COMMUNICATION APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR MULTI-LINK PEER-TO-PEER COMMUNICATION - Patent application

Abstract

The present disclosure provides a communications apparatus and method for multi-link peer-to-peer communications, the communications apparatus being one of a plurality of communications apparatuses attached to a first multi-link device (MLD), each of the plurality of communications apparatuses operating on a corresponding link of the first MLD, the communications apparatus including: circuitry for generating a request frame, in operation, the request frame being one of a discovery request frame for discovering the peer-to-peer communications capabilities of another communications apparatus or a setup request frame for requesting the setup of one or more direct links, the request frame including a multi-link (ML) indication that identifies the communications apparatus as attached to the first MLD; and a transmitter for transmitting the request frame on one link, in operation.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE Embodiments of the present invention relate generally to communication devices, and more particularly to methods and apparatus for multi-link peer-to-peer communication. [Background technology]

[0002] In today's world, communication devices are expected to operate wirelessly with the same capabilities as wired computing devices. For example, users expect to be able to seamlessly watch high definition movies that are streamed to their wireless communication devices. This poses challenges not only to the communication devices, but also to the access points to which the communication devices wirelessly connect.

[0003] The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 Group has recently formed an 802.11 Task Group (TG) to address these challenges. Multi-link operation in the 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz and 6 GHz frequency bands has been identified as a strong candidate technology for such communications. Multi-channel aggregation across multiple links is a natural route to generate a several-fold increase in communications data throughput.

[0004] To enable such multi-link operation between an access point (AP) multi-link device (MLD) and a non-AP MLD, a multi-link setup may be performed on one of the supported links to establish associations of affiliated stations (STAs) on one or more links. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0005] However, there has been no discussion so far regarding multi-link peer-to-peer communication between non-AP MLD STAs or between non-AP MLD and legacy STAs.

[0006] Thus, there is a need for a communications apparatus and method that can solve the problems discussed above. Furthermore, other desirable features and characteristics will become apparent from the subsequent detailed description and appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and this background of the disclosure. [Means for solving the problem]

[0007] The non-limiting and illustrative embodiments facilitate providing a communications apparatus and method for multi-link peer-to-peer communications.

[0008] In a first aspect, the present disclosure provides a communications device of a plurality of communications devices attached to a first multi-link device (MLD), each of the plurality of communications devices operating on a corresponding link of the first MLD, the communications device including: circuitry for generating a request frame, when operated, the request frame being one of a discovery request frame for discovering peer-to-peer communication capabilities of another communications device or a setup request frame for requesting setup of one or more direct links, the request frame including a multi-link (ML) indication identifying that the communications device is attached to the first MLD; and a transmitter for transmitting the request frame on one link, when operated.

[0009] In a second aspect, the present disclosure provides an access point (AP) among a plurality of APs attached to an AP MLD, each of the plurality of APs operating on a link corresponding to the AP MLD, the AP including: a receiver that, during operation, receives on one link a data frame from an associated communication device attached to the MLD, the data frame having a destination address (DA) field set to another associated communication device not attached to the MLD; a circuit that, during operation, sets a source address (SA) field of the data frame as a MAC address of the associated communication device; and a transmitter that, during operation, transmits the data frame to the other associated communication device.

[0010] In a third aspect, the present disclosure provides a communication method including the steps of generating a request frame, the request frame being one of a discovery request frame for discovering peer-to-peer communication capabilities of a communication device or a setup request frame for requesting setup of one or more direct links, the request frame including an ML indication that identifies another communication device sending the request frame as attached to an MLD, and transmitting the request frame in one link.

[0011] Further benefits and advantages of the disclosed embodiments will become apparent from the specification and drawings, and these benefits and / or advantages may be obtained individually through the various embodiments and features of the specification and drawings, although it is not necessary for all of these features to be present in order to obtain one or more of such benefits and / or advantages.

[0012] The accompanying drawings, in which like reference numbers refer to identical or functionally similar elements throughout the different views, and which, together with the following detailed description, are incorporated in and form a part of this specification, illustrate various embodiments and serve to explain various principles and advantages according to embodiments of the present invention. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0013] [Figure 1] 1 illustrates a tunneled direct link setup between two non-AP (Access Point) Stations (STAs) associated with an AP in a basic service set (BSS). [Figure 2A] 1 illustrates a method for Tunneled Direct Link Setup (TDLS) discovery, which is accomplished using a TDLS discovery frame. [Figure 2B] 1 illustrates another method for TDLS discovery, which is performed by exchanging Access Network Query Protocol (ANQP) request / response frames in the direct path between two STAs. [Diagram 3] Draw a flow diagram illustrating TDLS setup off-channel in 6GHz band. [Figure 4] The configuration of an access point (AP) multilink device (MLD) is shown. [Diagram 5] 1 shows a schematic diagram illustrating communication between an AP attached to an AP-MLD, a non-MLD STA, and a non-AP-MLD attached STA. [Figure 6A] 1 illustrates a schematic diagram illustrating communication between two non-AP MLD associated non-MLD APs. [Figure 6B] 1 illustrates a schematic diagram illustrating communication between two non-AP MLDs associated with an AP MLD; [Figure 6C] 1 illustrates a schematic diagram illustrating communication between a non-AP MLD and a non-MLD STA associated with a non-MLD AP; [Figure 6D] 1 illustrates a schematic diagram illustrating communication between a non-AP MLD and a non-MLD STA associated with an AP MLD. [Figure 7] 1 depicts a flow diagram illustrating the setup of a direct link between two non-AP MLDs by using a single link via an associated AP or AP MLD, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 8] Illustrates the use case of a direct link setup in one link by using another link for home video conferencing using a mobile phone and a TV. [Figure 9] 1 illustrates an example configuration of a communication device according to the present disclosure. [Figure 10] 1 shows a flow chart illustrating a communication method according to the present disclosure. [Figure 11] 1 illustrates an example of a TDLS Multi-Link (ML) element according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 12] 1 shows an example of the format of an Ethertype 89-0d data frame used to carry a TDLS discovery request frame and a link identifier element of the TDLS discovery request frame. [Figure 13] 1 illustrates an example format of a TDLS discovery response frame according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 14] 1 illustrates an example format of an Ethertype 89-0d data frame used to contain a TDLS setup frame according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 15] 1 depicts a flowchart illustrating communication between two non-AP MLDs via a non-MLD AP for multi-link peer-to-peer communication according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 16] 1 depicts a flowchart illustrating communication between two non-AP MLDs via a non-MLD AP for multi-link peer-to-peer communication according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 17] 1 depicts a flowchart illustrating communication between a non-AP MLD and a non-MLD STA (STA3) via a non-MLD AP for multi-link peer-to-peer communication according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 18] 13 depicts a flowchart illustrating communication between a non-AP MLD and a non-MLD STA (STA3) via a non-MLD AP for multi-link peer-to-peer communication according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 19]13 depicts a flowchart illustrating communication between a non-AP MLD and a non-MLD STA (STA3) via a non-MLD AP for multi-link peer-to-peer communication according to yet another embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 20] 1 depicts a flowchart illustrating an address configuration process of an MLD according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 21] 1 depicts a flowchart illustrating communication between two non-AP MLDs via a non-MLD AP for multi-link peer-to-peer communication according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 22A] 1 illustrates an example format of a Fast BSS Transition (FTE) element. [Figure 22B] 1 illustrates an example format for a link identifier element. [Figure 23A] 1 illustrates an example format of a data frame transmitted on a direct link between two non-AP MLDs. [Figure 23B] 1 illustrates an example of the configuration of an MLD MAC address-based AAD used for encapsulation or decapsulation of frames under counter mode with Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol (CCMP) or Galois / Counter Mode Protocol (GCMP). [Figure 23C] 2 illustrates an example of construction 2340 of an MLD MAC address based Nonce used for encapsulation or decapsulation of frames under Counter Mode with CCMP or GCMP. [Figure 24] 1 depicts a flowchart illustrating multi-link peer-to-peer communication between two non-AP MLDs associated with an AP MLD according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Diagram 25]1 illustrates an example format of an Ethertype 89-0d data frame used to carry a TDLS channel switch request frame according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 26] 1 depicts a flowchart illustrating a quiet period setup for multi-link peer-to-peer communication between two non-AP MLDs associated with an AP / AP MLD according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 27] An example of the format of a Quiet Time Period (QTP) request / response frame is shown below. [Figure 28] 1 depicts a flowchart illustrating setting up a target wake time period for multi-link peer-to-peer communication between two non-AP MLDs associated with an AP / AP MLD according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 29] 1 shows an example of a format of a target wake time (TWT) setup frame and a TWT element of a TWT setup frame. [Figure 30A] An example of the format of an ANQP request frame is shown below. [Figure 30B] An example of the format of an ANQP response frame is shown below. [Figure 30C] 13 shows an example format of a TDLS capability ANQP element used to accommodate multi-link TDLS capabilities. [Diagram 31] 13 shows an example format of a link identifier element included in a TDLS discovery request frame as an ML instruction. [Diagram 32] 1 illustrates an example configuration of a communication device and two communication devices attached to the communication device, where the communication device may be implemented as a non-AP MLD and the attached communication devices may each be implemented as a STA configured for multi-link peer-to-peer communication according to the present disclosure. [Diagram 33]1 illustrates an example configuration of a communication device and two communication devices attached to the communication device, the communication device may be implemented as an AP MLD and the attached communication devices may each be implemented as an AP configured for multi-link peer-to-peer communication according to the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0014] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some elements in the illustrations, block diagrams or flow charts may be exaggerated relative to other elements to facilitate an accurate understanding of embodiments of the present invention.

[0015] The following detailed description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the embodiments or the application and uses of the embodiments. Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by the preceding background or any theory presented in this detailed description. Furthermore, other desirable features and characteristics will become apparent from the subsequent detailed description and the appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and this background of the disclosure.

[0016] In the context of IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) technology, a station, interchangeably referred to as a STA, is a communication device capable of using the 802.11 protocol. Based on the definition of IEEE 802.11-2016, a STA is any device that contains an IEEE 802.11-compliant media access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) interface to the wireless medium (WM).

[0017] For example, a STA may be a laptop, a desktop personal computer (PC), a personal digital assistant (PDA), an access point, or a Wi-Fi phone in a wireless local area network (WLAN) environment. A STA may be fixed or mobile. In a WLAN environment, the terms "STA," "wireless client," "user," "user device," and "node" are often used interchangeably.

[0018] Similarly, an AP, which may be interchangeably referred to as a wireless access point (WAP) in the context of IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) technology, is a communications device that enables STAs in a WLAN to connect to a wired network. APs typically connect to a router (through the wired network) as standalone devices, but can also be integrated with or used within a router.

[0019] As mentioned above, a STA in a WLAN can act as an AP on different occasions, and vice versa. This is because in the context of IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) technology, a communication device may include both STA hardware components and AP hardware components. In this way, the communication device may switch between STA mode and AP mode based on the conditions and / or requirements of the actual WLAN.

[0020] In various embodiments of the present disclosure, a multi-link device (MLD) may refer to a device that operates in two or more frequency bands or links (2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, or 6 GHz). An MLD may include two or more communication devices corresponding to the two or more links, each operating in a particular frequency band or link. For simplicity, each link of an MLD shown in this disclosure pertains to one of multiple communication devices attached to that MLD that operates in a particular frequency band (2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, or 6 GHz) and is primarily configured to transmit / receive signals to / from another communication device not attached to that MLD that also operates in that particular frequency band.

[0021] In various embodiments of the present disclosure, a non-MLD STA may refer to a legacy (HE / VHT / HT) STA or an EHT STA that is not attached to a non-AP MLD. Similarly, a non-MLD AP may refer to an EHT AP that is not attached to an AP MLD.

[0022] In various embodiments of the present disclosure, the term "L2 MAC address" refers to the MAC address of a transmitting / receiving STA or AP, whereas the term "MLD MAC address" refers to the MAC address representing an MLD. For simplicity, the letter "M" may be added to the device name (e.g., STA, AP, or MLD) to represent it as the MAC address of the device. For example, the MLD MAC addresses of AP MLD and non-AP MLD are represented as "AP-MLD-M" and "STA-MLD-M", respectively. When there are two non-AP MLDs named "non-AP MLD1" and "non-AP MLD2", these MLD MAC addresses are represented as "STA-MLD1-M" and "STA-MLD2-M", respectively. Similarly, the MAC addresses of AP and STA are represented as "AP-M" and "STA-M", respectively. When there are two APs and two STAs named "AP1", "AP2", "STA1" and "STA2", their MAC addresses are represented as "AP1-M", "AP2-M", "STA1-M" and "STA2-M" respectively.

[0023] Similar notations apply to IP addresses in this disclosure. In particular, the letters "IP" are added to the device name (e.g., STA, AP, or MLD) to represent it as the IP address of the device. For example, the IP addresses of the AP MLD and non-AP MLD are represented as "AP-MLD-IP" and "STA-MLD-IP", respectively. When there are two non-AP MLDs named "non-AP MLD1" and "non-AP MLD2", these IP addresses are represented as "STA-MLD1-IP" and "STA-MLD2-IP", respectively. Similarly, the IP addresses of the AP and STA (whether attached to an MLD or not) are represented as "AP-IP" and "STA-IP", respectively. When there are two APs and two STAs named "AP1", "AP2", "STA1" and "STA2", these IP addresses are represented as "AP1-IP", "AP2-IP", "STA1-IP" and "STA2-IP", respectively.

[0024] In various embodiments of the present disclosure, data frames may be used and exchanged between STAs and APs to resolve ARP / ND queries. The data frames may include a Recipient Address (RA) field, a Transmitter Address (TA) field, a Destination Address (DA) field, and / or a Source Address (SA) field. The RA field indicates the MAC address of the recipient to whom the data frame will be sent. The TA field indicates the MAC address of the current sender sending the data frame. The DA field indicates the MAC address of the destination of the data frame. The SA field indicates the MAC address of the original sender of the data frame.

[0025] To resolve the ARP query, the data frame may further include an ARP message (ARP request or ARP reply) that includes a Source Hardware (Src.Hw.) field, a Source IP (Src.IP) field, a Target Hardware (Hw) field, and a Target IP field. The Source Hardware field indicates the MAC address of the sender sending the message. The Source IP field indicates the IP address of the sender sending the message. The Target Hardware field indicates the MAC address of the recipient to whom the message is to be sent. The Target IP field indicates the IP address of the recipient to whom the message is to be sent.

[0026] Tunneled direct link setup (TDLS) enables direct peer-to-peer communication between two non-AP STAs in an 802.11 basic service set (BSS). Figure 1 illustrates a tunneled direct link setup between two non-AP STAs, STA-1 104 and STA-2 106, associated with an AP 102 in a BSS 100. Arrows 1a and 1b illustrate the transmission of a first management frame, such as a TDLS setup request frame, from STA-1 104 to STA-2 106 via the AP path, and arrows 2a and 2b illustrate the subsequent transmission of a management frame, such as a TDLS setup response frame, from STA-2 106 to STA-1 104 in response to the first management frame via the AP path. All management frames involved in the TDLS setup (except for the TDLS discovery response) are encapsulated within data frames, and thus the TDLS setup is completely transparent to the AP 102, regardless of whether the AP 102 is TDLS-enabled or not. Once a TDLS is set up, two TDLS peer STAs, namely STA-1 104 and STA-2 106, can communicate directly with each other via a direct path as indicated by the bidirectional arrow 108. The direct path may be switched to a channel different from the operating channel (base channel) of the BSS and may be on a different band. Such a direct path channel is called "off-channel."

