Apparatus for administration of medication including monitoring and user feedback - Patent Application 20070122997

Abstract

An apparatus and method of use is described that includes a tubing set for delivering a therapeutic agent to a patient, the apparatus including a controller and a sensor. The controller is configured to receive data from the sensor and is configured to start and stop delivery of the therapeutic agent to the patient in response to the data received from the sensor. Additionally, apparatus, systems, and methods are disclosed that are configured to deliver a therapeutic agent to a patient. The apparatus, systems, and methods include a reservoir, a patient interface, a tubing set, and a fluid pump, the components configured to provide a calibrated flow rate based on specific characteristics of the therapeutic agent passing through the inner lumen of the tubing set.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS The disclosures of each of the following applications are incorporated herein by reference: U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 226,494, filed July 28, 2021; U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 226498, filed July 28, 2021; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 226499, filed July 28, 2021. The disclosure of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 392,539, filed July 27, 2022, is also incorporated by reference.

[0002]

[0001] Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to devices, systems, and methods for administering therapeutic agents. More specifically, embodiments of the present disclosure relate to devices, systems, and methods configured to power and / or monitor one or more sensors on a patient, the sensors configured to communicate with either a separate or integrated drug delivery device, and configured to communicate commands from the drug delivery device to a needle assembly on the patient. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the devices may also be configured to provide visual feedback regarding device status to a user of the system.

[0003] Further embodiments of the present disclosure relate generally to devices and methods for bolus infusion of therapeutic agents. Certain embodiments of the present disclosure relate to devices and methods configured to deliver one or more therapeutic agents to a patient at known, preselected, and controlled flow rates. [Background technology]

[0004] Infusions and infusions are common medical procedures used to administer a wide variety of therapeutic agents of interest to treat a variety of diseases. As used herein, "infusion," "infusion," and "administration" are used interchangeably and may be by subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM), intravenous (IV), or enteral routes (also terms used interchangeably). Liquid drug formulations are commonly infused and infused via intravenous, subcutaneous, and intramuscular routes through a variety of needle assemblies, tubing sets, and fluid pumps.

[0005] Existing prefilled syringe (PFS) and autoinjector (AI) devices are suitable for the delivery of small volumes (<2 mL) of single biologic medications, which are common treatments for chronic cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, autoimmune, immunological, hematological, endocrinological, and respiratory diseases. These medications are taken daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, or quarterly. Typically, a single medication is given, the dose remains constant between dose intervals, and the medication rarely causes serious reactions in patients, facilitating simple administration at home. Therefore, PFS and AI devices are designed for intuitive, rapid (~10–15 seconds) delivery of single, fixed-dose medications by users lacking clinical training (e.g., patients themselves or caregivers). While PFS and AI devices are well suited for simple, low-volume monotherapy, novel delivery devices are needed to meet the needs of more complex clinical regimens.

[0006] Clinically, complex regimens are characterized by one or more aspects including, by way of example, large delivered fluid volumes, multiple therapeutic agents, potentially variable dosing, agents given before and / or after therapeutic agents, and different sequences of agent administration. Administration may continue over many periods of time and is currently performed in hospital or clinical settings overseen by trained medical providers.

[0007] In hospital or clinical settings, drug administration often involves supplemental monitoring of patient physiological attributes using hospital-grade telemetry equipment, which is separate from the drug delivery device and, like the delivery device, is durable equipment used for multiple patients. These physiological parameters may include, by way of example, one or more of heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), and temperature. Healthcare providers monitor patient physiological aspects before, during, and after drug administration to distinguish serious adverse events (e.g., life-threatening systemic infusion reactions (SIRs)) from less serious side effects. Based on such data and clinical judgment, they must also make any appropriate changes to drug delivery. For example, if a SIR is detected by a clinician, they may stop drug delivery and administer one or more drugs to treat the reaction. Therefore, a drug delivery device for home administration of complex regimens should allow configuration for the contingency administration of emergency medications at home based on physiological data in the absence of a healthcare provider or by a clinically untrained user (e.g., a patient).

[0008] With regard to home administration of complex drug regimens, it is clearly not feasible to routinely provide every patient with hospital-grade administration or patient monitoring equipment or to have a clinician in each patient's home most of the time. Such equipment is bulky, expensive, requires clinical experience to operate safely, and relies on clinical judgment for appropriate decisions related to safe drug administration. Untrained users (e.g., patients or caregivers at home) can become confused or overwhelmed by the numerous data, settings, configurations, and connections associated with hospital-grade administration or patient monitoring equipment. Moreover, such confusion can lead to incorrect decisions or actions, which can lead to situations that cause harm.

[0009] Thus, there exists a need to provide an improved drug delivery device that allows for safe home administration of more complex drug regimens, allows for intuitive use by those without clinical training, provides patient monitoring capabilities to identify needed changes in drug administration in the absence of a healthcare provider, and provides intuitive feedback to the user on the status of administration.

[0010] For example, there is a need to provide a drug delivery device with a drug reservoir and drive unit that can be placed near the patient or in a small bag, with only a small, lightweight needle assembly being worn by the patient. The needle assembly can also include one or more sensors, or the sensors can be separate from the needle assembly and attached to the patient. Such reservoirs and drive units are fluidly connected to the needle assembly by a tubing set (the subject of the present disclosure).

[0011] The route of administration is based on the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of the specific drug, formulation components, approved regulatory labeling, individual clinical judgment, or clinical need.

[0012] The SC or IM route is frequently used for administering smaller doses using prefilled syringes and autoinjectors. Biological drugs are frequently administered via the SC route with these devices. However, larger doses of medication are not suitable for these devices, and the IV route is typically chosen, generally in hospitals or outpatient clinics. Given the safety risks and patient burden of home IV administration, pharmaceutical companies and patients generally prefer home SC administration. SC administration is generally considered less invasive and simpler for patients. Because physiological uptake of drugs via the SC route is slower, there is the potential for improved tolerability compared to IV administration.

[0013] Given these significant advantages in safety, tolerability, and convenience, the pharmaceutical industry has invested heavily in transitioning formulations from IV to SC administration and in transitioning drug administration from the clinic to the home environment. However, many large-volume delivery devices (e.g., syringes or volumetric pumps) are intended only for use by trained medical personnel and are unsuitable for home use.

[0014] Portable pumps for home use have been developed that offer an alternative to hospital-grade devices. However, they require configuration by a healthcare provider, sterile assembly of components by the patient, and may not function properly if certain components are unavailable or inadvertently substituted. These errors can lead to infection, medication errors, and serious adverse events. As a result, the applicability of these devices is limited. To fully realize the benefits of bolus administration in the home environment, there is a need for a simple, error-proof, safe, and intuitive delivery device suitable for use by patients who are not trained healthcare providers.

[0015] Although SC administration is highly favored by pharmaceutical companies and patients, not all drugs are easily transitioned from IV to SC administration. Bioavailability, determined through human clinical trials, is molecule-specific and generally lower with the SC route compared to the IV route. For the same molecule, larger SC volumes tend to be required to provide comparable bioavailability compared to IV delivery. However, these volumes may exceed the capacity of current large-volume SC devices (e.g., on-body injectors [OBIs]), which are delivered in fixed volume increments (e.g., 3 mL, 5 mL, 10 mL, 25 mL, and 50 mL). If the volume requirements exceed available OBI devices or require customization of the OBI, subsequent clinical trials or commercial launch of drugs using OBIs may be delayed.

[0016] Individual medications are often part of a larger regimen of medications, with standardized regimens corresponding to specific disease states, treatment regimens, or medications. In a clinical setting, an order set contains all the information needed to administer the standardized regimen. For example, an oncology regimen may include pre-medications, oncology treatments, and post-medications (all contained within the order set). Existing drug delivery devices are designed to administer a single medication and cannot support the delivery of multi-drug regimens, which limits the ability to transfer therapy from the clinic to the home environment. No delivery device exists that can detect and respond to suspected infusion reactions, which makes the administration of certain medications currently impractical in the home environment and limits these medications to delivery in the clinic.

[0017] Moreover, medication order sets can instruct clinical staff to perform specific patient monitoring and allow for the accidental administration of emergency medications. This is particularly important for medications that cause infusion-related reactions in certain patients. Infusion reactions are potentially fatal systemic reactions related to the mode of action of a medication. Systemic infusion reactions are clinically distinct from the local injection site reaction or erythema (which are unpleasant but not life-threatening) that can occur from the administration of a single medication, such as those experienced with autoinjectors, prefilled syringes, or OBI devices. They require immediate cessation of medication administration and the administration of one or more adverse medications. However, prior art devices do not allow for the detection of systemic infusion reactions or the delivery of emergency medications, and cannot be safely used to administer medications when a systemic infusion reaction is likely. This is a particular concern with biologic therapies, particularly those related to oncology treatments.

[0018] In clinical settings, medication regimen administration, associated monitoring, and clinical decision-making are documented in the patient's record within an electronic health record (EHR) system. The purpose of the EHR is to provide a complete clinical record of care for the patient and to securely administer medication regimens without relying on human memory or introducing human error. Healthcare providers update and review the EHR system in real time for a given patient. Current drug delivery devices for home use do not have an EHR interface, which precludes their use with multi-drug regimens, incidental drug administration, or specific patient monitoring requirements. Furthermore, medication administration via other drug delivery devices (e.g., OBIs) may not be reflected in the EHR system.

[0019] In clinical settings, EHR systems also provide essential patient safety functions. EHR systems ensure that patients can safely receive specific medications based on physical vital signs, laboratory test values, or scheduled administration of previous medications. However, prior art delivery devices used in home settings are focused on a single medication and lack integration into EHR systems, and therefore cannot provide the safety interlocks present in clinics. As a result, current devices cannot prevent administration of medications under unsafe conditions.

[0020] Thus, there is a need to allow for the administration of other medications before, during, and after a therapeutic agent, even outside of a clinical setting. There is also a need for a drug delivery system that does not impose any volume limitations or "breakpoints" on the drug development process and that decouples formulation development and clinical trials from delivery device, apparatus, and system design. There is also a need for drug delivery devices, apparatus, and systems that are configured to detect systemic infusion reactions through specific sensors, stop drug delivery, and administer one or more emergency counter-reaction medications. There is also a need for devices, systems, and methods that advance drug delivery device, apparatus, and system technology by providing EHR integration and enabling the home delivery of complex regimens as ordered, by updating administration in the patient's record, and by allowing healthcare providers to review a complete regimen history for a patient without extra effort. There is also a need to provide devices, systems, and methods that enable integration with EHR systems and allow medications to be administered only under safe conditions, replicating at home the safety precautions currently present in clinical settings. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0021] [Patent Document 1] U.S. Patent No. 10,252,005 [Patent Document 2] U.S. Patent No. 9,795,740 [Patent Document 3] U.S. Patent No. 10,357,612 [Patent Document 4] U.S. Patent No. 8,617,109 [Patent Document 5] U.S. Patent No. 8,876,766 [Patent Document 6] U.S. Patent No. 9,022,982 [Patent Document 7] U.S. Patent No. 9,095,657 [Patent Document 8] U.S. Patent No. 9,132,236 [Patent Document 9] U.S. Patent No. 9,446,201 [Patent Document 10] U.S. Patent No. 9,468,722 [Patent Document 11] U.S. Patent No. 9,737,668 [Patent Document 12] U.S. Patent No. 10,255,827 [Patent Document 13] U.S. Patent No. 10,307,543 [Patent Document 14] U.S. Patent No. 10,456,521 [Patent Document 15] U.S. Patent No. 10,507,289 [Patent Document 16] U.S. Patent No. 10,525,213 [Patent Document 17] U.S. Patent No. 10,632,248 [Patent Document 18] U.S. Patent No. 10,874,804 [Patent Document 19] U.S. Patent No. 10,881,811 [Patent Document 20] U.S. Patent No. 11,065,387 Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0022] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide devices, systems, and methods for administering large volumes of parenteral or enteral medication to a patient via a tubing set, which allows for different configurations of the tubing set to achieve medication administration to the patient.

[0023] In one or more embodiments, the tubing sets described herein are used with a needle assembly configured with one or more sensors positioned on the patient's skin and a large-volume drug delivery system positioned remotely from the patient's body, the large-volume drug delivery system containing one or more drugs, a fluid pump, and a controller. The drugs are delivered through one or more lumens provided in the tubing set, which fluidly connects the drug delivery device and the needle assembly. Before, during, and after drug administration, sensors enable the drug delivery system to monitor the physiological status of the patient receiving the drug. In one or more embodiments, the tubing set is also provided with a series of internally or externally located conductors that enable electrical or optical communication between the needle assembly and the drug delivery device. In one or more embodiments, the conductors can include electrical or optical conductors. In one or more embodiments, the externally located conductors can include conductive printed ink.

[0024] One or more embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to providing devices, systems, and methods, including communication systems and methods, for a drug delivery system used in a home environment configured to communicate sensor data from a patient to a controller of the drug delivery system. One or more embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to providing a more reliable direct connection between the drug delivery system and a sensor in a needle assembly. In one or more embodiments, communication between the drug delivery system controller and the needle assembly is used by the controller to measure the patient's physiological status as reported by the sensor.

[0025] Additional embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to providing devices, systems, and methods, including powering systems and methods, for drug delivery systems used in home environments configured to power sensors positioned on a patient to enable continuous monitoring of physiological parameters before, during, and after administration of one or more therapeutic agents. One or more embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to providing a drug delivery system configured with a controller with more reliable direct powering of the sensor in the needle assembly. In one or more embodiments, communication between the drug delivery system controller and the needle assembly is used to power the sensor in the needle assembly.

