A compact passive decay heat removal system for portable microreactor applications

Abstract

A container for transporting a nuclear reactor is disclosed. The container includes a loop thermosiphon having a chamber, a heat exchanger fluidly coupled to the chamber, and an actuator having an inactive state and an active state. The actuator is configured to automatically transition to the active state. The transition is based on an event occurring within the nuclear reactor. A working medium is configured to remove heat from the nuclear reactor in the active state.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] Government Contracts This invention was made with Government support under Contract DE-NE0008853 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The Government has certain rights in this invention.

[0002] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 018,539, filed May 1, 2020, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0003] The present invention relates generally to containers used to transport microreactors, and more specifically to passive thermal systems configured to remove heat from the microreactors. [Background technology]

[0004] Electricity energy markets are divided into centralized and decentralized. Centralized markets are based on large (in the hundreds of MWe range) generators, and high-capacity, dense transmission and distribution networks. Decentralized or off-grid markets instead rely on small generators (<15 MWe) that are typically connected to smaller localized distribution networks or microgrids. Currently, remote artic communities, remote mines, military bases, and island communities are examples of decentralized markets. Currently, energy in off-grid markets is mainly supplied by diesel generators. This leads to high electricity costs, dependence on fossil fuels, load shedding, complex fuel supply logistics, and ageing infrastructure. The stringent requirements of off-grid markets include affordability, reliability, flexibility, resiliency, sustainability (clean energy), energy security, as well as rapid installation and minimal maintenance efforts. All these demands can be addressed with nuclear energy.

[0005] Microreactors are nuclear reactors capable of generating less than 10 MWe and can be deployed in remote applications. These microreactors are packaged in relatively small containers, operate without active human involvement, and can operate without refueling / replacing for longer periods of time than conventional nuclear power plants. One such microreactor is the eVinci microreactor system, designed by Westinghouse Electric Company. Other examples of microreactors are described in commonly owned U.S. Provisional Application Publication No. 62 / 984,591, entitled "HIGH TEMPERATURE HYDRIDE MODERATOR ENABLING COMPACT AND HIGHER POWER DENSITY CORES IN NUCLEAR MICRO-REACTORS," and U.S. Patent Application No. 14 / 773,405, entitled "MOBILE HEAT PIPE COOLED FAST REACTOR SYSTEM," published as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016 / 0027536, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

[0006] The microreactors are designed to be transportable using conventional shipping methods, such as CONEX ISO containers. These designs typically utilize ISO 668 shipping containers, as illustrated in FIG.

[0007] Decay heat in microreactors needs to be self-regulating and a passive decay heat removal system is required to ensure "standby" safety. The decay heat removal system can have a significant impact on the overall size and weight of the microreactor shipping package.

[0008] 2, a cross-sectional view of a microreactor 100 disposed within a shipping container 101 is illustrated. The microreactor 100 comprises a monolith core block 102 housed within a reactor canister 104. The monolith core block 102 may comprise a core 106 comprising a plurality of core blocks 108 and a plurality of reactor shutdown modules 110. The monolith core block 102 may be surrounded by a plurality of control drums 112, each control drum 112 comprising a neutron absorber section 114 and a neutron reflector section 116. The monolith core block 102 and core 106 described above are described in more detail in commonly owned U.S. Provisional Application Publication No. 62 / 984,591, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0009] The microreactor 100 may further include a neutron shield 118 and a gamma ray shield 120 disposed around the reactor canister 104 of the monolith core block 102. A gap 122 is defined between the reactor canister 104 and the neutron shield 118.

[0010] With continued reference to Figure 2, a conceptual design of a decay heat removal system is illustrated. Airflow (indicated by dashed arrows) is directed around the reactor canister 104 through gap 122 by natural convection. However, this method of decay heat removal system requires a significant geometric footprint. Furthermore, the small shipping container 101 requires a complex inlet channel or duct 124 to direct the airflow around the reactor canister 104 to an elevated stack or exit duct 126 to drive sufficient buoyancy flow.

[0011] The geometric constraints of the microreactor limit the space available to install a buoyancy-driven air flow path and a passive air cooling system that utilizes natural convection, as shown in the conceptual design illustrated in FIG. 2. Additionally, the external exhaust stack 126 is designed to promote airflow, creating a larger target and thus exposing the safety of the microreactor 100 to external threats. If damage occurs to the exhaust stack 126, it can impede the airflow and reduce the effectiveness of cooling. These challenges can put the microreactor 100 in a potentially dangerous situation. Operational transients and design basis events require high heat flux, high flow rate, and large surface area to remove sufficient heat from the microreactor, which is not available in the typical configurations illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2.

