFE tube, which acts as a core for the covering 420. The ePTFE tube core is porous and constitutes a cushioned, padded layer for the struts or other parts of the frame of the expandable valve, improving the engagement between the valve and the docking device 400. Meanwhile, the PET layer creates additional friction against the native leaflets when the prosthetic valve is expanded, and the struts or other parts of the valve frame apply outward pressure to the docking device 400. These special features work together to increase the radial force between the docking device 400 and the native leaflets and / or prosthetic valve, thereby increasing the retention force and preventing the docking device 400 from unwinding.

[0090] In other embodiments, the covering 420 can be made from one or more other high friction materials that also cover the coil 410. The material selected to make the covering 420 can also promote rapid tissue ingrowth. Additionally, in some embodiments, the outer surface of the replacement valve frame can be covered with a fabric material or other high friction material to further increase the friction between the docking device and the valve, thereby further preventing or reducing the docking device from unwinding. The friction created by the covering can have a coefficient of friction greater than 1. The covering can be made of ePTFE, can be a tube that covers the coil, and can be smooth or porous (or braided or have other structural features that provide a larger accessible surface area, similar to pores) to promote tissue ingrowth. The covering can also have PET braided onto the ePTFE tube when the ePTFE tube is smooth. The outermost surface of the covering or the outermost surface braided onto the covering can be any biocompatible material that creates friction, such as a biocompatible metal, silicone tubing, or PET. The pore size in the coating can range from 30 microns to 100 microns. In the embodiment with a PET coating over ePTFE, the PET layer is not attached directly to the coil of the docking device, but only to the ePTFE coating. The ePTFE tube coating can be attached to the docking device coil at the coating proximal and distal ends. The ePTFE tube coating can be laser welded onto the coil, or a radiopaque marker can be placed on the ePTFE tube coating or on the outside of the PET braid and crimped against the material to hold it in place against the coil.

[0091] While in some embodiments docking device 400 may include anchors similar to anchors 320 described above to further enhance retention, other embodiments of the docking device may incorporate coating 420 without further including any such additional end anchors. After the replacement valve is expanded within docking device 400 and the resulting assembly begins to function as a composite functional unit, any tissue ingrowth may also serve to reduce the load on the composite valve and dock assembly.

[0092] The coating 420 may be added to any of the docking devices described herein (e.g., docking devices 1, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, and 1100) and may cover all or a portion of the docking device. For example, the coating may be configured to simply cover the functional coil, the induction coil, the stabilization coil, or only a portion of one or more of these (e.g., only a portion of the functional coil).

[0093] 16 and 16A are schematic diagrams of a portion of another modified docking device that improves retention between the docking device and the replacement valve. As shown in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 16A, the leaflet tissue 42 is corrugated to conform to the variable cross-section between the areas of the coil 510 that include friction elements 520 and the areas of the coil 510 that do not include friction elements. This corrugation of the leaflet tissue 42 better traps the tissue 42 between the docking device 1 and the valve frame 41. The docking device 500 in FIG. 16 includes a main coil 510 and one or more discrete friction elements 520 spaced apart along the length of the coil 510. The friction elements 520 can be made of a cloth material or other high friction material such as PET and can be formed as small bulges on the surface of the coil 510 or on another layer disposed on the coil 510. In some embodiments, the coating 420 itself can be considered a friction element or can be configured to form one or more of the friction elements 520. In some embodiments, the friction element 520 is added in addition to adding a high friction coating 530 similar to the coating 420 described above. An example of a docking device 500 in which both the high friction coating 530 and the friction element 520 are applied onto the main coil 510 is shown diagrammatically in FIG.

[0094] When the expandable valve is expanded within the docking device 500, friction is created between the valve frame and the friction elements 520 and / or between the valve frame, the native leaflets, and the docking device that prevents or inhibits / resists unwinding of the coils 510 of the docking device 500. For example, the friction elements 520 engage or otherwise extend into the cells defined by the frame of the expandable valve and / or press the leaflet tissue into the cells of the expandable valve. Furthermore, when the valve is expanded within the docking device 500, each of the friction elements 520 can engage adjacent turns of the docking device 500 above and / or below the friction elements 520 and / or engage one or more other friction elements 520 on adjacent turns of the docking device 500. Any or all of these such engagements cause the docking device 500 to inhibit or resist unwinding, thereby increasing the retention force between the docking device 500 and the expanded valve.

[0095] FIG. 18 shows a schematic of a portion of three turns of yet another modified docking device 600 that helps improve retention between the docking device and the replacement valve. The docking device 600 includes a coil 610 modified with one or more interlocking lock-and-key patterns spaced along the length of the coil 610. The lock-and-key pattern may be simple, such as a rectangular groove or notch 618 and a complementary rectangular protrusion 622, as shown diagrammatically in FIG. 18, or may be made of or include different shapes and / or more complex patterns in other embodiments. Furthermore, in various embodiments, the grooves 618 and protrusions 622 may all be coaxially positioned or may be positioned in different axial directions. Lock-and-key patterns or other frictional elements may be located on the functional turns of the docking device.

[0096] When an expandable valve is expanded within the docking device 600, the lock and key mechanism relies on adjacent turns of the coil 610 abutting each other and interlocking with adjacent turns of the coil 610 above and / or below each turn when one or more of the protrusions 622 engage corresponding grooves 618. The interlocking grooves 618 and protrusions 622 prevent relative motion between the respective special features and therefore also prevent the coil 610 of the docking device 600 from physically unwinding. This configuration therefore also serves to increase the radial force and ultimate retention force between the docking device 600 and a replacement valve expanded within the docking device 600.

[0097] FIG. 19 shows a perspective view of an exemplary anchor or docking device. The docking device 1100 in FIG. 19 can be of the same or similar structure as the docking device 100 in FIG. 10 above, and can include any of the special features and characteristics described with respect to the docking device 100. The docking device 1100 can include a central region 1110, a lower region 1120, an upper region 1130, and an extension region 1140. The lower region 1120 and the upper region 1130 can form a larger coil diameter than the central region 1110, and the extension region 1140 can separate the upper region 1130 from the central region 1110 in the vertical direction, also as described above. The docking device 1100 is also positioned or wound such that advancement of the docking device 1100 into the left ventricle can be performed in a counterclockwise direction when looking at the valve loop in the outflow direction (e.g., from the atrium to the ventricle). Other embodiments can instead facilitate clockwise advancement and placement of the docking device.

[0098] In the embodiment in FIG. 19, the central coil / turn 1110 of the docking device 1100 also serves as the functional coil / turn and constitutes the primary docking site for the prosthetic valve or THV expanded within the docking device. The central turn 1110 is generally located within the left ventricle, while a small distal portion, if any, extends through the native valve loop into the left atrium, as described in more detail below. In an embodiment in which the THV has an expanded outer diameter of 29 mm, the central turn 1110 may have an inner diameter in the range of 20 mm to 30 mm, and in an exemplary embodiment, may have an inner diameter of about 23 mm (e.g., ±2 mm) to provide a retention force between the parts of about 16 N, sufficient to stably hold the expanded THV within the docking device 1100 and prevent the THV from slipping out of the docking device 1100, even when mitral pressures are severe.

[0099] Meanwhile, the lower region 1120 of the docking device 1100 acts as a guide coil / turn (e.g., ventricular encircling turn). The lower region 1120 includes the distal tip of the docking device 1100 and spreads radially outward from the central turn 1110 to capture some or all of the native leaflets and chordae tendineae and / or other mitral valve anatomy when the docking device 1100 is advanced into the left atrium. Native mitral valves exhibiting mitral regurgitation typically have an A2P2 distance of 35 mm and a commissure-to-commissure distance of 45 mm. Thus, with a 29 mm THV, the small size of the THV, and therefore the size of the central turn 1110, is smaller than the long axis of the mitral anatomy. Thus, the lower region 1120 is initially formed to have an enlarged size or profile compared to the central turn 1110 to more easily guide the docking device 1100 around both native leaflets. In one example, the diameter of the lower region 1120 can be configured to be approximately the same as the distance measured between the commissures of the native valve (e.g., 45 mm), such that the distal tip extends approximately that distance away from the exit of the delivery catheter while the docking device 1100 is delivered.

[0100] The upper region 1130 of the docking device 1100 acts as a fixed coil / turn (e.g., an atrial coil / turn) that provides the docking device 1100 with a self-retaining mechanism during the transition phase between when the docking device 1100 is deployed at the native valve and when the THV is delivered. The left atrium generally forms a funnel shape that flares outward from the mitral valve loop and flares away from the valve loop. The diameter of the upper region 1130 is selected to allow the upper region 1130 to fit at approximately the desired height within the left atrium and to prevent the upper region 1130 from further sliding or falling toward the native mitral valve loop after the desired position is achieved. In one example, the upper region 1130 is formed to be 40-60 mm in diameter, such as about 53 mm in diameter.

