Method for the direct sulfation of polysaccharides in an ecologically acceptable solvent

Abstract

The present invention relates to a novel method for obtaining direct sulfated forms of unprotected sugars, especially polysaccharides, using ecologically acceptable solvents.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a novel sulfation method using an ecologically acceptable solvent, specifically the sulfation of sugars; the method can also be applied to polysaccharides, allowing the preparation of sulfated glycosaminoglycans such as chondroitin sulfate. This type of reaction is generally carried out in toxic solvents with high environmental burden, such as dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, etc. A previously unknown discovery is that the sulfation reaction can be carried out in an environmentally acceptable solvent, acetic acid, resulting in good conversion yields, good control of the degree of sulfation, and good chemoselectivity. Furthermore, the method can be applied directly to unprotected sugars without the need for a protection / deprotection step of the hydroxyl groups. It is also applicable to polysaccharides with a wide range of molecular weights. Specifically, it can be applied to glycosaminoglycans, and can be useful for the preparation of heparin, keratan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate.

[0002] 2. Background of the Invention Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs or mucopolysaccharides) are a family of polysaccharides formed by linear chains of disaccharides with alternating monosaccharide and amino sugars; one or more sulfate groups can be present at various positions on the disaccharide. They are present in many animal tissues and are generally especially abundant in connective tissues such as skin, cartilage and soft tissues. GAGs include heparin and heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate and hyaluronic acid; the last one, hyaluronic acid, is the only one that does not have sulfate groups. Glycosaminoglycans can have different sulfation profiles and different molecular weights depending on the animal species and the organ or tissue origin.

[0003] Chondroitin sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan composed of N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid, present in sulfate groups at various positions on the disaccharide, and is commonly found in various animal tissues. It is the most abundant GAG in humans, especially found in cartilage. It is currently used in both human and animal applications, both as an injectable drug and as a dietary supplement product, especially in the treatment of osteoarthritis and other inflammatory joint diseases of the knee and hand.

[0004] CS is usually obtained as a by-product of the food industry, especially from farmed animals such as cows and pigs, or from fishing, especially from sharks. Chondroitin sulfates have different characteristics depending on the tissue and species of origin, in particular the sulfation profile and molecular weight; the latter can also be influenced by the preparation method used. CS can be classified based on the sequence of the disaccharides that compose it; sulfate groups can be present in various positions on the disaccharide and on both sugars (mainly in positions 2, 4 and 6); chondroitins A and C have only one sulfate group, while B, E and D have two sulfate groups. Non-sulfated and trisulfated chondroitins can also exist.

[0005] The composition of commercially available animal-derived CS varies depending on the species and tissue origin; the molecular weight also varies, generally higher for marine origin and lower for terrestrial origin. Furthermore, animal-derived CS is composed of a mixture of short-chain (a few kDa), medium-chain and long-chain (>100 kDa) polysaccharides and therefore exists as a very heterogeneous mixture in terms of polymer molecular weight. To characterize CS, in addition to the average MW value, its polydispersity (dispersion around the average of the MW values) is also indicated. A description of the composition according to the origin of the product is given in WO 2012 / 159655, pp. 2-3, Table 1.

[0006] The original average molecular weight of CS (or other glycosaminoglycans) can also be optionally reduced by controlled fragmentation of the polysaccharides; animal-derived CS (LMW-CS) with low average molecular weight generally have higher polydispersity values ​​due to random fragmentation of the polysaccharide chains during both acid and radical hydrolysis.

[0007] In addition to the poor standardization of the product, the fact that CS are of animal origin obviously carries other risks, e.g. related to diseases that can be transmitted from the animal source to humans or pets.

[0008] To overcome the drawbacks derived from animal origin, the production of semi-synthetically obtained chondroitin sulfate has been developed in recent years; a non-sulfated precursor called K4 is produced by fermentation and then converted into chondroitin sulfate. K4 is a polysaccharide with the same linear structure as chondroitin, but also retains fructose residues and does not have sulfate groups; it can be produced, for example, by fermentation from E. coli O5:K4:H4, as disclosed in WO 2001 / 02597 A1. K4 can be easily defructosylated by chemical hydrolysis, resulting in a linear polymer called K4d, which corresponds to the structure of non-sulfated chondroitin, from which CS is obtained.

[0009] Alternatively, the K4d polysaccharide can be produced directly by fermentation using suitable recombinant microbial strains, as described in WO 2012 / 004063.