[0027] Currently, APs have no control over the setup / use of TDLS. However, in the 6GHz band, client devices are only allowed to operate in the 6GHz band while they are under the control of the AP. When operating in the 5GHz dynamic frequency selection (DFS) band, the TDLS initiator STA acts as the DFS owner (DO), but in the 6GHz band, the TDLS STA cannot have such a capability.

[0028] Enhanced direct link communication procedures have been proposed that allow APs greater control over direct link communication in a particular band / channel. Without such enhancements, direct links such as TDLS may be prohibited in the 6 GHz band.

[0029] When operating in some sub-bands of the 6 GHz band (e.g., U-NII-5 and U-NII-7), an AP may need to consult an Automatic Frequency Control Database (AFC Database) to determine allowable operating frequencies and transmission parameters. Such APs may be known as AFC Database Dependent (ADD) enabling STAs, while non-AP STAs associated with such APs may be known as ADD-Dependent STAs. Non-AP STAs may communicate on channels on these sub-bands only when "enabled" by the enabling STAs, and such non-AP STAs may be said to be "under the control" of the AP. An AP may indicate its presence on channels requiring enablement by periodically transmitting an enabling signal on the channel, e.g., by including such enabling signal in a beacon frame.

[0030] When two ADD-dependent STAs negotiate a TDLS direct link on the base channel, they may use the same transmission parameters for transmission on the TDLS direct link as those used for the AP link.

[0031] 2A and 2B depict two schematic diagrams 200, 210 illustrating a method performed for TDLS discovery. FIG. 2A depicts a method for TDLS discovery performed using a TDLS discovery frame. In particular, a TDLS initiator STA, in this case STA1 202, sends a TDLS discovery request frame to another STA 204 via the AP path. If the other STA 204 supports TDLS, the other STA 204 sends a TDLS discovery response frame via the direct path. FIG. 2B depicts another method for TDLS discovery performed by exchanging Access Network Query Protocol (ANQP) request / response frames (a type of group address Generic Advertisement Service (GAS) request / response frame) on the direct path between STA1 212 and STA2 214. In particular, a TDLS initiator STA, in this case STA1 212, sends an ANQP request frame to another STA 214 via the direct path. If the other STA 214 supports TDLS, the other STA 214 transmits the ANQP response frame via the direct path.

[0032] The problem of setting up a TDLS link in the 6 GHz band is addressed by a solution or method disclosed in Singapore Patent Application No. 1020196255Q. In particular, FIG. 3 depicts a flow diagram 300 illustrating a TDLS setup off-channel in the 6 GHz band. An AP 302 may be an ADD enabling STA. A non-AP STA 304 and a non-AP STA 306 associate with the AP 302 in a channel in the 6 GHz band. For various reasons, the non-AP STA 304 and the non-AP STA 306 may choose to communicate in a direct link on a channel different from the operating channel of the BSS. Regulatory requirements in the 6 GHz band may mandate securing channel availability from an AFC system prior to transmission on the channel. The non-AP STA 304, as a TDLS initiator STA, may ask the AP 302 for permission to use a different channel in the 6 GHz band for direct link communication with the non-AP STA 306 by sending a TDLS channel permission request frame 308 to the AP 302. This channel may be, for example, a channel in the U-NII-5 or U-NII-7 sub-band of the 6 GHz band that is different from the base channel of the 6 GHz band used for communication between the AP 302 and the STAs 304 and 306 .

[0033] After receiving the TDLS channel permission request frame 308 from the STA 304, the AP 302 checks the AFC database (e.g., via the AFC system) for the availability of the requested channel. In case of success, the AP 302 may send a TDLS channel permission response frame 310 with a status of success to the STA 304 to indicate that the requested channel is available for direct link communication. The STA 304 may then initiate a direct link setup on the requested channel with the STA 304 by sending a TDLS setup request frame 312 to the STA 306 via the AP 302. The STA 306 may then respond by sending a TDLS setup response frame 314 to the STA 304 via the AP 302. The STA 304 then sends a TDLS setup confirmation frame 316 to the STA 306 via the AP 302, and the TDLS direct link is set up on the requested channel in the 6 GHz band. In the event of an unsuccessful AFC database check in which the requested channel is not available, the AP 302 may send a TDLS channel use permission response frame 310 with a failure status (e.g., TDLS_CHANNEL_USE_DENIED) to the STA 304 to indicate that permission to use the requested channel for direct link communications is not granted.

[0034] However, it is unclear how to discover and set up multi-link TDLS and direct link communications in the 6 GHz band in the context of MLD.

[0035] Furthermore, due to the assumptions about the address resolution protocol (ARP) and neighbor discovery (ND) behavior in MLD, there is an address mismatch problem between TDLS and TDLS direct link communication. According to the IEEE802.11 proposal (IEEE802.11-2 / 1692r2), the following solutions are proposed to address the address mismatch problem between TDLS setup and TDLS direct path communication: Set the sender address (TA) field of frames sent directly to the TDLS peer STA to the non-AP MLD MAC address, Use the MLD MAC address in the link identifier element, and Use the MLD MAC address during the TDLS Peer Key (TPK) handshake.

[0036] Figure 4 shows the structure of MLD 400. According to the 802.11be Document 0.3 (D0.3) specification, a multi-link device (MLD) (e.g. AP MLD 400) is described as a device with multiple attached APs (or STAs) and a single MAC SAP 406 to a logical link control (LLC) containing one MAC data service. The value of the Address 2 (transmitted address (TA)) field in the MAC header of a frame sent over-the-air by an AP is the MAC address of the transmitting AP attached to the MLD 400 corresponding to that link (e.g. Link 1 408, Link 2 410) except for the individual / group bit, which is set to 1 when the TA field value is a bandwidth signaling TA and set to 0 otherwise. Similarly, the value of the Address 1 (Recipient Address (RA)) field in the MAC header of an individually addressed frame sent over-the-air to an AP will be the MAC address of the receiving AP attached to the MLD corresponding to that link (e.g., Link 1 408, Link 2 410).

[0037] However, the above definitions / addressing rules are for EHT MLD. However, an EHT AP is also a high efficiency (HE) / very high throughput (VHT) / high throughput (HT) AP and needs to support legacy STAs (HE / VHT / HT STAs). Legacy STAs do not understand the concept of MLD MAC address. Instead, they only know the BSSID (i.e. L2 MAC address) of the AP they are associated with. This can also be true for non-MLD EHT STAs, which are EHT STAs that are not attached to MLD.

[0038] 5 shows a schematic diagram 500 illustrating communication between APs 504, 506 attached to an AP-MLD 502, a non-MLD STA 542, and STAs 524, 526 attached to a non-AP MLD 522. Each MLD, i.e., AP MLD 502 or non-AP MLD 522, has a single MAC SAP 508, 528, respectively. Where the MAC SAPs 508, 528 are bound to respective MLD MAC addresses 510, 530, their IP addresses are correspondingly mapped to the MLD MAC addresses. Here, it is assumed that the non-AP MLD 522 is associated with the AP MLD 502 and the non-MLD STA 542 is associated with the AP 506.

[0039] In other words, the APs 504 , 506 of the AP MLD 502 may communicate directly with the STAs 524 , 526 of the non-AP MLD 522 via link 1 550 and link 2 552 , respectively, while AP 2 506 may also communicate directly with the legacy STA 542 via link 2 552 .

[0040] It is unclear how to discover and set up a multi-link TDLS between two non-AP MLDs, or between a non-AP MLD and a legacy STA, when the non-AP MLD(s) and a legacy STA are associated with a legacy (pre-EHT) AP or AP MLD.

[0041] Thus, there is a need for a communications apparatus and method that provides a viable technical solution for multi-link peer-to-peer communications that addresses one or more of the above challenges.

[0042] In various embodiments below, communications apparatus and methods illustrate discovery and setup of multi-link peer-to-peer communications in the context of (a) two non-AP MLDs via associated non-MLD APs, (b) two non-AP MLDs via associated MLD APs, (c) a non-AP MLD and a non-MLD STA via an associated non-MLD AP, and (d) a non-AP MLD and a non-MLD STA via an associated AP-MLD, as depicted in Figures 6A-6D, respectively.

[0043] According to various embodiments below, an MLD discovers and sets up one or more direct links with another MLD or non-MLD STA by exchanging discovery and setup frames (e.g., TDLS discovery request / response frames or ANQP request / response frames) on a single link. In one embodiment, a multi-link (ML) indication is included in a request frame (e.g., TDLS discovery request frame or ANQP request frame) to identify that the sending STA is attached to the MLD. In another embodiment, an ML element / field is included in a response frame (e.g., TDLS discovery response frame or ANQP response frame) sent in response to a request frame received from a STA of the MLD, the ML element / field including information about the MLD and at least one other link supported by the MLD. In yet another embodiment, an ML element including information of one or more direct links to be set up between two MLDs is included in a TDLS setup request / response / confirmation frame.

[0044] Additionally, in one embodiment, a three-way TPK handshake protocol performed on the setup link is used to derive a security key (TPK) used to provide confidentiality and authentication of frames exchanged on all direct links.

[0045] According to various embodiments, all multi-link features enabled between non-AP MLD and AP MLD (e.g. ML BlockAck, ML retransmission, ML encapsulation / decapsulation, etc., and ML power save) are also available in the direct link. The TDLS channel switch protocol is utilized for ML-TDLS link switching purposes. The Quiet Time Protocol (QTP) mechanism is enhanced to provide QTP for multiple direct links. The Target Wake Time (TWT) mechanism is enhanced to provide TWT service period (SP) for one or more direct links. Essentially, one effect is that the benefits of EHT multi-link features are extended to peer-to-peer communication by enabling communication over one or more direct links.

[0046] 7 depicts a flow diagram 700 illustrating the setup of a direct link on link 1 and link 2 between two non-AP MLDs (non-AP MLD-1 704 and non-AP MLD-2 706) by using a single link 1 via an associated AP / AP MLD 702, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. In this embodiment, non-AP MLD-1 704 intends to set up a direct link with non-AP MLD-2 706. A STA of non-AP MLD-1 704 may initiate TDLS discovery by sending a data frame including a TDLS discovery request to non-AP MLD-2 706 via the AP / AP-MLD 702 on link 1, where the TDLS discovery request includes an ML indication that identifies the sending STA as attached to non-AP MLD-1 704.

[0047] The AP MLD 702 receiving the data frame identifies that the TDLS discovery request contained in the data frame is addressed to non-AP MLD-2 706 based on the MAC address contained in the DA field of the data frame, and relays the data frame from non-AP MLD-1 704 to non-AP MLD-2 706.

[0048] The STA of non-AP MLD-2 706 operating on link 1 that receives the TDLS discovery request sends a TDLS discovery response action frame back to non-AP MLD-1 704 on the direct link (link 1), and the TDLS discovery response action frame contains information for link 1 and also includes an ML element containing information for link 2.

[0049] According to the information of the working link of the non-AP MLD-2 706, the non-AP MLD-1 704 can request the setup of TDLS on link 1 and link 2 by sending a data frame including a TDLS setup request to the non-AP MLD-2 706 via the AP / AP MLD 702 on link 1, where the TDLS setup request includes an ML element including information of the link 1 and link 2 to be setup with the non-AP MLD2 706. The AP MLD 702 receiving the data frame identifies that the TDLS setup request included in the data frame is addressed to the non-AP MLD-2 706 based on the MAC address included in the DA field of the data frame, and relays the data frame from the non-AP MLD-1 704 to the non-AP MLD-2 706.

[0050] The STA of non-AP MLD-2 706 operating on link 1 that receives the TDLS setup request may agree to set up a direct link with non-AP MLD-1 704 on link 1 and link 2, and may send a TDLS setup response action frame back to non-AP MLD-1 704 via AP / AP MLD 702 on link 1. The AP MLD 702 that receives the data frame identifies that the TDLS setup response included in the data frame is addressed to non-AP MLD-1 704 based on the MAC address included in the DA field of the data frame, and relays the data frame from non-AP MLD-2 706 to non-AP MLD-1 704.

[0051] The STA of non-AP MLD-1 704 operating on link 1 that receives the TDLS setup response confirms the setup of TDLS on link 1 and link 2 by sending a data frame including a TDLS setup confirmation to non-AP MLD-2 706 via AP / AP MLD 702 on link 1, and the TDLS setup confirmation includes an ML element including information of the operational links (link 1 and link 2) that have been successfully set up with non-AP MLD-2 706. The AP MLD 702 receiving the data frame identifies that the TDLS setup confirmation included in the data frame is addressed to non-AP MLD-2 706 based on the MAC address included in the DA field of the data frame, and relays the data frame from non-AP MLD-1 704 to non-AP MLD-2 706. The STA of non-AP MLD-2 706 operating on link 1 receives the TDLS setup confirmation. Now, the multi-link TDLS setup between the two non-AP MLDs 704, 706 is completed, and the two non-AP MLDs 704, 706 can perform TDLS direct link communication on both link 1 and link 2.

[0052] In one embodiment, all direct links between two non-AP MLDs 704, 706 may be disconnected through the transmission of a single TDL disconnection frame on any one link, in this case link 1 by non-AP MLD-1 704 to non-AP MLD-2 706.

[0053] FIG. 8 illustrates a use case of direct link setup in link 2 (e.g. 6 GHz link) by using link 1 (e.g. 5 GHz link) for home video conferencing using cell phone and TV. Cell phone 804 and smart TV 806 are both MLDs and connected to AP MLD 802 on 5 GHz and 6 GHz links. A user wants to start a video call on cell phone 804 and use TV 806 for bigger display / louder audio while using the phone's microphone and front camera as input. ML-TDLS setup is initiated via AP1 808 of AP MLD 802 on 5 GHz link and a direct link is set up between cell phone 804 and TV 806 on 6 GHz link and used to relay video / audio output to TV 806 while 5 GHz link is used for actual video call. While the direct link is active on 6 GHz link, both STAs of cell phone 804 and TV 806 can work in power save mode with AP MLD 802 on 6 GHz or can be disabled (e.g. using TID to link mapping). Alternatively, the ML-TDLS setup may be set up by exchanging TDLS setup frames on the 6 GHz link itself.

[0054] Another use case of setting up a direct link in link 2 by using link 1 is video casting from a smartphone 804 to a connected TV 806. A smartphone user wants to cast video and / or audio to a connected TV 806 in the same network (i.e., both smartphone 804 and TV 806 are associated with the same AP / AP-MLD 802). Here, it is assumed that the TV 806 has already been discovered in a higher layer discovery protocol or using an out-of-band method such as NFC / Bluetooth. The user operates a video casting app to cast video to the TV 806. In response to the smartphone 804 user's action of selecting the TV 806 as a casting destination in the application user interface (UI), the WLAN middleware (e.g., wpa_supplicant) is instructed to start TDLS discovery through an API. The STA of the smartphone 804 sends a TDLS discovery request in link 1 (via a common associated AP) to discover the TDLS capability of the TV 806. The TV 806 sends back a TDLS discovery response indicating its ML-TDLS capabilities via a direct path (e.g., link 2). The STA of the smartphone 804 then proceeds to set up one or more direct link connections (links 1 and 2) with the TV 806 using the ML-TDLS setup procedure on link 1. Once setup is complete, the video casting app starts casting video from the smartphone 804 to the TV 806 over the one or more direct links.