[0101] Furthermore, the shape and location of the upper region 1130 are selected such that after the THV is deployed within the docking device 1100, the upper region 1130 exerts minimal or no pressure on the portion of the atrial wall adjacent to the aortic wall. FIG. 20 is a schematic top view of a portion of the heart, showing an approximation of the left atrium 1800 and the mitral valve 1810 located at its central region. Also shown is the approximate location of the aorta 1840. Meanwhile, the docking device 1100 is delivered to the native mitral valve 1810 at the commissure A3P3 1820. Note that the upper region 1130 of the docking device 1100 is located away from the wall 1830 of the left atrium 1800 adjacent to the aorta 1840. Additionally, as the THV expands within the docking device, the central region 1110 of the docking device 1100 may tend to expand and unroll slightly, which may further pull the upper region 1130 away from the atrial wall 1830 (counterclockwise downward as shown in FIG. 20 ). Further details regarding the positioning of the docking device 1100 relative to the mitral valve 1810 are described below with further reference to FIG. 20 .

[0102] The extension region 1140 provides vertical extension and separation between the central region 1110 and the upper region 1130 of the docking device 1100. Thus, in some embodiments, the extension region 1140 of the docking device 1100 (and the extension region 140 of the docking device 100) may be referred to as an ascending turn. The location where the docking device 1100 crosses the mitral plane is important in maintaining the integrity of the native valve anatomy, specifically the leaflets and commissures, to serve as a suitable docking site for the eventual implantation of the THV. A docking device without such an extension or elevation region 1140 would have more of the docking device positioned on or in contact with the mitral plane, pinching the native leaflets and potentially damaging them from the atrial side due to the docking device moving relative to the native leaflets or rubbing against them. Having the extension region 1140 allows the portion of the docking device 1100 positioned within the left atrium to be elevated and spaced away from the mitral plane.

[0103] Additionally, the stretched region 1140 of the docking device 1100 may have a smaller diameter cross-section. In the illustrated embodiment, the wire core of the other regions of the docking device 1100 may have a diameter of, for example, 0.825 mm, while the core of the stretched region 1140 may have a diameter of 0.6 mm. In another embodiment, the wire core of the other regions of the docking device has a cross-sectional diameter of 0.85 mm and the stretched region has a cross-sectional diameter of 0.6 mm. When the cross-sectional diameter of the other regions of the docking device coil is 0.825 mm or more or the cross-sectional diameter is 0.85 mm or more, the stretched region 1140 has a cross-sectional diameter of 0.4 to 0.8 mm. The thicknesses may also be selected based on the ratio of each other. The stretched region may have a cross-sectional diameter of 50% to 75% of the cross-sectional diameter of the remainder of the wire. A stretched region 1140 with a smaller cross-section may provide a more acute angle at which the stretched region 1140 rises from the mitral plane. The radius of curvature and wire cross section of the stretched region 1140 can further be selected to provide sufficient connection points between the central region 1110 and the top region 1130 of the docking device 1100 and / or to allow the stretched region 1140 to be deployed and retrieved more easily with less force, for example, during delivery of the docking device, since a thinner wire core is easier to straighten or bend. Additionally, in embodiments where a shape memory such as NiTi is used for the wire core, the thickness of both the stretched region 1140 and the remainder of the docking device 1100 should be selected so as not to exceed strain limits based on the material properties of the selected material.

[0104] As noted above, the wire core of the docking device 100 can be made of NiTi, another shape memory material, or another biocompatible metal or other material, but the wire core can be covered by one or more additional materials. These cover or layer materials can be attached in a variety of ways, including, for example, by adhering, melting, molding, etc. around the core, or by suturing, tying, or bonding the cover / layer to the wire core in other ways. Referring briefly to FIG. 22, a cross section of the distal portion of the docking device 1100 includes a wire core 1160 and a cover layer 1170. The wire core 1160 can provide strength to the docking device 1100, for example. Meanwhile, the base material of the cover layer 1170 covering the wire core 1160 can be, for example, ePTFE or another polymer. The cover layer 1170 can be compressed more easily than the wire core 1160, thereby allowing the wire frame and / or struts of the THV to be partially embedded or otherwise secured to the cover layer 1170 when the THV is expanded within the docking device 1100, providing additional stability. A more compressible material also allows for less traumatic pinching or compressing of the native valve leaflets and other biological structures between the docking device 1100 and the THV, reducing wear and / or damage to the native biological structures. In the case of ePTFE, the material is not water or blood permeable, but allows ethylene oxide gas to pass or penetrate, thereby forming a layer that can more easily sterilize the underlying wire core 1160. On the other hand, the ePTFE cover layer 1170 is not blood permeable, but can be formed with a pore size of, for example, 30 microns to facilitate the anchoring of blood cells in and on the outer surface of the cover layer 1170, for example, to promote tissue ingrowth after implantation. Additionally, ePTFE is also a very low friction material. The docking device 1100 with the ePTFE cover layer 1170 provides stability and promotes ingrowth.

[0105] Although a low friction ePTFE cover layer 1170 can aid in the interaction between the ends of the docking device 1100 and the native heart anatomy, it may be more desirable to add friction in the central region 1110 that forms the functional coil of the docking device 1100 for docking the THV. Thus, as can be seen in FIG. 19, an additional coating 1180 (which may be the same or similar as the coating 420 and / or friction element 520, as the case may be) can be added to the central region 1110 of the docking device 1100 in addition to the ePTFE layer 1170. FIG. 19A shows a cross-sectional view of each layer. The coating 1180 (shown as a braided layer) or other high friction layer creates additional friction between adjacent coils and against the native leaflets and / or the THV when the THV is expanded within the docking device 1100. The friction created at the interfaces between the coils and between the inner surface of the central region 1110 of the docking device 1100, the native mitral valve leaflets, and / or the outer surface of the THV creates a more secure locking mechanism for stronger anchoring of the THV and docking device 1100 to the native valve. The functional coils / turns or central region 1110 of the docking device 1100, i.e., the area of ​​the docking device that interacts with the THV, are generally the only areas where a high friction coating / layer is desired, and as seen in FIG. 19 , the braided layer or high friction coating / layer 1180 does not extend into the lower region 1120 or into the stretched region 1140, so that those areas of the docking device 1100, along with the upper region 1130, remain low friction, thus promoting less traumatic interaction with the native valve and other cardiac anatomy. Additional friction elements, and therefore improved retention between the docking device and the replacement valve, can also be added to the device by any combination of the high friction coating / layer 1180 with high friction elements or other special features described herein and shown in Figures 15-18.

[0106] 20 is a top view of a possible placement of the docking device 1100 on the native mitral valve 1810 prior to expanding the THV within the docking device 1100. In this embodiment, the docking device 1100 is advanced counterclockwise through the commissure A3P3 1820 of the mitral valve 1810 into the left ventricle. Once a desired amount of docking device 1100 (e.g., lower region 1120 and most of central region 1110) has been advanced into the left ventricle, the remaining turns of docking device 1100, e.g., any remaining portions (if any) of central region 1110, tension region 1140 (or portions thereof), and upper region 1130, may then be released from the delivery catheter, e.g., by clockwise or counter-rotation of the delivery catheter, thereby allowing these portions of docking device 1100 to be unplugged or otherwise released, while the positions of central region 1110 and lower region 1120 of docking device 1100 remain fixed or substantially in place relative to the surrounding anatomy. In FIG. 20, the portions of device 1100 below the native valve are shown in dotted lines.

[0107] Proper positioning of the docking device 1100 can be very important. In one embodiment, the docking device 1100 should be positioned relative to the native valve 1810 such that the desired portion of the docking device 1100 extends through the native valve 1810 at or near the commissure A3P3 and contacts the atrial side of the native leaflets. For example, as can be seen in FIG. 19, the proximal portion of the central region 1110 of the docking device 1100 extends between the proximal end of the covering or knitted layer 1180 and the stretched region 1140, leaving the ePTFE or low friction layer 1170 exposed. This ePTFE or low friction region is preferably the portion of the docking device 1100 that intersects the mitral plane and contacts the atrial side of the native leaflets. On the other hand, the portion of the docking device 1100 that passes through the mitral valve may be, for example, a portion of the exposed central region 1110 immediately adjacent the end of the cover or knitted layer 1180, or may include some of the proximal end of the cover or knitted layer 1180.