[0010] Subsequent sulfation of the K4d polysaccharide can be carried out under controlled conditions to adjust the degree of sulfation (number of sulfate groups per disaccharide unit) with respect to the position of introduction of the sulfate group (generally at position 4 or 6). The molecular weight can also be adjusted, for example, by subjecting the high molecular weight polymer to acid hydrolysis or radical hydrolysis; this can be carried out either before or after sulfation, i.e. on both the K4d polysaccharide and the chondroitin sulfate. This method, together with its variants, leads to chondroitin sulfate with the desired sulfation profile, with excellent reliability and without the drawbacks characteristic of products of animal origin (US2019 / 231810).

[0011] The sulfation of K4d polymer has been carried out using various sulfating agents, but always using anhydrous organic solvents, specifically dimethylformamide (DMF); this is not a method with low biotoxicological load.

[0012] DMF is a solvent that requires special attention because it is not only flammable but also dangerous for humans and the environment; it is toxic to the skin and eyes, the respiratory system and the reproductive system. It is also particularly dangerous because it is harmful in contact with the skin or if inhaled. In view of its toxic characteristics, the environmental costs are also obviously high; the recovery and disposal of wastewater containing DMF is expensive. Dimethylacetamide or N-methylpyrrolidone can be used as alternatives to DMF in the sulfation reaction, but they pose similar ecotoxicological problems.

[0013] DMF is also a good solvent for sulfation agents; for example, in Chopin et al., BioMed Research International 2015, Article ID508656, glycosaminoglycans were sulfated using ionic liquids as reaction media, whereas sulfate donors (SO with various organic bases) were used. 3 DMF is still used to dissolve the sulfating agent (complex). Furthermore, DMF does not contain SO 3 The complex is formed having the formula:

[0014] As an alternative to DMF, acetonitrile can be used as a solvent in reactions carried out with microwave irradiation; see, for example, de Paz Carrera et al., WO 2012 / 035188. A general description of sulfation reactions of organic molecules, including polysaccharides, can be found in a report by Desai et al., Tetrahedron 66, 2907-18 (2010). definition K4: a fructosylated, non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan polysaccharide having the following structural formula: [ka] has.

[0015] K4d: a non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan polysaccharide with no fructose residues and has the following structural formula: [ka] has.

[0016] Chondroitin sulfate: A sulfated glycosaminoglycan polysaccharide with the following structural formula: [ka] has. Description of the invention

[0017] The sulfation method of the present invention allows the use of acetic acid, an ecologically acceptable solvent, while maintaining good overall reaction control, both in terms of its progress, i.e. the degree of sulfation, and the position of introduction of sulfate groups, i.e. its selectivity. Moreover, the method does not require protection and deprotection steps, resulting in raw material savings and lower wastewater production. The method involves an increase in molecular weight (MW) that is only related to the introduction of new sulfate groups, but does not affect the polymer length, or affects the increase in molecular weight only in a controlled manner, and in particular does not produce fragments; therefore, if a CS with a low molecular weight is required, the MW of the final product can be adjusted at will by combining a synthesis method (controlled fragmentation of K4d polysaccharide to chondroitin sulfate before or after sulfation) and an isolation method (isolation by precipitation or ultrafiltration). The new method therefore produces CS with the desired sulfation profile, molecular weight and polydispersity, suitable for use in the nutritional and pharmaceutical fields.

[0018] The process of the present invention has a lower ecological burden due to the use of non-polluting solvents and lower wastewater production. In a preferred embodiment of the process, the product obtained is the sodium salt of low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate.

[0019] In one possible embodiment, the K4d polymer salt, preferably the tetraalkylammonium salt, more preferably the pyridinium salt or the tetramethylammonium salt, the tetraethylammonium salt or the tetrabutylammonium salt, is sulfated. In another embodiment, the acid form of the K4d polysaccharide is used.

[0020] In one embodiment, SO 3 Py or SO 3 NEt 3 , SO with an organic base such as DMF 3 is used as the sulfating agent. In another embodiment, chlorosulfonic acid is used as the sulfating agent.

[0021] In one embodiment, the sulfation reaction is carried out using acetic acid as a solvent. The method of the present invention comprises the steps of: a) dissolving or suspending a polysaccharide, such as a glycosaminoglycan or a salt thereof, in acetic acid; b) adding a sulfating agent; c) carrying out the reaction under controlled temperature conditions, for example by maintaining the reaction mixture at a temperature between the freezing temperature of acetic acid or its mixture with the polysaccharide to be sulfated and 70°C, more preferably between 10°C and 50°C, even more preferably between 10°C and 20°C; d) separating the product from the reaction solvent, for example by direct filtration, precipitation in an organic solvent, or by chromatography; e) optionally removing organic or inorganic salts and other impurities from the solution of glycosaminoglycan sulfate, for example by dialysis; f) optionally, after separation of the desired product, recovering the reaction solvent obtained and reusing it in the reaction described in point a). Includes.