[0026] Further embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to providing a drug delivery device used for administering complex drug regimens with a single feedback status as a consolidation of system states, enabling simple, easily interpreted feedback to the device user. In one or more embodiments, the drug delivery system controller is provided with an illuminated indicator in optical communication with the tubing set and configured to provide various visual feedback statuses to the user. Devices including drug delivery devices connected to tubing sets described herein can be provided with an illumination source proximal to the tubing set. When desired, the illumination source can be piped through the tubing set or one or more optical conductors therein to use the tubing set itself as a feedback mechanism to the user. In some embodiments, the use of a single color, a combination of colors, or a flashing pattern can communicate one or more statuses to the user.

[0027] One or more embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a device configured to deliver one or more therapeutic agents to a patient, the device including: one or more reservoirs containing the therapeutic agents; a patient interface configured to deliver the contents of the reservoirs into the patient's body; a flexible tubing set in fluid communication with the reservoirs at a proximal end and in fluid communication with the patient interface at a distal end; and a fluid pump configured to expel the therapeutic agents from the reservoirs through the flexible tubing set and into the patient interface, the flexible tubing set including one or more internal agent lumens having a predetermined length and a consistent internal diameter, the flexible tubing set configured to establish a specific calibrated flow rate based on a specific characteristic of the therapeutic agent passing through the internal lumens, the specific characteristic being selected from the group consisting of viscosity, shear thinning behavior, shear thickening behavior, a desired delivery time to the patient, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the device is modular. In some embodiments, the device is configured to deliver a therapeutic agent to a patient at a known, preselected, and controlled flow rate. In some embodiments, the device is configured to deliver a therapeutic agent to a patient at a known, preselected, and maximum flow rate. In some embodiments, the device is configured to deliver a first agent through a first lumen at a known, preselected, and controlled first flow rate and a second agent through a second lumen at a known, preselected, and controlled second flow rate, the first flow rate being greater than the second flow rate.

[0028] An additional embodiment of the present disclosure is a device configured to deliver a therapeutic agent to a patient, the device comprising one or more reservoirs, each of the one or more reservoirs containing a therapeutic agent; one or more reservoirs containing a pre-agent to be administered before the one or more therapeutic agents or a post-agent to be administered after the one or more therapeutic agents; a patient interface configured to expel the contents of the reservoirs into the patient's body; and a flexible tubing set in fluid communication with the reservoirs at a proximal end of the flexible tubing set. and a fluid pump for expelling a therapeutic agent from each of the one or more reservoirs through the flexible tubing set and into the patient interface, wherein the flexible tubing set is provided with an inner lumen of a predetermined length and consistent inner diameter to provide a specific calibrated flow rate based on the characteristics of the therapeutic agent passing therethrough, the characteristics being selected from the group consisting of viscosity, shear thinning behavior, shear thickening behavior, a desired delivery time to the patient, and combinations thereof.

[0029] Further embodiments are directed to a device configured to deliver one or more therapeutic agents to a patient, the device including: one or more reservoirs containing the one or more therapeutic agents; an emergency reservoir containing an emergency agent; a patient interface configured to expel the contents of the one or more reservoirs and the emergency reservoir into the patient's body; and a flexible tubing set in fluid communication with the one or more reservoirs at a proximal end of the flexible tubing set and in fluid communication with the patient interface at a distal end of the flexible tubing set, the flexible tubing set being provided with an inner lumen of a predetermined length and consistent inner diameter, the inner diameter configured to provide a specific calibrated flow rate based on properties of the therapeutic agents passing therethrough, the properties being selected from the group consisting of viscosity, shear thinning behavior, shear thickening behavior, a desired delivery time to the patient, and combinations thereof.

[0030] A further embodiment is a device configured to deliver one or more investigational drugs during a clinical trial at one or more controlled flow rates, the device comprising one or more reservoirs, each of the one or more reservoirs containing an investigational therapeutic agent; a patient interface configured to deliver the contents of the reservoirs into a patient's body; and a flexible tubing set in fluid communication with the one or more reservoirs at a proximal end of the flexible tubing set and in fluid communication with the patient interface at a distal end of the flexible tubing set. and a fluid pump configured to expel an investigational therapeutic agent from a reservoir through the flexible tubing set and into a patient interface, wherein each of the several flexible tubing sets is provided with an inner lumen of a predetermined length and consistent inner diameter to provide a specific calibrated flow rate based on characteristics of the investigational therapeutic agent passing therethrough, the characteristics being selected from the group consisting of dose, concentration, viscosity, shear thinning behavior, shear thickening behavior, desired delivery time to the patient, and combinations thereof, wherein the characteristics correspond to one or more clinical trial study conditions.

[0031] Another aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a method for delivering an investigational therapeutic agent to a patient at one or more controlled flow rates during a clinical trial of the investigational drug, the method including: providing a clinical trial kit including the investigational therapeutic agent, a reservoir, a fluid pump, and one or more flexible tubing sets, each of the one or more flexible tubing sets corresponding to a particular controlled flow rate for a particular investigational therapeutic agent and associated with one or more clinical trial conditions; selecting a selected flexible tubing set from the one or more flexible tubing sets corresponding to an individual patient's clinical trial condition as specified in a clinical trial protocol or randomization schedule; attaching a proximal end of the flexible tubing set to the fluid pump to establish fluid communication with the fluid pump; attaching a distal end of the flexible tubing set to a patient interface; and administering the investigational therapeutic agent to the patient.

[0032] In another method embodiment, a method is provided for providing an optimized tubing set for delivering a therapeutic agent to a patient exhibiting substantially non-Newtonian properties delivered by a single pump unit at one or more known, preselected, and controlled flow rates. the therapeutic agent for administration to the patient based on desired pharmacokinetics of the therapeutic agent; identifying one or more room temperatures at which delivery of the therapeutic agent will occur; performing tests to identify a relationship between temperature, viscosity, and concentration of the therapeutic agent in a pharmaceutical formulation for delivery to the patient; identifying, based on one or more of theoretical calculations and computational fluid dynamics analysis, values ​​for an internal diameter, length, and internal surface roughness of an experimental tubing set associated with one or more of the desired flow rates; characterizing the force required to propel a therapeutic agent exhibiting non-Newtonian properties through the experimental tubing set; experimentally determining the fluid pump power required to dispense the therapeutic agent into the experimental tubing set at a plurality of temperatures and flow rates; adjusting values ​​of the experimental tubing set to account for the observed flow rates versus the desired flow rates and selecting an optimized tubing set; and confirming the desired flow rate through the optimized tubing set.

[0033] Further aspects relate to tubing sets and devices including these tubing sets, as described in more detail in the following description. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0034] [Figure 1A] FIG. 1 is a simplified, partially cutaway, front view diagram showing the anatomical locations of patient interface components for achieving intravenous drug delivery using four common vascular access devices (VADs) featuring a terminal Luer taper connection, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 1B]FIG. 1 is a simplified, partially cut-away, front view diagram showing the anatomical locations of patient interface components for achieving intravenous drug delivery using an implanted vascular access device (VAD) or “port” and a Huber needle, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 1C] FIG. 10 is a simplified, partially cutaway, front view diagram showing the anatomical locations of patient interface components for achieving subcutaneous and intramuscular administration using various straight entry and angled needle placements, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 1D] FIG. 1 is a simplified, partially cutaway, front view diagram showing the anatomical locations of patient interface components for achieving placement of a soft, flexible administration cannula and for providing subcutaneous and intramuscular administration, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 2A] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of selected functional components implemented in a drug delivery device for delivering three medicaments, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 2B-1] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of selected functional components implemented in a drug delivery device for delivering a combination therapy of several drugs, illustrating an exemplary administration sequence and time delays based on regimen requirements, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 2B-2] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of selected functional components implemented in a drug delivery device for delivering a combination therapy of several drugs, illustrating an exemplary administration sequence and time delays based on regimen requirements, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 2B-3] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of selected functional components implemented in a drug delivery device for delivering a combination therapy of several drugs, illustrating an exemplary administration sequence and time delays based on regimen requirements, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 2B-4]FIG. 1 is a block diagram of selected functional components implemented in a drug delivery device for delivering a combination therapy of several drugs, illustrating an exemplary administration sequence and time delays based on regimen requirements, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 2B-5] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of selected functional components implemented in a drug delivery device for delivering a combination therapy of several drugs, illustrating an exemplary administration sequence and time delays based on regimen requirements, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 2C] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of selected functional components implemented within a drug delivery device to deliver a therapeutic agent preceded and / or followed by certain other agents as part of a complete drug regimen, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 2D] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of selected functional components implemented in a drug delivery device for delivering a drug of interest and various flushing solutions, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 2E] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of selected functional components implemented in a drug delivery device for delivering a drug of interest and for administering an emergency drug to counteract systemic infusion reactions, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 3A] 1 is a flow diagram of a clinical trial research process illustrating how the present disclosure may be incorporated therein, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 3B] 1 is a flow diagram of a process in one embodiment for designing and modifying a tubing set to deliver a non-Newtonian therapeutic agent at one or more rates based on formulation attributes, expected pharmacotherapeutic effects, and expected dosing regimens studied as part of a human clinical trial. [Figure 3C] 1 is a schematic diagram of governing parameters for designing and modifying a tubing set for delivery of a substantially non-Newtonian therapeutic agent given formulation characteristics, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 4] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of selected functional components implemented in a drug delivery device to provide closed-loop monitoring of patient status to detect systemic infusion reactions and to enable one or more appropriate clinical responses to systemic infusion reactions, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 5] 1 is a flow diagram of one embodiment of a process for detecting and responding to a patient infusion reaction during or after administration of one or more therapeutic agents. [Figure 6A] FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a tubing set and a drug lumen according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 6B] FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a tubing set and a drug lumen according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 6C] FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a tubing set and a drug lumen according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 7A] FIG. 1 illustrates a portion of a tubing set containing an in-line filter and a flow restrictor, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 7B] FIG. 1 illustrates a portion of a tubing set containing an in-line filter and a flow restrictor, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 8] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of selected functional components implemented in a drug delivery device to provide clinical study data integrity for an investigational therapeutic agent, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 9] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of selected functional components for delivering one or more therapeutic agents to a patient. [Figure 10A] FIG. 1 illustrates a representative example of information in a medication order for a single medication contained in an electronic health record system. [Figure 10B]FIG. 1 illustrates a representative example of information in a medication order set contained in an electronic health record system for administration of a medication regimen, including various medication and other care instructions for a patient. [Figure 10C] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of selected functional components implemented within a drug delivery device to provide association and validation of the drug delivery device to a medication order, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 11] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of selected functional components of a drug delivery device or system incorporating a tubing set as described herein in one or more embodiments. [Figure 12A] 1A-1C are cross-sectional views of selected tubing sets and conductors according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 12B] 1A-1C are cross-sectional views of selected tubing sets and conductors according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 12C] 1A-1C are cross-sectional views of selected tubing sets and conductors according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 12D] 1A-1C are cross-sectional views of selected tubing sets and conductors according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 12E] 1A-1C are cross-sectional views of selected tubing sets and conductors according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 12F] 1A-1C are cross-sectional views of selected tubing sets and conductors according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 12G] 1A-1C are cross-sectional views of selected tubing sets and conductors according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 12H] 1A-1C are cross-sectional views of selected tubing sets and conductors according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 12I] 1A-1C are cross-sectional views of selected tubing sets and conductors according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 13] FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a tubing set that provides visual feedback, according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 14A] FIG. 10 is a partial cutaway side view of a restraint being oriented on a tubing set according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 14B] FIG. 10 is a partial cutaway side view of a restraint being installed over a tubing set according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 15A] 1 is a cross-sectional view of an adjustable restraint device configured to provide multiple discrete degrees of restraint to a tubing set, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. FIG. [Figure 15B] FIG. 10 is an end view of an adjustable restraint device configured to provide multiple discrete degrees of restraint to a tubing set, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 15C] 10A-10C are end and cross-sectional views of an adjustable restraint apparatus illustrating the progressive assembly of the device through three levels of successively larger restraints onto a tubing set, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 16A] FIG. 1 is a perspective exploded view of an adjustable restraint device provided with an emergency tubing set shut-off clamp and configured to provide multiple discrete degrees of restraint to a tubing set, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 16B] 16B is a perspective view of the assembled components of FIG. 16A and the blocking clamp in a first of two discrete positions. [Figure 16C] 16B is a perspective view of the assembled components of FIG. 16A and the blocking clamp in a second of two discrete positions. [Figure 17A] 10A-10C are end views of several restraints assembled onto a tubing set, illustrating various shapes, in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 17B] FIG. 10 is a top view of several restraints assembled on a tubing set and visible indicators after assembly, in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 17C]10A-10C are side, top, and bottom views of a restraint assembled on a tubing set and visible and machine-readable indicia after assembly, in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 18A] 1A-1C illustrate various solutions for compressing the tube. [Figure 18B] 1A-1C illustrate various solutions for compressing the tube. [Figure 18C] 1A-1C illustrate various solutions for compressing the tube. [Figure 18D] 1A-1C illustrate various solutions for compressing the tube. [Figure 18E] 1A-1C illustrate various solutions for compressing the tube. [Figure 18F] 1A-1C illustrate various solutions for compressing the tube. [Figure 18G] 1A-1C illustrate various solutions for compressing the tube. [Figure 18H] 1A-1C illustrate various solutions for compressing the tube. [Figure 19A] 1A-1C illustrate various solutions for compressing the tube. [Figure 19B] 1A-1C illustrate various solutions for compressing the tube. [Figure 19C] 1A-1C illustrate various solutions for compressing the tube. [Figure 20A] 1A-1C illustrate various solutions for compressing the tube. [Figure 20B] 1A-1C illustrate various solutions for compressing the tube. [Figure 21] 1A-1D show two configurations of a drug delivery device. [Figure 22] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary configuration of a power pack. [Figure 23] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary configuration of a power pack. [Figure 24A] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary tubing set configuration. [Figure 24B]FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary tubing set configuration. [Figure 25A] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary tubing set configuration. [Figure 25B] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary tubing set configuration. [Figure 26] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary tubing set configuration. [Figure 27] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary tubing structure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0035] Before describing some example embodiments of the present disclosure, it is to be understood that the present disclosure is not limited to the details of construction or process steps set forth in the following description. The present disclosure is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or carried out in various ways.