[0055] FIG. 9 illustrates an example configuration of a communication device according to the present disclosure. The communication device may be implemented as an AP and a STA and configured for multi-link peer-to-peer communication according to the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 9, the communication device 900 may include a circuit 914, at least one wireless transmitter 902, at least one wireless receiver 904, and at least one antenna 912 (for simplicity, only one antenna is depicted in FIG. 9 for illustration purposes). The circuit 914 may include at least one controller 906 for use in software and hardware assisted execution of tasks that the at least one controller 906 is designed to perform, including control of communications with one or more other communication devices in a multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) wireless network. The circuit 914 may further include at least one transmit signal generator 908 and at least one receive signal processor 910. The at least one controller 906 may control at least one transmit signal generator 908 to generate MAC frames (e.g., data frames, management frames, and action frames) sent through the at least one wireless transmitter 902, and at least one receive signal processor 910 to process MAC frames (e.g., data frames, management frames, and action frames) received through the at least one wireless receiver 904 from one or more other communication devices. The at least one transmit signal generator 908 and the at least one receive signal processor 910 may be standalone modules of the communication device 900 that communicate with the at least one controller 906 for the above-mentioned functions, as shown in FIG. 9. Alternatively, the at least one transmit signal generator 908 and the at least one receive signal processor 910 may be included in the at least one controller 906. It is recognizable to those skilled in the art that the arrangement of these functional modules is flexible and may vary according to practical needs and / or requirements. Data processing, storage, and other related control devices may be provided on a suitable circuit board and / or in a chipset.In various embodiments, in operation, the at least one wireless transmitter 902 , the at least one wireless receiver 904 , and the at least one antenna 912 can be controlled by at least one controller 906 .

[0056] The communication device 900 provides functions necessary for multi-link peer-to-peer communication in operation. For example, the communication device 900 may be an STA among a plurality of STAs attached to a first MLD operating in a corresponding link of the first MLD, and the circuit (e.g., at least one transmit signal generator 908 of the circuit 914) may generate a request frame in operation, the request frame being one of a discovery request frame for discovering peer-to-peer communication capabilities of another communication device (a non-MLD STA or a non-AP MLD STA) or a setup request frame for requesting the setup of one or more direct links, the request frame including a multi-link (ML) indication that identifies the communication device attached to the first MLD. The wireless transmitter 902 may transmit the request frame in one link in operation.

[0057] In operation, the wireless receiver 904 of the communication device 900 may further receive a response frame from another communication device that includes an ML element or ML field that includes information about a second MLD to which the other communication device is attached and information of at least one link supported by the second MLD.

[0058] Alternatively or additionally, the wireless receiver 904 may receive a request frame from another communications device during operation, the request frame being one of a discovery request frame to discover the peer-to-peer communications capabilities of the communications device 900 or a setup request frame to request the setup of one or more direct links. In operation, the circuit 914 (e.g., the receive signal processor 910 of the circuit 914) determines whether a received request frame includes an ML indication identifying that another communication device is attached to the second MLD, and in response to determining that the received request frame includes an ML indication identifying that the other communication device is attached to the second MLD, sets a transmitter address (TA) field of a frame to be transmitted on one of the one or more direct links to an address included in a TDLS responder station (STA) address field of the link identifier element of the received request frame, and in response to determining that the received request frame does not include an ML indication identifying that the other communication device is attached to the second MLD, sets the TA field of a frame to be transmitted on one of the one or more direct links to a medium access control (MAC) address of a communication device attached to the second MLD sending the frame on one of the one or more direct links.

[0059] The circuit 914 (e.g., the transmit signal generator 908 of the circuit 914), in operation, may further generate a response frame including an ML element or ML field that includes information about the first MLD to which the other communication device is attached and at least one link supported by the first MLD. The wireless transmitter 902, in operation, may transmit the response frame on one link.

[0060] For example, the communication device 900 may be an AP of multiple APs attached to an AP MLD operating on a corresponding link of the AP MLD, and the wireless receiver 904, in operation, may receive a data frame on the link from an associated communication device attached to the MLD with a destination address field set to another associated communication device not attached to the MLD. The circuitry 914, in operation, may set a source address field of the data frame as a MAC address of the associated communication device. The wireless transmitter 902, in operation, may transmit the data frame with the set source address field to the other associated communication device.

[0061] 10 shows a flow chart 1000 illustrating a method of communication according to the present disclosure. At step 1002, a step of generating a request frame is performed. The request frame is one of a discovery request frame for discovering peer-to-peer communication capabilities of a communication device or a setup request frame for requesting the setup of one or more direct links, and the request frame includes a multilink indication that identifies another communication device sending the request frame as attached to the MLD. At step 1004, a step of transmitting the request frame is performed in one link.

[0062] In one embodiment, a new variant of the ML element called TDLS ML element is used as an ML indication to indicate that the sending STA is attached to the MLD as well as to include relevant information related to the MLD and the links of the MLD. Figure 11 illustrates an example of a TDLS ML element 1100 according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The TDLS ML element 1100 includes an element ID field, a length field, an element ID extension field, a multilink control field including a type subfield 1102 and a presence bitmap subfield set to correspond to TDLS, a common information field 1104, and one or more link information fields 1106.

[0063] A common information field 1104 contains information about the MLD and other information common to all links. One or more link information fields 1106 contain information about other links involved in the ML-TDLS. Advantageously, multi-link operation signaling can be reused for peer-to-peer signaling.

[0064] An encapsulated data frame (e.g., an Ethertype 89-0d data frame carrying a TDLS payload) may be used as a TDLS discovery request frame. Figure 12 shows an example of an Ethertype 89-0d data frame 1200 and the format of a link identifier element 1212 of the data frame 1200.

[0065] The Ethertype 89-0d data frame includes a frame control field, a duration field, an address 1 field, an address 2 field, an address 3 field, a sequence control field, a quality of service (QoS) control field, a HT control field, a logical link control (LLC) field, a subnetwork access protocol (SNAP) field 1202, a payload type field 1204, a payload field 1206, and a frame check sequence (FCS). The frame control field, the duration field, the address 1 field, the address 2 field, the address 3 field, the sequence control, the QOS control field, and the HT control field can be grouped as a MAC header, and the LLC field, the SNAP field 1202, the payload type field 1204, and the payload field 1206 can be grouped as a frame body. The SNAP field 1202 is set to an Ethertype of 89-0d, and the payload type field 1204 is set to correspond to TDLS. The payload field 1206 includes a category field 1208, a TDLS action field 1210, a dialog token field, a link identifier element 1212, and an ML element 1214. The category field 1208 is set to correspond to a TDLS. The TDLS action field 1210 is set to correspond to a TLDS discovery request. The link identifier element 1212 includes an Element ID subfield, a Length subfield, a BSSID subfield, a TDLS Initiator STA Address subfield set to correspond to the MAC address of the STA initiating the TDLS discovery request, and a TDLS Responder STA Address subfield set to correspond to the MAC address of the STA responding to the TDLS discovery request.The ML element 1214 includes an Element ID subfield, a Length subfield, an Element ID Extension subfield, a Multilink Control subfield that includes a Type field 1216 and a Presence Bitmap field.

[0066] In this embodiment, the ML element included in the TDLS discovery request frame 1200 may be a TDLS ML element and serves as an ML indicator (sent on the AP path) that identifies the sending STA to be attached to a non-AP MLD. Unlike the TDLS ML element 1100 depicted in Figure 11, the TDLS ML element 1214 included in the TDLS discovery request frame 1200 may not include the common information field and one or more link information fields as depicted in Figure 11. Alternatively, in the TDLS discovery request frame 1200, a probe request ML element may be used as the ML indicator.

[0067] Upon receiving a TDLS discovery request frame containing an ML indication, if the receiving STA is also attached to the MLD, it will send a TDLS response frame containing a TDLS ML element containing information such as the MLD and STA capabilities, MAC address, etc., over other links of the MLD (except the link indicated in the link identifier element) via the direct path.

[0068] 13 illustrates an example format of a TDLS discovery response frame 1300 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The TDLS discovery response frame 1300 includes a Frame Control field, a Duration field, an Address 1 field, an Address 2 field, an Address 3 field, a Sequence Control field, an HT Control field, a Category field, a Public Action field, a Dialog Token field, a Capability field, a Link Identifier element, an ML element, and an FCS. The Frame Control field, the Duration field, the Address 1 field, the Address 2 field, the Address 3 field, the Sequence Control field, and the HT Control field can be grouped as a MAC header, and the Category field, the Public Action field, the Dialog Token field, the Capability field, the Link Identifier element, and the ML element can be grouped as a Frame Body. The Public Action field 1302 is set to correspond to the TDLS discovery response. The Link Identifier element 1304 is the same as that of the TDLS discovery request frame depicted in FIG. 12.

[0069] The ML element 1306 included in the TDLS discovery response frame 1300 may be a TDLS ML element, which serves as an ML indication (sent via the AP path) that identifies the sending STA to be attached to a non-AP MLD. Similar to the TDLS ML element depicted in FIG. 11, the ML element 1306 includes an element ID field, a length field, an element ID extension field, a multilink control field including a type field 1308 and a presence bitmap field, a common information field 1310, and one or more link information fields 1312, where the common information field 1310 includes information about the MLD and other information common to all links. The one or more link information fields 1312 include information about other links (except the link indicated in the link identifier element) involved in the ML-TDLS.

[0070] In particular, common information field 1310 includes MLD MAC address subfield 1314 set to correspond to the MLD MAC address of the sending non-AP MLD, STA MAC address subfield 1316 set to correspond to the MAC address of the sending STA, sending link ID subfield 1318 set to correspond to the link ID assigned to the link over which the TDLS response frame is sent, number of supported direct links subfield 1320 set to indicate the number of direct links supported by the MLD, and TDLS link switching support subfield 1322 set to indicate whether the MLD supports switching of TDLS links. Link information field 1312 includes link ID subfield 1324 set to correspond to the link ID assigned to one other link of the MLD, capability subfield, and MAC address subfield 1326 set to the corresponding MAC address of the one other link, respectively.

[0071] For easier identification, the TDLS response MLD may also assign a link ID to the link, which may be the same as the link ID assigned to the link by the associated AP MLD. If the STA receiving the TDLS discovery request is not attached to an MLD, the STA sends back a regular TLD discovery response frame that does not include the ML element 1306.

[0072] According to conventional rules, the TA field and the TDLS responder field of a data frame containing a discovery response frame must contain the same address, but when the TDLS responder is an MLD, the TDLS responder field may be set as the MLD MAC address of the TDLS responder. In such a case, the TA field of the discovery response frame may be verified by the TDLS initiator STA using the STA MAC address contained in the common information field 1310 of the ML element 1306 of the TDLS discovery response frame 1300. The MAC address(es) in the link information field of the ML element indicate the MAC address(es) of the STA(s) attached to the peer MLD on the other link and may be used for communication with the STA on the other direct link.

[0073] To set up multiple direct links between two MLDs, the two MLDs may exchange TDLS setup (request / response / acknowledge) frames containing TDLS ML elements over the AP path. An encapsulated data frame (e.g., an Ethertype 89-0d data frame carrying a TDLS payload) may be used as the TDLS setup frame. Figure 14 shows an example format of an Ethertype 89-0d data frame 1400 used as a TDLS setup frame according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0074] The Ethertype 89-0d data frame includes a frame control field, a duration field, an address 1 field, an address 2 field, an address 3 field, a sequence control field, a QoS control field, a HT control field, a LLC field, a SNAP field 1402, a payload type field 1404, a payload field 1406, and an FCS. The frame control field, the duration field, the address 1 field, the address 2 field, the address 3 field, the sequence control, the QoS control field, and the HT control field can be grouped as a MAC header, and the LLC field, the SNAP field 1402, the payload type field 1404, and the payload field 1406 can be grouped as a frame body. The SNAP field 1402 is set to an Ethertype of 89-0d, and the payload type field 1404 is set to correspond to TDLS. The payload field 1406 includes a category field 1408, a TDLS action field 1410, a dialog token field, a link identifier element 1412, and an ML element 1414. The category field 1408 is set to correspond to TDLS. The TDLS action field 1410 is set to correspond to a TLDS setup request / response / confirmation.

[0075] The link identifier element 1412 is used for TPK generation. The ML element 1414 included in the TDLS setup frame 1400 may be a TDLS ML element and serves as an ML indication (sent over the AP path) that identifies the sending STA to be attached to a non-AP MLD. Similar to the TDLS ML element depicted in FIG. 11, the ML element 1414 includes an element ID field, a length field, an element ID extension field, a multilink control field including a type field 1416 and a presence bitmap field, a common information field 1418, and one or more link information fields 1420. The common information field 1418 includes an MLD MAC address subfield set to correspond to the MLD MAC address of the sending non-AP MLD. The link information field 1420 includes a link ID subfield, a link identifier element 1422, and a capability / action subfield 1424, respectively. The Link Identifier element 1422 corresponds to a Link ID of one other link that includes the MAC address(es) of the transmitting MLD STA(s) operating on the one or more other links. Alternatively, the MAC address of the transmitting STA is included in place of the Link Identifier element. The Capabilities / Operations subfield 1424 includes parameters of the one or more other links.

[0076] In the capabilities / actions field 1424, the TDLS setup request / response may include a HT / VHT / HE / EHT capabilities element, while the TDLS setup confirm frame includes a HT / VHT / HE / EHT actions element, etc. In case only a single direct link is set up on the sending link itself, the ML element 1414 only includes a common information field 1418 that includes the MLD MAC address of the sending MLD. Other fields such as the STA MAC address of the sending STA, the link ID assigned to the sending link, ML-TDLS capabilities, etc. may also be included in the common information field 1418. The MLD MAC address may be used to generate the AAD and Nonce fields used to protect frames exchanged on the direct link.

[0077] In the following paragraphs, the embodiments are described with reference to a ML-TDLS setup between two non-AP MLDs via a non-MLD (legacy) AP for multi-link peer-to-peer communication.

[0078] 15 depicts a flowchart 1500 illustrating communication between two non-AP MLDs 1512, 1522 via a non-MLD AP 1504 for multi-link peer-to-peer communication according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The communication is divided into a discovery phase 1501, a setup phase 1502, and a direct link communication 1503. Here, the non-AP MLDs 1512, 1522 associate with the AP 1504 on link 2 (5 GHz band).

[0079] In the discovery phase 1501, STA2 1514 in non-AP MLD1 1512 may initiate TDLS discovery by sending a data frame 1532 containing a TDLS discovery request 1534 to STA4 1524 in non-AP MLD2 1522 via the AP 1504. The TDLS discovery request 1534 includes a TDLS initiator field set to the MAC address of STA2 (STA2-M) and a TDLS responder field set to the MAC address of STA4 (STA4-M), as well as an ML element indicating that STA2 1514 is to attach to non-AP MLD1 1512.