[0012] Solutions with increased heat flux capabilities that reduce the profile size of passive decay heat removal systems are needed. Compact passive heat removal systems that can respond to external events could have a significant impact on enabling the deployment of microreactors. Summary of the Invention

[0013] In various embodiments, a container for transporting a nuclear reactor is disclosed. The container includes a loop thermosiphon including a chamber, a heat exchanger fluidly coupled to the chamber, and an actuator including an inactive state and an active state. The actuator is configured to automatically transition to the active state. The transition is based on an event occurring within the nuclear reactor. A working medium is configured to remove heat from the nuclear reactor in the active state.

[0014] In various embodiments, a container for transporting a nuclear reactor is disclosed. The container comprises a closed-loop thermosiphon comprising a housing, a heat exchanger fluidly coupled to the housing, and a passive thermal actuator. The housing comprises a wick and a working medium. The passive thermal actuator is configured to enable the working medium to remove heat from the nuclear reactor based on a predetermined action occurring within the nuclear reactor.

[0015] In various embodiments, a container for transporting a nuclear reactor is disclosed. The container includes a loop thermosiphon including an evaporator region containing a working medium, a condenser region fluidly coupled to the evaporator region, and a passive thermal actuator. The working medium is configured to absorb heat from the nuclear reactor. The working medium is configured to passively transport the absorbed heat from the evaporator region to the condenser region. The passive thermal actuator is configured to block the working medium until an event occurs within the nuclear reactor. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0016] The various features of the embodiments described herein, together with their advantages, may be understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0017] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 shows a microreactor placed inside a shipping container. [Diagram 2] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a microreactor in a shipping container with a conceptual design of a decay heat removal system. [Diagram 3] FIG. 3 is a container for transporting a nuclear reactor according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 4] FIG. 4 is another container for transporting a nuclear reactor according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0018] Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views. The exemplifications set forth herein illustrate various embodiments of the present invention in one form and such exemplifications are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention in any manner. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0019] Numerous specific details are described to provide a thorough understanding of the overall structure, function, manufacture, and use of the embodiments described herein and illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Well-known operations, components, and elements have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the embodiments described herein. The reader will appreciate that the embodiments described and illustrated herein are non-limiting examples, and thus, it can be understood that the specific structural and functional details disclosed herein may be representative and exemplary. Variations and modifications thereto may be made without departing from the scope of the claims.

[0020] Referring now to FIG. 3, a container 200 for transporting a nuclear reactor 202 is illustrated in accordance with at least one aspect of the present disclosure. The container 200 may include any suitable container capable of transporting the nuclear reactor 202, such as the CONEX ISO container described above. The nuclear reactor 202 may include a core 204, a primary heat exchanger 206, and a primary cooling system 208. In one embodiment, the primary cooling system 208 may include a plurality of heat pipes 210, which are hermetically sealed two-phase heat transfer components. In one embodiment, the heat pipes 210 may be used to transfer heat from a primary side of the reactor (evaporator section) to a secondary side of the reactor (condenser section) using a phase change operation of a working fluid (e.g., water, liquid potassium, sodium, or an alkali metal). During operation, the working fluid may absorb heat in the evaporator section and evaporate. The saturated vapor with latent heat of vaporization flows toward the condenser section and condenses, releasing the latent heat. The condensed liquid then returns to the evaporator section through the wick by capillary action. In one embodiment, the use of heat pipes eliminates the need to pump fluids to remove heat from the core 204 .

[0021] 3, the container 200 can include a loop thermosiphon 212 that vents decay heat from the reactor 202 after an event. As an example, the event can be a loss of secondary cooling. Other events contemplated in this disclosure are described in more detail below. The loop thermosiphon 212 is a closed loop system that includes an evaporation region 214, a condenser region 216, and a working fluid or medium, such as an alkali metal (illustrated by the dashed arrow), and can transport decay heat from the evaporation region 214 to the condenser region 216.

[0022] The evaporation region 214 of the thermosiphon 212 may include an evaporation chamber or enclosure 218. The evaporation chamber 218 may be in thermal communication with the reactor 202 such that decay heat from the reactor 202 may be transferred to the working medium disposed within the evaporation chamber 218. In one embodiment, the evaporation chamber 218 may be located on the heat pipes 210. In another embodiment, the evaporation chamber 218 may be in thermal contact with the core block of the reactor 202. In another embodiment, the evaporation chamber 218 may be in thermal contact with the reactor canister. In another embodiment, the evaporation chamber 218 may be connected to either or all sides of the core block or the reactor canister for heat removal. In another embodiment, the evaporation chamber may be split and connected to multiple locations of the reactor 202. The evaporation chamber 202 provides multiple thermal paths for decay heat removal.