[0022] Thereby, a solution of the desired product is obtained in a sufficiently pure form for use in the nutritional field; if it is desired to obtain the product in solid form, said solution can be dried by freeze-drying, spray-drying or another suitable method.

[0023] To obtain a reaction product of suitable quality for injectable use, it is advisable to remove any pyrogens from the above solutions, for example by depyrogenation with carbon, followed by sterile filtration and drying.

[0024] The complete process starts with the production of the capsular polysaccharide K4, obtained by fermentation of the wild-type E. coli strain O5:K4:H4, as disclosed in WO 2001 / 02597 A1. After separation of the biomass, the supernatant is subjected to hydrolysis under controlled conditions to remove the fructose residues; obtaining an aqueous solution of the K4d polysaccharide, corresponding to non-sulfated chondroitin. Said product can be further purified to obtain an aqueous solution of defructosylated high molecular weight polysaccharides in the form of their sodium salts. This product is then subjected to controlled fragmentation under acidic conditions, similar to the method described by Cho et al. in Biol Pharm Bull 27, (1), 47-51. Alternatively, radical fragmentation methods can be used, using hydrogen peroxide and ferrous sulfate, as disclosed in Italian Patent No. 1224260, or using sodium hypochlorite, as disclosed in US Pat. No. 4,977,250. The reaction is usually monitored by HPLC-SEC to control the molecular weight of the product; when the desired average molecular weight, e.g., between 5 and 30 kDa, is reached, the reaction is quenched by adding sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate or other base until a neutral pH is reached and the mixture is cooled to room temperature.

[0025] An aqueous solution of low molecular weight K4d polymer is subjected to ultrafiltration on a polysulfone membrane with a cut-off between 500 and 5000 Daltons; inorganic salts (mainly sodium chloride and sodium sulfate) and very low molecular weight sugars are removed in the permeate. By this method, the molecular weight of the polymer is selected in a narrow range; by combining two ultrafiltrations with a higher and a lower cut-off, it is also possible to further narrow the molecular weight distribution (low polydispersity).

[0026] The fraction of high molecular weight polymer captured by the membrane can be reused in the next batch.

[0027] To obtain the K4d polysaccharide as a sodium salt, the solution can be concentrated by ultrafiltration or thin film evaporation and then spray dried; alternatively, the product can be isolated by freeze-drying. A substantially pure K4d polysaccharide (non-sulfated chondroitin) having the desired molecular weight is obtained; the residual water content is less than 5%, and typically less than 2% (Karl-Fischer titration).

[0028] Using procedures similar to those described above, potassium, ammonium or other salts can be obtained by using an appropriate solution for dialysis or elution from the resin (e.g., by using a solution of KCl instead of NaCl).

[0029] To obtain the K4d polymer in acid form or as a quaternary ammonium salt, it is possible to operate as described above, but to reduce costs, it is preferable to use a cation exchange resin, preferably a strong acid resin, and preferably a sulfonic acid resin. The resin can be based on natural polymers such as agarose, or on synthetic polymers such as polyacrylate or polystyrene; it can be either rigid or gel-like; it must be functionalized with strong acid groups, such as sulfonic acid or phosphate groups. The process can be carried out in column or batch mode, the amount of resin used depending on the degree of functionality (number of functional groups per liter of resin).

[0030] An aqueous solution of K4d polymer is treated in a reactor equipped with a mechanical stirrer by adding the resin (in acid form) in successive portions until the pH of the solution is less than 2; the resin is then separated by filtration. A solution of K4d polysaccharide in the undissociated acid form is obtained and no fragmentation of the polymer is observed; the product can also be obtained in solid form by freeze-drying or spray-drying the solution.

[0031] If the product is obtained in the form of a quaternary ammonium salt, add a suitable base (pyridine, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, etc.) to the above acid solution in an amount necessary to reach a neutral pH; obtain the solid product by spray drying as above or by freeze drying.

[0032] The pyridinium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium and tetrabutylammonium salts are all obtained by this method in the form of white or pale yellow solids, with less than 5% residual moisture and substantially free of sodium (less than 0.1%).