[0080] The AP 1504 receiving the data frame 1532 identifies that the TDLS discovery request 1534 included in the data frame 1532 is addressed to STA4 1524 of its associated non-AP MLD2 1522 based on the MAC address of STA4 in the DA field, and forwards the data frame 1532' received from the non-AP MLD1 1512, which includes the MAC address of STA2 (STA2-M) in the SA field and the TDLS discovery request 1534', to STA4 1524. The AP 1504 also sets the MAC address of STA4 (STA4-M) in the RA field when forwarding the data frame 1532' to STA4 1524. Therefore, the data frame is correctly received by STA4 1524.

[0081] STA4 1524, receiving the TDLS discovery request 1534', may send a TDLS discovery response action frame 1542 back to STA2 1514 on the direct link, i.e., STA2's working link (Link 2), including an ML element including information of the non-AP MLD2 1522 as well as information of another STA (STA3 1523) attached to the non-AP MLD2 1522. STA4 1524 may set the RA field of the TDLS discovery response action frame 1542 to the MAC address of STA2 (STA2-M) based on the TDLS initiator field. This therefore results in frames such as the TDLS discovery response action frame 1542 sent by STA4 1524 on the direct link to the non-AP MLD 1512 being correctly received via STA2 1514.

[0082] In a subsequent setup phase 1502, non-AP MLD1 1512 may initiate a TDLS setup with non-AP MLD2 1522 via the AP 1504 by sending a further data frame 1552 including a TDLS setup request 1554 from STA2 1514 to STA4 1524 via the AP 1504. The data frame 1552 includes a DA field set to the MAC address of STA4 (STA4-M). The TDLS setup request 1554 includes a TDLS responder field set to the MAC address of STA4 (STA4-M) and a TDLS initiator field set to the MAC address of STA2 (STA2-M), as well as an ML element indicating that STA2 is attached to non-AP MLD1 1512. The ML element includes information of other STAs (i.e., STA1 1513) attached to non-AP MLD1 1512 in addition to information of non-AP MLD1 1512.

[0083] The AP 1504 identifies that the further data frame 1552 is destined for STA4 1524 in its associated non-AP MLD2 1522 based on the STA MAC address in the DA field, and forwards the further data frame 1552 to STA4 1524. The AP 1504 also sets the RA field to STA4's MAC address (STA4-M) when forwarding the data frame 1552 to STA4 1524. Therefore, the data frame 1552 is correctly received by STA4 1524.

[0084] STA4 1524, which receives the TDLS setup request 1554, may respond by sending another data frame 1562 containing a TDLS setup response 1564 back to STA2 1514 on link 2 via the AP 1504. The TDLS setup response 1562 contains a DA field set to the MAC address of STA2 (STA2-M), as well as TDLS initiator and TDLS responder fields, both set to the same MAC address as in the TDLS setup request 1554, and an ML element containing information of the non-AP MLD2 1522 as well as information of other STAs attached to the non-AP MLD2 1522 (i.e., STA3 1523).

[0085] The AP 1504 receiving the data frame 1562 identifies that the data frame 1562 is addressed to STA2 1514 of its associated non-AP MLD1 1512 based on STA2's MAC address in the DA field, and forwards the data frame 1562 to STA2 1514. The AP 1504 also sets STA2's MAC address (STA2-M) in the RA field when forwarding the data frame 1562 to STA2 1514. Therefore, the data frame is correctly received by STA2 1514.

[0086] STA2 1514 then sends a data frame 1572 containing a TDLS setup acknowledgement 1574 to STA4 1524 via the AP 1504. The TDLS setup acknowledgement 1574 contains a DA field set to the MAC address of STA4 (STA4-M), as well as the TDLS initiator and TDLS responder fields, both set to the same MAC address as in the TDLS setup request 1554, and an ML element containing information for non-AP MLD1 1512 as well as information for other STAs attached to non-AP MLD1 1512 (i.e., STA1 1513).

[0087] Based on the STA MAC address in the DA field, the AP 1504 identifies that the data frame 1572 is addressed to STA4 1524 in its associated non-AP MLD2 1522, and forwards the data frame 1572 to STA4 1524. The AP 1504 also sets the RA field to STA4's MAC address (STA4-M) when forwarding the data frame 1572 to STA4 1524. Therefore, the data frame 1572 is correctly received by STA4 1524, and the multi-link TDLS setup phase is completed.

[0088] Once the TDLS setup between non-AP MLD1 1512 and non-AP MLD2 1522 is complete, any two STAs from non-AP MLD1 1512 and non-AP MLD2 1522 can directly communicate with each other via multilink peer-to-peer communication and transmit data frames via direct paths on link 1 and link 2, respectively. For example, STA2 and STA4 may exchange data frames 1582, 1592 via direct paths on both link 1 and link 2, respectively.

[0089] When the non-AP MLD 1512, 1522 is associated with the legacy AP 1504, the respective MLD MAC address may be used by STA1 1513 and STA3 1523 as the link MAC address. In this case, addressing in frames (both on the AP path and on the direct path) as well as in the link ID element is simple, since the STA MAC address is used in all cases. When the other link is set up on a DFS channel or on a channel in the 6 GHz band, the STA does not associate with any AP on the other link, so it can only operate on a channel where at least one AP can be heard, and the BSSID of the AP's BSS may be used. The receiver may verify the TA field based on the MAC address included in the ML element during the setup phase. When the other link is set up on a normal channel (i.e., not a DFS channel or not in the 6 GHz band), the requirement of hearing at least one AP on that channel is waived, and the BSSID field may be set to the MAC address of one of the peer STAs, or also to the BSSID of the BSS the STA is associated with.

[0090] In the following paragraphs, the embodiments are described with reference to a ML-TDLS setup between two non-AP MLDs via an AP MLD for multi-link peer-to-peer communication.

[0091] 16 depicts a flowchart 1600 illustrating communication between two non-AP MLDs 1612, 1622 via a non-MLD AP 1604 for multi-link peer-to-peer communication according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The communication is divided into a discovery phase 1601, a setup phase 1602, and a direct link communication 1603.

[0092] In the discovery phase 1601, STA2 1614 in non-AP MLD1 1612 may initiate TDLS discovery by sending a data frame 1632 containing a TDLS discovery request 1634 to non-AP MLD2 1622 via the AP MLD 1604. The data frame 1632 includes a DA field set to the MAC address of non-AP MLD2 (STA-ML2-M). The TDLS discovery request 1634 includes a TDLS initiator field set to the MAC address of STA2 (STA2-M) and a TDLS responder field set to the MLD MAC address of non-AP MLD2 (STA-ML2-M), as well as an ML element indicating that STA2 1614 is to attach to non-AP MLD1 1612.

[0093] The AP MLD 1604 receiving the data frame 1632 identifies that the TDLS discovery request 1634 included in the data frame 1632 is addressed to the non-AP MLD2 1622 based on the MLD MAC address of the non-AP MLD2 in the DA field, and forwards the data frame 1632' received from the non-AP MLD1 1612 to one of the attached STAs of the non-AP MLD2 1622, for example, STA4 1624 in this embodiment. The AP MLD 1604 also sets the MAC address of STA4 (STA4-M) in the RA field when forwarding the data frame 1632' to STA4 1624. Therefore, the data frame is correctly received by STA4 1624.

[0094] STA4 1624, receiving the TDLS discovery request 1634', may send a TDLS discovery response action frame 1642 back to STA2 1614 on the direct link, i.e., STA2's working link (Link 2), including an ML element including information of the non-AP MLD2 1622 as well as information of another STA (STA3 1623) attached to the non-AP MLD2 1622. STA4 1624 may set the RA field of the TDLS discovery response action frame 1642 to the MAC address of STA2 (STA2-M) based on the TDLS initiator field of the TDLS discovery request 1634'. This therefore results in frames such as the TDLS discovery response action frame 1642 sent by STA4 1624 on the direct link to the non-AP MLD 1612 being correctly received via STA2 1614.

[0095] In a subsequent setup phase 1602, non-AP MLD1 1612 may initiate a TDLS setup with non-AP MLD2 1622 via the AP MLD 1604 by sending a further data frame 1652 including a TDLS setup request 1654 from STA2 1614 to non-AP MLD2 1622 via the AP MLD 1604. The data frame 1652 includes a DA field set to the MAC address of non-AP MLD2 (STA-ML2-M). The TDLS setup request 1654 includes a TDLS responder field set to the MLD MAC address of non-AP MLD2 and a TDLS initiator field set to the MAC address of STA2 (STA2-M), as well as an ML element indicating that STA2 is to attach to non-AP MLD1 1612. The ML element includes information for non-AP MLD1 1612 as well as information for other STAs attached to non-AP MLD1 1612 (ie, STA1 1613).

[0096] The AP MLD 1604 identifies that the further data frame 1652 is destined for its associated non-AP MLD2 1622 based on the MLD MAC address of the non-AP MLD2 in the DA field, and forwards the further data frame 1652 to one of the attached STAs of the non-AP MLD2 1622, for example, STA3 1623 in this embodiment. The AP MLD 1604 also sets the RA field to the MAC address of STA3 (STA3-M) when forwarding the data frame 1652 to STA3 1623. Therefore, the data frame 1652 is correctly received by STA3 1623.

[0097] Because the TDLS frame indicates the DA as the MLD MAC address, crossover may occur when the AP MLD relays the TDLS frame (i.e., a frame, such as the above TDLS setup request frame 1652, is relayed on a different link), but the receiving non-AP MLD can correctly identify the sending STA and its link by looking at the TDLS initiator address and BSSID fields of the link identifier element contained in the TDLS frame (not the ML element) and respond accordingly.

[0098] In this regard, even though a crossover from link 2 to link 1 has occurred, non-AP MLD2 1622 receiving the TDLS setup request 1654 may respond by sending another data frame 1662 containing a TDLS setup response 1664 back to STA2 1614, i.e., the TDLS initiator, via AP MLD 1604 from STA4 1624. The data frame 1662 contains a DA field set to the MLD MAC address of non-AP MLD1 (STA-ML1-M). The TDLS setup response 1664 contains a TDLS initiator field and a TDLS responder field, both set to the same MAC address as in the TDLS setup request 1654, respectively, and an ML element containing information for the non-AP MLD2 1622 as well as information for other STAs attached to non-AP MLD2 1622 (i.e., STA3 1623).

[0099] The AP MLD 1604 receiving the data frame 1662 identifies that the data frame 1662 is addressed to the non-AP MLD1 1612 based on the MAC address in the DA field, and forwards the data frame 1662 to one of the attached STAs of the non-AP MLD1 1612 (e.g., STA2 1614). The AP MLD 1604 also sets the MAC address of STA2 (STA2-M) in the RA field when forwarding the data frame 1662 to STA2 1614. Therefore, the data frame is correctly received by STA2 1614.

[0100] STA2 1614 then sends a data frame 1672 containing a TDLS setup confirm 1674 to STA4 1624 via the AP MLD 1604. The TDLS setup confirm 1674 contains a DA field set to the MLD MAC address of non-AP MLD2 (STA-ML2-M), and TDLS responder and TDLS initiator fields, both set to the same MAC address as in the TDLS setup request 1654, and an ML element containing information for non-AP MLD1 1612 as well as information for other STAs attached to non-AP MLD1 1612 (i.e., STA1 1613).

[0101] The AP MLD 1604 identifies that the data frame 1672 is destined for non-AP MLD2 1622 based on the MAC address in the DA field, and forwards the data frame 1672 to one of the attached STAs of non-AP MLD2 1622, for example, STA4 1624 in this embodiment. The AP MLD 1604 also sets the RA field to the MAC address of STA4 (STA4-M) when forwarding the data frame 1672 to STA4 1624. Therefore, the data frame 1672 is correctly received by STA4 1624, and the setup phase is completed.

[0102] Once the TDLS setup between non-AP MLD1 1612 and non-AP MLD2 1622 is completed, any two STAs from non-AP MLD1 1612 and non-AP MLD2 1622 can directly multilink peer-to-peer communicate with each other and transmit data frames over direct paths in link 1 and link 2, respectively. For example, STA2 and STA4 may exchange data frames 1682, 1692 over direct paths in both link 1 and link 2, respectively. In this case, the BSSID fields of the data frames transmitted on the direct links are set to their associated BSSIDs. Below are some fine points regarding flow 1600.

[0103] Initially, STA1 1613 only knows the MLD MAC address of non-AP MLD2 because the IP address is bound to the MLD MAC address (ARP reply). The TDLS initiator STA address and BSSID fields of the link identifier element identify the initiator STA and the link over which the TDLS discovery response frame 1642 should be sent.

[0104] The contents of the TDLS discovery request frame 1632 will be the same even if the recipient is a non-MLD (because the sender does not know if the recipient is MLD or not), except that in this case the TDLS responder STA address will be the MAC address of STA2.

[0105] It should be noted that in the TDLS discovery response frame 1642, the TA field is set as the MAC address of the sending STA (STA4-M), which is different from the TDLS responder STA address field of the link identifier element. Although this behavior differs from the baseline TDLS behavior, since the recipient is also an MLD and already knows the STA MAC address through the ML element (contained in the common information field of the ML element), it can validate the TA field of the discovery response frame even though the TDLS responder STA address field is set as the MLD MAC address.

[0106] In the following paragraphs, the embodiments are described with reference to ML-TDLS setup between non-AP MLD and non-MLD STA via AP MLD for multi-link peer-to-peer communication, where the setup is initiated by non-AP MLD.

[0107] 17 depicts a flowchart 1700 illustrating communication between a non-AP MLD 1712 and a non-MLD STA (STA3) 1722 via a non-MLD AP 1704 for multi-link peer-to-peer communication according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The communication is divided into a discovery phase 1701, a setup phase 1702, and a direct link communication 1703.

[0108] In the discovery phase 1701, STA2 1714 in non-AP MLD1 1712 may initiate TDLS discovery by sending a data frame 1732 containing a TDLS discovery request 1734 to STA3 1722 via the AP MLD 1704. The data frame includes a DA field set to the MAC address of STA3. The TDLS discovery request 1734 includes a TDLS initiator field set to the MAC address of STA2 (STA2-M) and a TDLS responder field set to the MAC address of STA3, as well as an ML element indicating that STA2 1714 is to attach to non-AP MLD1 1712.

[0109] The AP MLD 1704 receiving the data frame 1732 identifies that the TDLS discovery request 1734 contained in the data frame 1732 is addressed to STA3 1722 based on the MAC address of STA3 in the DA field, and forwards the data frame 1732' containing the TDLS discovery request 1734' received from the non-AP MLD1 1712 to STA3 1722.

[0110] The AP MLD 1704 may normally set the SA field of forwarded data frames as the MLD MAC address of the non-AP MLD, but when forwarding to a non-MLD STA (e.g., legacy STA STA3 1722), the SA field is set as the MAC address of the sending STA of non-AP MLD1 1712, in this case the MAC address of STA2 (STA2-M). The TDLS responder (STA3 1722) may correctly set the RA of subsequent discovery response action frames sent on the direct path based on the SA and / or TDLS initiator MAC address of the received data frames, including the discovery request frame. This avoids the need for non-AP MLD STAs to filter received frames based on the MLD MAC address.