[0023] Prior to operation, loop thermosiphon 212 may be evacuated and filled with a working medium, e.g., an alkali metal, as described above. During operation, the working medium may be maintained in a liquid / vapor state by isolating it within an area that connects to primary heat exchanger 206 and / or core 204. In one embodiment, this may be accomplished by selectively positioning evaporation chamber 218 relative to heat pipes 218, as described above by way of example. In one embodiment, evaporation chamber 218 may be integrally attached to primary heat exchanger 206.

[0024] With continued reference to FIG. 3, the condenser region 216 of the loop thermosiphon 212 can include a heat exchanger 220. The heat exchanger 220 can be fluidly coupled to the evaporation chamber 218 by internal flow paths, such as pipes or tubes 222, 224. After absorbing heat from the reactor 202, the working medium can flow through the flow path 222 to the heat exchanger 220 of the condenser region 216. By locating the heat exchanger 216 on the exterior surface of the container 200, the heat absorbed within the working medium can be transferred to the air, ground, or a body of water, depending on the selected location of the heat exchanger 220. For air cooling, the natural convection of air across the exterior of the heat exchanger 220 provides the ultimate heat sink. After releasing the absorbed heat, the working medium can flow back through the flow path 224 toward the evaporation chamber 218 to repeat the decay heat removal process described above.

[0025] In one embodiment, the heat exchanger 220 may be installed prior to shipping of the container 200. In another embodiment, the heat exchanger 220 may be integrated into the structure of the container 200. In various embodiments, the heat exchanger 220 may utilize fins (not shown) to increase the surface area of ​​the heat exchanger 220 and improve the effective ability of the heat exchanger 220 to transfer heat to the surrounding environment. In one embodiment, the structural capabilities of the finned heat exchanger allow for its use as a side panel of the container 200.

[0026] Although one heat exchanger 220 is shown and described, the loop thermosiphon 212 may include multiple heat exchangers 220 to further improve the loop thermosiphon 212's ability to remove heat from the nuclear reactor 202. By way of example, FIG. 4 illustrates another container 300 for transporting the nuclear reactor 202, in accordance with at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. The container 300 includes flow paths 222, 224. but The evaporation chamber 218 may include a loop thermosiphon 312 similar to the loop thermosiphon 212 described above, except that it is divided to include flow paths 322, 324, such that the evaporation chamber 218 functions as a second heat exchanger. 320The loop thermosiphon 312 is fluidly coupled to a second condenser region 316 having a second heat exchanger 320. The incorporation of a second heat exchanger 320 can improve the ability of the loop thermosiphon 312 to effectively remove heat from the reactor 202. In one embodiment, the loop thermosiphon 312 may selectively open the flow paths 222, 224, 322, 324 for the working medium to selectively transport heat to the heat exchangers 220, 320, as described in more detail below. Other means of improving the effectiveness of the heat exchanger 220 are contemplated.

[0027] The loop thermosiphon 212 may further include a number of actuators 226, 228. As shown in FIG. 3, the loop thermosiphon 212 includes a first actuator 226 disposed on a first end of the evaporation chamber 218 and a second actuator 228 disposed on a second end of the evaporation chamber 218. The actuators 226, 228 are configurable between an unactuated configuration or state and an actuated configuration or state. In the actuated configuration, the actuators 226, 228 allow the working medium to flow within the loop thermosiphon 212 and allow the working medium to transport heat from the reactor 202 to the heat exchanger 220. In the unactuated configuration, the actuators 226, 228 allow the working medium to remain within the evaporation chamber 218. Stated another way, in the unactuated configuration, the actuators 226, 228 may prevent or block the working medium from transporting heat from the reactor 202 to the heat exchanger 220.

[0028] The actuators 226, 228 can be passive actuators that dynamically or automatically transition between a non-activated configuration and an activated configuration based on one or more predetermined events occurring within the reactor 202, such as loss of secondary cooling, as described above. Once the predetermined event is met, reached, or exceeded, the actuators 226, 228 can automatically transition to an activated configuration to allow the working medium to remove heat from the reactor 202. Once a sufficient amount of heat has been removed from the reactor 202 to place the reactor 202 in a normal operating condition, or another predetermined event occurs, the actuators 226, 228 can automatically transition to a non-activated configuration and prevent or block the working medium from further removing heat from the reactor 202. The ability of the actuators 226, 228 to passively and dynamically transition between a non-activated configuration and an activated configuration allows the loop thermosiphon 212 to remove heat from the reactor 202 "on demand" without human intervention.