[0033] The K4d polymer in acid or salified form is then used for the sulfation reaction described below to obtain chondroitin sulfate; after dialysis and concentration, the CS solution is spray-dried to obtain CS sodium salt. Good reaction control allows the adjustment of the regioselectivity and degree of sulfation of the polymer. This method makes it possible to prepare products with characteristics similar to those of animal-derived chondroitin sulfate, for example with a sulfation profile similar to that of CS obtained from sharks or other animal species.

[0034] As mentioned above, it is also possible to select the average molecular weight of the final product and its distribution around the average value by either fragmenting the K4d polymer before sulfation or by fragmenting the chondroitin sulfate obtained after sulfation. In both cases, the fragmentation can be obtained by acid or radical mechanisms, as described in the cited documents.

[0035] The following examples explain the invention in more detail.

[0036] Example 1: General procedure for the preparation of the sodium salt of K4d polymer The K4d polysaccharide is obtained by fermentation of Escherichia coli to produce the capsular polysaccharide K4 as described in Manzoni et al., Biotechnol Lett 18, 383-6 (1996); after separation of the biomass, the supernatant is subjected to hydrolysis under controlled conditions to remove fructose residues; the resulting aqueous solution of K4d polysaccharide is further purified by chromatography to obtain an aqueous solution of defructosylated high molecular weight polysaccharide as described in Rodriguez et al., Eur J Biochem 177, 117-124 (1988).

[0037] Acid depolymerization is then carried out under controlled conditions by adjusting the solution to a pH range between 1 and 4 by addition of HCl and heating to 60-80° C. The reaction is monitored by HPLC-SEC to confirm the molecular weight of the product; when the desired average molecular weight of 5-30 kDa is reached, the reaction is quenched by adding sodium hydroxide until a pH of 7 is reached and cooled to 20-25° C.

[0038] An aqueous solution of the low molecular weight K4d polymer is subjected to ultrafiltration through a polysulfone membrane with a cut-off of 2.5 kDa and concentrated by dialysis against water. On an industrial scale, the product is isolated by spray drying, whereas on a laboratory scale it is obtained by freeze-drying. The sodium salt of K4d polysaccharide (non-sulfated chondroitin) is obtained as a fine, slightly white powder; the residual water content is less than 2% (Karl-Fischer titration).

[0039] Example 2: General procedure for the preparation of quaternary ammonium salts of K4d polymer The K4d polysaccharide is obtained by operating as described in Example 1 until an aqueous solution of the pure sodium salt is obtained, having the desired molecular weight, without the need to isolate the product in solid form.

[0040] The solution is placed in a reactor equipped with a mechanical stirrer and then Amberlite IRA1200H resin (in acid form) is added in successive portions until the pH is below 2; the resin is then separated by filtration. A solution of K4d polysaccharide in undissociated acid form is obtained and no fragmentation of the polymer is observed; the product can also be obtained in solid form by freeze-drying or spray-drying the solution.

[0041] Instead of Amberlite IRA1200H, similar resins, such as strong cationic resins having a polyacrylic or polyvinyl structure, can be used with similar results.

[0042] A desired amount of base (pyridine or tetrabutylammonium, tetramethylammonium or tetraethylammonium hydroxide) is added to the acid solution to reach a pH value above 7. The solid product is obtained by spray drying or freeze drying.

[0043] The pyridinium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium or tetrabutylammonium salts are obtained by this method, all in the form of white or pale yellow solids, with a residual moisture content of less than 5% and substantially free of sodium (less than 0.1%).

[0044] Example 3: Alternative procedure for the preparation of K4d polymer As an alternative to the method described in Example 1, the K4d polysaccharide can be obtained directly by fermentation using the defructosylated polysaccharide producing strain DSM23644. The product is purified as described in WO 2012 / 004063 and subjected to acid or radical depolymerization as described by Cho et al. to obtain the desired molecular weight.

[0045] The product obtained is identical to that obtained according to Example 1; the quaternary ammonium salt can be obtained by operating as described in Example 2.

[0046] Example 4 (Comparative Example): Preparation of chondroitin sulfate in DMF solvent The reaction is carried out as described in Example 4 of WO 2012 / 159655, with the difference that the K4d polysaccharide used has a lower molecular weight (<10 kDa).