[0036] The design and use of large-volume drug delivery devices and systems presents new challenges. Drug characteristics are often different from those administered by existing devices. Some drugs administered at larger volumes may trigger systemic infusion reactions during or after administration. These infusion reactions are potentially fatal systemic reactions related to the drug's mode of action and are distinct from the local injection site reaction or erythema (which are uncomfortable but not life-threatening) from administration of a single drug with a prefilled syringe, autoinjector, or on-body injector. Such devices and systems may require immediate cessation of drug administration and administration of one or more emergency counter-reaction drugs (e.g., epinephrine).

[0037] Each of the embodiments described with respect to FIGS. 11-13 can be combined with each of the embodiments described in FIGS. 1-10C and the corresponding claims.

[0038] FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary large volume drug delivery system including an outer housing 1120 and one or more reservoirs 1122′ for one or more therapeutic agents 1122, the one or more reservoirs 1122′ being fluidly connected 1123 to a fluid pump 1124 so that the reservoirs 1122′ can be emptied by the fluid pump 1124 for administering the agents 1122 to a patient 1128 via a tubing set 1125 and a patient interface 1126 as disclosed herein.

[0039] The drug delivery system is also provided with a controller 1121, which communicates with the device components via either wired or wireless connections. In one or more embodiments, the controller according to one or more embodiments includes a processor 1121a, a memory 1121b coupled to the processor 1121a, an input / output device 1121c coupled to the processor 1121a, and support circuitry for providing communication between different components of the system (i.e., the components of the system described herein). In one or more embodiments, processes for operating the system are stored in the memory 1121b as software routines that, when executed by the processor, cause the system to perform the methods described in this disclosure. In one or more embodiments, the processes for operating the system are implemented in hardware. In one or more embodiments, the software routines for operating the system can also be stored and / or executed by a second processor located remotely from the hardware being controlled by the processor.

[0040] In one or more embodiments, the tubing set 1125 is provided with one or more drug lumens 1125f through which the drug 1122 is pumped by a fluid pump 1124 into the patient 1128 through a patient interface 1126. The patient interface 1126 can include a Luer taper or Luer-Lok® fitting if a Luer-activated IV connector is used, or can include various needle assemblies corresponding to intravenous, subcutaneous, or intramuscular routes. A sensor 1127 is positioned on the patient, either separately or integral with the patient interface 1126. In one embodiment, the patient interface 1126 can include a subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous needle set with an integrated sensor 1127.

[0041] In one or more embodiments, the tubing set 1125 is also provided with one or more conductors 1129, and the sensor 1127 is coupled to the controller 1121 by the one or more conductors 1129. In one or more embodiments, the tubing set 1125 is also provided with an optical conductor 1125o, which can be used to provide one or more visual feedback indicators to the patient 1128 or another user of the device.

[0042] 12A-12I illustrate exemplary embodiments of drug lumens and conductors according to one or more embodiments. While particular drug lumen and conductor arrangements are depicted in FIGS. 12A-12I, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that many drug lumen and conductor arrangements are within the scope of the present disclosure and that the exemplary diagrams provided are for illustrative purposes and should not limit the arrangement of conductors and lumens.

[0043] As seen in Figures 12A-12I, in one or more alternative embodiments, tubing set 1200 is provided with one or more agent lumens 1201 and one or more internal conductors 1202. In one or more alternative embodiments, tubing set 1203 is provided with one or more internal agent delivery lumens 1204 and one or more external conductors 1205, with one or more conductors 1205 located substantially external to tubing 1203. The conductors 1202, 1205 enable coupling and communication between a controller and one or more sensors, while the lumens 1201, 1204 enable agent delivery. Conductors 1202, 1205 are located in a parallel manner to agent lumens 1201, 1204 throughout the length of the tubing set, which can be varied based on the delivery device and patient interface used.

[0044] In one or more alternative embodiments, tubing set 1206 is provided with one or more internal agent lumens 1207 and one or more internal optical conductors 1208. Optical conductors 1208 can be used as described herein to provide visual feedback to one or more users of a drug delivery device incorporating tubing set 1206.

[0045] In one or more embodiments, tubing set 1209 is provided with one or more internal drug lumens 1210, one or more internal optical conductors 1211, and one or more conductors 1212. Optical conductors 1211 can be used to provide visual feedback to one or more users of the drug delivery device, while conductors 1212 can be used to communicate sensor data from the patient interface to a drug delivery system controller, both incorporating tubing set 1206, as described herein. In an alternative embodiment, conductors 1212 are used to power sensors within the patient interface.

[0046] In an alternative embodiment, a tubing set 1220 with one or more outer conductors 1222 is provided with an intervening barrier coating 1223 to isolate the agent in one or more fluid lumens 1221 from leachable or extractable compounds of the conductors 1222 or potential contaminants from the conductor application process.

[0047] In an alternative embodiment, a tubing set 1225 with one or more outer conductors 1226 and one or more drug lumens 1227 is provided with an intervening barrier coating 1228 positioned between the drug lumen 1227 and the tubing set 1225 material to isolate the drug in one or more fluid lumens 1221 from leachable or extractable compounds of the outer conductor 1226 or potential contaminants from the conductor application process. In one embodiment, the barrier coatings 1223, 1228 comprise PTFE or other fluoropolymer material. In another embodiment, the barrier coatings 1223, 1228 are co-extruded when the tubing set is manufactured.

[0048] 12G and 12H , in one or more alternative embodiments, tubing set 1230 is provided with one or more internal drug lumens 1231, undercuts 1232, and one or more external conductors 1233 located within the undercuts 1232 to protect the external conductors 1233 from damage (e.g., from chafing or rubbing). In some embodiments, one or more undercuts 1232 can be provided in tubing set 1230 to accommodate and protect additional external conductors 1233. In some embodiments, tubing set 1230 can have a combination of one or more external conductors 1233 and internal conductors 1234. The undercuts are recesses (e.g., grooves).

[0049] In some embodiments, tubing set 1230 includes an asymmetric cross-section having different bending stiffnesses about a first axis 1240 and a second axis 1241 that is orthogonal to first axis 1240. In some embodiments, one or more undercut features 1232 are located on the outer contour of tubing set 1230 and are oriented on the cross-sectional axis having a higher degree of bending stiffness to protect said outer conductor 1233 from damage (e.g., from bending, fatigue, or stress cracking).

[0050] In some embodiments, tubing set 1230 can be provided with an outer protective sheath 1235 that substantially surrounds undercut 1232 and some or all of the outer surface of tubing set 1230 to protect the conductors from damage (e.g., due to friction or chafing). In some embodiments, the material of tubing set 1230 has a lower bending stiffness compared to that of protective sheath 1235 that protects outer conductor 1233 and / or inner conductor 1234 from wear and damage due to excessive bending. In some embodiments, tubing set 1236 can be provided with one or more outer conductors 1238 and an outer protective sheath 1239 that covers some or all of the outer surface of tubing set 1236 to protect the outer conductor 1238 from damage (e.g., due to friction or chafing). In one embodiment, the protective sheaths 1235, 1239 are applied after manufacture of the tubing set and application of the one or more outer conductors 1233, 1238. In one embodiment, the protective sheaths 1235, 1239 comprise a woven material to provide the patient with additional privacy or consideration during medication administration.

[0051] The tubing set and barrier coating, if present, can be made from one or more of silicone, PVC, DEHP-free PVC, EVA, HDPE, LDPE, TPU, PTFE, fluoropolymer, or other suitable flexible materials. In some embodiments, the tubing set is manufactured from a flexible polymer that is an electrical insulator. The tubing set of some embodiments is extruded, but can also be formed by other means that provide sufficient dimensional and tolerance control for the inner drug lumen, as described herein. In one or more embodiments, the tubing material is chosen to be a material selected for low leachable and extractable compounds that can contaminate the drug and exhibit high biocompatibility with biological agents.

[0052] The tubing set and barrier coating, if present, can be made from one or more of silicone, COC, COP, PVC, DEHP-free PVC, EVA, HDPE, LDPE, TPU, PTFE, PCTFE, fluoropolymers, or other suitable flexible materials. In some embodiments, one or more tie layers can be provided to enable bonding of two or more materials comprising the tubing set (e.g., the drug contact material and the barrier coating). In some embodiments, the tubing set is fabricated from a flexible polymer that is an electrical insulator. The tubing sets of some embodiments are extruded, but can also be formed by other means that provide sufficient dimensional and tolerance control for the inner drug lumen, as described herein. In one or more embodiments, the tubing material is chosen to be a material selected for low leachable and extractable compounds that can contaminate the drug and exhibit high biocompatibility with biological agents. In one or more embodiments, the tubing set material includes an inner COC drug contact layer and an outer PCTFE film (e.g., made by Aclar) that are joined through an intermediate tie layer, as shown in Figure 27. The 160 micron thickness as shown in Figure 27 is exemplary and can be varied.

[0053] In some embodiments, the one or more conductors are fabricated from an electrical conductor (e.g., carbon, copper, nickel, or silver). In some embodiments, the conductor comprises a conductive ink. In one or more embodiments, the external conductor comprises a conductive ink. Materials comprising the conductive ink can include a solution of metal nanoparticles. The conductive ink can be applied to the tubing set during tubing manufacturing or as a separate secondary operation. The conductive ink can be applied by flexographic printing, screen printing, inkjet printing, or stencil printing. In one or more alternative embodiments, the externally located conductor comprises a conductive polymer. In one or more alternative embodiments, the conductive polymer is selected from one or more of polyacetylene, polythiophene, poly[3,4-(ethylenedioxy)thiophene], polypyrrole, polyaniline, or polyphenylene. In one or more alternative embodiments, the externally located conductor 654 comprises an electrodeposited film. In one or more embodiments, the electrodeposited film is a polypyrrole-polyaniline composite conductive film.

[0054] In some embodiments, the one or more conductors are optical conductors, including optical fibers, silica fiber bundles, polymers, or flexible polymer tubes and liquid core combinations. In some embodiments, the one or more conductors are optical conductors capable of transmitting wavelengths of light outside the human visible spectrum. In some embodiments, the one or more conductors are optical conductors capable of transmitting wavelengths of light within the human visible spectrum.

[0055] In some embodiments, the tubing set is sterilized using a low-energy method (such as ethylene oxide gas or vaporized hydrogen peroxide) to preserve the continuity of the electrical or optical conductors. In some embodiments, the tubing set is sterilized using a high-energy method (such as gamma irradiation or electron beam irradiation) configured in a manner to preserve the continuity of the electrical or optical conductors.

[0056] In one or more embodiments disclosed herein, the tubing set may also be enabled to provide feedback to the user regarding the status of the drug delivery system. Feedback to the user may include, for example, confirmation of proper setup, readiness to administer drug, progress of one or more drug administrations, errors in configuration prior to administration, errors during administration of one or more drugs, or completion of drug administration. Those skilled in the art will recognize a wide variety of user feedback that may be provided to one or more users of the drug delivery system based on the user population, drug regimen, and clinical characteristics.

[0057] In one or more embodiments disclosed herein, the tubing set can also be enabled to provide feedback to the user regarding the status of the drug delivery system. Feedback to the user can include, for example, confirmation of proper setup, readiness to administer drug, progress of one or more drug administrations, errors in configuration prior to administration, errors during administration of one or more drugs, or completion of drug administration. Feedback to the user can include start of administration, end of administration, or in-process feedback, as is customary in autoinjector devices, or can be specific to the nature or configuration of the device. For example, in a device with multiple needle sets or tubing lumens, feedback related to confirmation of proper setup or readiness to administer drug can include an indicator of which needle set should be inserted and in what order, helping the user identify the appropriate needle set from among many. Continuing with this example, feedback related to completion of drug administration can include feedback indicating which needle among multiple needles is ready to be removed. Alternatively, in devices with multiple drug reservoirs, feedback related to confirmation of proper setup or readiness to administer a drug can include an indicator of proper bag placement (i.e., fluid communication and / or sensor communication) within the device. Also, in alternative examples, in devices with multiple needle or tubing set lumens, feedback related to confirmation of proper setup or readiness to administer a drug can include an indicator of proper needle insertion. Feedback related to confirmation of proper setup can include, by way of example, an indication that multiple segments of an infusion set are properly connected (i.e., fluidly, electrically, optically, pneumatically) or that a needle set is properly connected to a tubing set and / or tubing set lumen.Feedback related to errors during administration of one or more medications can include, by way of example, blockages in the tubing set or needle, excessive (i.e., unintended, unprescribed, or unsafe) flow rate, or removal of the needle from the skin during injection. Those skilled in the art will recognize the wide variety of user feedback that may be provided to one or more users of a medication delivery system based on the user population, medication regimen, drug delivery device configuration, and clinical characteristics.

[0058] 13 , in one or more alternative embodiments of the drug delivery system, the tubing set 1125 is provided with a cross-sectional design 1300 featuring an optical conductor 1125o and a drug lumen 1125f. The tubing set 1125 is positioned to make optical contact with a selectively illuminated indicator 1134 housed within the drug delivery system, as described elsewhere herein. When the indicator 1134 is illuminated, such as by a controller, light is conducted through the optical conductor 1125o in the tubing 1125, enabling visual feedback 1301 along the length of the tubing set 1125 or a portion thereof.

[0059] In some embodiments, the indicator 1134 is an addressable LED capable of displaying multiple different colors, allowing various visual feedback states to be communicated to the end user. In some embodiments, the visual feedback includes visual indicators of different colored lights 1301, 1302, 1303. In some embodiments, the visual feedback includes visual indicators of green, amber, and red lights 1301, 1302, 1303. In some embodiments, the visual feedback includes pulsating visual indicators of different colored lights 1304, 1305, 1306. In another alternative embodiment, the visual feedback includes pulsating visual indicators of green 1304, amber 1305, or red 1306.