[0029] In various other embodiments, the actuators 226, 228 are externally controllable to transition between the inactive and active configurations. In one exemplary embodiment, the actuators 226, 228 may transition between the inactive and active configurations based on an event external to the reactor 202, such as a user providing a manual input that may cause the actuators 226, 228 to transition between the inactive and active configurations. In one embodiment, sensors may detect various parameters within the reactor, such as temperature, pressure, neutron flux, and hydrogen content. A user may monitor these parameters and control the actuators 226, 228 to transition between the inactive and active configurations to control the amount of heat removed from the reactor 202.

[0030] 4, as described above, the loop thermosiphon 312 can include more than one heat exchanger, for example, two heat exchangers 220, 320. As above, the loop thermosiphon 312 can include a plurality of actuators 226, 228 that can be dynamically or automatically transitioned between an inactive configuration and an active configuration to enable the working medium to transfer heat to the heat exchanger 220. Additionally, the loop thermosiphon 312 can include another plurality of actuators 326, 328 that can be dynamically or automatically transitioned between an inactive configuration and an active configuration to enable the working medium to transfer heat to the heat exchanger 320. The actuators 226, 228, 326, 328 can be selectively transitioned between an inactive configuration and an active configuration to enable the working medium to selectively transfer heat to the heat exchangers 220, 320. In one such embodiment, actuators 226, 228 may transition to an actuated position when a first event occurs, such as, for example, a first threshold temperature being reached, and actuators 326, 328 may transition to an actuated position when a second event occurs, such as, for example, a second, higher threshold temperature being reached.

[0031] In one embodiment, the actuators 226, 228, 326, 328 may comprise thermal actuators, such as the thermal actuator assemblies described in U.S. Patent No. 10,047,730, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. These thermal actuators, or other similar thermal actuators, can be designed to transition between a non-actuated configuration and an actuated configuration based on the temperature at a single point within the reactor 202. In another embodiment, the thermal actuators can transition between a non-actuated configuration and an actuated configuration based on the temperature at multiple points within the reactor 202.

[0032] In one embodiment, the thermal actuators may transition to an actuated configuration based on the temperature in the reactor 202 reaching or exceeding a threshold temperature and transition to a non-actuated position based on the temperature in the reactor 202 reaching or dropping below the threshold temperature. In one embodiment, the threshold temperature may correspond to a temperature threshold for a transient or accident event level. In another embodiment, the actuators 226, 228, 326, 328 may comprise a melting plug. The melting plug may comprise a material that is compatible with the working medium and other materials in the loop thermosiphon 212, 312 that the melting plug may contact. In operation, a temperature rise to or above the melting temperature of the actuators 226, 228, 326, 328 causes the actuators 226, 228, 326, 328 to transition from a non-actuated configuration to an actuated configuration.

[0033] Other types of actuators that can effectively open a flow path in the loop thermosiphon 212, 312 based on a temperature threshold are contemplated in this disclosure. In one embodiment, the actuators 226, 228, 326, 328 can be actuated to open a flow path based on thermal expansion amplification. This type of actuator can be tuned to increasing temperatures that would normally indicate a loss of cooling function.

[0034] Other types of actuators that can effectively open a flow path in the loop thermosiphon 212, 312 based on parameters other than temperature are contemplated in the present disclosure. In one embodiment, the actuators 226, 228, 326, 328 can comprise a valve that can be coupled to a capsule of dihydride moderator disposed in the reactor 202. If hydrogen is released from the moderator, the pressure in the reactor 202 will increase. If the pressure in the reactor 202 reaches or exceeds a pressure threshold, the valve can transition to an actuated configuration to begin passive cooling of the reactor 202. In one embodiment, the amount of passive cooling that the valve allows in the loop thermosiphon 212 can be based on the pressure detected in the reactor 202. As an example, the amount of passive cooling can be a function of the pressure detected in the reactor 202 above the pressure threshold. If the pressure in the reactor 202 reaches or falls below the pressure threshold, the valve can transition to a non-actuated configuration to prevent further passive cooling.