[0108] Advancement of the lower coil or ventricular coil of the docking device 1100 into the left ventricle needs to be precise. To facilitate this, one or more marker bands or other visualization features can be included in any of the docking devices described herein. FIG. 21 is a top view of a modified embodiment of the docking device 1100, where two marker bands 1182, 1184 have been added to the docking device 1100. The marker bands 1182, 1184 are positioned side by side. The marker bands and / or visualization features can be positioned in various locations, but in FIG. 20, the first marker band 1182 is positioned at the proximal end of the high friction layer 1180, while the second marker band 1184 is positioned slightly away from the proximal end of the high friction layer 1180. One marker band 1182 can be thicker than the other marker band 1184 so that they can be easily distinguished. The marker bands 1182, 1184 or other visualization special features provide landmarks for easily locating the proximal end of the high friction layer 1180 relative to both the delivery catheter and the native mitral anatomy. Thus, the physician can use the marker bands 1182, 1184 or other visualization special features to determine when to stop advancing the docking device 1100 into the left ventricle (e.g., when the marker bands are in a desired position proximate the commissure A3P3) and when to begin releasing or withdrawing the remaining proximal portion of the docking device 1100 into the left atrium. In one embodiment, the marker bands 1182, 1184 are visualized under fluoroscopy or other 2D imaging modalities, but the invention is not so limited. In some embodiments, instead of the above, one or more marker bands are placed on the low friction layer 1170 proximate the end of the knitted layer 1180 or on other portions of the docking device 1100 based on the user's preference. In other embodiments, fewer or more marker bands can be used. The braided layer 1180 can extend across the portion of the docking device coil that engages the replacement heart valve.

[0109] Any of the docking devices herein can be further modified, for example, to facilitate or aid in advancing the docking device to the proper position relative to the native valve. For example, they can also be modified to aid in preventing the native valve and other native heart tissue from being damaged by the docking device during implantation and placement of the docking device. In mitral applications, the distal tip can be sized, shaped, and / or otherwise configured to more easily manipulate and rotate around the chordae tendineae when the guiding tip or distal tip of a coil-shaped docking device as described above is introduced or rotated into position within the left ventricle. Meanwhile, the distal tip should be atraumatic, so that the anatomy is not damaged when the distal tip is advanced around and / or through the mitral valve anatomy or other valve anatomy.

[0110] On the other hand, in some embodiments, the proximal end of the docking device is attached to a pusher in the delivery catheter that pushes the docking device out of the distal opening of the catheter. The terms pusher, pusher device, and push rod are used interchangeably herein and can be substituted for one another. The pusher can help push / pull or retrieve the docking device relative to the delivery catheter while attached to the docking device, allowing for repositioning of the docking device at any stage throughout the delivery process. The methods described herein can include various steps related to retrieval and repositioning of the docking device, such as retracting or pulling a push rod / suture / tether or other special mechanism to pull / retract the docking device back into the delivery catheter and then repositioning and reimplanting the docking device in a different position / attitude or site. In docking devices having a cover layer, such as a fabric layer covering the docking device skeleton or coil skeleton, adjustment of the docking device by a pusher, e.g., by the cardiac anatomy and / or the pusher / push rod, the pusher device itself, may exert frictional forces on the cover layer, particularly at the portions located at the proximal and distal ends of the docking device. Thus, both the structure at the ends of the coils of the docking device and the connection techniques (e.g., adhesive or suturing techniques) for connecting the fabric layer to the coils may be important to handle such frictional forces and prevent the fabric layer from tearing from the coil or the ends of the coil.

[0111] In view of the above, the docking device 1100 can include atraumatic distal and proximal ends. FIG. 22 shows a cross section of the proximal end of the docking device 1100, illustrating the respective shapes of the wire core 1160, which can be made of, for example, NiTi, and the low-friction cover layer 1170, which can be made of, for example, ePTFE or another polymer. The low-friction cover layer 1170 can extend slightly beyond the end of the wire core 1160 and taper to a rounded tip. The rounded extension area constitutes a space for the low-friction cover layer 1170 to adhere to and around the wire core 1160 and form an atraumatic tip. The distal tip of the docking device herein (e.g., the docking device 1100) can be constructed or configured to have a similar structure.

[0112] 19 and 22, the docking device 1100 can optionally further include fastening holes 1164 near each of the proximal and distal tips. The fastening holes 1164 can be used to further fasten the cover layer 1170 to the wire core 1160, for example, via sutures or other tie-downs. This and / or similar fastening means can further prevent slippage or movement between the core 1160 and the cover layer 1170 during deployment and / or retrieval of the docking device 1100. In some cases, the cover layer 1170 can be attached, melted, molded, etc., around the core without sutures.

[0113] In some embodiments, the distal tip of the docking device 1100 can be slightly tapered radially inward, e.g., in a tangent direction to the circle formed by the coils of the central region 1110. Similarly, the stabilizing coil / turn or upper region 1130 of the docking device 1100 can be slightly tapered radially inward, e.g., in a tangent direction (or have a tangential portion) to the circle formed by the coils of the central region 1110, and can be directed, e.g., slightly upward toward the atrial roof and away from the other coils of the docking device 1100. The upper region 1130 of the docking device 1100 can be configured as described above as a precaution, e.g., in case the docking device 1100 is not placed in the desired position described above and slides toward the left ventricle, where the upper region 1130 may possibly come into contact with the mitral plane, or in case the docking device 1100 is implanted in a heart with abnormal anatomy.

[0114] With regard to facilitating attachment of the docking device 1100 to a pusher / pusher rod or other advancement or retrieval mechanism in a delivery catheter, the proximal end of the docking device 1100 can further include a second hole or bore 1162. As shown in FIG. 22A, the hole or bore 1162 can be looped to connect or attach a retention device such as a long release / retrieval line or suture 1163 to the distal end of the docking device 1100 to a pusher or other special mechanism in the delivery catheter. The hole 1162 can be rounded and smooth to prevent unintentional severing of the line / suture. The line / suture can allow for a more secure attachment of the docking device 1100 to the delivery catheter and can also allow for pulling and retrieving the docking device 1100 when retraction, partial retrieval, or full retrieval of the docking device 1100 is desired. 22C shows a detailed view of the release line / suture 1163 looped through the bore 1162 of the docking device 1100, with the exterior of the delivery catheter 1010 cut away. The pusher device 1165 is configured as a pusher tube with a lumen therein, e.g., extending end-to-end. The line / suture in this embodiment extends through a longitudinal hole that runs through the pusher device / tube 1165 held within the delivery catheter 1010. Alternatively, after the desired placement of the docking device 1100 is achieved, the physician or other user can simply cut the proximal portion of the line / suture and pull the line / suture proximally to pass the cut end of the line / suture through the hole 1162, thereby releasing the docking device 1100 from the delivery catheter. In one embodiment, the line / suture can be extended in a loop so that it extends from the bore 1162 through the pusher device / tube 1165 to a handle or hub external to the patient (the loop can be opened and closed by securing the two ends to the handle or hub).When cut, a portion of the line / suture can remain attached to the handle or hub (or possibly held by the medical practitioner), allowing the line / suture to be pulled proximally until the cut end exits the bore 1162, releasing the delivery device. Figure 22B shows another embodiment in which the line / suture 1163 is looped through the bore 1162 at the proximal end of the coil.

[0115] Various other modifications may be made to either or both distal or proximal tips of any of the docking devices described herein to make the docking device more robust. FIG. 23 illustrates an exemplary end of a core skeleton or coil skeleton of a docking device according to another embodiment of the invention that may be used at the distal and / or proximal ends of the device. The ends of the coil / core 710 may be made of or include Nitinol, another shape memory metal or material, and / or a non-shape memory material. The illustrated ends of the coil / core 710 have a substantially flat or rectangular cross-section and include a tip 712 (e.g., a ring-shaped tip or other shaped tip). The illustrated rectangular cross-section may be shaped such that only the ends of the coil 710 or may extend the length of the coil 710, while in other embodiments the entire coil 710, including the distal and / or proximal end regions, may have a more rounded or other shaped cross-section. The ringed tip 712 has an enlarged or expanded width compared to the rest of the coil / core 710 and defines a threading hole 714 to facilitate the passage of one or more lines / sutures. A free end 716 of the ringed tip 712 can be configured as a circle or other arc, while an opposite end 718 of the tip 712 can be formed as a rounded or tapered transition between the tip 712 and the adjacent region of the coil 710. The coil 710 can include one or more cover fastening holes 720 near the tip 712 to further aid in fastening a cover layer disposed over and attached to the coil 710.

[0116] The cover layer covering the skeleton / core 710 of the docking device can be, for example, one or more of the coatings or layers mentioned above (e.g., low friction and / or high friction coatings). The cover layer can be made of or include an ePTFE core tube covered with a woven PET fabric, or can be made of or include any other fabric or other biocompatible material. Such a cover layer can be used to cover a majority of the docking device, for example, from the body of the coil skeleton / core 710 to the end 718 of the tip 712 or slightly above the end 718. The cover layer can then be connected to the ringed tip 712, for example, via a suture that passes through the thread 714 and runs over the arcuate free end region 716 and covers the arcuate free end region 716. The suture serves to secure the cover layer to the skeleton / core 710 and also serves to soften the edge of the ringed tip 712. Additional sutures can be passed through one or more cover anchoring holes 720 near the tip 712 to further anchor the cover layer to the skeleton / core 710 .