[0047] 72 mL of anhydrous dimethylformamide and 1.20 g of K4d polysaccharide tetrabutylammonium salt obtained as described in Example 2 are charged into the reactor. 3 equivalents of SO 3 DMF complex is added and the temperature is controlled and maintained at about +10° C. After completion of the reaction, the reaction is quenched with sodium bicarbonate and the product is isolated by dialysis and lyophilization to obtain sodium chondroitin sulfate with a molecular weight of <10 kDa and sulfation profile as reported in WO 2012 / 159655, p16, Table 2.

[0048] Example 5: Preparation of sulfation mixture in acetic acid 134 mL of anhydrous DMF is charged to a glass reactor under a stream of nitrogen and cooled to 5±5° C.; 67 g of chlorosulfonic acid is added dropwise therein while maintaining the temperature at <30° C. A white precipitate forms during the addition; the mixture is kept under stirring for another 20 minutes and the temperature is adjusted to 5±5° C. The solid is filtered under nitrogen through a sintered glass Buchner funnel and the DMF is removed. The solid reagent is dissolved in acetic acid (73.46 g) under magnetic stirring. The resulting sulfation solution is protected against moisture and kept under nitrogen at 4° C. until use.

[0049] Example 6: Preparation of low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate in acetic acid solvent 200 mL of acetic anhydride and 20 g of the tetrabutylammonium salt of K4d polysaccharide obtained as described in Example 2 are charged into a glass reactor under nitrogen flow. The resulting suspension is cooled to about 13° C. under stirring and treated with the sulfation solution prepared according to Example 5 (40.22 g) and maintained under stirring at the same temperature for 24 hours. The reaction is quenched with 30% NaOH (382 mL) and ice, maintaining the temperature at <30° C.; the suspension is adjusted to pH 7.9 with HCl and filtered through a Büchner funnel, discarding the solid (sodium acetate). The mother liquor is ultrafiltered through an ultrafiltration membrane (cutoff 2.5 KDa) and dialyzed against water. The residue is concentrated by vacuum evaporation, decolorized with decolorizing charcoal and freeze-dried to obtain 10.5 g of chondroitin sulfate.

[0050] Example 7: Preparation of low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate in acetic acid solvent 200 mL of acetic anhydride and 20 g of the tetrabutylammonium salt of K4d polysaccharide obtained as described in Example 2 are charged into a glass reactor under a nitrogen stream; the suspension is cooled to about 13° C. and the sulfation solution described in Example 5 (40.0 g) is added. After 24 hours, the reaction is quenched with water and ice, maintaining the temperature at <30° C.; ultrafiltration and dialysis against water are then performed and the pH of the retentate is corrected to between 5.5 and 7.5. The retentate is concentrated, decolorized with charcoal and lyophilized; 11.5 g of chondroitin sulfate is obtained.

[0051] Example 8: Preparation of low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate in acetic acid solvent 800 mL of acetic anhydride and 80 g of the tetrabutylammonium salt of K4d polysaccharide, obtained as described in Example 2, are charged into a glass reactor under nitrogen flow. The resulting suspension is heated to about 50° C. under stirring and treated with the sulfation solution prepared according to Example 5 (161.32 g) and maintained under stirring at the same temperature for 1 hour. A portion of the suspension (~200 mL) is quenched by pouring into water and ice (2.5 kg), maintaining the temperature at <30° C.; the resulting solution is ultrafiltered through an ultrafiltration membrane (cut-off 2.5 KDa), dialyzed against water to a conductivity of <500 μS in the permeate and the pH of the retentate is adjusted between 5.5 and 7.5. The retentate is concentrated by evaporation, cooled on ice and freeze-dried to obtain 8.6 g of chondroitin sulfate.

[0052] Example 9: Preparation of low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate in acetic acid solvent using chlorosulfonic acid 200 mL of acetic anhydride and 20 g of the tetrabutylammonium salt of K4d polysaccharide obtained as described in Example 2 are charged into a glass reactor under a nitrogen stream. The suspension is cooled to about 13° C., chlorosulfonic acid (8.95 g) is added and the temperature is maintained for 24 hours. The suspension is then poured into water and ice, ultrafiltered and dialyzed as described in Example 7. 12.7 g of chondroitin sulfate is obtained by lyophilization.