[0035] In another embodiment, the actuators 226, 228, 326, 328 can be coupled to a neutron detector. The neutron detector can compare the detected amount of neutron flux to a neutron flux threshold. If the detected neutron flux reaches or exceeds the neutron flux threshold, the neutron detector can send an electrical signal to the actuators 226, 228, 326, 328 to initiate passive heat removal from the reactor 202 via the loop thermosiphon 212, 312. In one embodiment, the amount of passive cooling enabled in the loop thermosiphon 212, 312 by the actuators 226, 228, 326, 328 can be based on the amount of neutron flux detected in the reactor 202. As an example, the amount of passive cooling can be a function of the neutron flux detected in the reactor 202. When the neutron flux within the reactor 202 reaches or falls below the neutron flux threshold, the actuators 226, 228, 326, 328 may transition to a non-actuated configuration to prevent further passive cooling.

[0036] Although the actuators 226, 228, 326, 328 above have been described as transitioning between activated and deactivated configurations based on a single event or action occurring within the reactor 202, such as the crossing of a pressure threshold, a temperature threshold, or a neutron flux threshold, the actuators 226, 228, 326, 328 may monitor multiple events within the reactor 202. As a result, the actuators 226, 228, 326, 328 may transition between activated and deactivated configurations based on a combination of multiple events or actions within the reactor.

[0037] By using appropriate actuators 226, 228, 326, 328, one can effectively increase passive heat removal from the reactor 202 when needed and decrease passive heat removal from the reactor 202 when not needed, thereby reducing / eliminating the amount of parasitic waste heat to the environment that is not needed during normal operation.

[0038] 3, when the passive thermal actuators 226, 228 are actuated, the working medium can flow upward in the evaporation chamber 218 and towards the heat exchanger 220 via the flow passage 222. The working medium begins to condense and transfers heat to the internal flow passages in the heat exchanger 220. As described above, depending on the position of the heat exchanger 220, the heat can be transferred to the air, ground, or a body of water. Then, as long as the passive thermal actuators 226, 228 remain in the actuated position, the condensed working medium can flow and return to the evaporation chamber 218 via the flow passage 224, where the condensed working medium can be reheated by the heat in the reactor 202 and the above process can be repeated. The above process is substantially similar for the loop thermosiphon 312.

[0039] Depending on the thermal mass of the system and the initial conditions, the working medium may freeze in the heat exchanger 220, 320. Depending on the final component sizing, the latent heat of condensation may be sufficient to heat the system above the freezing point of the working medium. If this is not achievable, in one embodiment, a small preheater (not shown) can be installed in the heat exchanger 220, 320 to keep the temperature always above the freezing point of the working medium. This temperature is much lower than the operating temperature of the reactor and is easily achievable. There is no need to provide heat by a small preheater after an accident situation.

[0040] Depending on the cooling requirements of the reactor 202, the thermal performance of the natural convection driven loop thermosiphon 212, 312 can be enhanced by placing a wick in the evaporator chamber 218 in the shape of a tube or a more complex vapor chamber. In one embodiment, the wick can include a mesh wick. In one embodiment, the wick can include an extruded wick. In one embodiment, the wick can include a hydroformed wick as described in U.S. Patent Application No. 16 / 853,270, entitled "INTERNAL HYDROFORMING METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING HEAT PIPE WICKS," and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 012,725, entitled "INTERNAL HYDROFORMING METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING HEAT PIPE WICKS UTILIZING A HOLLOW MANDREL AND SHEATH," which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. In one embodiment, by way of example, the wick can be any suitable shape, such as a star, a circle, or a square. In another embodiment, the wick can be located in the flow passages 222, 224, 322, 324 that fluidly couple the evaporator chamber 218 and the heat exchanger 220, 320. In another embodiment, the wick can be located in the heat exchanger 220, 320. In one embodiment, by way of example, the wick can include rifling on various components of the loop thermosiphon, such as the evaporator chamber 218, the flow passages 222, 224, 322, 324, or the inner surfaces of the heat exchanger 220, 320. These enhancements can improve the heat transfer capabilities of the loop thermosiphon 212, 312 by adding capillary pumping to the flow circuit.

[0041] The dynamic response of a self-regulating reactor due to a transient or accident depends on the passive heat removal of the loop thermosiphon 212, 312. Additional heat capacity can be built into the loop thermosiphon 212, 312 by adjusting the working medium reservoir to the required heat capacity required for transients and design basis accidents. Additional heat capacity can also be added by melting materials around or within the heat exchanger 220, 320. The heat removal rate can be adjusted by adjusting the size of the heat exchanger. Additionally, the heat removal rate can be adjusted by selectively allowing only certain sections of the heat exchanger to remove heat. Selected sections can be operated at specific reactor parameters to ensure that the heat removal rate corresponds to the heat removal rate required by the transient or accident.