[0060] In some embodiments, intermittent light signals of different colors and / or blinking patterns (such as blinking red, red-yellow pulsing, or fast or slow blinking) can be used in place of different colors 1301, 1302, 1303. In another alternative embodiment, the indicator 1134 is pulsed with one or more feedback patterns 1304, 1305, and 1306, and the feedback patterns are independent of the indicator 1134 color.

[0061] In another alternative embodiment, the tubing 1125 is selectively masked with an opaque color to hide and / or reveal one or more portions of the light transmitted through the optical conductor 1125o, allowing for additional sorts of visual feedback to be presented to the end user. In another alternative embodiment, the tubing 1125 is selectively covered with an opaque or translucent woven material to protect patient privacy or provide additional consideration during medication administration.

[0062] In one or more embodiments, the tubing sets described immediately above with respect to Figures 11-13 are configured to be used with or in combination with the devices, systems, and methods described with respect to Figures 1-10, as well as the embodiments described with respect to Figures 1-10 described below (Devices and Methods for Large Volume Drug Delivery). Thus, in some embodiments, the devices, systems, and methods described with respect to Figures 1-10 further include the devices, tubing sets, methods, and kits described immediately above with respect to Figures 11-13 in combination with or in addition to various embodiments described below (including, but not limited to, the embodiments numbered first 126).

[0063] As used herein, "infusion," "infusion," and "administration" are used interchangeably and may be by subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM), intravenous (IV), or enteral routes (also terms used interchangeably). The route of administration is based on the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of the particular drug, formulation components, approved regulatory labeling, individual clinical judgment, or clinical need.

[0064]

[0003] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide devices, systems, and methods for drug administration, where the number of drugs, order of administration, volume, delivery time, and route of administration are independently selected. Device, system, and method embodiments provide a single architecture usable from early human clinical trials in research laboratories through commercial release in the home environment after drug approval. One or more embodiments provide for use in the home environment, where the devices, systems, and methods are inherently safe and intuitive for use by patients or lay caregivers without medical training.

[0065] Thus, embodiments of the present disclosure provide drug delivery devices, systems, and methods that enable the delivery of many different medications in the home (including those historically limited to in-clinic settings) in a variety of sequences, rates, and settings. As will be recognized by those skilled in the art, there are numerous ways of implementing examples, modifications, and configurations of the devices, apparatus, and / or systems disclosed herein. Reference will be made to the exemplary embodiments depicted in the drawings and the following description, but the embodiments disclosed herein are not intended to be exhaustive of the various alternative designs and embodiments encompassed by the present disclosure.

[0066]

[0003] Embodiments of the present disclosure advance the art of drug delivery devices, apparatus, or systems by enabling the administration of other medications before, during, and after a therapeutic agent, even outside of a clinical setting. One or more embodiments of the present disclosure do not impose any volume limitations or "breakpoints" on the drug development process, decoupling formulation development and clinical trials from delivery device, apparatus, and system design. Additionally, embodiments advance drug delivery devices, apparatus, or systems by enabling the detection of systemic infusion reactions through specific sensors, the halting of drug delivery, and the administration of one or more emergency counter-reaction medications. One or more embodiments of the present disclosure further provide devices, systems, and methods that advance the art of drug delivery devices, apparatus, or systems by providing EHR integration and enabling the home delivery of complex regimens as ordered, by updating administration in the patient's record, and by allowing healthcare providers to review a complete regimen history for a patient without extra effort. One or more embodiments provide devices, systems, and methods that allow integration with EHR systems and allow medications to be administered only under safe conditions, replicating in the home the safety measures that currently exist in clinical settings.

[0067] Various embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to improved systems or devices and methods configured for the mass infusion of therapeutic agents. More specifically, embodiments provide systems, devices, and methods including components configured to combine to deliver one or more therapeutic agents via one or more physiological routes of administration in volumes large enough and varying enough to achieve a desired therapeutic effect. In one or more embodiments, the therapeutic agents may optionally include pre-drug administration, post-drug administration, and emergency drug administration to achieve a complete treatment regimen as ordered by a healthcare professional. In some embodiments, the utilized components are part of a kit and may be referred to as a kit of components. The systems, devices, and methods of one or more embodiments may be used to determine the pharmacological and physiological effects of one or more therapeutic agents when their characteristics are unknown, and then used to deliver the therapeutic agents at desired parameters to achieve a therapeutic effect when administered in various environments (e.g., in a clinic or at home). Additionally, the systems, apparatus, and methods of one or more embodiments improve ease of use, safety, and convenience based on the administration settings and end user of the drug delivery device, apparatus, or system.

[0068] One or more embodiments of the present disclosure provide new and / or improved devices, systems, and methods for administering large volumes of parenteral or enteral medications to patients. Large-volume intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, and enteral administration are provided by the disclosures herein. More specifically, one or more embodiments of the present disclosure enable medications currently limited to clinical settings to be administered at home by patients or lay caregivers without the need for highly trained medical professionals or clinic visits. As a result, one or more embodiments of the present disclosure are ideally suited for home administration of large volumes of biologics (e.g., monoclonal antibodies, etc.).

[0069] The embodiments described herein provide a drug delivery device, system, or method with configurable multiple drug reservoirs for administering various drug regimens (including multi-drug regimens), as is common in oncology. The regimens can be administered over time in a sequential, parallel, time-delayed, or episodic manner. In one or more embodiments, the drug delivery system is provisioned to interface with an electronic health record system and one or more drug orders or order sets, enabling administration of multi-drug regimens and episodic drug administration based on laboratory values ​​or physiological monitoring. One or more embodiments of the present disclosure provide for home administration of more complex drug regimens beyond the capabilities of existing prior art devices.

[0070] In one or more embodiments, the tubing set is provided with a restricted flow rate corresponding to one or more clinical trial conditions or dosing regimens for an approved drug. Additionally, one or more embodiments of the present disclosure provide for both approved preclinical trials and commercialized drugs to be administered by the same device, apparatus, or system, significantly reducing cost, time to market, and device, apparatus, or system complexity.

[0071] In one or more embodiments, the reservoir can be individually designed for short-term or long-term drug stability based on the drug regimen administered by the device, apparatus, or system. The reservoir can be filled at the point of use by the patient or caregiver at home, by a compounding pharmacy, or by the pharmaceutical manufacturer. Optionally, the drug delivery system, in some embodiments, can be configured with an intravenous flush solution before and after administration.

[0072] In one or more embodiments, the drug delivery system is equipped with a controller, an algorithm, and a sensor, the sensor coupled to the controller, for detecting potentially life-threatening systemic infusion reactions in a patient. Furthermore, embodiments of the drug delivery device, system, and method are capable of administering a counteracting emergency medication autonomously or at the direction of a remote clinician monitor in response to a systemic infusion reaction, enabling home administration of medications that would otherwise be restricted to a clinic due to administration monitoring requirements and safety considerations. Moreover, in one or more embodiments, the drug delivery system is configured to deliver prophylactic medication before and after administration of a medication with a propensity to cause an infusion reaction.

[0073] In one or more embodiments, the drug delivery system is provided with an input / output interface to a clinical trial data management system. In some embodiments, the data management system contains permanent storage for data collected during a clinical trial from one or more drug delivery systems therein. In some embodiments, the data in the permanent data storage is used to support submission to regulatory authorities for drug approval. In some embodiments, one or more drug delivery devices or systems are associated with one or more investigational therapeutic agents and / or clinical trial administration conditions for a particular patient.

[0074] Patient Interface The choice of physiological route of administration will dictate the patient interface used to deliver the agent to the patient. The most common physiological routes are shown in Figures 1A-1D, however, many other configurations of patient interfaces will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and the descriptions herein are for illustrative purposes only and should not be construed as limiting the present disclosure.

[0075] 1A and 1B, for patients receiving medications via a peripheral intravenous catheter (PIV) 115 or central venous access devices (CVADs) 107 and 103, patient interface 104 is provided by a Luer-Lok® or Luer taper connection, which are well known to those skilled in the art. For patients receiving medications via an implanted venous port 127 and catheter 128, patient interface 125 is provided by percutaneous access to a needle entry septum 129 using a specialized steel needle (e.g., Huber needle 124, etc.).

[0076] 1C, for patients receiving medication via the subcutaneous route, the patient interface includes subcutaneous (SC) needle assemblies 140 and 158 that position the needle at either 90° (142) or 45° (160) relative to the injection site, thereby accessing SC tissue 148 and 175 through hollow bore needle points 143 and 170. For intramuscular (IM) administration with embodiments of the device or system, the patient interface includes an IM needle assembly 151, with a hollow bore needle 155 positioned through an open needle point 156 into the patient's muscle tissue 149. The material of needles 142, 155, and 160 is siliconized, rigid, medical-grade stainless steel, as is common in the art. Medications are delivered to the patient via integral tubing sets 145, 154, and 172.

[0077] Referring to FIG. 1D , for patients receiving medication via the SC or IM route, the patient interface can alternatively include a flexible soft cannula placed by a removable rigid inserter needle. The needle assembly 181 is inserted against the patient's skin 182 by the patient or caregiver 180, optionally using one or more insertion affordances 186. Once placed against the patient's skin 182, a first portion of the needle assembly 181 is removed by the user 188, retaining a portion 191 within the skin that includes a soft, flexible cannula 192 with an open tip 194. The first, removed portion of the needle assembly 189 includes a steel inserter cannula 190 and the insertion and removal affordance 189. The retained portion of the needle assembly 191 includes a tubing set 195 for administering medication to the patient's SC tissue 193. IM administration is also provided by simply increasing the length of the flexible cannula 183 and inserter needle 184 to place the open end of the flexible cannula 194 into the patient's muscle tissue 195. The material of the inserter needle 190 is rigid siliconized medical grade stainless steel, and the material of the flexible administration cannula 184 can be any biocompatible polymer (e.g., PFTE, etc.).

[0078] Drug Delivery System Components 2A illustrates a variation of an exemplary drug delivery device or system including an outer housing 219 and multiple reservoirs 208, 209, and 210 for one or more therapeutic agents 220, 221, and 222, where the multiple reservoirs 208, 209, and 210 are fluidly connected 211, 212, and 213 to a fluid pump 218, thereby enabling the reservoirs to be emptied by the fluid pump 218 for administration of the agents to a patient 217 via a tubing set 215 and a patient interface 216. While three reservoirs 208, 209, and 210 are described herein, many configurations of reservoirs are apparent based on the desired agent regimen, and are presented for illustrative purposes only, without limiting the disclosure. As the exemplary embodiment demonstrates, any number of agents can be administered by the systems of the present invention, as desired.

[0079] In some embodiments, the outer housing 219 substantially encloses one or more reservoirs 208, 209, 210 and the fluid communication 211, 212, 213 between the reservoirs and the fluid pump 218. In some embodiments, the outer housing 219 substantially encloses the fluid pump 218 and the fluid communication 211, 212, 213 between the reservoirs and the fluid pump 218, and partially encloses one or more reservoirs 208, 209, 210.

[0080] In some embodiments, the outer housing is a rigid enclosure. In some embodiments, the outer housing is substantially flexible to conform to the patient's body or pocket. In some embodiments, the outer housing is configured with a single contoured side, which is oriented toward and positioned to conform to the patient's body. In some embodiments, the rigid plastic material is, for example, polypropylene, polycarbonate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polyamide, or polystyrene. In some embodiments, the outer housing is overmolded with a soft, flexible material (e.g., a thermoplastic elastomer or a thermoplastic polyurethane) on the side closest to the patient's body. In some embodiments, the outer housing is provided with a soft, flexible gel material on the side closest to the patient's body. In some embodiments, the outer housing is configured with a clip to allow attachment to the patient's clothing, pocket, or belt.

[0081] 2B, embodiments of a drug delivery device or system of the present invention provide for sequential, simultaneous, time-delayed, and episodic administration of various agents in a time sequence with a beginning 282 and an end 283. During the time sequence, multiple agents 220, 221, 222 can be delivered in a predetermined sequential order 277 (as shown in FIG. 2B-1), in a simultaneous manner 278 (as shown in FIG. 2B-2), in a predetermined sequential order 279 (as shown in FIG. 2B-3) beginning after a predetermined time delay 271, or in a predetermined sequence 280 (as shown in FIG. 2B-4) separated by one or more evenly or unevenly spaced time delays 272, 273, and 274. Alternatively, during a time sequence, multiple agents 220, 221, 222 can be delivered in a predetermined sequence 281 (as shown in FIG. 2B-5) where certain agents are administered simultaneously (220 and 221) after an optional time delay 275, followed by other agents 222 after a predetermined time delay 276. The foregoing examples are for illustrative purposes and should not be construed as limiting the number or configuration of agents that will be apparent to one skilled in the art.

[0082] FIG. 9 illustrates a variation of an exemplary drug delivery device or system including an outer housing 801 and multiple reservoirs 807′, 808′ for one or more therapeutic agents 807, 808, fluidly connected 809, 810 to a fluid pump 811 such that the reservoirs 807′, 808′ can be emptied by the fluid pump 811 for administration of the agents 807, 808 to a patient 814 via a tubing set 812 and a patient interface 813. While only two reservoirs are shown for illustrative purposes, the devices and systems described herein are not limited to any particular number of reservoirs. In one or more embodiments, any suitable number of reservoirs can be present. The drug delivery system is also provided with a controller 803, which communicates with the device components via either a wired or wireless connection. In one or more embodiments, the controller according to one or more embodiments includes a processor 804, memory coupled to the processor 805, input / output devices 806 coupled to the processor 805, and support circuitry for providing communication between different components of the system (i.e., components of the system described herein). In one or more embodiments, processes for operating the system are stored in the memory 805 as software routines that, when executed by the processor, cause the system to perform the methods described in this disclosure. In one or more embodiments, the processes for operating the system are implemented in hardware. In one or more embodiments, the software routines for operating the system can also be stored and / or executed by a second processor located remotely from the hardware being controlled by the processor. In some embodiments, the second processor comprises a cloud computing service or server.In some embodiments, the second processor comprises a remote patient monitoring system used by a healthcare provider. In some embodiments, the second processor comprises an electronic health record (EHR) system interface. In some embodiments, the second processor comprises a clinical trial data management system interface. In some embodiments, the second processor comprises a smartphone, a smart tablet, a smart television set, or a voice-activated assistant.