[0117] FIG. 24 shows the end of a docking device skeleton or core that can be used at its proximal and / or distal ends with any of the docking devices described herein. The end of the coil / core 810 can be made of or include Nitinol, another shape memory metal or material, and / or a non-shape memory material. The end of the coil / core 810 has a distal ball-shaped tip 812. The ball-shaped tip 812 can be preformed with the rest of the skeleton / core 810 or can be a separate ball-shaped or short club-shaped appendage with a rounded end welded or otherwise attached to the end of the coil / core 810. Meanwhile, a small gap 814 is formed or left between the ball-shaped tip 812 and the rest of the coil / core 810. The gap 814 can be about 0.6 mm or any other size sufficient to facilitate the passage and / or crossing of one or more sutures to secure or otherwise connect a cover layer to the end of the coil / core 810.

[0118] The one or more cover layers or coatings covering the coil skeleton / core 810 of the docking device may be similar to the cover layers or coatings described above. The cover layer / coating may be made of or include an ePTFE core tube covered with a woven PET fabric, for example, or may be made of or include any other fabric or other biocompatible material. In one attachment method, such a cover layer / coating covers the body of the coil skeleton 810, covers the gaps 814, and covers up to or slightly above the ball-shaped tip 812, while leaving the free end of the ball-shaped tip 812 exposed. The cover layer / coating is then connected to the end of the coil 810, for example, via a suture passing through the gap 814. In a second attachment method, the cover layer is completely wrapped around the entire ball-shaped tip 812, and then a suture is passed through and / or crosses the gap 814 to secure the entire cover layer onto the end of the ball-shaped tip 812.

[0119] The tips 712, 812 as shown and described with respect to Figures 23 and 24 are provided with rounded ends with small noses that can help to allow the respective docking devices to be manipulated more easily and conveniently within the left ventricle. Furthermore, because each of the tips 712, 812 is curved or rounded, the tips 712, 812 form ends with soft edges. The shape and configuration at the ends of the respective coil skeletons 710, 810, the type, configuration, and configuration of the cover layers, and the suturing technique for attaching the cover layers to the skeletons 710, 810 also allow for a tight connection between the tips 712, 812 and the respective cover layers without the use of glue or other adhesives. Furthermore, this tip configuration prevents sharp edges from being exposed and also prevents the surfaces of the skeletons 710, 810 from cutting and / or protruding from the cover layers as a result of any frictional forces applied to the cover layers of the docking devices during or after delivery of the docking devices.

[0120] As mentioned above, in some embodiments, the docking device can be attached to a pusher that can more easily facilitate pushing and pulling the docking device to deliver and realign it. Figure 25 shows an exemplary end of a coil skeleton / core 910 of a docking device 900 (which may be the same or similar to other docking devices described herein) that can be used at the distal and / or proximal ends, and Figure 26 shows an end of the docking device 900 including a cover layer 920 over the coil skeleton / core 910 and sutures 930 attaching the cover layer 920 to the coil skeleton / core 910.

[0121] 25, similar to the cross-section of the distal end of the coil / core 710 described above, the coil skeleton / core 910 of the docking device 900 has an end region that is substantially flat or has a rectangular cross-section. The rectangular cross-section shown may be shaped only in the end region of the coil / core 910 or may extend the length of the coil / core 910, while in other embodiments, the entire coil / core 910, including the end region, may have a more rounded or other shaped cross-section. An oval or elongated slit hole 912 extends through the end region of the coil / core 910, with two sides 914, 916 of the coil / core 910 extending along each side of the slit hole 912 connecting the proximal free end 918 of the coil / core 910 to the remainder of the coil / core 910. The slit hole 912 is wide enough to allow a needle and / or one or more sutures 930 to pass through or cross.

[0122] As shown in FIG. 26, the coating / cover layer 920 can be, for example, a coating, fabric layer, or other layer having the same or similar configuration as described above with respect to previous embodiments of the docking device. The coating / cover layer 920 wraps around the coil / core 910 and is secured or otherwise secured to the coil / core 910 by a suture 930 that runs along and passes through the slit hole 912. The suture 930 can cross the slit hole 912 in an "8" shape as shown in FIG. 26, where the suture 930 passes through the slit hole 912 at least two times and wraps each of the opposing sides 914, 916 of the coil / core 910 adjacent the slit hole 912 at least once. In the illustrated embodiment, the suture 930 passes through the slit hole 912 at least four times and wraps each of the sides 914, 916 on each side of the slit hole 912 at least twice. The suture 930 is placed or moved toward the proximal portion of the slit hole 912, near the free end 918 of the coil skeleton / core 910, so that the distal end of the slit hole 912 remains exposed and accessible to the user and remains open enough for a pull wire 940 (e.g., a release / retrieval suture) of the pusher of the delivery catheter to pass or cross, thereby establishing a secure connection between the docking device 900 and the pusher. The pull wire 940 can be a suture.

[0123] When the docking device 900 is connected to the pusher via the pull wire 940, the distal end of the pusher (not shown) abuts the proximal free end of the docking device 900 or the pull wire 940 abuts the end of the slit hole 912 to advance the docking device 900 out of the delivery catheter. On the other hand, when it is desired to pull back or retract the docking device 900, for example to reposition the docking device 900 at the implantation site, the pull wire 940 can be pulled proximally to retract the docking device 900 proximally as well. Similar steps can be used for the other docking devices herein. When the pull wire 940 is pulled back, it abuts the suture 930 extending through the slit hole 912, which forms a cross suture area that serves to constitute a buffer loading area against which the pull wire 940 can abut by means of an "8" shaped suture. Thus, the sutures 930 serve to secure and attach the cover layer 920 to the coil skeleton / core 910 and also hide or cover the sharp edges of the slit holes 912 to prevent the pull wires 940 from being damaged or broken by the docking device 900 during retrieval or other pulling of the docking device 900, and conversely, to prevent the docking device 900 from being damaged by the pull wires 940.

[0124] 23 and 24, the shape and structure of the end of the coil skeleton / core 910, the type, structure, and configuration of the coating / cover layer 920, and the connection technique (e.g., a stitching technique) for attaching the coating / cover layer 920 to the coil skeleton / core 910 each contribute to a tight connection between the end of the coil 910 and the coating / cover layer 920, and can be achieved with or without the use of glue or other adhesives (e.g., the stitching technique does not require one). Additionally, the tip structure and configuration prevents sharp edges from being exposed and also prevents surfaces of the coil skeleton / core 910 from cutting and / or protruding from the coating / cover layer 920 as a result of any frictional forces applied to the coating / cover layer 920 of the docking device 900 during or after delivery of the docking device.

[0125] In various other embodiments, any or all of the different special features of the various embodiments described above can be combined or modified based on the requirements of each individual patient. For example, different special features related to a variety of different issues (e.g., flexibility, increased friction, protection) can be incorporated into the docking device as needed for each individual application based on the specific characteristics or requirements of a particular patient.

[0126] The docking device embodiments herein have been generally described above with respect to aiding in anchoring a replacement valve in the mitral position. However, as noted above, the docking device or slightly modified embodiments thereof may be equally applicable to valve replacement in other valve sites, for example, in the tricuspid, pulmonary, or aortic positions. Patients diagnosed with insufficiency in either position may develop valve loops that enlarge and prevent the native valve from properly coapting, and may have valve loops that are too large, too soft, or have other disease manifestations that prevent them from holding the expandable valve securely. Thus, the use of a rigid or semi-rigid docking device may be advantageous in anchoring replacement valves in those valve sites as well, for example to prevent the replacement valve from slipping during normal heart function.

[0127] The docking devices herein can be further covered with one or more coatings or cover layers, similar to those described above. Additionally, the cover layers for any of these applications can be made of or include materials that promote more rapid ingrowth of tissue. The cover layers can be further configured to have a larger surface area, for example, with a velour membrane, a porous surface, a knitted surface, etc., to further enhance tissue ingrowth.

[0128] Docking devices similar to those described above can provide a more secure loading zone when applied to valves other than the mitral valve. The docking device and associated replacement valve can be applied in a similar manner as described for implantation in the mitral valve. A possible access point for tricuspid valve replacement can be, for example, transseptal access, while a possible access point for aortic replacement can be transfemoral access, although the access to the respective valve sites is not limited thereto. The use of coiled docking devices as described above for other valve sites can, for example, pinch or clamp the native leaflets circumferentially after deployment of the replacement valve at the native valve loop by pinching the leaflets and other tissue between the coils of the docking device and holding them in place by the spring force of the docking device, further preventing slippage or other movement of the docking device and the pinched tissue relative to the docking device, and preventing unwanted growth or expansion of the native valve loop over time.

[0129] Some possible attachment configurations between the anchor / docking device and the release or retrieval line / suture, as well as the movement and / or slippage of each component, can in some cases cause the anchor / docking device to T-shape or "T-shape" with respect to the pusher tube and / or delivery catheter, e.g., whereby the axis of the pusher tube and / or delivery catheter is not aligned (may be perpendicular) to the axis of the proximal end of the anchor / docking device. For example, pulling on the retrieval line / suture can cause the end 2700 of the docking device and the pusher device / tube 1165 and / or delivery catheter to be in an orthogonal or substantially orthogonal relative position, e.g., forming a "T" relative position, rather than in an aligned position. When this occurs, it can be difficult to retrieve or withdraw the anchor / docking device into the delivery catheter.