[0111] When forwarding the data frame 1732', the AP MLD 1704 also sets the MAC address of STA3 (STA3-M) in the RA field when forwarding the data frame 1732' to STA3 1722. Therefore, the data frame is correctly received by STA3 1722.

[0112] STA3 1722, receiving the TDLS discovery request 1734', may send a TDLS discovery response action frame 1742 back on the direct link (link 2) to STA2 1714. STA3 1722 may set the RA field of the TDLS discovery response action frame 1742 to STA2's MAC address (STA2-M), so that frames such as the TDLS discovery response action frame 1742 sent by STA3 1722 to the non-AP MLD 1612 on the direct link will be correctly received via STA2 1714. Note that since STA3 1722 is not an MLD, the TDLS discovery response frame 1742 does not include an ML element.

[0113] In a subsequent setup phase 1702, non-AP MLD1 1712 may initiate a TDLS setup with STA3 1722 via the AP MLD 1704 by sending a further data frame 1752 including a TDLS setup request 1754 from STA2 1714 to STA3 1722 via the AP MLD 1704. The data frame includes a DA field set to the MAC address of STA3. The TDLS setup request 1754 includes a TDLS responder field set to the MAC address of STA3 and a TDLS initiator field set to the MAC address of STA2 (STA2-M). Note that the TDLS setup request 1752 does not include an ML element because non-AP MLD1 1712 now knows that STA3 1722 is not an MLD (because there is no ML element in the TDLS discovery response frame).

[0114] The AP MLD 1704 identifies that the further data frame 1752 is destined for STA3 1722 based on STA3's MAC address in the DA field and forwards the further data frame 1752 to STA3 1722. The AP MLD 1704 also sets the RA field to STA3's MAC address (STA3-M) when forwarding the data frame 1752 to STA3 1723. Therefore, the data frame 1752 is correctly received by STA3 1722.

[0115] STA3 1722, which receives the TDLS setup request 1754, may respond by sending another data frame 1762 containing a TDLS setup response 1764 back to STA2 1714, the TDLS initiator, via the AP MLD 1704. The data frame contains a DA field set to the MLD MAC address of the non-AP MLD1. The TDLS setup response 1764 contains the TDLS initiator and TDLS responder fields, both set to the same MAC address as in the TDLS setup request 1754.

[0116] The AP MLD 1704 receiving the data frame 1762 identifies that the TDLS setup response 1764 included in the data frame 1762 is addressed to the non-AP MLD1 1712 based on the MLD MAC address of the non-AP MLD1 in the DA field, and forwards the data frame 1762 to one of the attached STAs of the non-AP MLD 1712, for example, STA2 1714 in this embodiment. The AP MLD 1704 also sets the MAC address of STA2 (STA2-M) in the RA field when forwarding the data frame 1762 to STA2 1714. Therefore, the data frame is correctly received by STA2 1714.

[0117] STA2 1714 then sends a data frame 1772 containing a TDLS setup confirm 1774 to STA3 1722 via the AP MLD 1704. The data frame 1772 contains a DA field set to the MAC address of STA3 (STA3-M). The TDLS setup confirm 1774 contains the TDLS initiator and TDLS responder fields, both set to the same MAC address as in the TDLS setup request 1754. It should be noted that the TDLS setup confirm 1772 does not contain an ML element.

[0118] The AP MLD 1704 identifies that the data frame 1772 is addressed to STA3 1772 based on the MAC address in the DA field, and forwards the data frame 1772 to STA3 1722. The AP MLD 1704 also sets the RA field to the MAC address of STA3 (STA3-M) when forwarding the data frame 1772 to STA3 1722. Therefore, the data frame 1772 is correctly received by STA3 1722, and the setup phase is completed.

[0119] Once the TDLS setup between non-AP MLD1 1712 and STA3 1722 is complete, STA2 1714 and STA3 of non-AP MLD1 1712 can communicate directly with each other in multi-link peer-to-peer communication and transmit data frames via a direct path on a common operational link (link 2).

[0120] In the following paragraphs, the embodiments are described with reference to ML-TDLS setup between a non-AP MLD and a non-MLD STA via an AP MLD for multi-link peer-to-peer communication, with the setup being initiated by the non-MLD STA.

[0121] There are two possible options for TDLS setup with non-AP MLD via AP MLD initiated by non-MLD STA. In option 1, non-AP MLD sets TA in TDLS discovery response frame as sending STA's MAC address (STA2-M) regardless of TDLS responder STA address field in link identifier element. Based on this, during direct link communication, the same (STA's) MAC address is used in RA field. However, with this option, there is a risk that legacy STA (STA3) may reject TDLS discovery response frame due to mismatch between TA field and TDLS responder STA address field in link identifier element.

[0122] In option 2, upon receiving a TDLS discovery request frame in legacy format (identified by the absence of an ML indication), the TDLS responder simply uses the address (MLD MAC address or STA MAC address) used in the TDLS responder STA address field of the link identifier element of the TDLS discovery request frame as the TA field of the TDLS discovery response frame. The choice of the address set in the TDLS responder field of the link identifier element of the TDLS frame as well as the RA field of the frame sent by the legacy device on the direct link depends on its knowledge of the MAC address of the TDLS responding STA, which may be influenced for example by how the MLD's MAC address is returned by the ARP protocol. Alternatively, the legacy STA may learn the STA MAC address via its past communication with the STA or by listening to the wireless medium, etc. Adapting the TA field of the TDLS discovery response frame (or data frames sent on the direct path) ensures that the legacy STA does not reject the TDLS discovery response frame due to a mismatch between the TA field and the TDLS responder STA address field. The same address is also used as the TA for all frames sent on the direct link.

[0123] 18 depicts a flowchart 1800 illustrating communication between a non-AP MLD 1812 and a non-MLD STA (STA3) 1822 via a non-MLD AP 1804 for multi-link peer-to-peer communication according to another embodiment of the present disclosure according to option 1 described above. The communication is divided into a discovery phase 1801, a setup phase 1802 and a direct link communication 1803.

[0124] In the discovery phase 1801, STA3 1822 may initiate TDLS discovery by sending a data frame 1832 containing a TDLS discovery request 1834 to non-AP MLD1 1812 via the AP MLD 1804. The data frame 1832 includes a DA field set to the MAC address of non-AP MLD1 (STA-ML1-M). Initially, STA3 1822 may only know the MLD MAC address of non-AP MLD1 because its IP address is bound to the MLD MAC address (ARP reply). The TDLS discovery request 1834 includes a TDLS initiator field set to the MAC address of STA3 (STA3-M) and a TDLS responder field set to the MLD MAC address of non-AP MLD1 (STA-ML1-M). The TDLS initiator STA address and BSSID fields of the link identifier element identify the initiator STA 1822 and the link over which the TDLS discovery response frame 1832 should be sent. The contents of the TDLS discovery request frame are the same even if the recipient is a non-MLD (because STA3 1822 does not know whether the recipient is an MLD or not).

[0125] The AP MLD 1804 receiving the data frame 1832 identifies that the TDLS discovery request 1834 contained in the data frame 1832 is addressed to a non-AP MLD based on the MLD MAC address in the DA field, and forwards the data frame 1832' containing the TDLS discovery request 1834' received from STA3 1822 to one of the attached STAs of the non-AP MLD1 1812, for example, STA1 1813 in this case, thus causing a crossover to link 1. When the AP MLD 1804 forwards the data frame 1832' to STA1 1813, it sets the MAC address of STA1 (STA1-M) in the RA field. Therefore, the data frame is correctly received by STA1 1813.

[0126] The non-AP MLD 1812 receiving the TDLS discovery request 1834' may send a TDLS discovery response action frame 1842 back on the direct link to one of the attached STAs, for example STA2 1814, which in this embodiment operates on the same link as the non-MLD STA3 1822, to STA3 1822. The non-AP MLD 1812 sets the TA field of the TDLS discovery response action frame 1842 as the MAC address of the sending STA (STA2 1814) and also sets the RA field of the TDLS discovery response action frame 1842 to the MAC address of STA3 (STA3-M). This therefore results in frames such as the TDLS discovery response action frame 1842 sent by STA2 1814 to STA3 1822 on the direct link being correctly received via STA3 1822. Importantly, under option 1, the MAC address of the sending STA in the TA field of the TDLS discovery response action frame 1842 may be used to set the RA field of a data frame sent by STA3 1822 in the direct link communication 1803.

[0127] In a subsequent setup phase 1802, STA3 1822 may initiate a TDLS setup with the non-AP MLD 1812 via the AP MLD 1804 by sending a further data frame 1852 including a TDLS setup request 1854 from STA3 1822 to the non-AP MLD 1812 via the AP MLD 1804. The data frame 1852 includes a DA field set to the MLD MAC address of the non-AP MLD (STA-ML1-M). The TDLS setup request 1854 includes a TDLS responder field set to the MLD MAC address of the non-AP MLD and a TDLS initiator field set to the MAC address of STA3 (STA3-M).

[0128] The AP MLD 1804 identifies that the further data frame 1852 is destined for the non-AP MLD1 1812 based on the MLD MAC address in the DA field, and forwards the further data frame 1852 to one of the attached STAs of the non-AP MLD1 1812, for example, STA2 1814 in this embodiment. The AP MLD 1804 also sets the RA field to the MAC address of STA2 (STA2-M) when forwarding the data frame 1852 to STA2 1814. Therefore, the data frame 1852 is correctly received by STA2 1814.

[0129] The non-AP MLD 1812 that receives the TDLS setup request 1854 may respond by sending another data frame 1862 containing a TDLS setup response 1864 to STA3 1822, the TDLS initiator, via the AP MLD 1804. The data frame 1862 contains a DA field set to the MAC address of STA3. The TDLS setup response 1864 contains a TDLS initiator field and a TDLS responder field, both set to the same MAC address as in the TDLS setup request 1854.

[0130] The AP MLD 1804 receiving the data frame 1862 identifies that the TDLS setup response 1864 included in the data frame 1862 is addressed to the STA3 1822 based on the MAC address of STA3 in the DA field, and forwards the data frame 1862 to the STA3 1822. The AP MLD 1804 also sets the MAC address of STA3 (STA3-M) in the RA field when forwarding the data frame 1862 to the STA3 1822. Therefore, the data frame is correctly received by the STA3 1822.

[0131] STA3 1822 then sends a data frame 1872 containing a TDLS setup confirm 1874 to non-AP MLD1 1812 via the AP MLD 1804. The data frame contains the DA field set to the MAC address of non-AP MLD1 (STA-ML1-M). The TDLS setup confirm 1874 contains the TDLS responder and TDLS initiator fields, both set to the same MAC address as in the TDLS setup request 1854.

[0132] The AP MLD 1804 identifies that the data frame 1872 is destined for non-AP MLD1 1812 based on the MLD MAC address in the DA field, and forwards the data frame 1872 to one of the attached STAs of non-AP MLD1 1812, for example, STA2 1814 in this embodiment. The AP MLD 1804 also sets the RA field to the MAC address of STA2 (STA2-M) when forwarding the data frame 1872 to STA2 1814. Therefore, the data frame 1872 is correctly received by STA2 1814, and the setup phase is completed.

[0133] Once the TDLS setup between non-AP MLD1 1812 and STA3 is completed, STA2 1814 and STA3 1822 of non-AP MLD1 1812 can directly multi-link peer-to-peer communicate with each other and transmit data frames 1882 via a direct path in a common operational link (Link 2). The RA of such data frames 1882 is set as the MAC address of the receiving STA based on the TA of the discovery response action frame 1842. However, as explained above, with this option, there is a risk that the legacy STA (STA3) may reject the TDLS discovery response frame due to a mismatch between the TA field and the TDLS responder STA address field of the link identifier element, and the legacy STA may not proceed to the TDLS setup phase.

[0134] FIG. 19 depicts a flow chart 1900 illustrating communication between a non-AP MLD 1912 and a non-MLD STA (STA3) 1922 via a non-MLD AP 1904 for multi-link peer-to-peer communication according to yet another embodiment of the present disclosure according to option 2 described above. The communication is divided into a discovery phase 1901, a setup phase 1902, and a direct link communication 1903. Note that unlike all embodiments shown in the present disclosure, all address fields, especially the TDLS responder field represented in FIG. 19 with two addresses separated by a dash (e.g., A / B), means that either one of the two addresses (A or B) is used in the address field based on the legacy STA's knowledge of the non-AP MLD's MAC address. If the legacy STA identifies the non-AP MLD by its MLD MAC address, the MLD MAC address of the non-AP MLD is used, otherwise the MAC address of the STA attached to the non-AP MLD operating on the same link as the legacy STA is used.

[0135] In the discovery phase 1901, STA3 1922 may initiate TDLS discovery by sending a data frame 1932 containing a TDLS discovery request 1934 to non-AP MLD1 1912 via the AP MLD 1904. The data frame 1932 includes a DA field set to either the MLD MAC address of non-AP MLD1 (STA-ML1-M) or the MAC address of STA2 (STA2-M). The TDLS discovery request 1934 includes a TDLS initiator field set to the MAC address of STA3 (STA3-M) and a TDLS responder field set to either the MLD MAC address of non-AP MLD1 or the MAC address of STA2.

[0136] The AP MLD 1904 receiving the data frame 1932 identifies that the TDLS discovery request 1934 contained in the data frame 1932 is addressed to either the non-AP MLD or STA2 based on the MAC address in the DA field, and forwards the data frame 1932' containing the TDLS discovery request 1934' received from STA3 1922 to STA1914 if the MAC address of STA2 is used, or to one of the attached STAs of the non-AP MLD1 1912, for example, STA1 1913 in this embodiment, if the MAC address of the non-AP MLD is included, thus crossing over to link 1. When the AP MLD 1904 forwards the data frame 1932' to STA1 1913, it sets the MAC address of STA1 (STA1-M) in the RA field. Therefore, the data frame is correctly received by STA1 1913.

[0137] The non-AP MLD 1912 that receives the TDLS discovery request 1934' may send a TDLS discovery response action frame 1942 back on the direct link to STA3 1922. In this case, even though a crossover has occurred, the non-AP MLD1 uses STA2 1914 to send the TDLS discovery response 1942 to the TDLS initiator STA3 1922 via the direct path on the correct link (link 2) identified by the BSSID field.

[0138] What is important is that the non-AP MLD 1912 sets the TA field of the TDLS discovery response action frame 1942 to the same as that contained in the TDLS responder field.

[0139] The non-AP MLD 1912 also sets the RA field of the TDLS discovery response action frame 1942 to the MAC address of STA3 (STA3-M). This therefore ensures that frames such as the TDLS discovery response action frame 1942 sent by STA2 1914 to STA3 1922 on the direct link are received correctly via STA3 1922. The STA or MLD MAC address (as well as that contained in the TDLS responder field) in the TA field of the TDLS discovery response action frame 1942 is also used to set the RA field of data frames sent in the direct link communication 1903. Because the TA field and the TDLS responder field contain the same address (either the STA MAC address or the MLD MAC address), the TDLS responder frame is not rejected by STA3 1922.