[0083] In one or more embodiments, one or more input / output devices 806 include a light source that can be illuminated upon receiving instructions or signals from controller 803. In one or more embodiments, the light source is coupled to optical conductors in tubing set 812. In one or more embodiments, one or more input / output devices 806 includes a power source that is electrically coupled to conductors in tubing set 812.

[0084] In one or more embodiments, the controller 803 can be coupled to the fluid pump 811 and can sense and / or control fluid flow therein. In one or more embodiments, the controller 803 can be coupled to one or more fluid connections 809, 810 and can sense and / or control fluid flow therein. In one or more embodiments, the controller 803 can be coupled to one or more sensors and reservoirs 807′, 808′ containing the agents 807, 808. In one or more embodiments, the outer housing 801, the reservoirs 807′, 808′, and / or the tubing set 812 can be configured with sensors that are also coupled to the controller 803. In one or more embodiments, the controller 803 can be coupled to one or more sensors 815 on the patient 814.

[0085] Therapeutic and other medications A variety of medications can be delivered by the present disclosure, including therapeutic medications, prophylactic pre-medications, prophylactic post-medications, rescue medications, and flushing solutions. Thus, the term "therapeutic medication" is used herein as a convenient term to distinguish medications used to treat disease (e.g., anti-cancer drugs) from other ancillary medications delivered by the system while administering a therapeutic medication (e.g., a pre-medication or saline flush).

[0086] In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is for treating one or more diseases selected from the group consisting of cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal disease, autoimmune disease, immunological disease, hematological disease, oncological disease, endocrinological disease, and respiratory disease. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a coformulation of one or more drugs for treating one or more of the above-mentioned diseases. In some embodiments, multiple therapeutic agents are provided as part of a combination therapy.

[0087] In some embodiments, the one or more therapeutic agents are small molecule drugs, therapeutic proteins, cytokines, hormones, blood products, biologics, monoclonal antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific antibodies, fusion proteins, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, cell or gene therapy, oncolytic viruses, or immunotherapy.

[0088] In some embodiments, the one or more therapeutic agents are immuno-oncology or bio-oncology agents, hi some embodiments, the one or more therapeutic agents are selected from a group of several proposed targets, such as, for example, immune checkpoints, cytokines, chemokines, clusters of differentiation, interleukins, integrins, growth factors, enzymes, signaling proteins, pro-apoptotic proteins, anti-apoptotic proteins, T cell receptors, B cell receptors, or costimulatory proteins.

[0089] In some embodiments, the one or more therapeutic agents are selected from the group consisting of, for example, a HER-2 receptor modulator, an interleukin modulator, an interferon modulator, a CD38 modulator, a CD22 modulator, a CCR4 modulator, a VEGF modulator, an EGFR modulator, a CD79b modulator, a Trop-2 modulator, a CD52 modulator, a BCMA modulator, a PDGFRA modulator, an SLAMF7 modulator, a PD-1 / PD-L1 inhibitor / modulator, a B-lymphocyte antigen CD19 inhibitor, a B-lymphocyte antigen CD20 modulator, a CD3 modulator, a CTLA-4 inhibitor, a TIM-3 modulator, The modulator is selected from a group of proposed mechanisms of action such as VISTA modulators, INDO inhibitors, LAG3 (CD223) antagonists, CD276 antigen modulators, CD47 antagonists, CD30 modulators, CD73 modulators, CD66 modulators, CDw137 agonists, CD158 modulators, CD27 modulators, CD58 modulators, CD80 modulators, CD33 modulators, APRIL receptor modulators, HLA antigen modulators, EGFR modulators, B-lymphocyte cell adhesion molecule modulators, CDw123 modulators, Erbb2 tyrosine kinase receptor modulators, mesothelin modulators, HAVCR2 antagonists, NY-ESO-1 OX40 receptor agonist modulators, adenosine A2 receptors, ICOS modulators, CD40 modulators, TIL therapy, or TCR therapy.

[0090] In some embodiments, the one or more therapeutic agents are ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, durvalumab, avelumab, cemiplimumab, rituximab, trastuzumab, adotrastuzumab emtansine, famtrastuzumab delextecan-nxki, pertuzumab, transtuzumab-pertuzumab, alemtuzumab, belantamab mafodotin-blmf, bevacizumab, blinatumomab, and selected from one of brentuximab vedotin, cetuximab, daratumumab, elotuzumab, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, 90-yttrium-ibritumomab tiuxetan, isatuximab, mogamulizumab, moxetumomab pasudotox, obinutuzumab, ofatumumab, olaratumumab, panitumumab, polatuzumab vedotin, ramucirumab, sacituzumab govitecan, tafasitamab, or margetuximab.

[0091] In some embodiments, one or more therapeutic agents are part of a multi-drug treatment regimen. In some embodiments, one or more therapeutic agents are selected from the group consisting of AC, Dose-Dense AC, TCH, GT, EC, TAC, TC, TCHP, CMF, FOLFOX, mFOLFOX6, mFOLFOX7, FOLFCIS, CapeOx, FLOT, DCF, FOLFIRI, FOLFIRINOX, FOLFOXIRI, IROX, CHOP, R-CHOP, RCHOP-21, Mini-CHOP, Maxi-CHOP, VR-CAP, Dose-Dense CHOP, EPOCH, Dose-Adjusted EPOCH, R-EPOCH, CODOX-M, IVAC, HyperCVAD, R-HyperCVAD, SC-EPOCH-RR, DHAP, ESHAP, GDP, ICE, MINE, CEPP, CDOP, GemOx, CEOP, CEPP, CHOEP, CHP, GCVP, DHAX, CALGB 8811, HIDAC, MOpAD, 7+3, 5+2, 7+4, MEC, CVP, RBAC500, DHA-Cis, DHA-Ca, DHA-Ox, RCVP, RCEPP, RCEOP, CMV, DDMVAC, GemFLP, ITP, VIDE, VDC, VAI, VDC-IE, MAP, PCV, FCR, FR, PCR, HDMP, OFAR, EMA / CO, EMA / EP, EP / EMA, T P / TE, BEP, TIP, VIP, TPEx, ABVD, BEACOPP, AVD, Mini-BEAM, IGEV, C-MOPP, GCD, GEMOX, CAV, DT-PACE, VTD-PA Part of a multi-drug treatment regimen selected from the group: CE, DCEP, ATG, VAC, VelP, OFF, GTX, CAV, AD, MAID, AIM, VAC-IE, ADOC, or PE.

[0092] In some embodiments, one or more therapeutic agents are used for adjuvant chemotherapy. In some embodiments, a chemotherapeutic compound is used for neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In some embodiments, the chemotherapeutic compound is an alkylating agent, a plant alkaloid, an antitumor antibiotic, an antimetabolite, or a topoisomerase inhibitor, an enzyme, a retinoid, or a corticosteroid. In some embodiments, the chemotherapeutic compound is selected from the group of 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, idarubicin, epirubicin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, azacitidine, decitabine, bendamustine, bleomycin, bortezomib, busulfan, cabazitaxel, carmustine, cladribine, cytarabine, dacarbazine, etoposide, fludarabine, gemcitabine, irinotecan, leucovorin, melphalan, methotrexate, pemetrexed, mitomycin, mitoxantrone, temsirolimus, topotecan, barbican, vincristine, vinblastine, or vinorelbine.

[0093] In some embodiments, one or more therapeutic agents are listed in accordance with the Centers for Disease Control's "NIOSH List of Hazardous Drugs in Healthcare Settings" or in accordance with the US Pharmacopeia General Chapter <800> Classified as a hazardous drug as defined by "Hazardous Drugs - Handling in Healthcare Settings."

[0094] When administering a particular therapeutic agent, a prophylactic agent may be administered to the patient before (pre-agent) or after (post-agent) the therapeutic agent to avoid systemic infusion reactions or to alleviate discomfort from the therapeutic agent's side effects. Pre-agents and post-agents may also be part of a drug regimen or drug order set, as described elsewhere herein.

[0095] 2C illustrates an exemplary drug delivery device or system configured to administer a specific prophylactic agent in addition to one or more therapeutic agents also contained within the system. In one or more embodiments, drug delivery device or system 223 contains multiple reservoirs for agents 224, 225, and 226. In some embodiments, reservoir 224 contains one or more prophylactic pre-agents 227 that are administered before therapeutic agent 228. In some embodiments, administration of therapeutic agent 228 can occur only after full administration of the required pre-agent 224. In some embodiments, reservoir 226 contains one or more prophylactic post-agents 227 that are administered after therapeutic agent 228.

[0096] In one or more embodiments, one or more reservoirs 224 or 226 contain one or more agents selected from the group consisting of 0.9% normal saline, 0.45% normal saline, 5% dextrose in water, 5% dextrose in 0.45% normal saline, lactated Ringer's solution, albumin, and crystalloid fluids containing added electrolytes (e.g., potassium, etc.).

[0097] In one or more embodiments, one or more reservoirs 224 or 226 contain one or more agents selected from the group consisting of analgesics, antipyretics, corticosteroids, antihistamines, antiemetics, antibiotics, anticoagulants, fibrinolytics, or antithrombotic agents, hi one or more embodiments, one or more reservoirs 224 or 226 contain one of diphenhydramine, acetaminophen, ondansetron, or famotidine.

[0098] In one or more embodiments, one or more reservoirs 224 or 226 are configured to reconstitute a lyophilized pre- or post-drug contained in a dual-chamber syringe featuring a bypass chamber. In one or more embodiments, one or more reservoirs 224 or 226 are configured to reconstitute a lyophilized pre- or post-drug in a predictive manner to allow for more timely administration.

[0099] When administering a drug intravenously, it is necessary to flush the IV catheter system before and after drug administration. Flushing refers to the process of pouring a fluid volume through the entire IV system after therapeutic drug delivery to ensure that all drugs in the IV system are completely administered to the patient and to prevent clotting of the catheter system. In one or more embodiments, a drug delivery device or system can be configured to deliver a therapeutic drug in conjunction with a catheter flushing protocol.

[0100] 2D , in one or more embodiments, a drug delivery device or system is provided with flush reservoirs 241, 243, 244 and a reservoir for a therapeutic agent 242. The delivery device or system is configured to deliver one or more catheter flushing solutions prior to administration 245 and / or after administration 247, 256 of one or more therapeutic agents 246. In one or more embodiments, the delivery device or system administers 0.9% normal saline from pre-dose flush reservoir 241, followed by one or more therapeutic agents 246 in reservoir 242, followed by a 0.9% normal saline flush in first post-dose flush reservoir 243, followed by Heparin Lock Flush solution in second post-dose flush reservoir 244. Flushing need not be limited to the beginning and end of the administration process; when multiple agents are administered, flush reservoirs can be interposed between therapeutic agent administrations, if desired.

[0101] In some embodiments, one flushing solution is 0.9% normal saline. In some embodiments, one flushing solution is recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-TPA). In some embodiments, one flushing solution is one or more agents selected from the group consisting of 0.9% normal saline, Heparin Lock Flush Solution, 100 U / mL Heparin Lock Flush Solution, and 5000 U / mL Heparin Lock Flush Solution. In some embodiments, one flushing solution is an antibacterial agent. In some embodiments, one flushing solution is an antibacterial agent combined with an anticoagulant.

[0102] Tubing Set 6A-6C illustrate variations of exemplary tubing sets for use with the present disclosure. In one embodiment, tubing set 640 is provided with cross-sectional tubing profile 640' and at least one inner agent lumen 641. During use of the drug delivery system, inner agent lumen 641 is in fluid communication with the fluid pump and patient interface described elsewhere herein to deliver the agent within the system to the patient.

[0103] It may be desirable to isolate one or more inner drug lumens 648 from leachable or extractable compounds of potential contaminants from the tubing set material, thereby improving compatibility with the drug delivered therein. Thus, in some embodiments, a barrier coating 647 can be interposed between the inner drug lumen 648 and the tubing set material 646'. In one embodiment, the barrier coating comprises a PTFE fluoropolymer material. In another embodiment, the barrier coating is co-extruded when the tubing set is manufactured. In another embodiment, the inner drug-contacting surface of one or more drug lumens is provided with a hydrophobic coating.

[0104] It may be desirable to provide multiple flow rates in the drug delivery systems of the present invention without switching tubing sets. Accordingly, in one embodiment, tubing set 642 is provided with cross-sectional tubing profile 642′ and two or more drug lumens 643, 644, 645. The drug lumens can have different or similar diameters, thereby allowing for drug administration at flow rates in various configurations. By way of example, the same drug administered through first lumen 644 will flow more quickly than if administered through second lumen 643 in the tubing set design illustrated in FIG. 6C. In an alternative embodiment, drug delivery can be accelerated by switching flow from a smaller lumen to a larger lumen (e.g., from 643 to 645). In an alternative embodiment, drug delivery can be slowed down by switching flow from a larger lumen to a smaller lumen (e.g., from 645 to 643). In alternative embodiments, one or more drug lumens can be engaged in a parallel manner (e.g., using 643 and 645, or 644 and 643) to provide faster administration of a single drug. In alternative embodiments, one or more drug lumens can each deliver a different drug simultaneously. In alternative embodiments, one or more drug lumens remain unused by the system until desired, such as in the case of emergency drug administration as described herein.