[0053] Example 10: Preparation of low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate in acetic acid solvent using chlorosulfonic acid 600 mL of acetic anhydride and 60 g of the tetrabutylammonium salt of K4d polysaccharide obtained as described in Example 2 are charged under nitrogen flow into a glass reactor equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a thermometer and a dropper. The resulting suspension is treated with chlorosulfonic acid (28.8 g) under stirring, heated to about 50° C. and maintained under stirring at the same temperature for 10 minutes. A portion of the suspension (~200 mL) is quenched by pouring into water and ice (2.5 kg), the temperature being maintained at <30° C.; the resulting solution is ultrafiltered through an ultrafiltration membrane and dialyzed against water to a conductivity of the permeate <500 μS and the pH of the retentate is adjusted between 5.5 and 7.5. The retentate is concentrated by evaporation, cooled on ice and lyophilized to obtain 8.64 g of chondroitin sulfate.

[0054] Example 11: Preparation of low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate in acetic acid solvent using chlorosulfonic acid Using 200 mL of acetic anhydride, 20 g of the TBA salt of K4d polysaccharide, and 10.54 g of chlorosulfonic acid, the reaction is carried out at 10° C. to 15° C. for 24 hours as described in the above examples. After completion of the reaction, the suspension is filtered through a Buchner funnel and the cake is washed with acetic acid to obtain Na 2 CO 3 The mixture is dissolved in water adjusted to pH 7.3 with (an appropriate amount). The resulting solution is ultrafiltered and dialyzed as described above, and the retentate is freeze-dried to obtain 8.58 g of chondroitin sulfate.

[0055] Example 12: Purification of low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate in acetic acid by precipitation in ethanol and water The synthesis is carried out as described in Example 6, and after the end of the reaction, the sodium acetate is removed by filtration. The solution is dripped into pure ethanol under vigorous stirring; the resulting suspension is filtered through a Büchner funnel to obtain 27.1 g of crude chondroitin sulfate in the form of a glassy solid. An aliquot (2.5 g) of the resulting solid is dissolved in 0.2 M NaCl (7.5 mL), and then the solution is dripped into EtOH (50 mL) under vigorous stirring; pure chondroitin sulfate precipitates in the form of an amorphous solid (2.16 g).

[0056] Example 13: Synthesis and purification of high molecular weight chondroitin sulfate in acetic acid The reaction is carried out as described in Example 1 to obtain high molecular weight (defructosylated) K4d polysaccharide in aqueous solution, but without depolymerization. The corresponding tetrabutylammonium salt is obtained using an ion exchange resin as described in Example 2.

[0057] 91 mL of acetic anhydride and 9.1 g of the TBA salt of high molecular weight K4d polysaccharide are charged into a glass reactor under nitrogen flow. The resulting suspension is cooled to 10-15°C under stirring, treated with chlorosulfonic acid (5.3 g) and then maintained under stirring at the same temperature for 2.5 hours. The suspension is filtered through a Büchner funnel and the resulting cake is diluted with 10% NaHCO 3 The solution is ultrafiltered and dialyzed through an ultrafiltration membrane. 5.21 g of chondroitin sulfate is obtained by lyophilization.

[0058] Example 14: Low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate (DMFSO) in acetic acid 3 Synthesis and purification of powder 200 mL of acetic anhydride and 20 g of the TBA salt of K4d polysaccharide, obtained as described in Example 2, are charged into a glass reactor under a nitrogen flow. The resulting suspension is heated to about 50° C. under stirring and DMF-SO 3 The reaction is then quenched in ice, followed by ultrafiltration and dialysis, maintaining the pH of the retentate between 5.5 and 7.5. The product is decolorized with decolorizing charcoal and lyophilized to obtain 8.73 g of chondroitin sulfate.

Claims

1. A method for the preparation of a sulfated glycosaminoglycan by reacting a glycosaminoglycan or a salt thereof with a sulfating agent, characterized in that the reaction is carried out in acetic acid under controlled temperature conditions.

2. The sulfating agent is chlorosulfonic acid or SO ３ 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the compound is a complex of the formula (I) with an organic base or dimethylformamide.

3. 3. The process of claim 2, wherein the organic base is pyridine or triethylamine.

4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the temperature range is from 13°C to 70°C.

5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the glycosaminoglycan is in the form of a salt.

6. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the salt is a tetraalkylammonium salt or a pyridinium salt.

7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the glycosaminoglycan is selected from chondroitin sulfate, heparin, heparan sulfate, keratan sulfate and dermatan sulfate.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the glycosaminoglycan is chondroitin sulfate.

9. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 8 for preparing sodium chondroitin sulfate having a molecular weight of 5 to 30 kDa.

10. 10. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the sulfated glycosaminoglycan is isolated by filtration, precipitation in an organic solvent or chromatography, optionally after removal of the organic or inorganic base by dialysis.

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