[0140] In a subsequent setup phase 1902, STA3 1922 may initiate a TDLS setup with the non-AP MLD 1912 via the AP MLD 1904 by sending a further data frame 1952 including a TDLS setup request 1954 from STA3 1922 to the non-AP MLD 1912 via the AP MLD 1904. The data frame 1932 includes a DA field set to the MLD MAC address of the non-AP MLD1 (STA-ML1-M). The TDLS setup request 1954 includes a TDLS initiator field set to the MAC address of STA3 (STA3-M) and a TDLS responder field set to either the MLD MAC address of the non-AP MLD1 or the MAC address of STA2.

[0141] The AP MLD 1904 identifies that the further data frame 1952 is destined for the non-AP MLD1 1912 based on the MLD MAC address in the DA field, and forwards the further data frame 1952 to one of the attached STAs of the non-AP MLD1 1912, for example, STA2 1914 in this embodiment. The AP MLD 1904 also sets the RA field to the MAC address of STA2 (STA2-M) when forwarding the data frame 1952 to STA2 1914. Therefore, the data frame 1952 is correctly received by STA2 1914.

[0142] The non-AP MLD 1912 that receives the TDLS setup request 1954 may respond by sending another data frame 1962 containing a TDLS setup response 1964 back to STA3 1922, the TDLS initiator, via the AP MLD 1904. The data frame contains a DA field set to the MAC address of STA3 (STA3-M). The TDLS setup response 1964 contains a TDLS initiator field and a TDLS responder field, both set to the same MAC address as in the TDLS setup request 1954.

[0143] The AP MLD 1904 receiving the data frame 1962 identifies that the TDLS setup response 1964 included in the data frame 1962 is addressed to the STA3 1922 based on the MAC address of STA3 in the DA field, and forwards the data frame 1962 to the STA3 1922. The AP MLD 1904 also sets the MAC address of STA3 (STA3-M) in the RA field when forwarding the data frame 1962 to the STA3 1922. Therefore, the data frame is correctly received by the STA3 1922.

[0144] STA3 1922 then sends a data frame 1972 containing a TDLS setup confirm 1974 to non-AP MLD1 1912 via the AP MLD 1904. The data frame 1972 contains the DA field set to the MAC address of non-AP MLD1 (STA-ML1-M). The TDLS setup confirm 1974 contains the TDLS initiator and TDLS responder fields, both set to the same MAC address as in the TDLS setup request 1954.

[0145] The AP MLD 1904 identifies that the data frame 1972 is destined for non-AP MLD1 1912 based on the MLD MAC address in the DA field, and forwards the data frame 1972 to one of the attached STAs of non-AP MLD1 1912, for example, STA2 1914 in this embodiment. The AP MLD 1904 also sets the RA field to the MAC address of STA2 (STA2-M) when forwarding the data frame 1972 to STA2 1914. Therefore, the data frame 1972 is correctly received by STA2 1914, and the setup phase is completed.

[0146] Once the TDLS setup between non-AP MLD1 1912 and STA3 is complete, STA2 1914 and STA3 1922 of non-AP MLD1 1912 can directly peer-to-peer with each other and transmit data frames 1982 over a direct path in a common operational link (Link 2). The RA of such data frames 1982 is set as the same MLD or STA MAC address as that of the TA field of the TDLS discovery response action frame 1942 (which is the same as that contained in the TDLS responder field).

[0147] FIG. 20 depicts a flow chart 2000 illustrating an address configuration process of an MLD, which is a TDLS response STA, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. In step 2002, a TDLS frame is received. In step 2004, it is determined whether the received TDLS frame is a TDLS discovery request frame or a TDLS setup frame, and whether the TDLS discovery request frame or the TDLS setup frame includes an ML indication. If yes, step 2006 is performed, otherwise step 2008 is performed. In step 2006, a step of setting the TA of a frame, e.g., a TDLS discovery response frame, data frame, transmitted by the TDLS response STA on the direct path is performed as the MAC address of the sending STA. In step 2008, a step of setting the TA of a frame, transmitted by the TDLS response STA on the direct path, to be the same as the address included in the TDLS responder STA address field of the link identifier element included in the TDLS frame is performed. The address configuration process may then end after performing step 2006 or 2008. Alternatively, the TDLS response STA can always set the TA of a frame transmitted by the TDLS response STA on a direct path to be the same as the address included in the TDLS responder STA address field of the link identifier element included in the TDLS frame.

[0148] According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, a three-way TDLS peer key (TPK) handshake protocol that occurs during the TLDS setup phase is used to derive a security key (TPK) that is used to provide confidentiality and authentication of frames exchanged on all direct links. Figure 21 depicts a flowchart 2100 illustrating communication between two non-AP MLDs 2112, 2122 via a non-MLD AP 2104 for multi-link peer-to-peer communication according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. This embodiment illustrates a TPK setup phase 2102 and direct link communication 2103.

[0149] In the TPK setup phase 2102, the non-AP MLD1 2112 may initiate a TPK setup with the non-AP MLD2 2122 via the AP MLD 2104 by sending a data frame 2132 including a TDLS setup request (which further includes a TDLS pairwise master key (PMK) handshake message 1) 2134 from STA2 2114 to the non-AP MLD2 2122 via the AP MLD 2104. The data frame 2132 includes a DA field set to the MLD MAC address of the non-AP MLD2 (STA-ML2-M). The TDLS setup request 2134 includes a link identifier element and a Fast BSS Transition Element (FTE), as well as an ML element including information about the non-AP MLD1 and its attached STAs operating on one or more links requested for ML-TDLS.

[0150] The AP MLD 2104 identifies that the data frame 2132 is destined for its associated non-AP MLD2 2122 based on the MAC address of the non-AP MLD2 in the DA field, and forwards the data frame 2132 to one of the attached STAs of the non-AP MLD2 2122, for example, STA3 2123 in this embodiment. The AP MLD 2104 also sets the RA field to the MAC address of STA3 (STA3-M) when forwarding the data frame 2132 to STA3 2123. Therefore, the data frame 2132 is correctly received by STA3 2123.

[0151] Even though a crossover from link 2 to link 1 has occurred, non-AP MLD2 2122 receiving the TDLS setup request 2134 may respond by sending another data frame 2142 including a TDLS setup response (which further includes TDLS PMK handshake message 2) 2144 back to non-AP MLD1 2112 via the AP MLD 2104. The TDLS setup response 2144 includes a DA field set to the MAC address of non-AP MLD1 (STA-ML1-M). The TDLS setup response 2144 includes a link identifier element and a fast BSS transition element (FTE), as well as an ML element that includes information about the non-AP MLD2 and its attached STAs operating on one or more links agreed upon for ML-TDLS.

[0152] The AP MLD 2104 receiving the data frame 2142 identifies that the TDLS setup response 2144 included in the data frame 2142 is addressed to the non-AP MLD1 2112, and forwards the data frame 2142 to one of the attached STAs of the non-AP MLD1 2112, for example, STA2 2114 in this embodiment. The AP MLD 2104 also sets the MAC address of STA2 (STA2-M) in the RA field when forwarding the data frame 2142 to STA2 2114. Therefore, the data frame is correctly received by STA2 2114.

[0153] Subsequently, STA2 2114 sends a data frame 2152 containing a TDLS setup acknowledgement (which further contains the TDLS PMK handshake message 3) 2154 to non-AP MLD2 2122 via the AP MLD 2104. The data frame 2152 contains a DA field set to the MAC address of non-AP MLD2 (STA-ML2-M). The TDLS setup acknowledgement 2154 contains a link identifier element and a fast BSS transition element (FTE), as well as a ML element containing information about the non-AP MLD1 and its attached STAs operating on one or more links acknowledged for the ML-TDLS.

[0154] The AP MLD 2104 identifies that the data frame 2152 is destined for non-AP MLD2 2122 based on the MAC address in the DA field, and forwards the data frame 2152 to one of the attached STAs of non-AP MLD2 2122, for example, STA4 2124 in this embodiment. The AP MLD 2104 also sets the RA field to the MAC address of STA4 (STA4-M) when forwarding the data frame 2152 to STA4 2124. Therefore, the data frame 2152 is correctly received by STA4 2124, and the setup phase is completed.

[0155] Once the TDLS setup between non-AP MLD1 2112 and non-AP MLD2 2122 is completed, any two STAs from non-AP MLD1 2112 and non-AP MLD2 2122 can directly communicate with each other via multi-link peer-to-peer communication and transmit data frames via direct paths in link 1 and link 2, respectively. For example, STA2 and STA4, and STA1 and STA3 may exchange data frames 2162 and 2172 via direct paths in both link 2 and link 1, respectively.

[0156] 22A illustrates an example format of an FTE 2202. The FTE 2202 includes an element ID field, a length field, a Message Integrity Code (MIC) control field, a MIC field, an ANonce field, and an SNonce field. The TPK derivation is shown in the following formula:

[0157] TPK‐Key‐Input=Hash(min(SNonce,ANonce)||max(SNonce,ANonce)) (Formula 1) TPK=KDF‐Hash‐Length(TPK‐Key‐Input,“TDLS PMK”,min(MAC_I,MAC_R)||max(MAC_I,MAC_R)||BSSID) (Formula 2) TPK-KCK=L(TPK,0,128) (Equation 3) TPK-TK = L(TPK, 128, length-128) (Equation 4) where BSSID, MAC_I, and MAC_R are the values ​​of the BSSID, TDLS Initiator STA Address field, and TDLS Responder STA Address field of the link identifier element included in the TDLS Setup frame, respectively, regardless of whether the link identifier element contains the MLD MAC address or the MAC address of the attached STA.

[0158] In one embodiment, a key confirmation key (KCK) is used to provide data origin authentication in TDLS Setup Response and TDLS Setup Confirmation frames, while the same TPK-TK is used to provide confidentiality for all protected frames sent on all direct links.

[0159] 22B illustrates an example format of a link identifier element 2222. The link identifier element 2222 includes an element ID field, a length field, a BSSID field, a TDLS initiator STA address field, and a TDLS responder STA address field.

[0160] During the calculation of the Message Integrity Code (MIC) for TPK handshake messages 2 and 3, i.e., Setup Response and Setup Confirm, the values ​​of the TDLS Initiator STA Address field and the TDLS Responder STA Address field of the Link Identifier element contained in the TDLS Setup frame are used as the TDLS Initiator STA MAC Address and the TDLS Responder STA MAC Address, respectively, regardless of whether the Link Identifier element contains the MLD MAC Address or the MAC address of the attached STA. The MIC shall be calculated over the concatenation in the following order: TDLS initiator STA MAC address (6 octets) TDLS responder STA MAC address (6 octets) Transaction sequence number (1 octet) set to value 2 or 3 Link Identifier Element ·RSNE · Timeout Interval Element FTE, the MIC field of the FTE is set to 0 ML element (if the TDLS setup frame includes an ML element)

[0161] Importantly, the MIC calculation includes an ML element. In one embodiment, the above MIC calculation is performed using the TPK-KCK and AES-128-CMAC algorithms.

[0162] According to the present disclosure, in ML-TDLS direct link communication, the BlockAck agreement negotiated for a traffic identifier (TID) between two non-AP MLDs on any one direct link applies to all direct links between the two non-AP MLDs. In other words, the general multilink features supported by both non-AP MLDs are available on all direct links, and such general multilink features include multilink BlockAck, cross-link retransmission of frames, configuration of MLD MAC address-based additional authentication data (AAD) and nonce during encapsulation or decapsulation of frames under the Counter Mode with Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol (CCMP) or Galois / Counter Mode Protocol (GCMP).

[0163] The same sequence number space and packet number (PN) space are used for frames of a TID exchanged on any direct link. Retransmission of failed frames can also occur on any direct link. The same PN is used when a protected frame is retransmitted on another direct link.

[0164] 23 illustrates an example format of a data frame 2300 transmitted on a direct link between two non-AP MLDs. The data frame 2300 includes a Frame Control field, a Duration field, an Address 1 field, an Address 2 field, an Address 3 field, a Sequence Control field, a QoS Control field, a HT Control field, a Payload field, and an FCS. The Frame Control field, the Duration field, the Address 1 field, the Address 2 field, the Address 3 field, the Sequence Control field, the QoS Control field, and the HT Control field can be grouped as a MAC header, and the Payload field is the frame body. The Frame Control field includes a To DS field and a From DS field, both of which are set to 0.

[0165] FIG. 23B illustrates an example of the configuration 2320 of the MLD MAC address based AAD used for encapsulation or decapsulation of frames under Counter Mode with CCMP or GCMP. The AAD includes a total of 30 octets. The AAD includes a Frame Control (FC) field (2 octets), an MLD-RA field (6 octets), an MLD-TA field (6 octets), an Address 3 (A3) field (6 octets), a Sequence Control (SC) field (2 octets), an Address 4 (A4) field (6 octets) and a QOS Control (QC) field (2 octets). It is important to note that the MLD MAC addresses of the receiving MLD and sending MLD are used in the A1 and A2 fields of the AAD, respectively, instead of the A1 and A2 fields of the frame.

[0166] Figure 23C illustrates an example of the configuration 2340 of an MLD MAC address based nonce used for encapsulation or decapsulation of frames under Counter Mode with CCMP or GCMP. The nonce contains a total of 13 octets. The nonce contains a Nonce flag (1 octet), an MLD-TA field (6 octets) and a PN field (6 octets). What is important is that the MLD MAC address of the sending MLD is used in the A2 field of the nonce and not in the A2 field of the frame.

[0167] The rules for ADD and Nonce calculation during CCMP / GCMP encapsulation / decapsulation of data frames 2300 exchanged on a direct link between two non-AP MLDs are as follows: a) The MLD MAC address of the recipient MLD is used as the A1 field for the construction of the AAD. b) The MLD MAC address of the sending MLD is used as the A2 field for constructing the AAD and Nonce. c) If a non-AP MLD is associated with an AP MLD, the MLD MAC address of the AP MLD is used as the A3 field for the configuration of the AAD, otherwise the Address 3 field of the protected frame is used for A3.

[0168] Alternatively, addresses included in the TDLS initiator STA address field, the TDLS responder address field, and the BSSID field of the link identifier element included in the TDLS setup frame may be used instead in the construction of the AAD and Nonce.

[0169] In one embodiment, multi-link features such as ML-TDLS link switching are available. A non-AP MLD may request its peer non-AP MLD to switch an existing direct link to another link if the peer MLD indicates that it supports TDLS link switching, e.g., by a TDLS link switching support field set to "1" or "True." TDLS channel switch request / response frames may be used for TDLS link switching purposes. The frames are encapsulated in data frames and transmitted on the current direct link. Alternatively, new frames, e.g., TDLS link switching request / response frames, may be defined for this purpose.

[0170] 24 depicts a flowchart 2400 illustrating multi-link peer-to-peer communication between two non-AP MLDs 2412, 2422 associated with an AP MLD 2402 according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. It is assumed that non-AP MLD1 2412 has set up a TDLS direct link with non-AP MLD2 2422 on link 1, and a data frame 2432 is transmitted on link 1 between the two non-AP MLDs 2412, 2422. Non-AP MLD1 2412 may intend to switch its direct link (on link 1) with non-AP MLD2 2422 by sending a TDLS channel switch request 2442 to non-AP MLD2 2422 on the current direct link (link 1). In one embodiment, non-AP MLD1 2412 has determined that non-AP MLD2 2422 supports TDLS link switching based on an indication in the TDLS link switching support field of the TDLS discovery response sent by non-AP MLD2 2422. Non-AP MLD2 2422 receiving such a request 2442 may respond by sending a TDLS channel switch response 2452 back to non-AP MLD1 2412 on the current direct link.