[0105] The elements of the tubing sets described herein can take on a variety of shapes and forms. In one or more embodiments, the cross-sectional tubing profile can be substantially circular, oval, rectangular, or polygonal. The flexible portions of the tubing sets can be made from one or more of silicone, PVC, DEHP-free PVC, EVA, HDPE, LDPE, TPU, PTFE, fluoropolymers, or other suitable flexible materials. In one or more embodiments, the tubing sets are extruded, but can also be formed by other means that provide sufficient dimensional and tolerance control for the inner drug lumen, as described herein. In one or more embodiments, the tubing material is chosen to be a material selected for low leachable and extractable compounds that can contaminate the drug and exhibit high biocompatibility with biological agents.

[0106] Optionally, the flexible portion of the tubing set can include one or more segments of flexible material to provide different degrees of flexibility at different sections along its length. For example, a more rigid material can be provided near the connection to the fluid pump for strain relief and kink resistance, while a more flexible material can be selected near the patient interface for comfort against the patient's skin. The exterior of the tubing set can be provided with a PFTE fluoropolymer or other permanently lubricious coating to prevent the tubing set from dragging or catching on the patient's skin or clothing.

[0107] In one or more embodiments, and with reference to Figures 7A-7B, one or more tubing sets are provided with an in-line filter 601 to remove undesirable or immunogenic particulate matter 602 from the incoming medication 603 at the filter's outlet side 604 prior to patient administration. The in-line filter material is ideally selected to have low-sorbing, low protein binding, and compatibility with the medication therein. Optionally, the in-line filter can include a multi-layer filter membrane, with each membrane layer characterized by a different filter pore size.

[0108] In one or more embodiments, one or more tubing sets are provided with an engineered flow restriction 607 to provide inflow agent 605 at a first rate and to provide outflow agent 608 at a second rate that is substantially less than the first rate. When used with biological or shear-sensitive agents, the blunt inlet 606 and engineered flow restriction 607 are designed, in one or more embodiments, to prevent protein damage or shearing.

[0109] Fluid pump A variety of fluid pumps can be used in the disclosures herein based on the reservoir configuration, drug viscosity, and number of drugs. In some embodiments, a single fluid pump is provided. In some embodiments, multiple fluid pumps are provided. In some embodiments, the fluid pump is configured to start, pause, or stop on demand. In some embodiments, the fluid pump is configured with a transmission mechanism to provide selective engagement and disengagement of selected drug reservoirs. In some embodiments, the mechanical drive is coupled to a gear mechanism to reduce the form factor of the device or system. In some embodiments, the gear mechanism includes mating bevel gears. In some embodiments, the fluid pump is prevented from operating if one or more drugs are insufficiently viscous. In some embodiments, the fluid pump is provided with a sensor to determine the temperature of the fluid at the fluid pump inlet.

[0110] The fluid pump can be powered by, for example, a flat coil spring, a wound helical spring, a strip spring, pressurized gas, or an electric motor. In some embodiments, a rotary power supply can be coupled to one or more reservoirs through a worm screw and worm gear. In some embodiments, the worm screw and worm gear are used to hold a reservoir in a given position while other reservoirs are driven by the system. In another alternative embodiment, the fluid pump can be driven by a power unit with a rate control assembly (such as that disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,244,999). In another alternative, the fluid pump can be driven by a chemical engine (such as that disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,244,999). In another embodiment, the fluid pump can be driven by a power unit with a progressive engagement mechanism (such as that disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,244,999). In another embodiment, the fluid pump can be driven by a rotary drive (e.g., such as those disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,629,299; ...

[0111] In an alternative embodiment, the fluid pump is a single-use disposable design. In an alternative embodiment, the fluid pump is a reusable design for multiple drug administrations. In an alternative embodiment, the fluid pump is a reusable design designed to administer a single cycle of a drug regimen.

[0112] In one or more embodiments, the one or more fluid connections are designed to minimize internal volume not administered to the patient, thereby reducing drug waste and the need for drug overfilling. Accordingly, in one or more embodiments, the fluid connections between the one or more reservoirs and the fluid pump can include a manifold. In alternative embodiments, each fluid connection between the one or more reservoirs and the fluid pump can be proportionally different from one another, allowing independent flow control of one or more drugs beyond that provided by one or more tubing sets provided with the drug delivery system.

[0113] Fluid pump + tubing set integrated In certain embodiments, the fluid pump is sufficiently powered to deliver a full range of volumes, viscosities, and rates, regardless of the inner diameter of the tubing set, thereby allowing the same fluid pump design to be used for a variety of drugs. This has the advantage of mass-producing the fluid pump and gaining efficiencies of scale. This approach allows for the design of a drug delivery device or system without a priori knowledge of the drug formulation characteristics. This is particularly important in clinical trials, where drug formulation characteristics are still under development and dosing regimens have not yet been finalized.

[0114] It is apparent that the tubing sets of the present disclosure can be used to control dosing parameters for therapeutic agents and address the flow characteristics of particular drug formulations without the need for complex or precise mechanical or electromechanical pumps. This is particularly important for biological drug products or sustained release formulations that exhibit non-Newtonian shear thinning and shear thickening behavior, where modeling techniques are of limited utility.

[0115] 3B depicts an embodiment of a process for designing a tubing set for use in a clinical trial according to the disclosures herein. Formulation attributes 360, pharmacokinetic modeling parameters 361, and desired clinical trial conditions 362 are input into initial numerical modeling 363 using either the Hagen-Pouiselle equation 380 (FIG. 3C) or other modeling methods (e.g., computational fluid dynamics, etc.). Modeling 363 provides initial design and component selection 364, which includes, at a minimum, a first estimated nominal tubing length 391, a tubing nominal inner diameter 392, and corresponding tolerances 393 for nominal inner diameter 392 (FIG. 3C).

[0116] The tubing can be manufactured based on the initial design and component selection 364. However, for non-Newtonian fluids, the initial numerical modeling 363 may differ substantially from what was predicted, requiring adjustments to the tubing internal diameter 392 and corresponding tolerances 393 on the internal diameter 392. This adjustment may require time-consuming or costly changes to the extrusion die or other equipment, and may require multiple testing and adjustment cycles.

[0117] Nevertheless, the flow rates provided by the initially selected components 364 are physically tested 365 with the drug formulation of interest and compared to the desired clinical trial conditions 324, 330, 334, and 342. Physical testing 365 can optionally include characterization of any damage to the drug product caused by the tubing set or flow rate, including protein damage or shear effects that could render protein-based drugs inactive or harmfully immunogenic to humans. Physical testing 365 can optionally be performed at a temperature representative of the dosing setting for the final drug in clinical practice, which is particularly relevant for drugs that exhibit a nonlinear viscosity-temperature-concentration relationship (e.g., biologics, etc.).

[0118] Because many drugs exhibit non-Newtonian shear thinning and shear thickening behavior, empirical results may differ from theoretical calculations, in which case components are iteratively redesigned. 367 Individual tubing sets corresponding to specific flow rates for specific drugs are individually analyzed to refine either the tubing length 391 or tubing diameter 392, or to identify precise tolerances 393 on the diameter 392. Once precisely designed, multiple tubing sets are manufactured 368 for use with the overall drug delivery system to execute a given clinical study design 369 as previously identified.

[0119] Drug Reservoir 2A , in one or more embodiments, drug reservoirs 208, 209, and 210 are designed for short-term contact with therapeutic agents 220, 221, and 222, minimizing the technical burden and risks associated with long-term stability or container closure testing. In alternative embodiments, reservoirs 208, 209, and 210 are selectively designed for short-term or long-term drug contact, respectively, based on the properties of the agents 220, 221, and 222 therein.

[0120] Referring to FIG. 2C, in one or more embodiments, drug reservoirs 224 and 226 are long-term stable primary containers pre-filled with drugs 227 and 229, while reservoir 225 with therapeutic drug 228 is designed for short-term stability and is filled immediately prior to administration.

[0121] In one or more embodiments, the one or more reservoirs are glass or plastic syringes or cartridges prefilled by the manufacturer. In one or more embodiments, the interior surface of the one or more reservoirs contains a controlled level of silicone lubricant. Optionally, the silicone lubricant can be crosslinked (such as through radiation). In one or more embodiments, the one or more reservoirs are a single syringe with multiple reservoirs, chambers, or compartments.

[0122] In embodiments of the present disclosure, one or more reservoirs are flexible, inelastic containers. In one or more embodiments, the flexible, inelastic container is completely emptied through the application of a compressive force. Optionally, the flexible, inelastic container can be contained within a rigid protective shell. In one or more embodiments, one or more reservoirs are flexible, elastomeric containers. In one or more embodiments, one or more reservoirs are flexible containers with one or more segments, each containing a single agent.

[0123] In some embodiments, the one or more reservoirs are fabricated from one or more materials selected from the group consisting of borosilicate glass, cyclic olefin polymers, cyclic olefin copolymers, PVC, EVA, fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) resins or films, PTFE, fluoropolymers, or other suitable materials. In other embodiments, the one or more reservoirs are fabricated from low-absorbency materials. In some embodiments, the one or more internal reservoir surfaces in contact with the drug have a hydrophilic coating or are passivated to reduce protein absorption or protein aggregate formation.

[0124] In some embodiments, the reservoirs are filled by a pharmacy prior to dispensing to a patient. In some embodiments, the reservoirs are filled by a patient or caregiver at home. In some embodiments, the reservoirs are pre-filled and assembled into a drug delivery system prior to use by a patient. In one or more embodiments, one or more reservoirs are filled while contained within a drug delivery device or system. In one or more embodiments, one or more reservoirs are filled outside of a drug delivery device or system and then installed into the drug delivery system as a secondary operation. In one or more embodiments, one or more reservoirs are filled by a patient, a lay caregiver, or a healthcare provider. In an alternative embodiment, one or more drug vials are provided with a vial transfer device or system for filling the reservoirs. In an alternative embodiment, the reservoirs are pre-attached to the transfer device or system to accomplish filling with minimal use steps and corresponding risk of sterility breach. In an alternative embodiment, the reservoirs are filled from a vial using pressure applied by compressed gas. In an alternative embodiment, the reservoir is filled from a vial using pressure applied by an electromechanical pump assembly.

[0125] In one or more embodiments, the drug delivery system is equipped with one or more features to prevent unauthorized access to (or diversion of) the one or more reservoirs containing the controlled substance after filling. The features may include a tamper-evident seal on the exterior of the drug delivery device or system, or may include an internal sensor for detecting unauthorized access to the drug delivery system and components therein, including the drug reservoir(s).

[0126] In some embodiments, one or more reservoirs are provided with a sensor for determining the temperature of the fluid therein. In some embodiments, the sensor is located external to the reservoir. In some embodiments, the sensor is a temperature probe that makes direct contact with the agent through the reservoir wall.

[0127] Infusion Reaction Detection As used herein as a convenient term, infusion reactions include standard infusion reactions (SIRs), cytokine release reactions, or IgE-mediated allergic reactions. As new categories of biologics with novel modes of action are developed and commercialized, additional types of patient infusion reactions may become apparent beyond those listed herein. Therefore, the foregoing infusion reactions cited herein are provided by way of example and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the disclosure herein.

[0128] Certain medications are associated with an overall higher incidence of infusion reactions. For these medications, specific pre- and post-medications are administered to reduce the incidence of infusion reactions or adverse patient outcomes if they occur. Pre- and post-medication administration is provided by the present disclosure as illustrated in FIG. 2C and as described elsewhere herein.

[0129] However, even when prophylactic medications are administered, infusion reactions can occur. Infusion reactions are clinically distinct from infusion site reactions, which cause local discomfort and are neither urgent nor life-threatening to the patient. The onset of an infusion reaction is sudden, systemic, and life-threatening, and treatment requires the unexpected and immediate administration of an adverse emergency medication. Due to the rapid onset, healthcare providers routinely monitor patients in clinical settings and intervene immediately.

[0130] Due to the serious nature of infusion reactions, particularly in non-clinical settings, anticipating potential infusion reactions at the time of their onset is highly desirable, which is also provided by alternative embodiments of the drug delivery device or system herein. Figure 4 illustrates an exemplary drug delivery device or system configured to include a sensor for detecting a potential infusion reaction, a controller and algorithm, a feature for interrupting drug flow, and an optional feature for delivering emergency medication in response to an infusion reaction.

[0131] Referring to FIG. 9 , in an alternative embodiment, data from the coupled sensor 815 is processed by an algorithm within the controller 803, which is configured to detect a suspected infusion reaction and deliver appropriate therapeutic treatment automatically or through intervention by a healthcare provider. In some embodiments, the algorithm utilizes historical data from a single patient to determine whether an infusion reaction is occurring. In some embodiments, the algorithm utilizes historical data from one or more users of the drug delivery system to determine whether an infusion reaction is occurring. In some embodiments, the algorithm utilizes historical data from one or more previous clinical trials in which the therapeutic agent has been administered to determine whether an infusion reaction is occurring. In some embodiments, the aggregated historical data is analyzed by a machine learning program to improve the accuracy or timeliness of infusion reaction identification. In some embodiments, the algorithm, in conjunction with machine learning, uses aggregated historical data from many patients to calculate a probabilistic estimate of whether an infusion reaction is occurring at the current moment.

[0132] In one or more embodiments, the drug delivery device or system is configured to immediately stop administration of one or more therapeutic agents if an infusion reaction is detected. In a first alternative embodiment, drug delivery can be stopped by the controller 803 interrupting fluid connection with the tubing set 812. In a second alternative embodiment, the drug delivery system can be stopped by the controller 803 stopping the fluid pump 811. However, both of the preceding alternative embodiments are disadvantageous because additional agents, including counter-reaction emergency agents, may not be administered. In a third alternative embodiment, administration of the therapeutic agent can be stopped by the controller interrupting fluid connection between the reservoir 807 and the fluid pump 811, while leaving the fluid pump 811 and the tubing set 812 operable to provide administration of the counter-reaction emergency agent 808 contained in the reservoir 808'.