[0130] Any of the anchor / docking devices described herein can be advantageously configured and designed to inhibit or prevent such T-shaping or "T-ing" or to resist T-shaping or "T-ing." For example, any of the anchor / docking devices described herein can be configured to have a curved proximal end that can be more easily pulled and guided into the delivery catheter without getting caught on the edge of the catheter and / or slipping off or perpendicular to the pusher tube and catheter. Additionally or alternatively, any of the anchor / docking devices described herein can be configured to bias (or bias toward) the line of force F applied by the retrieval suture / line 1163 to be aligned or substantially aligned with the moment of inertia A with respect to the central axis or region of the end 2700 of the docking device (see FIG. 27). This alignment can help inhibit and / or prevent the end 2700 of the docking device from slipping or moving relative to one side of the pusher device or tube 1165 as the retrieval suture pulls the end 2700 of the docking device against the pusher device and / or as the docking device is retracted into the delivery catheter. This can help inhibit and / or prevent a T-shaped or "T-ing" effect between the end 2700 of the docking device and the pusher tube 1165 and / or delivery catheter. The embodiments / designs described below that include one or more special features that inhibit and / or prevent the end 2700 of the docking device from T-ing, shifting relative to the pusher device or tube 1165, and / or slipping to one side of the pusher device or tube 1165 are described primarily with reference to the docking device 1100, although it will be appreciated that all docking device embodiments disclosed herein can have one, some, or all of these special features.

[0131] When tension is applied to the release / retrieval suture 1163, such as when attempting to retrieve the docking device 1100, the docking device 1100 will generally follow the line of tension as it moves toward the pusher tube 1165 and / or delivery catheter. In some configurations, in some cases, the end 2700 may move or slip into the "T" position described above. For example, in some potential configurations, when the suture release holes 1162 are pointing radially outward on the docking device 1100, the line of tension F from the release suture 1165 to the end 2700 may not be aligned with the moment of inertia A with respect to the axis or region of the anchor / docking device end 2700. If the angle between the line of tension F and the axis A of the end of the docking device 1100 is too large, when an attempt is made to retrieve the docking device 1100, the end 2700 of the docking device 1100 may slip past the distal tip of the pusher tube 1165, moving out of aligned abutment and moving the docking device 1100 into a "T" position relative to the pusher tube 1165, thereby making it more difficult to retrieve into the delivery catheter 1010.

[0132] 27A-30B, an exemplary embodiment of the docking device 1100 includes a proximal connecting end or tip to maintain alignment or substantial alignment between the line of force F applied by the retrieval suture / line 1163 and the moment of inertia A about a central axis or region of the end 2700 of the docking device. In the example shown by FIGS. 27A-27F, the docking device 1100 may include a connecting end / tip or spherical end / tip 1200 that may be integral with, molded or machined onto the end of the coil / core 1160 of the docking device 1100, or a cap attached to the proximal end of the coil / core 1160 by suture, welding, adhesive, or other methods known in the art.

[0133] The spherical end or tip (e.g., ball-shaped end or tip) can take a variety of different forms. In the example shown by FIGS. 27D-27F, the spherical tip / end 1200 has a spherical portion 1202, a transition portion 1204, and a neck portion 1206. The spherical portion 1202 is located at the proximal end of the spherical proximal tip / end 1200. The neck portion 1206 is located distal to the spherical portion 1202 and is connected to the coil / core 1110 of the docking device 900. The transition portion 1204 connects the spherical portion 1202 to the neck portion 1206. The spherical portion 1202 has a substantially sphere or ball shape, and the neck portion 1206 can be shaped and sized to be a continuous part of the coil / core 1160 of the docking device 1100 or to fit as a cap onto the proximal end of the coil / core 1160. The transition portion 1204 forms a gradual and smooth transition between the larger diameter of the bulb portion 1202 and the smaller diameter of the neck portion 1206. However, the bulb proximal tip 1200 can have a variety of different shapes and sizes.

[0134] The spherical proximal tip / end 1200 includes a central passageway 1210 that extends from the center / end of the spherical portion 1202 along a tip axis AT aligned with the moment of inertia A for the axis or area (FIG. 27A). The central passageway extends through the spherical proximal tip 1200 to the center of the spherical portion 1202. In the illustrated example, two oblique side passageways 1212 extend to the central passageway 1210. The illustrated passageways 1212 originate at a location on the outer surface of the spherical portion 1202 that is distal to the center of the spherical portion 1202. The side passageways 1212 define a pair of openings on the exterior of the spherical proximal tip 1200. In the illustrated example, the side passageway openings are located substantially at the point where the spherical portion 1202 and the transition portion 1204 converge. However, the side passageway openings can be located in a variety of different locations. In the illustrated embodiment, the side passages 1212 meet and open into a central passage 1210 substantially in the center of the spherical portion 1202. The central passage 1210 and the side passages 1212 can define a smooth bifurcated passage. In an exemplary embodiment, the edges of the openings of the passages 1210, 1212 and / or the intersection of the passages 1212 and the passage 1210 can be smooth or rounded. The central passage biases a suture passing therethrough to be aligned with a central or longitudinal axis of the tip 1200 and the end of the docking device. The tip / end 1200 can include a coating covering it.

[0135] Although the spherical tip 1200 has been described as having a central passageway 1210 and two side passageways 1212, it will be appreciated that other designs are contemplated. For example, the tip 1200 can include a central opening at the proximal end of the tip 1200 with two diagonal passageways extending directly from the central opening. The two diagonal passageways can open into the central opening and extend distally and radially outward from the central opening.

[0136] 27C, in use, one end of a retrieval or release suture / line 1163 is threaded through one of the central passage 1210 and the side passage 1212, positioned around the exterior surface of the tip 1200, through the other side passage 1212, and out the central passage 1210. When so threaded, both ends of the suture / line 1163 extend from the proximal end of the center of the spherical connecting tip 1200, such that the line of tension or force F applied to the tip 1200 by the suture / line 1163 is aligned with the longitudinal axis A of the end 2700 and the axis AT of the central passage of the tip 1200.

[0137] In an exemplary embodiment, the spherical shape of the spherical portion 1202 allows the distal end of the pusher tube 1165 and / or the delivery catheter 1010 to rotate or pivot relatively about the proximal portion of the docking device 1100 without the tip 1200 slipping off the end of the pusher tube and / or forming a T-shape relative to the catheter 1010. The alignment of the line of tension F with the axes A, AT and / or the spherical proximal end of the tip 1200 prevents the docking device 1100 and the pusher tube 1165 and / or the delivery catheter 1010 from slipping off of one another and forming a T-shape.

[0138] 27E, the spherical proximal tip / end 1200 may optionally include a bore 1230 at a distal end of the tip 1200 to accommodate the proximal end of the coil / core 1160 of the docking device 1100. The bore 1230 terminates at a bore base 1232. The bore base 1232 may abut the proximal end of the inserted coil / core 1160. The bore base 1232 may have a cylindrical, conical, or another shape. Additionally, the spherical proximal tip 1200 may optionally include an eyelet 1240 or slot in the neck 1206 that extends through the tip / end 1200. A suture may be threaded through the eyelet 1240 and passed through a hole 1162 (see FIG. 22) in the coil / core 1160 to connect the spherical tip 1200 to the coil / core 1160. An optional coating / cover layer may be provided over portions of the tip 1200, such as the coil / core and / or neck portion 1206. Eyelets or slots 1240 and holes 1162 may also be used to attach the optional coating layer.

[0139] The spherical connecting tip / end 1200 can be integral with the docking device 1100, can be machined onto the proximal end of the docking device 1100, or can be a cap attached to the proximal end of the docking device by sutures, welding, or other attachment means. The location of the central passage 1210 and side passages 1212 allows for thicker walls, making the spherical tip / end 1200 more sturdy.

[0140] The spherical tip 1200 can be configured and designed such that the distal portion is larger in diameter than the end 2700 of the docking device 1100 (FIG. 27A) or the distal portion forms a flush surface with the end 2700 (FIG. 27G). The tip / end 1200 can be integral with the docking device so as not to require a bore 1230 or bore base 1232, or the proximal end of the end 2700 can be reduced in diameter, such as by machining, to accommodate the bore 1230 of the spherical proximal tip 1200 when the distal portion of the tip 1200 forms a flush surface with the end 2700 of the docking device. Other methods of attaching the spherical proximal tip 1200 to form a flush surface with the end 2700 of the docking device 1100 are also contemplated.

[0141] The spherical connecting tip / end can be made in a variety of different ways. In one exemplary embodiment, the spherical tip / end 1200 can be made by zapping (e.g., electrical discharge machining) the proximal end of the tip / end 1200 to form a spherical shape. The central passage 1210 and the side passages 1212 can be formed by laser machining or micromachining. Electroplating can be used to form a radius on the edges. In one exemplary embodiment, the spherical tip / end 1200 can be made of Nitinol. The tip / end 1200 can be made from other materials such as PEEK (polyetheretherketone), Ultem or other polyetherimides, stainless steel, shape memory metals or materials other than Nitinol, and / or other non-shape memory materials or any other materials known in the art. In one exemplary embodiment, the spherical tip / end can be configured to withstand a force F of 130 Newtons applied by a suture without bending or breaking.