[0171] In one case, if the link switching is successful, after a switching time, the TDLS direct link is switched from link 1 to link 2, and the direct link on link 1 is disabled. On the other hand, if the link switching is unsuccessful, the TDLS direct link between the two non-AP MLDs 2412, 2422 remains on link 1.

[0172] The encapsulated data frame (e.g., an Ethertype 89-0d data frame carrying a TDLS payload) may be used as a TDLS channel switch request frame. Figure 25 illustrates an example format of an Ethertype 89-0d data frame 2500 used to carry a TDLS channel switch request frame according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0173] The Ethertype 89-0d data frame 2500 includes a frame control field, a duration field, an address 1 field, an address 2 field, an address 3 field, a sequence control field, a QoS control field, a HT control field, a LLC field, a SNAP field 2502, a payload type field 2504, a payload field 2506, and an FCS. The frame control field, the duration field, the address 1 field, the address 2 field, the address 3 field, the sequence control, the QOS control field, and the HT control field can be grouped as a MAC header, and the LLC field, the SNAP field 2502, the payload type field 2504, and the payload field 2506 can be grouped as a frame body. The SNAP field 2502 is set to an Ethertype of 89-0d, and the payload type field 2504 is set to correspond to TDLS. The payload field 2506 includes a category field 2508, a TDLS action field 2510, a target channel field, a link identifier element 2512, and an ML element 2514. The category field 2508 is set to correspond to TDLS. The TDLS action field 2510 is set to correspond to a TLDS channel switch request. The link identifier element 2512 indicates the current link. The ML element 2514 includes an element ID subfield, a length subfield, an element ID extension subfield, a multilink control subfield that includes a type field 2516 and a presence bitmap field, a common information field 2518, and a link information field 2520.

[0174] The type field 2516 is set to correspond to TDLS. The common information field 2518 includes an MLD MAC address subfield that is set to correspond to the MLD MAC address of the transmitting non-AP MLD. The link information field 2520 includes a link ID subfield, a link identifier element subfield 2522, and a capabilities / actions subfield. The link identifier element subfield 2522 indicates the target link to which the MLD intends to switch. Alternatively, the link identifier element subfield 2522 may not be present and the link ID field indicates the target link.

[0175] According to the present disclosure, a non-AP MLD may request an AP or AP MLD to set up a quiet period (QTP) on multiple links via a single request on one link. FIG. 26 depicts a flowchart 2600 illustrating multi-link peer-to-peer communication between two non-AP MLDs 2612, 2622 associated with an AP / AP MLD 2602 according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. It is assumed that the non-AP MLD1 2612 has set up a TDLS direct link with the non-AP MLD2 2622 on link 1 and link 2. The non-AP MLD1 2612 may request the AP / AP MLD 2602 to set up a quiet period (QTP) on link 1 and link 2 by sending a QTP request 2632 on link 1, which includes an ML element. The ML element indicates further links (e.g., link 2) supported by the MLD.

[0176] The AP / AP MLD 2602 receiving the QTP request 2632 may respond by sending a QTP response 2642 indicating that the QTP request was successful. Thus, QTP functionality is set up on link 1 and link 2. At the initiation of QTP, the AP / AP MLD 2602 may send QTP setup frames 2662, 2664 on multiple links to protect the links for direct communication. The non-AP MLD1 2612 can then send data frames 2672, 2674, 2682, 2684 to the non-AP MLD2 2622 in the QTP 2652 on both direct links, link 1 and link 2.

[0177] 27 shows an example format of a Quiet Period (QTP) request / response frame 2700. The QTP request / response frame 2700 includes a frame control field, a duration field, an address 1 field, an address 2 field, an address 3 field, a sequence control field, a HT control field, a category field 2702, an HE action field 2704, a QTP element, an ML element 2706, and an FCS. The frame control field, the duration field, the address 1 field, the address 2 field, the address 3 field, the sequence control, and the HT control field can be grouped as a MAC header, and the category field 2702, the HE action field 2704, the QTP element, and the ML element 2706 can be grouped as a frame body. The category field 2702 is set to correspond to an HE action. The HE action field 2704 is set to correspond to a QTP. The ML element 2706 includes an element ID subfield, a length subfield, an element ID extension subfield, a multilink control subfield that includes a type field 2708 and a presence bitmap field, a common information field 2710 and one or more link information fields 2712 .

[0178] The type field 2708 is set to correspond to QTP. The common information field 2710 includes an MLD MAC address subfield that is set to correspond to the MLD MAC address of the transmitting non-AP MLD. One or more link information fields 2712 each include a link ID subfield and a QTP element 2714 that includes the QTP parameters of another link identified by the link ID in the link ID subfield.

[0179] According to the present disclosure, a non-AP MLD may request an AP MLD to set up a TDLS-Target Wake Time (TWT) Service Period (SP) on one or more links for direct link communication on the links. FIG. 28 depicts a flowchart 2800 illustrating multi-link peer-to-peer communication between two non-AP MLDs 2612, 2622 associated with an AP / AP MLD 2602 according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. It is assumed that the non-AP MLD1 2612 has set up a direct link with the non-AP MLD2 2622 on link 1 and link 2. The non-AP MLD1 2612 may request the AP / AP MLD 2602 to set up a TDLS-TWT SP on link 1 and link 2 by sending a TWT setup request 2832 on link 1, where the TWT setup request 2832 includes an ML element. The ML element indicates additional links (e.g., link 2) supported by the MLD.

[0180] The AP / AP MLD 2602 receiving the TWT setup request 2832 may respond by sending a TWT setup response 2842 back to the non-AP MLD1 2612 indicating that the TWT setup request was successful. An unsolicited TWT setup response 2844 is also sent to another STA or MLD, such as non-AP MLD2 2622, to request to join the TWT SPs on link 1 and link 2 for the ML-TDLS. The TWT SPs may be two separate TWT SPs on link 1 and link 2 with the same parameters (e.g., start time, duration, etc.).

[0181] Optionally, a restricted broadcast TWT SP is used to protect the TWT SP for the ML-TDLS and is overlaid (by AP / AP MLD) on top of each individual TWT SP to prevent third party STAs from transmitting during the TDLS-TWT SP. A restricted broadcast TWT SP refers to a broadcast TWT SP where only STAs that are members of that TWT SP are allowed to access the channel during the TWT SP, while all other STAs are not allowed to access the channel at this time. This is achieved by transmitting beacon frames 2852, 2854 on each link advertising the restricted broadcast TWT SP. STAs other than the TDLS STA pair avoid accessing the channel during the restricted broadcast TWT SP.

[0182] If such a TWT SP is requested by a non-AP MLD, in this case non-AP MLD1 2612, at the start of a TWT SP for the ML-TDLS 2864 in the broadcast-limited TWT SP 2862, the AP / AP MLD 2702 may transmit a trigger frame 2872 for peer-to-peer (P2P) transmission on each of the direct links, i.e., link 1 and link 2. The trigger frame for P2P transmission may be based on the MU-RTS trigger frame defined in 11ax or may be a new variant of the MU-RTS trigger frame defined by 11be. The non-AP MLD1 2612 may then transmit data frames 2882, 2884, 2892, 2894 in the TWT SP 2874 to the non-AP MLD2 2622 on both direct links, i.e., link 1 and link 2.

[0183] 29 illustrates an example format of a target wake time (TWT) setup frame 2900 and a TWT element 2906 of the TWT setup frame 2900. The TWT setup frame 2900 may be used in a TWT request or a TWT response and includes a frame control field, a duration field, an address 1 field, an address 2 field, an address 3 field, a sequence control field, a HT control field, a category field 2902, an action field 2904, a dialog token field, a TWT element 2906, an ML element 2908, and an FCS. The frame control field, the duration field, the address 1 field, the address 2 field, the address 3 field, the sequence control and the HT control fields may be grouped as a MAC header, and the category field 2902, the action field 2904, the dialog token field, the TWT element 2906, and the ML element may be grouped as a frame body. The category field 2902 is set to correspond to an unprotected S1G action. The action field 2904 is set to correspond to a TWT setup. The ML element 2908 may include TWT elements for TWT SPs on other links.

[0184] The TWT element 2906 includes an Element ID field, a Length field, a Control field 2910, and a TWT Parameter Information field 2912. The Control field 2910 includes a Negotiation Type subfield, a TWT Information Frame Disable subfield, a Wake Period Units subfield, a Multi-AP Cooperative TWT subfield, and a TDLS TWT 2914 subfield. The TDLS TWT subfield 2914 is used to indicate the TWT SP for the TDLS.

[0185] The TWT parameter information field 2912 includes a Request Type subfield containing a Trigger field 2916, a Target Wake Time subfield, a Nominal Minimum TWT Wake Period subfield, a TWT Wake Interval Mantissa subfield, a TWT Channel subfield, and a Peer STA MAC Address subfield 2918. The Trigger field 2916 of the Request Type subfield contains a request from the non-AP MLD to the AP or AP MLD to transmit a trigger frame on the direct link at the start of a TWT SP to provide a transmission opportunity for direct link communication. The Peer STA MAC Address field 2918 contains the MAC address of the TDLS peer STA.

[0186] This disclosure advantageously shows that the advantages of the TWT protocol are extended to direct link communication. The MAC address of the TDLS peer STA included in the peer STA MAC address field of the TWT setup request frame can be used by the AP to send an unsolicited TWT setup response frame to the peer STA to invite it to also join the same TWT SP. Alternatively, the peer STA can request the AP for a TWT SP.

[0187] In various embodiments, as previously described in Figures 2A and 2B, ML-TDLS discovery may also be performed by exchanging Access Network Query Protocol (ANQP) request / response frames (type of group address generic advertisement service (GAS) request / response frames) in the direct path. Figure 30A illustrates an example format of an ANQP request frame 3000. The ANQP request frame 3000 includes a frame control field, a duration field, an address 1 field, an address 2 field, an address 3 field, a sequence control field, a HT control field, a category field, a public action field 3002, a dialog token field, an advertisement protocol element 3004, a query request field 3006, and an FCS. The frame control field, the duration field, the address 1 field, the address 2 field, the address 3 field, the sequence control and the HT control fields may be grouped as a MAC header, and the category field, the public action field 3002, the dialog token field, the advertisement protocol element 3004 and the query request field 3006 may be grouped as a frame body. The public action field 3002 is set to correspond to a GAS request, and the advertisement protocol element 3004 is set to correspond to an ANQP. The query request field 3006 includes a TDLS capabilities ANQP element, which is detailed in FIG.

[0188] 30B illustrates an example format of an ANQP response frame 3020. The ANQP response frame 3020 includes a frame control field, a duration field, an address 1 field, an address 2 field, an address 3 field, a sequence control field, a HT control field, a category field, a public action field 3022, a dialog token field, a status code field, an advertisement protocol element 3024, a query response field 3026, and an FCS. The frame control field, the duration field, the address 1 field, the address 2 field, the address 3 field, the sequence control and the HT control fields can be grouped as a MAC header, and the category field, the public action field 3022, the dialog token field, the status code field, the advertisement protocol element 3024 and the query response field 3026 can be grouped as a frame body. Similarly, the public action field 3022 is set to correspond to a GAS request, and the advertisement protocol element 3024 is set to correspond to an ANQP. The query response field 3026 includes a TDLS capabilities ANQP element, detailed in FIG. 30C.

[0189] 30C shows an example format of a TDLS capability ANQP element 3040. The TDLS capability ANQP element 3040 is included in the query request field 3006 and the query response field 3026 and includes information of the MLD and the supported direct links. The TDLS capability ANQP element 3040 includes an information ID field 3042, a length field, and a peer information field 3044. The information ID field 3042 is set to correspond to the TDLS capability. The peer information field 3044 includes a mode field, a BSSID field and a MAC field representing the BSSID and MAC address of the MLD operating on the link on which the ANQP frame is transmitted, a network information field 3046, an MLD information field 3048 containing information about the MLD, and an other link information field 3050 containing information of other links of the MLD, such as the BSSID and MAC address of the STA operating on the link.

[0190] The network information field 3046 indicates whether the network is DHCP, IP or netmask. The MLD information field 3048 includes a number of supported links field and the MLD MAC address of the sending MLD. The TDLS capabilities ANQP element 3040 may include one or more other link information fields 3050 that include information about links other than the link on which the ANQP response frame is sent. In one embodiment, the TDLS capabilities ANQP element 3040 does not include any other link information fields 3050 in the ANQP request frame. The present disclosure also enables ML-TDLS discovery using ANQP, where advantageously the other link information field of the ANQP response frame may include information about other links.

[0191] According to the present disclosure, when ML-TDLS discovery is initiated by a non-AP MLD (TDLS initiator) by sending a TDLS discovery request frame, instead of including a TDLS ML element, the TDLS discovery request frame may include an indication to identify that the sending STA is attached to a non-AP MLD, such as a link identifier element. A non-AP MLD that receives a TDLS discovery request frame that includes a link identifier element can recognize that the TDLS initiator is an MLD and respond accordingly.

[0192] 31 shows an example format of a link identifier element 3100 included in a TDLS discovery request frame as an ML indication. The link identifier element 3100 includes an element ID field, a length field, a BSSID field, a TDLS initiator STA address field, a TDLS responder STA address field, an MLD information field including a number of supported links field and an MLD MAC field. This advantageously reduces the signaling overhead for ML-TDLS discovery using a TDLS discovery request frame.

[0193] FIG. 32 illustrates an example configuration of a communication device 3200 and two communication units 3202, 3204 attached to the communication device 3200. The communication device 3200 is implemented as a non-AP MLD, and each of the attached communication units 3202, 3204 may be implemented as a STA configured for multilink peer-to-peer communication and multilink TDLS discovery / setup according to various embodiments in the present disclosure. The communication device 3200 further includes a multilink TDLS module 3212 configured for multilink TDLS discovery / setup according to the above-mentioned embodiments. The communication device 3200 further includes a MAC SAP 3210 used to communicate with the Internet layer and / or a Distribution Service (DS). The communication units 3202, 3204 attached to the communication device each provide a link 3226, 3236 for association and can transmit / receive signals to / from other external communication units / devices and / or DS. Each attached communication device 3202, 3204 includes a MAC layer 3222, 3232 and a PHY (physical) layer 3224, 3234 that connects to a radio transmitter, radio receiver and antenna used to transmit / receive signals over corresponding links 3226, 3236 to / from other communication devices / devices. In one embodiment, the MAC layer 3222, 3232 includes a storage module that stores its STA MAC address and any STA MAC SAPs for communicating directly with the Internet layer and / or DS for traffic to / from legacy STAs.