[0042] The above invention reduces the reliance on very limited internal air flow paths as a natural convection cooling path for the reactor. As an example, the utilization of a finned heat exchanger can significantly increase the heat removal capacity of the loop thermosiphon. The above invention can reduce the overall geometric size requirements of the passive heat removal system. This allows for microreactor technology utilizing a finned heat exchanger and combining it with the structural features of the ISO container panels. The above invention allows for the heat exchanger to be located in or near the container. This allows for the utilization of air, soil, or bodies of water, depending on availability, as the final heat sink. The thermal efficiency of the above loop thermosiphon, the sizing of the finned heat exchanger, and utilization of the thermal capacity of the working medium can be designed to meet the dynamic thermal response required for transients and accidents. Additionally, the above invention has no moving parts, which significantly reduces the chance of failure compared to cooling systems that use active parts, such as fans or pumps. EXAMPLES

[0043] Various aspects of the subject matter described herein are illustrated in the following examples.

[0044] Example 1 A container for transporting a nuclear reactor, the container comprising a loop thermosiphon, the loop thermosiphon comprising a chamber, a heat exchanger fluidly coupled to the chamber, and an actuator having an inactive state and an active state, the actuator configured to automatically transition to the active state, the transition being based on an event occurring within the nuclear reactor, and a working medium configured to remove heat from the nuclear reactor in the active state.

[0045] Example 2 2. The container of claim 1, wherein the reactor comprises a plurality of heat pipes and the chamber is disposed above the heat pipes.

[0046] Example 3 2. The container of example 1, wherein the reactor comprises a core block, and the chamber is in thermal contact with the core block.

[0047] Example 4 4. The container of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the event comprises the reactor reaching or exceeding a threshold temperature.

[0048] Example 5 5. The container of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the event comprises an increase in pressure within the reactor.

[0049] Example 6 6. The container of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the event comprises an increase in neutron flux within the nuclear reactor.

[0050] Example 7 7. The container of any one of Examples 1 to 6, wherein the chamber comprises a wick.

[0051] Example 8 A container for transporting a nuclear reactor, the container comprising a closed-loop thermosiphon, the closed-loop thermosiphon comprising a housing, a heat exchanger fluidly coupled to the housing, and a passive thermal actuator, the housing comprising a wick and a working medium, the passive thermal actuator configured to enable the working medium to remove heat from the nuclear reactor based on a predetermined action occurring within the nuclear reactor.

[0052] Example 9 9. The container of embodiment 8, wherein the reactor comprises a plurality of heat pipes and the housing is disposed above the heat pipes.

[0053] Example 10 9. The container of example 8, wherein the reactor comprises a core block, and the housing is in thermal contact with the core block.

[0054] Example 11 11. The container of any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein the predetermined action includes the reactor reaching or exceeding a threshold temperature.

[0055] Example 12 12. The container of any one of claims 8 to 11, wherein the predetermined action includes increasing pressure within the reactor.

[0056] Example 13 13. The container of any one of claims 8-12, wherein the predetermined action comprises increasing neutron flux within the reactor.

[0057] Example 14 A container for transporting a nuclear reactor, the container comprising a loop thermosiphon, the loop thermosiphon comprising an evaporator region comprising a working medium, a condenser region fluidly coupled to the evaporator region, and a passive thermal actuator, the working medium configured to absorb heat from the nuclear reactor, the working medium configured to passively transport the absorbed heat from the evaporator region to the condenser region, and the passive thermal actuator configured to block the working medium until an event occurs within the nuclear reactor.

[0058] Example 15 15. The container of example 14, wherein the event comprises the reactor reaching or exceeding a threshold temperature.

[0059] Example 16 16. The container of example embodiment 15, wherein the threshold temperature corresponds to an accident temperature threshold.

[0060] Example 17 17. The container of any one of claims 14-16, wherein the event comprises an increase in pressure within the reactor.

[0061] Example 18 18. The container of any one of claims 14-17, wherein the event comprises an increase in neutron flux within the nuclear reactor.

[0062] Example 19 19. The container of any one of embodiments 14-18, wherein the reactor comprises a plurality of heat pipes, and the evaporator region is disposed above the heat pipes.

[0063] Example 20 19. The container of any one of claims 14-18, wherein the reactor comprises a core block, and the evaporator region is in thermal contact with the core block.