[0142] In an exemplary embodiment, the spherical portion 1202 can have a small diameter, such as a diameter between 2.0 mm and 2.50 mm, e.g., a diameter between about 2.10 mm and 2.30 mm, e.g., a diameter of 2.20 mm. In an exemplary embodiment, the neck portion 1206 can have a small outer diameter, such as an outer diameter between 1.10 mm and 1.50 mm, e.g., an outer diameter between about 1.20 mm and 1.40 mm, e.g., an outer diameter of about 1.3 mm. In an exemplary embodiment, the transition portion 1204 can have a small radius, such as a radius between 0.8 mm and 1.20 mm, e.g., a radius between about 0.90 mm and 1.10 mm, e.g., a radius of about 1.0 mm. The central passage 1210 can have a variety of different shapes. For example, the central passage 1210 can have a circular opening, an oval opening, a conical opening, a square opening, etc. In the illustrated example, the central passage 1210 has an oval shaped opening to the proximal portion of the tip 1200. The oval shaped opening can have a small size, such as an opening having a width between 0.95 mm and 1.30 mm, e.g., between about 1.03 mm and 1.23 mm, e.g., about 1.13 mm, and a height between 0.50 mm and 0.85 mm, e.g., between about 0.55 mm and 0.77 mm, e.g., about 0.65 mm. The side passages can have a variety of different shapes. In the illustrated embodiment, the side passage 1212 has a round opening having a diameter between 0.50 mm and 0.85 mm, e.g., between about 0.55 mm and 0.75 mm, e.g., 0.65 mm. The axis extending through each side passage 1212 can be positioned at an angle between 115° and 135°, for example, between about 120° and 130°, for example, at an angle of about 126°, from the longitudinal axis extending through the central passage 1210.

[0143] Additionally, the edges between the bore 1230 and the bore base 1232 can be rounded. The rounded edges can have a radius of between about 0.1 mm and 0.4 mm, such as about 0.20 mm. The bore 1230 can extend proximally from the distal end to the tip 1200 by between 1.9 mm and 2.35 mm, such as between about 2.01 mm and 2.21 mm, such as about 2.11 mm.

[0144] Further, in the illustrated embodiment, the eyelet 1240 is shaped to have two semicircles on either side of a rectangular portion. The rectangular portion of the eyelet 1240 can have a length between 0.40 mm and 0.47 mm, such as between about 0.46 mm and 0.66 mm, such as about 0.56 mm. The semicircular portion of the eyelet 1240 can have a radius between 0.125 mm and 0.25 mm, such as between about 0.15 mm and 0.20 mm, such as about 0.17 mm. The distance from the distal end of the rectangular portion of the eyelet 1240 to the distal end of the spherical proximal tip 1200 can be between 0.7 mm and 1.1 mm, such as between about 0.8 mm and 1.0 mm, such as about 0.9 mm.

[0145] 28A-28F, in an exemplary embodiment, the spherical connecting tip / end 1200 may be similar to the spherical proximal tip / end of FIGS. 27A-27F (and include any of the special features, dimensions, etc. described above), but may have a concave collar, annular recess, or channel 1220 that may be configured to hold a portion of the release suture 1163. As previously described, the spherical tip 1200 may have a spherical portion 1202, a transition portion 1204, a neck portion 1206, a central passage 1210, and two side passages 1212. In the example shown by FIGS. 28A-28E, instead of the transition portion 1204 having a gradually decreasing thickness between the spherical portion 1202 and the neck portion 1204, the transition portion 1204 may include the illustrated annular recess or channel 1220 having a smaller diameter than the spherical portion 1202 and the neck portion 1206. The annular recess 1220 can have the shape of a partial toroid and can extend around the circumference of the spherical tip 1200. The distal end of the side passage 1212 opens at least partially into the annular recess 1220, and the surfaces of the annular recess 1220 and the edges where the side passage 1212 opens into the annular recess can be smooth or possibly rounded.

[0146] 28C , one end of the release suture 1163 is threaded through one of the central passage 1210 and the side passage 1212, around a portion of the annular recess 1220, through the other side passage 1212, and out the central passage 1210. When so threaded, the ends of the release suture 1163 extend from the proximal and central portions of the tip 1200, such that the line of tension or force F applied to the tip 1200 by the release suture 1163 is aligned with the longitudinal axis A of the end 2700 and the axis AT of the central passage of the tip 1200. When the docking device 1100 is pushed, retrieved, or otherwise repositioned, a portion of the release suture 1163 can remain within the annular recess 1220. Although the pusher tube 1165 and catheter 1010 are shown relatively short compared to the spherical proximal tip 1200, the pusher tube 1165 and catheter 1010 can be extended to any desired length. The spherical shape of the spherical portion 1202 allows the distal end of the pusher tube 1165 to relatively rotate or pivot about the proximal portion of the docking device 1100 without the tip 1200 slipping off the end of the pusher tube. The alignment of the line of tension F with the axes A, AT and / or the spherical proximal end of the tip 1200 prevents the docking device 1100 and the pusher tube 1165 from slipping off one another into a T-shape.

[0147] The spherical connecting tip may be integral with the delivery device and / or its core, or may include a bore 1230 and a bore base 1232 at the distal end of the tip 1200 to accommodate the proximal end of the coil / core 1160 of the docking device 1100. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 28D, the bore base 1232 is conical, but may also be cylindrical or another shape. An optional coating / covering layer may be provided on portions of the tip 1200, such as the coil / core and / or neck 1206. As discussed above, the spherical proximal tip 1200 may be integral with the delivery device and / or core, may be machined onto the proximal end of the docking device 1100, or may be a cap attached to the proximal end of the docking device by sutures, welding, adhesive, or other attachment means. As described above, the spherical proximal tip 1200 can be designed so that its distal portion is larger in diameter than the end 2700 of the docking device 1100 (FIG. 28A) or so that its distal portion forms a flush plane with the end 2700 (FIG. 28F).

[0148] In the exemplary embodiment shown by Figures 28A-28E, the spherical proximal tip 1200 can have a length of between about 4.4 mm and 4.8 mm, e.g., about 4.6 mm. The spherical section 1202 can have a length of between 0.9 mm and 1.3 mm, e.g., between about 1.0 mm and 1.2 mm, e.g., about 1.1 mm, and a diameter of between 2.0 mm and 2.4 mm, e.g., between 2.10 mm and 2.30 mm, e.g., about 2.20 mm. The neck section 1206 can have a length of between 1.8 mm and 2.2 mm, e.g., between about 1.9 mm and 2.1 mm, e.g., about 2.00 mm, and an outer diameter of between 1.65 mm and 2.05 mm, e.g., between about 1.75 mm and 1.95 mm, e.g., about 1.85 mm. The transition section 1204 can have an overall length of about 1.5 mm. The transition portion 1204 can bend and reduce in diameter where it meets the spherical portion 1202 and the neck portion 1206. The annular recess 1220 can take a variety of different forms. The annular recess 1220 can have a single diameter (when viewed in cross section) or can have two or more different diameters. In one exemplary embodiment, the diameter of the annular recess is between 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm, e.g., between 0.6 mm and 1.2 mm, e.g., between 0.7 mm and 1.1 mm, e.g., between 0.8 mm and 1.0 mm. However, the transition portion 1204 and the annular recess 1220 can have any size and shape.

[0149] 28A-28E, the opening of the central passageway 1210 is stadium-shaped and may have a length between 0.95 mm and 1.30 mm, e.g., between about 1.03 mm and 1.23 mm, e.g., about 1.13 mm, and a height between 0.40 mm and 0.80 mm, e.g., between about 0.50 mm and 0.70 mm, e.g., about 0.60 mm. The angle formed between the longitudinal axis of the central passageway 1210 and the longitudinal axis of the side passageway 1212 may be 130° to 160°, e.g., between about 140° to 150°, e.g., 146°. The side passageway 1212 may have a diameter between 0.40 mm and 0.80 mm, e.g., between about 0.50 mm and 0.70 mm, e.g., about 0.60 mm.

[0150] Further, the bore 1230 can be circular and can have a diameter between 0.7 mm and 1.05 mm, e.g., between 0.77 mm and 0.97 mm, e.g., about 0.87 mm, and extends proximally from the distal end to the tip 1200 for a distance between 1.9 mm and 2.35 mm, e.g., between about 2.01 mm and 2.21 mm, e.g., about 2.11 mm. The eyelet 1240 can be shaped with two semicircles on either side of a rectangular portion. The rectangular portion of the eyelet 1240 can have a length between 0.40 mm and 0.47 mm, e.g., between about 0.46 mm and 0.66 mm, e.g., about 0.56 mm. The semicircular portion of the eyelet 1240 can have a radius between 0.125 mm and 0.25 mm, e.g., between about 0.15 mm and 0.20 mm, e.g., about 0.17 mm. The distance from the distal end of the rectangular portion of the eyelet 1240 to the distal end of the spherical proximal tip 1200 is between 0.7 mm and 1.1 mm, such as between about 0.8 mm and 1.0 mm, for example, about 0.9 mm.