[0194] FIG. 33 illustrates an example configuration of a communication device 3300 and two communication devices 3302, 3304 attached to the communication device 3300. The communication device 3300 may be implemented as an AP MLD, and each of the attached communication devices 3302, 3304 may be implemented as an AP configured for multi-link peer-to-peer communication and multi-link TDLS discovery / setup according to various embodiments in the present disclosure. The communication device 3300 includes an association record module 3316 for storing the MLD MAC address of each associated non-AP MLD and the MAC address of the STA attached to each associated MLD, an association ID (AID) assigned to the non-AP MLD, etc. The communication device 3300 further includes a data frame forwarding module 3312 for receiving a data frame from an associated STA, determining that the destination address of the data frame pertains to another associated STA or MLD, and forwarding the data frame to the other associated STA or MLD accordingly, and setting the SA field of the forwarded frame based on whether the receiving device is an MLD or a non-MLD STA. The communications device 3300 also includes an ML-QTP / ML-TWT processing module 3314 for setting up QTP functionality (e.g., receiving QTP requests from associated STAs and sending QTP responses and QTP setup frames to associated STAs) and TWT functionality (e.g., receiving TWT setup requests from associated STAs and sending TWT setup responses, beacon frames and trigger frames to associated STAs) on a direct link(s) between associated STAs and / or MLDs.

[0195] The communication device 3300 further includes a MAC SAP 3310 used to communicate with the Internet layer and / or DS. The communication devices 3302, 3304 attached to the communication device each provide a link 3326, 3336 for association and can transmit / receive signals to / from other external communication devices / devices and / or DS. Each attached communication device 3302, 3304 includes a MAC layer 3322, 3332 and a PHY (physical) layer 3324, 3334, which connects with a radio transmitter, radio receiver and antenna used to transmit / receive signals over the corresponding link 3326, 3336 to / from other communication devices / devices. In one embodiment, the MAC layer includes a storage module that stores its AP MAC address and any AP MAC SAPs for direct communication with the Internet layer for traffic to / from legacy STAs.

[0196] The present disclosure may be realized by software, hardware, or software cooperating with hardware. Each functional block used in the description of each embodiment above may be partially or entirely implemented by an LSI such as an integrated circuit, and each process described in each embodiment may be partially or entirely controlled by the same LSI or a combination of LSIs. The LSI may be formed individually as a chip, or one chip may be formed to include some or all of the functional blocks. The LSI may include a data input / output unit coupled thereto. Here, the LSI may be called an IC, a system LSI, a super LSI, or an ultra LSI depending on the degree of integration. However, the technology for implementing the integrated circuit is not limited to the LSI, and may be realized by using a dedicated circuit, a general-purpose processor, or a dedicated processor. In addition, a field programmable gate array (FPGA) that may be programmed after the manufacture of the LSI, or a reconfigurable processor that may reconfigure the connections and settings of the circuit cells arranged inside the LSI may be used. The present disclosure may be realized as digital processing or analog processing. Future integrated circuit technologies may be used to integrate functional blocks if they replace LSI as a result of advances in semiconductor technology or other derivative technologies. Biotechnology may also be applied.

[0197] The present disclosure may be implemented by any type of apparatus, device or system having communication capabilities, referred to as a communication device.

[0198] Some non-limiting examples of such communication devices include phones (e.g., cellular (mobile) phones, smartphones), tablets, personal computers (PCs) (e.g., laptops, desktops, netbooks), cameras (e.g., digital still / video cameras), digital players (digital audio / video players), wearable devices (e.g., wearable cameras, smart watches, tracking devices), game consoles, digital book readers, telehealth / telemedical (remote health and medical) devices, and vehicles (e.g., cars, airplanes, ships) that provide communication capabilities, and various combinations thereof.

[0199] Communication devices are not limited to being portable or mobile, but may also include any type of apparatus, device or system that is non-portable or fixed, such as smart home devices (e.g., appliances, lights, smart meters, control panels), vending machines and any other "things" in the "Internet of Things" (IoT) network.

[0200] Communications may include, for example, data exchange through cellular systems, wireless LAN systems, satellite systems, and the like, as well as various combinations thereof.

[0201] A communications device may include devices such as controllers or sensors coupled to the communications apparatus to perform the communications functions described in this disclosure. For example, a communications device may include a controller or sensor that generates control or data signals used by the communications apparatus to perform the communications functions of the communications device.

[0202] Communications devices may also include infrastructure facilities such as base stations, access points, and any other apparatus, devices or systems that communicate with or control apparatus such as those in the non-limiting examples above.

[0203] A non-limiting example of a station may be one included in a first plurality of stations attached to a multi-link station logical entity (i.e., MLD, etc.), where as part of the first plurality of stations attached to the multi-link station logical entity, the stations in the first plurality of stations share a common Medium Access Control (MAC) data service interface to upper layers, the common MAC data service interface being associated with a common MAC address or traffic identifier (TID).

[0204] It can thus be seen that embodiments of the present invention provide communications devices and methods for operation with multiple links to fully realize the throughput enhancements of multi-link communications, particularly with multi-link guaranteed retransmission.

[0205] The following examples are described in this disclosure.

[0206] 1. A communication device among a plurality of communication devices associated with a first multi-link device (MLD), each of the plurality of communication devices operating on a corresponding link of the first MLD, the communication device comprising: a circuit for generating a request frame, when operative, the request frame being one of a discovery request frame for discovering peer-to-peer communication capabilities of another communication device or a setup request frame for requesting setup of one or more direct links, the request frame including a multi-link (ML) indication that identifies the communication device as attached to a first MLD; a transmitter that, in operation, transmits a request frame on one link; A communication device comprising:

[0207] 2. The request frame is one of a Tunnel Direct Link Setup (TDLS) discovery request frame, a TDLS setup request frame, and an Access Network Query Protocol (ANQP) request frame; 2. The communication device according to claim 1.

[0208] 3. The communication device of embodiment 1, wherein the ML indication is an ML element, and the ML element includes information about the first MLD and information of at least one other link supported by the first MLD.

[0209] 4. The ML indication is included in response to one of the link identifier element of the TDLS discovery request frame and the TDLS capability ANQP element of the ANQP request frame; The communication device according to Example 2.

[0210] 5. A receiver that, in operation, receives a TDLS discovery response frame including an ML element from another communication device, the ML element including information about a second MLD to which the other communication device is attached and information of at least one other link supported by the second MLD; 2. The communication device of claim 1, further comprising:

[0211] 6. A receiver that, in operation, receives an ANQP response frame including an ML field from another communication device, the ML field including information about a second MLD to which the other communication device is attached and information of at least one other link supported by the second MLD; 2. The communication device of claim 1, further comprising:

[0212] 7. The circuit is further configured to generate at least one of a TDLS setup request frame and a TDLS setup confirm frame, where at least one of the TDLS setup request frame and the TDLS setup confirm frame includes an ML element, where the ML element includes information about the first MLD and information of at least one other link supported by the first MLD, and the transmitter further transmits at least one of the TDLS setup request frame and the TDLS setup confirm frame to a second MLD to which the other communication device is attached; 2. The communication device according to claim 1.

[0213] 8. A receiver that, in operation, receives a TDLS setup response frame including an ML element from another communication device, the ML element including information about a second MLD to which the other communication device is attached and information of at least one other link supported by the second MLD; 2. The communication device of claim 1, further comprising:

[0214] 9. In response to the exchange of the TDLS setup request frame, the TDLS setup response frame, and the TDLS setup confirmation frame, the circuit: setting up one or more direct links between the first MLD and the second MLD; 9. The communication device according to claim 7 or 8, further configured as follows.

[0215] 10. At least one of the TDLS setup request frame, the TDLS setup response frame, and the TDLS setup confirmation frame includes a TDLS peer key (TPK) handshake message, and the circuit: generating a TPK for encrypting one or more frames to be transmitted on one or more direct links and / or for decrypting one or more frames to be received on one or more direct links; 10. The communication device of example 9, further configured as follows.

[0216] 11. At least one of the TDLS setup request frame, the TDLS setup response frame, and the TDLS setup confirmation frame each includes a corresponding ML element, and the circuit calculating a message integrity code for each of the TDLS setup response frame and the TDLS setup confirmation frame based on the corresponding ML element; 11. The communication device of example 10, further configured as follows:

[0217] 12. General multilink functions supported by the first MLD and the second MLD are available on one or more direct links, the general multilink functions including multilink block ack, cross-link retransmission of frames, and configuration of MLD MAC address-based additional authentication data and nonce during encapsulation or decapsulation of frames under the Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol in Counter Mode (CCMP) or the Galois / Counter Mode Protocol (GCMP); 10. The communication device of example 9.

[0218] 13. The circuit is further configured to generate a TDLS channel switch request frame for switching from one of the one or more direct links to another one, the TDLS channel switch request frame including an ML element, the ML element including information of the other one of the one or more direct links, and the transmitter further transmits the TDLS channel switch request frame to a second MLD; 10. The communication device of example 9.

[0219] 14. The circuit is further configured to generate a quiet period (QTP) request frame for setting up a quiet period on at least one link of the one or more direct links, the QTP request frame including an ML element, the ML element including information of the at least one link of the one or more direct links, and the transmitter further transmits the QTP request frame to an access point multi-link device (AP MLD) associated with the first MLD; 10. The communication device of example 9.

[0220] 15. A receiver that, in operation, receives a request frame from another communication device, the request frame being one of a discovery request frame for discovering peer-to-peer communication capabilities of the communication device, or a setup request frame for requesting setup of one or more direct links, the receiver comprising: determining whether the received request frame includes an ML indication identifying the other communication device as attached to a second MLD; in response to determining that the received request frame includes an ML indication that identifies the other communication device as attached to a second MLD, setting a transmitter address (TA) field of a frame to be transmitted on one of the one or more direct links to an address contained in a TDLS responder station (STA) address field of a link identifier element of the received request frame; and in response to determining that the received request frame does not include an ML indication identifying another communication device attached to the second MLD, setting a TA field of the frame to be transmitted on one of the one or more direct links to a Medium Access Control (MAC) address of a communication device attached to the second MLD that transmits the frame on one of the one or more direct links. a receiver further configured to 2. The communication device of claim 1, further comprising:

[0221] 16. The circuit is further configured to generate a target wake time (TWT) setup request frame for setting up a TWT service period (SP) on at least one link of the one or more direct links, the TWT setup request frame including a TWT element including information of the TWT SP for the at least one link of the one or more direct links, and the transmitter further transmits the TWT setup request frame to an AP MLD associated with the first MLD; 10. The communication device of example 9.

[0222] 17. The TWT setup request frame includes an ML element, and the ML element includes information of at least one link of the one or more links; 17. The communication device of Example 16.

[0223] 18. The circuit is When no other communication device is attached to the second MLD, the sender address field of the TDLS discovery request frame is set to the MAC address of the communication device.

[0033] The communication device according to Example 2.

[0224] 19. An access point (AP) among a plurality of APs attached to an AP MLD, each of the plurality of APs operating on a corresponding link of the AP MLD, the AP: a receiver that, in operation, receives on one link a data frame from an associated communication device associated with the MLD, the data frame having a destination address (DA) field set to another associated communication device not associated with the MLD; a circuit for, during operation, setting a source address (SA) field of a data frame as a MAC address of an associated communication device; a transmitter which, in operation, transmits data frames to other associated communication devices; Including,Access Points (AP).

[0225] 20. A step of generating a request frame, the request frame being one of a discovery request frame for discovering peer-to-peer communication capabilities of a communication device or a setup request frame for requesting the setup of one or more direct links, the request frame including an ML indication that identifies another communication device sending the request frame as attached to an MLD; transmitting a request frame on one link; A communication method including:

[0226] Although the above detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention presents exemplary embodiments, it should be recognized that there are a vast number of variations. It should be further recognized that the exemplary embodiments are examples and are not intended to limit the scope, applicability, operation, or configuration of the present disclosure in any way. Rather, the above detailed description will provide those skilled in the art with a convenient road map for implementing the exemplary embodiments, but it is understood that various changes may be made to the function and arrangement of the steps and operation methods described in the exemplary embodiments, as well as the modules and structures of the devices described in the exemplary embodiments, without departing from the scope of the subject matter described in the appended claims.

Claims

1. A first non-access point (non-AP) multi-link device (MLD) having a plurality of attached stations (STAs) operating on different links, comprising: a transmitter for transmitting a Tunnel Direct Link Setup (TDLS) setup request frame to a second non-AP MLD through an Access Point (AP) or AP MLD to set up a direct link connection on one or more links, the TDLS setup request frame including a first TDLS multi-link element including first MLD MAC address information indicating the first non-AP MLD; a receiver for receiving a TDLS setup response frame from the AP or the second non-AP MLD via the AP MLD; A first non-AP MLD including:

2. The first TDLS multilink element includes a type field indicating TDLS and a common information field including the MLD MAC address information. The first non-AP MLD of claim 1 .

3. Prior to transmitting the TDLS setup request frame, The transmitter transmits a TDLS discovery request frame to a second non-AP MLD via the AP or the AP MLD; The receiver receives a TDLS discovery response frame from a second non-AP MLD on a direct link. The first non-AP MLD of claim 1 .

4. the TDLS discovery request frame includes a link identifier element including a BSSID subfield; The first non-AP MLD according to claim 3 .

5. the TDLS discovery request frame includes a second TDLS multilink element including second MLD MAC address information; The first non-AP MLD according to claim 3 .

6. the TDLS setup request frame includes a first TDLS PMK handshake message; the TDLS setup response frame includes a second TDLS PMK handshake message; The transmitter transmits a TDLS setup confirmation frame including a third TDLS PMK handshake message through the AP or the AP MLD. The first non-AP MLD of claim 1 .

7. The TDLS setup request frame includes an RSNE, a timeout interval element, and a fast BSS transition element (FTE). The first non-AP MLD of claim 1 .

8. the transmitter transmits a request frame indicating a quiet period for protecting direct communication on a direct link; The first non-AP MLD of claim 1 .

9. A communication method for a first non-access point (non-AP) multi-link device (MLD) having a plurality of attached stations (STAs) operating on different links, comprising: Send a Tunnel Direct Link Setup (TDLS) setup request frame to a second non-AP MLD through an Access Point (AP) or AP MLD to set up a direct link connection on one or more links, the TDLS setup request frame including a first TDLS multi-link element including first MLD MAC address information indicating the first non-AP MLD; receiving a TDLS setup response frame from the AP or the second non-AP MLD via the AP MLD; Communication methods.

10. The first TDLS multilink element includes a type field indicating TDLS and a common information field including the MLD MAC address information. The communication method according to claim 9.

11. Prior to transmitting the TDLS setup request frame, Sending a TDLS discovery request frame to a second non-AP MLD via the AP or the AP MLD; receiving a TDLS discovery response frame from a second non-AP MLD on the direct link; The communication method according to claim 9.

12. the TDLS discovery request frame includes a link identifier element including a BSSID subfield; The communication method according to claim 11.

13. the TDLS discovery request frame includes a second TDLS multilink element including second MLD MAC address information; The communication method according to claim 11.

14. the TDLS setup request frame includes a first TDLS PMK handshake message; the TDLS setup response frame includes a second TDLS PMK handshake message; sending a TDLS setup confirmation frame including a third TDLS PMK handshake message via the AP or the AP MLD; The communication method according to claim 9.

15. The TDLS setup request frame includes an RSNE, a timeout interval element, and a fast BSS transition element (FTE). The communication method according to claim 9.

16. transmitting a request frame indicating a quiet period for protecting direct communications on the direct link; The communication method according to claim 9.

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