[0133] 4, in an alternative embodiment, a drug delivery device or system is provided with a reservoir 402 for containing a therapeutic agent, a reservoir 416 containing a rescue agent, fluid connections 411, 417 between the reservoir and a fluid pump 415, a tubing set 405 fluidly connected between the fluid pump 415 and a patient interface 406, one or more sensors 407, and one or more sources of patient data 408. The sensor data 410 is communicated from the sensor 407 to a controller 403. In one alternative embodiment, the data from the sensor 407 is processed by an algorithm within the controller 403, which is configured to detect a suspected infusion reaction and deliver an appropriate therapeutic treatment, either automatically or through intervention by a healthcare provider, as described herein.

[0134] In one or more embodiments, the controller 403 according to one or more embodiments includes a processor 403a, a memory coupled to the processor 403b, an input / output device 403c coupled to the processor 403a, and support circuitry for providing communication between different components of the system (i.e., components of the system described herein). In one or more embodiments, processes for operating the system are stored in the memory 403b as software routines that, when executed by the processor, cause the system to perform the methods described in this disclosure. In one or more embodiments, the processes for operating the system include an infusion reaction detection algorithm 403d based on one or more sensor data 410 from one or more patient sensors 407 or patient data 408. In one or more embodiments, the patient data 408 includes self-reported symptoms by the patient 407. In one or more embodiments, the patient data 408 is derived from a healthcare provider's interactions with the patient 407. In one or more embodiments, the infusion reaction detection algorithm, in conjunction with the controller 403, is also configured to respond to a detected infusion reaction, such that one or more emergency medications 416 can be administered or medication delivery to the patient 407 can be stopped, as described herein. In one or more embodiments, the processes for operating the system are implemented in hardware. In one or more embodiments, the software routines for operating the system can also be stored and / or executed by a second processor located remotely from the hardware being controlled by the processor.

[0135] In one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the drug delivery device is configured to immediately stop administration of one or more therapeutic agents of interest if an infusion reaction is detected. In a first alternative embodiment, the drug delivery system 401 can be provided with a fluid flow control 414 configured to interrupt fluid communication between the fluid pump 415 and the tubing set 405. In a second alternative embodiment, the drug delivery system 401 can be provided with a fluid flow control 412 configured to interrupt the fluid pump 415 and stop all agent delivery to the patient 404.

[0136] However, both of the preceding alternative embodiments have the disadvantage that no further medication (including a counter-reaction emergency medication) can be administered. Accordingly, in a third alternative and preferred embodiment, the drug delivery system 401 can be provided with a fluid flow control 413 configured to interrupt fluid communication between the fluid pump 415 and the therapeutic medication reservoir 402, thereby preventing flow of the therapeutic medication 402 that would cause an infusion reaction, while leaving the fluid pump 415 and tubing set 405 configured to administer the counter-reaction emergency medication 416 to the patient 404.

[0137] 5 provides a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a decision-making algorithm within the controller 403 and sensor 407 referenced in FIG. 4, where diagnosis and treatment for infusion reactions is supported by the algorithm 403 as a form of decision support for a healthcare provider. This embodiment provides that during drug administration 501, the drug delivery system is configured to detect potential infusion reactions based on one or more of physiological sensor data 502, in-person or remote observation of the patient's condition 503 by a healthcare provider, and patient self-report 527.

[0138] Physiological data 502 for potential infusion reactions can include, by way of example and not limitation, heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), and temperature, which are collected via sensors 407. The sensors sample data 504, the data is preprocessed 505 using the system's controller and algorithms 403, and the output is aggregated and integrated 506, also by the controller and algorithms 403.

[0139] The sensor data can be supplemented by objective and subjective observations 507 of patient conditions 503 from a physical examination, such as, for example, flushing, skin reactions, stiffness, swelling, hives, angioedema, wheezing, stridor, coughing, changes in voice quality, or loss of consciousness. The sensor data can be further supplemented by data collected from patient interviews or self-reports 527 (including, for example, headache, shortness of breath, throat tightness, sweating, nausea, abdominal or back pain, itching, general anxiety, or a self-reported feeling of "impending doom").

[0140] Observations of the patient 507 prompt in-person or remote patient interactions and / or patient interviews 508, which are aggregated and evaluated by the healthcare provider in a feedback loop 509 until the patient assessment is satisfactorily completed, after which the healthcare provider uses their clinical judgment and heuristics to arrive at an overall patient assessment 510. The quantitative sensor data 506 and the qualitative patient assessment 510 are thus integrated 511 into an overall patient assessment, which is used to assess whether the patient is experiencing an ongoing infusion reaction 512 and determine the need for immediate treatment.

[0141] If an infusion reaction is not suspected 513, administration 501 can continue at the ongoing administration rate 514. If an infusion reaction is suspected 515, the drug infusion is automatically paused or stopped 516, the patient's condition is immediately escalated, and relevant clinical staff are provided with the appropriate data 517. Upon evaluating the totality of the data 517 and the patient 518, the healthcare provider determines whether it is safe to restart the infusion 519. If the healthcare provider determines that the patient is not having an infusion reaction (i.e., a "false alarm") and that it is safe to restart 520, the infusion can continue at the same administration rate as previously allowed 514.

[0142] If the healthcare provider determines that the patient has a mild infusion reaction that can be corrected by slowing the infusion rate 521, the infusion can be continued at a reduced rate 522 predetermined by the healthcare provider by administering the medication using a smaller lumen of the multi-lumen tubing as described elsewhere herein.

[0143] If a healthcare provider determines that the patient is experiencing an infusion reaction and that it is unsafe to restart 523 the infusion, they can choose to trigger an optionally provided feature in the drug delivery system to administer one or more emergency medications 524 and, optionally, call emergency medical services 525. In an alternative embodiment, emergency medical services 525 are configured to provide a more timely response due to geolocation data 526 provided by the drug delivery device or system.

[0144] The treatment algorithms including 512, 513, 515, 516, 517, 518, 519, 523, and 524 are provided by way of example and not limitation. More generally, the present disclosure provides one of many alternative assessment and treatment flows 550, which can be tailored based on the particular treatment agent, the expected type and severity of infusion reactions, the specifics of a given medication order or order set, required counter-agent medications, and other clinical considerations.

[0145] Infusion Reaction Response Emergency medication contingency administration is provided, among other things, by the present disclosure, allowing for the safe administration of medications that have a tendency to cause side effects or reactions.

[0146] FIG. 2E illustrates an exemplary drug delivery device or system configured to administer specific emergency medications on an incidental basis to counteract symptoms and / or treat systemic infusion reactions caused by administration of one or more therapeutic agents also contained within the system.

[0147] In a first alternative embodiment, a drug delivery system is configured to administer one or more emergency medications using the same tubing set lumen used to administer one or more therapeutic medications. A drug delivery device or system 285 is provided with a reservoir 286 for a therapeutic medication 287, a reservoir 288 containing an emergency medication 289, fluid connections 290, 291 between the reservoir and a fluid pump 292, and a single lumen tubing set 293 fluidly connected between the fluid pump 292 and a patient interface 295. The medication 287 is administered to the patient. According to the disclosure herein, in the case of a suspected or actual infusion reaction, an emergency medication 221 is administered to the patient 294 through the patient interface 295.

[0148] In a second alternative embodiment, a drug delivery system is configured to administer one or more emergency medications in a preemptive manner using an alternative lumen to that used to administer one or more therapeutic medications. Drug delivery device or system 285 is provided with a reservoir 286 for a therapeutic medication 287, a reservoir 288 containing an emergency medication 289, fluid connections 290, 291 between the reservoir and a fluid pump 292, and a double-lumen tubing set 293′ fluidly connected between the fluid pump 292 and a patient interface 295. The medication 287 is administered to the patient using a first medication lumen 297 in the double-lumen tubing 293′. According to the disclosure herein, in the case of a suspected or actual infusion reaction, the flow of therapeutic agent 287 is stopped in first agent lumen 297 and emergency agent 221 is administered through second agent lumen 298 in double lumen tubing 293' and into patient 294 through patient interface 295.

[0149] In some embodiments, the rescue medication is administered in response to a suspected systemic infusion reaction triggered by administration of one or more therapeutic agents. In some embodiments, the rescue medication is administered in response to a patient experiencing an adverse event. In some embodiments, the rescue medication is an antagonist for one or more therapeutic agents.

[0150] In some embodiments, the emergency medication is epinephrine. In some embodiments, the emergency medication is naloxone. In some embodiments, the emergency medication is a corticosteroid. In some embodiments, the emergency medication comprises one or more medications selected from the group consisting of hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, or methylprednisolone. In some embodiments, the delivery device or system is configured to reconstitute the lyophilized emergency medication prior to administration. In situations where time may be critical, the delivery device or system can be configured to reconstitute the lyophilized emergency medication in a predictive manner, such as when a potential infusion reaction is first detected by a sensor, but before administration is ordered by a healthcare provider.

[0151] In some embodiments, the drug delivery device or system is configured to automatically administer the emergency medication based on predetermined physiological or clinical criteria. In some embodiments, the drug delivery device or system is configured to administer the emergency medication based on instructions from a remote healthcare provider. In some embodiments, the drug delivery device or system is configured to administer the emergency medication based on instructions from a user proximate the device or system.

[0152] Clinical trial configuration One major benefit of the embodiments of the drug delivery device or system disclosed herein is that it allows the commercial presentation of an approved drug to use the same delivery device or system used in a previous clinical study, without the need to design, validate, or test a second device or system for the commercial presentation. The present disclosure increases the flexibility to address a wide variety of pharmacokinetic profiles, even when the behavior is not known in advance.

[0153] Pharmacokinetic (PK) profile as used herein is a convenient term, however, the components of a PK profile are well understood by those skilled in the art and include, by way of example and not limitation, bioavailability, T max , C max ,Area Under Curve (AUC),C trough , absorption rate constant, elimination rate constant, half-life, volume of distribution, clearance, and / or steady-state concentration. max and C trough are the maximum and minimum concentrations, respectively, that the drug reaches in the systemic circulation after administration of a given dose. max is the C after administration of a given dose max is the time required to reach

[0154] 3A depicts a schematic diagram of a typical preclinical and clinical development process for parenteral drug dosing incorporating the present disclosure. In this process, one or more suitable tubing sets 322 for use in Phase 1 trials are determined in parallel with and influenced by formulation development 320 and pharmacokinetic modeling 321. In particular, the one or more suitable tubing sets (which govern the desired flow rates in clinical studies 324) are separated from the dose ranges that can be varied independently.

[0155] Phase 1 clinical trials are then conducted to establish dose ranges in a manner familiar to those skilled in the art. Tubing sets 325 as determined in 322 are supplied to the clinical trial site and used to conduct initial Phase 1 trials 324 according to the desired clinical trial conditions (including assumed dose ranges 323). Analysis of Phase 1 trial 326 data leads to dosing regimen refinements 327 that are used to design subsequent clinical trials.

[0156] If regimen refinement yields only a single dosing regimen 328, then a single suitable tubing set 330 would be designed for use in the Phase 2 study 330 corresponding to the desired clinical trial condition 339 from the pharmacokinetic data and dose assessment 326. If regimen refinement yields multiple possible dosing regimens 332, then an alternative embodiment of the present disclosure provides a suitable kit of one or more tubing sets 333 to be designed for use in the Phase 2 study 334, with the kit components corresponding to one or more clinical trial conditions 336, 337, or 338, respectively.

[0157] Once the desired efficacy signal 340 is achieved by one or more dosing regimens, one or more suitable tubing sets are determined for a Phase 3 clinical trial 341 and then used in the Phase 3 trial 342 based on the previous clinical trial results and corresponding to the desired clinical trial conditions. Finally, upon regulatory approval, one or more suitable tubing sets are selected for the commercial product 344 based on the pivotal clinical trial results and the desired commercial presentation.

[0158] In certain embodiments, during one or more clinical trials, staff select one or more tubing sets from the subset for Phase 1 study 324 and Phase 2 studies 330 and 334, and then select a smaller subset of tubing sets for Phase 3 study 342. In some embodiments, a smaller subset of tubing sets than those used for Phase 3 study 342 are provided to patients at the commercial presentation of the approved drug. In some embodiments, the same tubing sets used for Phase 3 study 342 are provided at the commercial presentation of the approved drug.

[0159] One advantageous aspect of the present disclosure is its flexibility to accommodate use in both clinical trials and commercially available drugs. Special considerations apply to drug delivery devices or systems used in clinical trials. Clinical trial data should be accurate, traceable, and reproducible. Therefore, data integrity is the foundation of successful clinical research and is also an ethical and regulatory requirement designed to enable confident decision-making regarding drug approval.

[0160] Clinical trials are conducted in many different environments, depending on the clinical study phase, the particular drug, and the patient population. For example, referring again to FIG. 3A , many Phase 1 studies 304 and Phase 2 studies 309 and 310 are completed at a clinical trial site or in a clinic. Phase 3 studies 313 can be completed at a clinical trial site, in a clinic, or in a home environment. With respect to Phase 3 studies 313 completed at home, alternative embodiments of the present disclosure are particularly advantageous when configured to improve clinical trial data integrity through the incorporation of sensors, controllers, and permanent data storage that meet GCP or other regulatory requirements in various configurations.

[0161] 8 , in an alternative embodiment, a drug delivery system 775 includes one or more sensors 782 coupled to a controller 779 for measuring patient 783 vital signs at one or more stages before, during, and after administration of one or more therapeutic agents being studied in a clinical trial 776. As agent administration progresses, data from the physiological sensors 783 is recorded into permanent data storage 785 for subsequent retrieval and analysis 787 by a clinical trial team 784. This provides for subsequent analysis of the data by the clinical trial team 784 to identify any potential trends regarding infusion reactions or other adverse physiological effects as a result of the agents being studied in the clinical trial 776.