[0151] 29A-29E show an exemplary embodiment of a docking device 1100. In the example shown by FIGS. 29A-29E, the docking device 1100 includes a looped proximal tip or end 1300 (e.g., includes a loop at the proximal tip / end). The looped proximal tip 1300 can be formed by machining or a similar process. The looped proximal tip 1300 can be formed in a variety of different ways. With reference to FIG. 29C, in an exemplary embodiment, the proximal end of the coil / core 1160 is bent or folded and attached to a distal point of the coil / core 1160 to define an inner loop surface 1310, an outer loop surface 1312, and a suture receiving area H. A release suture 1163 is then looped through the suture receiving area H, and the release suture 1163 is used to retrieve the docking device 1100 as described above. When the pusher tube 1165 is used to push the docking device 1100, the distal end of the pusher tube 1165 may abut against the outer loop surface 1312 and may rotate or pivot along the outer loop surface 1312. The looped portion of the release suture 1163 may rotate along the inner loop surface 1310 such that the line of tension F applied by the release suture 1163 is substantially aligned or becomes aligned with the moment of inertia A with respect to the axis or region of the end of the docking device. The alignment of the line of tension F with the axis A of the end 2700 and / or the ability of the outer loop surface 1312 to rotate relative to the pusher tube 1165 and / or delivery catheter 1010 prevents the docking device 1100 and the pusher tube 1165 and / or catheter 1010 from slipping relative to one another. Although the pusher tube 1165 and catheter 1010 are shown in FIG. 29B as being relatively short in comparison to the looped proximal tip 1300, the pusher tube 1165 and catheter 1010 can be extended to any desired length.

[0152] 29C and 29D, in an exemplary embodiment, the looped proximal tip 1400 can be made by cutting or shaving the proximal portion of the coil / core 1160, bending or folding the proximal tip of the docking device 1100, and connecting the proximal tip of the docking device 1100 to a distal point of the docking device 1100. As shown in FIGS. 29C-29E, the proximal portion of the tip 1400 is shaved to define a flat longitudinal surface 1302 that runs along the length of the coil / core 1160 to a distal point 1304. In a further exemplary embodiment, the coil / core 1160 is cut by wire grinding or laser cutting. The edges of the flat longitudinal surface 1302 can be rounded. In the illustrated embodiment, the flat longitudinal surface 1302 is rounded or tapered near the distal point 1304. The flat longitudinal surface 1302 is then folded towards a distal point 1304 to define an inner loop surface 1310 and connected to the remainder of the coil / core 1160 at a connection point 1306 near the distal point 1304. In an exemplary embodiment, the proximal end of the flat longitudinal surface 1302 is welded at the connection point 1306. However, other methods of connecting the flat longitudinal surface 1302 to the connection point 1306 are contemplated, such as heat treatment, use of adhesives, or the surface 1302 may abut the point 1306 without a direct connection.

[0153] The looped proximal tip 1300 is designed and configured to slide smoothly through a delivery catheter. The lateral edges of the flat longitudinal surface 1302 can be rounded. The outer loop surface 1312 can be rounded to provide a smooth transition to the remainder of the coil / core 1160. In an exemplary embodiment, the looped proximal tip 1300 is made of Nitinol and can withstand a force of 130 Newtons without bending or breaking, breaking a weld, or collapsing the loop. However, the tip 1300 can be made of other materials, such as PEEK, Ultem, stainless steel, shape memory metals or materials other than Nitinol, and / or other non-shape memory materials.

[0154] With regard to attachment of the cover, as shown in FIG. 29E, the looped proximal tip 1300 can include a bore 1340 that extends through the coil / core 1160 at a point distal to the connection point 1306. A suture or other attachment device extends through the bore 1340 to connect the coil / core 1160 to the cover. The bore 1340 can be sized such that the suture or other attachment device can fit into the bore 1340 and the bore 1340 can be rolled and smooth. The cover can extend, for example, to a point between the bore 1340 and the connection point 1306.

[0155] In the illustrated embodiment shown in Figures 29A-29E, the coil / core 1160 can have a variety of different shapes and sizes. For example, the coil / core 1160 can have a thickness or diameter between 0.75 mm and 0.95 mm, e.g., about 0.85 mm. The proximal portion of the coil / core 1160 at the flat longitudinal surface 1302 can have a thickness of at least 0.4 mm, e.g., about 0.5 mm. The height of the outer loop surface 1312 can be less than 2.0 mm, e.g., about 1.9 mm. The height of the inner loop surface 1310 can be at least 0.4 mm, e.g., about 0.5 mm. The length of the inner loop surface can be at least 1 mm, e.g., 1.20 mm. The bore 1340 can be 3.0 mm or less, e.g., about 2.8 mm, from the proximal point of the outer loop surface.

[0156] 30A and 30B show an exemplary embodiment of a docking device 900 or a core of a docking device configured to align a line of force F applied by a retrieval suture 1163 with a center of mass A relative to a central axis or region of an end 2700 of the docking device. In the illustrated example, the proximal end of the docking device 900 may include a recessed channel or groove 950. The illustrated proximal end of the docking device 900 is similar to the proximal end shown in FIGS. 25 and 26 and will be described as having similar special features and reference numbers. However, it will be appreciated that the groove 950 may be included in the proximal end of other designs having different shapes or configurations, as described below.

[0157] The groove 950 can be provided at the proximal free end of the coil / core 910 such that a central axis extending through the groove 950 is aligned with an axis extending through the hole 912. That is, the center of the groove 950 is aligned with the center of the hole. In the illustrated example, both the groove 950 and the hole 912 are centered on the end axis A (see FIG. 30B). The groove 950 defines two proximal free ends 918a and 918b on either side of the groove 950. A proximal concave end 919a is formed concavely from and parallel to the proximal free ends 918a and 918b. A groove wall 919b extends vertically and connects the proximal concave end 919a to the proximal free ends 918a and 918b. Proximal protrusions 915a and 915b are located between the groove 950 and the side of the coil / core 910. The groove 950 and the resulting proximal protrusions 915a and 915b can be any size that allows the suture to be looped and maintained in place between the groove 950 and the hole 912. In an exemplary embodiment, the protrusions 915a and 915b are configured to be short and close together enough to avoid catching on the catheter 1010 when pushing, retrieving or deploying the docking device 1100.

[0158] In some cases, proximal protrusions 915a and 915b can be aligned and can have substantially the same thickness as sides 914, 916, respectively. In a preferred embodiment, groove 950 is laser cut into coil / core 910. However, it will be appreciated that the groove can be formed in a variety of different ways, for example, the groove can be machined. The edges of coil / core 910 can be rounded.

[0159] The suture 941 and / or retrieval suture / line 1163 is inserted through the slit hole 912, looped around the groove 950, and tied or otherwise secured as a closed loop. The suture 941 and / or retrieval suture / line 1163 is looped through the groove 950 tightly enough that it remains within the groove 950 and does not slip or move radially outward from either of the proximal projections 915a, 915b. In some cases, the groove can be other shapes, for example, a cross-shape, and the suture 941 and / or retrieval suture / line 1163 can be tied or otherwise secured to the cross-shaped groove to further prevent slippage or movement of the suture 941 and / or retrieval suture / line 1163.

[0160] 30B, the distal end of the retrieval suture / line 1163 can be attached to the suture 941 (or, as described above, the retrieval suture / line 1163 can be attached directly to the docking device in the channel 950 and a separate suture 941 is not needed or used). In one embodiment, the suture / line 1163 can be looped around or tied to the suture 941. As the release suture 1163 is pulled or otherwise retracted, tension is applied to the suture 941 which then pulls the docking device 900 towards the pusher tube 1165. Because the suture 941 remains looped around the slit hole 912 and groove, the line of tension F applied to the coil / core 910 by the release suture 1163 extends through the proximal concave end 919a and is substantially aligned or biased to be aligned (or biased towards being aligned) with the central or longitudinal axis A of the coil / core 910 or that end thereof. This alignment prevents the proximal end of the delivery device 900 from slipping off the pusher tube 1165. Although the pusher tube 1165 and catheter 1010 are shown relatively short compared to the proximal end of the docking device, the pusher tube 1165 and catheter 1010 can extend to any length.

[0161] In one embodiment, the retrieval suture / line 1163 may be looped around or tied directly to the docking device. When the release suture / line 1163 is pulled or otherwise retracted, tension is applied to the docking device, thereby pulling the docking device 900 towards the pusher tube 1165. As the retrieval suture / line 1164 remains tied around the slit hole 912 and groove 950, the line of tension F applied to the coil / core 910 by the release suture 1163 extends through the proximal concave end 919a and is substantially aligned with the axis A of the coil / core 910. This alignment prevents the end of the delivery device 900 from slipping off the pusher tube 1165.