[0064] Unless otherwise specifically stated as is apparent from the above disclosure, discussions throughout the above disclosure using terms such as "processing," "computing," "calculating," "determining," "displaying," and the like refer to the acts and processes of a computer system or similar electronic computing device that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities in the computer system's registers and memory into other data that is similarly represented as physical quantities in the computer system's memory or registers, or other such information storage, transmission, or display device.

[0065] One or more components may be referred to herein as being "configured to," "configurable to," "operable to," "adapted to," "capable to," "adaptable to," etc. Those skilled in the art will recognize that unless the context requires otherwise, "configured to" may generally encompass active components and / or inactive components and / or standby components.

[0066] Those skilled in the art will recognize that the terms used in this specification, generally, and in the appended claims in particular (e.g., the body of the appended claims), are generally intended as "open" terms (e.g., the term "including" should be interpreted as "including, but not limited to," the term "having" should be interpreted as "having at least," the term "include" should be interpreted as "including, but not limited to," etc.). It will be further understood by those skilled in the art that if a specific number of claim recitations to be introduced are intended, such intent will be expressly recited in the claims, and that in the absence of such recitation, no such intent exists. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain the use of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or more" to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed as implying that the introduction of a claim recitation with the indefinite article "a" or "an" limits any particular claim containing such an introduced claim recitation to those claims that include only one such recitation, even when that same claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least one" and an indefinite article such as "a" or "an" (e.g., "a" and / or "an" should typically be construed to mean "at least one" or "one or more"), nor should the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations.

[0067] Moreover, even when a particular number of introduced claim recitations is explicitly recited, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that such recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., an explicit recitation of "two recitations" without other modifiers typically means at least two recitations, or more than two recitations. Furthermore, in such cases where a convention similar to "at least one of A, B, and C, etc." is used, such structure is generally intended in the sense that one of ordinary skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, and C" would include, but is not limited to, systems having A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together). Conventions similar to "at least one of A, B, or C, etc." In such cases where is used, generally, such structure is intended in the sense that one of ordinary skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, or C" would include, but is not limited to, systems having A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that typically disjunctive words and / or phrases presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibility of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms, unless the context dictates otherwise. For example, the phrase "A or B" would typically be understood to include the possibilities of "A" or "B" or "A and B."

[0068] With respect to the appended claims, those skilled in the art will understand that the operations recited therein may generally be performed in any order. Also, while various operational flow diagrams are presented in sequences, it should be understood that various operations may be performed in other orders than those illustrated, or may be performed simultaneously. Examples of such alternative orderings may include overlapping, interleaving, interrupting, reordering, incremental, preparatory, supplementary, simultaneous, reverse, or other various orderings, unless the context dictates otherwise. Moreover, unless the context dictates otherwise, terms such as "responsive to," "related to," or other past tense adjectives are generally not intended to exclude such variations.

[0069] It should be noted that any reference to "one embodiment," "one aspect," "one example," "one example," etc. means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrases "in one embodiment," "in one embodiment," "in one example," and "in one example" in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

[0070] Any patent application, patent, non-patent publication, or other disclosure material referenced herein and / or listed in any application data sheet is incorporated herein by reference to the extent that such material is not inconsistent with this specification. Thus, and to the extent necessary, the present disclosure as expressly set forth herein supersedes any conflicting material incorporated herein by reference. Any material, or portion thereof, that is referred to as being incorporated herein by reference but that conflicts with existing definitions, descriptions, or other disclosure material set forth herein, is incorporated only to the extent that there is no conflict between the incorporated material and the existing disclosure material.

[0071] The terms "comprise" (and any form of comprise, such as "comprises" and "comprising"), "have" (and any form of have, such as "has" and "having"), "include" (and any form of include, such as "includes" and "including"), and "contain" (and any form of contain, such as "contains" and "containing") are open-ended linking verbs. As a result, a system that "comprises," "has," "includes," or "contains" one or more elements possesses those one or more elements, but is not limited to possessing only those one or more elements. Similarly, an element of a system, device, or apparatus that "includes," "has," "includes," or "contains" one or more features possesses those one or more features, but is not limited to possessing only those one or more features.

[0072] The terms "substantially," "about," or "approximately," as used in this disclosure, unless otherwise specified, refer to an acceptable error for a particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which depends in part on how the value is measured or determined. In some embodiments, the terms "substantially," "about," or "approximately" refer to within 1, 2, 3, or 4 standard deviations. In some embodiments, the terms "substantially," "about," or "approximately" refer to within 50%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, or 0.05% of a given value or range.