[0162] Returning again to Figures 30A and 30B, the illustrated square edges and corners or grooves 950 and slit holes 912 can be rounded, etc. Although the illustrated embodiment shows the docking device 900 as being similar to the docking device of Figure 25 and having a substantially flat or rectangular cross-section, the proximal end can have any shape that fits into a delivery catheter. For example, the proximal end can be rounded or oval and can have U-shaped or otherwise rounded grooves. Additionally, the looped proximal end 1300 of Figures 29A-29E can include grooves or channels.

[0163] The embodiment of Figures 30A and 30B can include any number of slits and grooves. For example, the proximal end of the coil / core 910 can have two grooves (or any number) and two slit holes (or any number) perpendicular to each other. A suture is looped through each of the slit holes and grooves and secured. A release suture can then be attached to the two sutures in the center of the two grooves, so that the tension applied remains aligned between the coil / core 910 and the pusher tube 1165.

[0164] In this description, several aspects, advantages, and novel special features of the disclosed embodiments have been described herein. The disclosed methods, devices, and systems are not to be construed as limiting in any respect. Instead, the disclosure is directed to all novel and non-obvious special features and aspects of the various disclosed embodiments, both alone and in various combinations and subcombinations with each other. The methods, devices, and systems are not limited to any particular aspect or special feature or combinations thereof, which may be combined, and the disclosed embodiments do not require that any one or more particular advantages exist or problems be solved.

[0165] Although operations of some of the disclosed embodiments are described in a particular order for convenience of presentation, it will be understood that the method of description encompasses rearrangements of such descriptions unless a particular order is required by the specific language described. For example, operations or steps described sequentially can in some cases be rearranged or performed simultaneously. Moreover, for ease of explanation, the accompanying figures may not show various ways for using the disclosed methods with other methods. Furthermore, the description may use terms such as "provide" or "enable" to describe the disclosed methods. These terms are high-level abstractions of the actual operations that are performed. The actual operations that correspond to these terms may vary depending on the specific implementation and are discernible to those of ordinary skill in the art.

[0166] In view of the numerous possible embodiments to which the principles of the present disclosure may be applied, it should be recognized that the illustrated embodiments are merely preferred examples and should not be considered as limiting the scope of the present disclosure, which is rather defined by the claims that follow. [Explanation of symbols]

[0167] 1, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 1100 Docking Device 10, 110, 1110 central area 20, 120, 1120 bottom area 21 Distal tip 21 Distal or Leading Tip 30, 130, 1130 upper area 31 Proximal tip 32 Major axis 33 Short diameter 40 Artificial Valves 41 Expandable frame structure 42 Valve leaflet 50 Mitral Valve 52 Left atrium 54 Left ventricle 56 Aortic Valve 58 Aorta 62 Chordae tendineae 64 Commissure 66 Anterior leaflet 68 Posterior apex 140, 1140 stretch area 150 holes 210 Laser cut tube 211, 216, 217, 218 Cutting 212 Links 213, 218 teeth 214, 618 groove 215 End area 217 Opening 219 Locking Wire 219 Tension Wire 222 Distal end 310, 510 main coil 320 Anchor 410, 610, 710, 810, 910 Coils / Cores 420 Coating 520 Friction element 530 High friction coating 622 Protrusion 712 Tip 714 Through hole 716, 918 free end 718 Opposite end 720 Fixing hole 812 Ball Tip 814 Gap 912 Slit hole 914, 916 Side 915a, 915b proximal process 919a, 919b Proximal concave groove 920 Cover Layer 930 Sutures 940 Pull Wire 941 Sutures 950 Groove 1000 Guide sheath, introducer 1010 Delivery catheter 1160 Wire Core 1162 holes 1163 Sutures 1164 Fixed hole 1165 Pusher Tube 1170 Cover layer, low friction layer 1180 High friction layer, knitted layer 1182, 1184 Marker Band 1200 spherical proximal tip / end 1202 Spherical part 1204 Transition part 1206 Neck 1210 Central aisle 1212 Side passage 1220 Channel, annular recess 1230 Boa 1232 Bore Base 1240 Eyelet 1300 Looped Proximal Tip 1302 Flat vertical surface 1304 Distal end 1306 Connection Point 1310 Inner Loop Surface 1312 Outer Loop Surface 1340 Boa 1800 left atrium 1810 Mitral valve 1830 Aortic wall 1840 Aorta 2700 End A1P1, A3P3 commissure

Claims

1. 1. A docking device for docking a prosthetic valve to a native heart valve, comprising: a coiled docking device having an end portion including a central axis; the end of the docking device is configured such that a retrieval suture connected to the end is biased such that lines of force exerted on the retrieval suture by tension are aligned with the central axis; the coiled docking device further comprising a bulbous tip on a proximal end of the coiled docking device for receiving the retrieval suture; the spherical tip includes a central passageway extending from a first opening in the spherical tip along the central axis to a center of the spherical tip, and two angled side passageways extending from the center to respective second openings in the spherical tip; the central passage and the two angled side passages are disposed within the spherical tip to form a Y-shape; a docking device configured such that one end of the retrieval suture is passed through the central passage and one of the two angled side passages, positioned around an outer surface of the spherical tip, passed through the other of the two angled side passages, and out of the central passage.

2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the ends are configured to align at least a lengthwise portion of the retrieval suture along the central axis.

3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the retrieval suture extends through a central passage at the distal end of the end of the docking device, the central passage being aligned with the central axis.

4. The device of claim 1 , wherein the spherical tip comprises an annular groove at a transition of the spherical tip.

5. The device of claim 1 , wherein the end of the docking device comprises a tip including a groove, and the retrieval suture is coupled to the end with a portion of the retrieval suture tied into the groove.

6. The coiled docking device comprises: at least one center turn having a first thickness and defining a center turn diameter; an extension having a length extending from a top end of the at least one center turn, the extension having a second thickness less than the first thickness; an upper turn extending from an upper end of the transition section, the upper turn having a third thickness greater than the second thickness; The device of claim 4 comprising:

7. 7. The device of claim 6, wherein the coiled docking device comprises a distal turn on an opposite end of the coiled docking device relative to the end, the distal turn having the first thickness and defining a diameter greater than the central turn diameter.

8. 7. The device of claim 6, wherein the coiled docking device is configured to be implanted at a native valve, with at least a portion of the coiled docking device positioned within a chamber of the heart and around the leaflets of the native valve.

9. 9. The device of claim 8, wherein the coiled docking device is configured to be implanted at a native mitral valve, with at least a portion of the coiled docking device positioned within a left ventricle and around the mitral valve leaflets of the native mitral valve.

10. 9. The device of claim 8, wherein the coiled docking device is configured to be implanted at a native tricuspid valve, with at least a portion of the coiled docking device positioned within a left ventricle and around the tricuspid leaflets of the native tricuspid valve.

11. The device of claim 1 , further comprising a cover layer comprising a biocompatible material, the cover layer surrounding at least a portion of the coiled docking device.

12. the cover layer is a low friction cover layer; the low friction cover layer has a distal end and a proximal end, surrounds the coiled docking device, extends along a length of the coiled docking device, past a distal tip of the coiled docking device, and past a proximal tip of the coiled docking device; The device of claim 11 , wherein the low friction cover layer tapers to a rounded tip at a distal end thereof.

13. 12. The device of claim 11, further comprising a friction-enhancing element comprising a second cover layer surrounding and extending along at least a portion of the cover layer, the second cover layer having a coefficient of friction of at least 1.

14. The device of claim 13 , wherein the second cover layer is a knitted material.

15. The coiled docking device comprises: at least one central turn defining a central turn diameter; a lower turn extending from the at least one central turn defining a diameter greater than the central turn diameter; an upper turn connected to the at least one central turn, the upper turn shaped to have a first diameter along a first axis and a second diameter along a second axis; Equipped with 15. The device of claim 1, wherein a diameter of the first shaft is larger than the center winding diameter and a diameter of the second shaft is larger than the center winding diameter and smaller than the lower winding diameter.

16. The coiled docking device comprises: a hollow tube having a proximal end and a distal end; a plurality of cuts extending through portions of the hollow tube; a wire having a length, a proximal end and a distal end; Equipped with the distal end of the wire is secured to the distal end of the hollow tube and the proximal end of the wire is secured to the proximal end of the hollow tube; 16. The device of claim 1, wherein the length of wire extends through the hollow tube and applies a radially inward tension to the hollow tube.

17. 17. The device of claim 16, wherein the cuts have a pattern and shape incorporating both longitudinal and transverse cuts that form teeth and grooves in the hollow tube.

18. The device of claim 1 , wherein the coiled docking device includes a core, a distal end of the core having a rectangular cross-section and a distal wound ring-shaped tip.

19. 18. The device of claim 1, wherein the coiled docking device includes a core, at least one end of the core having a ball-shaped tip.

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