[0073] In summary, numerous benefits resulting from employing the concepts described herein are described. The above description of one or more embodiments is presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the precise form disclosed. Modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The one or more embodiments have been selected and described in order to illustrate the principles and practical applications, thereby enabling those skilled in the art to utilize the various embodiments and with various modifications suitable for the particular use contemplated. The claims submitted herein are intended to define the overall scope.

Claims

1. a container for transporting a nuclear reactor, the nuclear reactor being disposed within the container, the container comprising a loop thermosiphon configured to absorb heat from the nuclear reactor; The loop thermosiphon is a chamber in thermal communication with the reactor; a heat exchanger fluidly coupled to the chamber; An actuator configurable to a plurality of states, the plurality of states including: an unactuated state in which the actuator maintains a working medium within the chamber; an actuator including an activated state and configured to transition from the unactivated state to the activated state based on an event; the working medium is configured to flow from the chamber to the heat exchanger to remove heat from the reactor based on the actuator transitioning from the unactuated state to the actuated state. container.

2. 10. The container of claim 1, wherein the reactor comprises a plurality of heat pipes, and the chamber is disposed above the heat pipes.

3. 10. The container of claim 1, wherein the nuclear reactor comprises a core block, and the chamber is in thermal contact with the core block.

4. The container of claim 1 , wherein the event comprises the reactor reaching or exceeding a threshold temperature.

5. The container of claim 1 , wherein the event comprises an increase in pressure within the nuclear reactor.

6. The container of claim 1 , wherein the event comprises an increase in neutron flux within the nuclear reactor.

7. The container of claim 1 , wherein the event comprises a manual input from a user.

8. a container for transporting a nuclear reactor, the nuclear reactor being disposed within the container, the container comprising a closed-loop thermosiphon configured to absorb heat from the nuclear reactor; The closed loop thermosiphon comprises: a housing in thermal communication with the reactor; A working medium; a heat exchanger fluidly coupled to the housing and configured to remove heat from the working medium; a passive actuator configured to enable the working medium to remove heat from the reactor based on the occurrence of a predetermined event; the occurrence of the predetermined event activates the passive actuator, allowing the working medium to flow from the housing to the heat exchanger, thereby removing heat from the reactor. container.

9. 10. The container of claim 8, wherein the reactor comprises a plurality of heat pipes, and the housing is disposed above the heat pipes.

10. 10. The container of claim 8, wherein the nuclear reactor comprises a core block, and the housing is in thermal contact with the core block.

11. The container of claim 8 , wherein the predetermined event comprises the reactor reaching or exceeding a threshold temperature.

12. The container of claim 8 , wherein the predetermined event comprises an increase in pressure within the nuclear reactor.

13. The container of claim 8 , wherein the predetermined event comprises an increase in neutron flux within the nuclear reactor.

14. a container for transporting a nuclear reactor, the nuclear reactor being disposed within the container, the container comprising a loop thermosiphon; The loop thermosiphon is an evaporator region comprising a working medium and in thermal communication with the nuclear reactor disposed within the container, the working medium configured to absorb heat from the nuclear reactor; a condenser region fluidly coupled to the evaporator region and including a heat exchanger, the working medium configured to transport the absorbed heat from the evaporator region to the condenser region; a passive actuator configured to prevent the working medium from flowing from the evaporator region to the condenser region until an event occurs; and wherein actuation of the passive actuator upon occurrence of the event allows the working medium to flow from the evaporator region to the heat exchanger. container.

15. The container of claim 14 , wherein the event comprises the reactor reaching or exceeding a threshold temperature.

16. 16. The container of claim 15, wherein the threshold temperature corresponds to an accident temperature threshold.

17. The container of claim 14 , wherein the event comprises an increase in pressure within the nuclear reactor.

18. The container of claim 14 , wherein the event comprises an increase in neutron flux within the nuclear reactor.

19. 15. The container of claim 14, wherein the reactor comprises a plurality of heat pipes, and the evaporator region is disposed above the heat pipes.

20. 15. The container of claim 14, wherein the nuclear reactor comprises a core block, and the evaporator region is in thermal contact with the core block.

21. The container of claim 1, wherein the chamber is in direct contact with the reactor and absorbs heat from the reactor.

22. The container of claim 1, wherein the heat exchanger is positioned on an outer surface of the container.

23. The container of claim 8, wherein the housing is in direct contact with the reactor and absorbs heat from the reactor.

24. The container of claim 8, wherein the heat exchanger is positioned on an outer surface of the container.

25. The container of claim 14, wherein the working medium is configured to absorb heat directly from the nuclear reactor.

26. The container of claim 14, wherein the condenser region is positioned on an outer surface of the container.

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