[0162] In an alternative embodiment, the drug delivery system 775 includes one or more sensors 782 for measuring the status of drug administration at one or more stages before, during, and after administration of one or more therapeutic agents being studied in a clinical trial 776. As drug administration progresses, sensor 782 data is communicated 781 to a controller 779 and transferred 786 to permanent data storage 785 for later retrieval and analysis 787 by a clinical trial team 784. This provides for later analysis of the data by the clinical trial team 784 and verification that each patient received a complete drug dose as expected. In an alternative embodiment, sensors may be provided on one or more drug reservoirs 776' containing the investigational therapeutic agent 776.

[0163] In an alternative embodiment, the drug delivery system 775 includes one or more sensors 782 for monitoring the patient interface throughout the administration of one or more investigational therapeutic agents being studied in a clinical trial 776. The sensor 782 data is communicated 781 to a controller 779 and transferred 786 to permanent data storage 785 for later retrieval and analysis 787 by a clinical trial team 784. This provides for later analysis of the data by the clinical trial team 784 and verification that the agent was, in fact, administered directly to the patient as intended. In some embodiments, the sensor 782 includes a skin sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor 782 includes a flow sensor.

[0164] In an alternative embodiment, the drug delivery system 775 includes a controller and algorithms 779 for monitoring the status of the drug delivery system 775 throughout the administration of one or more investigational therapeutic agents being studied in a clinical trial 776, and further communicates 781 any such detected faults to permanent data storage 785 for later retrieval and analysis 787 by a clinical trial team 784. This provides for later analysis of the data by the clinical trial team 784 and verification that the drug delivery system 775 operated as intended during the administration of the investigational therapeutic agent(s) 776.

[0165] Electronic Health Record Integration Clinical trials occur in highly controlled environments, minimizing confounding variability, which can affect data integrity and mask positive or negative drug efficacy. Once an investigational therapeutic drug is approved, administration can occur at home, in the clinic, or both. In day-to-day patient care, disease treatment can be complex, requiring the coordination of multiple medications, laboratory tests, and physical visits by healthcare providers. Health-related information is often stored in electronic health records (EHRs), where patient information is centrally stored and accessible to authorized users (e.g., the patient's physician, nurse, and pharmacist). By including EHR integration as described herein, the present disclosure provides continuity of care between the clinic and home, which is crucial when medications are administered in both environments, as is the case with drug regimens (e.g., for oncology).

[0166] The EHR can also contain orders, which are instructions for caring for, diagnosing, and treating each patient. Referring to FIG. 10 , in one or more embodiments, a drug delivery system 1020 is provided with a controller 1026, which communicates with the device's components via either a wired or wireless connection. In one or more embodiments, the controller according to one or more embodiments includes a processor 1023, a memory coupled to the processor 1024, an input / output device 1025 coupled to the processor 1023, an EHR interface 1021 coupled to the processor, and support circuitry that provides communication between different components of the system (i.e., components of the system described herein). In one or more embodiments, processes for operating the system are stored in the memory 1024 as software routines that, when executed by the processor, cause the system to perform the methods described in this disclosure. In one or more embodiments, the processes for operating the system are implemented in hardware. In one or more embodiments, the software routines for operating the system may also be stored and / or executed by a second processor located remotely from the hardware being controlled by the processor.

[0167] In some embodiments, the EHR interface 1021 is implemented by a Wi-Fi, wireless local area network (WLAN), Bluetooth, near field communication (NFC), cellular, or Internet Protocol (IP) connection. In some embodiments, redundant input / output interfaces are provided in case one communication interface fails. In some embodiments, the EHR interface 1021 features end-to-end encryption. In some embodiments, the EHR interface 1021 interface is implemented by an application programming interface (API).

[0168] The drug delivery device or system 1020 interfaces with the EHR system 1000 via an EHR interface 1021 and is thereby associated with one or more specific medication orders 1001 related to therapeutic medications 1027. In some embodiments, the association includes corresponding order parameters 1007 and administration times 1008 for the therapeutic medications 1002. In some embodiments, the drug delivery device or system is associated with one or more specific medication orders 1001 contained in the EHR system 1000 via the EHR interface 1021 and is associated with corresponding order parameters contained in the EHR system, including the identification number 1005, prescriber 1009, medication name 1002, and administration parameters 1007 and time 1008. In some embodiments, the drug delivery device or system 1020 is associated via the EHR interface 1021 with one or more specific medication orders 1030 (shown in FIG. 10B ) contained within one or more order sets 1030 contained within the EHR system 1000 .

[0169] An order set can also be provided in the EHR system, which includes an aggregation of multiple orders related to a single condition, process, or clinical situation (e.g., administration of one or more therapies to treat a disease). In some embodiments, the drug delivery system interfaces with the EHR system 1000 via the EHR interface 1021 and is thereby associated with one or more specific medication orders 1001 contained in one or more order sets 1030 in the EHR system 1000, the order sets containing administration instructions for one or more therapeutic medications 1032, medications given before 1031 and after 1033 the one or more therapeutic medications 1032, and / or standing orders related to emergency medication administration 1033. In some embodiments, the drug delivery device or system 1020 is associated with one or more specific medication orders 1001 contained in one or more order sets 1030 in the EHR system 1000, the order sets containing physiological monitoring instructions 1037 for a given patient.

[0170] Prior to administration, orders and order sets are also used in clinical practice to dispense medications to specific patients and to verify that the correct medication is dispensed to each patient. In some embodiments, referring to FIG. 10C , a drug delivery device or system 1020 is associated with one or more specific medication orders 1001 in the EHR system 1000, and the drug delivery device or system 1020 contains means by which the contents of a reservoir 1027′ holding a therapeutic medication 1027 can be verified 1011 against the order 1001 by the healthcare provider 1010 prior to dispensing to the patient.

[0171] In some embodiments, a drug delivery device or system 1020 is associated with one or more specific medication orders 1001 contained in one or more order sets 1030 in the EHR system 1000, and the medication orders are referenced on the drug delivery device or system using a barcode or data matrix 1022 that can be scanned by equipment connected to the EHR system 1000.

[0172] In some embodiments, the order set 1030 includes one or more instructions for administering one or more therapeutic medications 1032, administering one or more associated pre-medications 1031 or post-medications 1032, administering one or more emergency medications 1033, required laboratory values ​​or patient monitoring 1034, or other instructions for care 1035, 1036, 1037.

[0173] In certain cases, administration of a medication may be contingent on certain laboratory values ​​being within certain ranges set forth in one or more medication orders 1001 or order sets 1030. The review of laboratory values ​​can be performed manually by a healthcare provider or can be performed through automated decision support within the EHR system. In some embodiments, a drug delivery device or system 1020 is associated with one or more specific medication orders 1001 contained in one or more order sets 1030 within the EHR system 1000, where the order sets allow administration of one or more therapeutic medications 1030 pending the results of a review of one or more diagnostic or laboratory criteria 1035 contained elsewhere within the EHR system 1000, the review completed by the healthcare provider. In some embodiments, the drug delivery device or system 1020 is associated with one or more specific medication orders 1001 contained in one or more order sets 1030 in the EHR system 1000, which order sets allow for the administration of one or more therapeutic medications 1030 pending the results of a review of one or more diagnostic or laboratory criteria 1035 contained elsewhere in the EHR system 1000, which review is completed automatically by a decision support tool also contained in the EHR system 1000.

[0174] Medication orders and order sets provide administration instructions (including administration rates). So-called "hard" limits cannot be overridden by healthcare providers, while so-called "soft" limits can be overridden by healthcare providers based on professional judgment. Embodiments of the present disclosure allow both types of limits to be implemented. In some embodiments, a drug delivery device or system 1020 is provided with an EHR interface 1021 and is associated with one or more specific medication orders 1001 in the EHR system 1000, and the medication order and EHR interface prohibit administration of one or more therapeutic medications at unsafe or clinically inappropriate parameters, where the prohibition cannot be overridden by one or more healthcare providers 1010 in the interest of patient safety. In some embodiments, the drug delivery device or system 1020 is provided with an EHR interface 1021 and is associated with one or more specific medication orders 1001 in the EHR system 1000, and the medication orders and the EHR interface prohibit the administration of one or more therapeutic medications 1027 in unsafe or clinically inappropriate parameters 1007, and the drug delivery device or system 1020 is provided with a means for one or more healthcare providers 1010 to override such prohibitions based on clinical judgment.

[0175] In some embodiments, the drug delivery device or system 1020 is provided with an EHR interface 1021 and is associated with one or more specific medication orders 1001 in the EHR system 1000, and communication between the EHR interface 1021 and the drug delivery device or system 1020 is bidirectional, allowing clinician review 1038 of the corresponding parameters of the order 1001 in the health record system and the administration progress therefor.

[0176] In another aspect, the drug delivery system controller herein is provided with an input / output interface to enable communication between the administration site and a remote monitoring service. In some embodiments, all sensor data collected by the drug delivery device or system is communicated by the controller to the remote monitoring service. In some embodiments, a subset of sensor data collected by the drug delivery device or system is communicated by the controller to the remote monitoring service. In some embodiments, the remote monitoring service is attended by a healthcare provider. In some embodiments, the remote monitoring service is a computing device or system. In some embodiments, the remote monitoring service is a healthcare provider assisted by a decision support tool implemented in software. In some embodiments, the decision support tool uses predictive or machine learning algorithms. In some embodiments, the decision support tool is an electronic health record (EHR) system.

[0177] In some embodiments, the drug delivery system is programmed based on the order set to monitor specific vital signs contained in one or more orders contained in the order set. In some embodiments, the drug delivery system is programmed to deliver specific therapeutic medications based on one or more individual medication orders contained in the order set. In some embodiments, the drug delivery system is programmed to enable delivery pending the availability of specific laboratory test results contained in the EHR. In some embodiments, the drug delivery system is programmed to enable delivery only upon confirmation from the EHR that specific laboratory values ​​are within predefined ranges. In some embodiments, the drug delivery system is programmed to prohibit delivery if specific laboratory values ​​contained in the EHR are unavailable or outside predefined ranges. In some embodiments, the drug delivery system is programmed to prohibit delivery if specific laboratory values ​​contained in the EHR are unavailable or outside predefined ranges unless the prohibition is overridden by a healthcare provider. In some embodiments, the drug delivery system is programmed to prohibit delivery if specific laboratory values ​​contained in the EHR are unavailable or outside predefined ranges unless the prohibition is automatically removed by a decision support tool contained in the EHR.

[0178] One or more embodiments of the present disclosure utilize at least one controller, which can be coupled to various components of the devices and systems described herein. In some embodiments, there are two or more controllers connected to individual components, and a main control processor is coupled to each of the separate processors to control the systems or devices described herein. The controller can be one of any form of general-purpose computer processor, microcontroller, microprocessor, etc., that can be used in industrial environments to control various delivery and / or treatment regimens.

[0179] The controller may have a processor, memory coupled to the processor, input / output devices coupled to the processor, and support circuits for providing communication between different electronic components. The memory may include one or more of temporary memory (e.g., random access memory) and non-temporary memory (e.g., storage). The processor's memory (or computer-readable medium) may be one or more of readily available memory, such as random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a floppy disk, a hard disk, or any other form of digital storage, local or remote. The memory may hold an instruction set operable by the processor or controller to control parameters and components of the apparatus and methods described herein. The support circuits are coupled to the processor for supporting it in a conventional manner. The circuits may include, for example, cache, power supplies, clock circuits, input / output circuits and subsystems, etc.

[0180] Processes and methods, such as treatment regimens, can generally be stored in memory as software routines that, when executed by a processor, cause the devices and systems described herein to perform the methods described in this disclosure. The software routines can also be stored and / or executed by a second processor (not shown) located remotely from the hardware controlled by the processor. Some or all of the methods of this disclosure can also be implemented in hardware. As such, the processes can be implemented in software and executed using a computer system, for example, as an application-specific integrated circuit or other type of hardware implementation, or as a combination of software and hardware. When executed by a processor, the software routines transform a general-purpose computer into a special-purpose computer (controller) that controls chamber operation to perform the processes.

[0181] In some embodiments, the controller comprises one or more components for executing individual processes or sub-processes for implementing the methods described herein.

[0182] References throughout this specification to "one embodiment," "a particular embodiment," "one or more embodiments," or "an embodiment" mean that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with that embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Thus, the appearances of phrases such as "in one or more embodiments," "a particular embodiment," "in one embodiment," or "an embodiment" in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment of the present disclosure. Moreover, particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. Although the disclosure herein has been described with reference to particular embodiments, those skilled in the art will understand that the described embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present disclosure. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the disclosed method and apparatus without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the present disclosure is intended to include modifications and variations that are within the scope of the appended embodiments and their equivalents.

[0183] In another aspect, embodiments of the present disclosure relate generally to devices, systems, and methods for the administration of therapeutic agents. More specifically, embodiments of the present disclosure relate to devices, systems, and methods configured to control fluid flow within tubing sets in drug delivery systems, particularly for biological agents.

[0184] Liquid drug formulations are commonly administered through tubing sets, and the ability to control the flow rate through the tubing set is highly desirable for drug delivery. Many configurations of tubing sets and flow controls are available on the market.

[0185] Certain existing devices control flow rates at predefined internal diameters, each corresponding to a flow rate for a given drug. For example, two tubing sets (each with a different internal diameter) can be labeled 150 mL / h or 300 mL / h when using a particular fluid (e.g., saline). One disadvantage of this approach is that if an intermediate flow rate is desired (e.g., 200 mL / h), another dedicated tubing set must be manufactured, which adds cost and inefficiency.

[0186] Kits of components with multiple tubing sets can also be fluidly combined in series or in parallel, allowing for the "mix and match" construction of sets that provide desired flow rates. For example, connecting two 100 mL / h tubing sets in parallel allows the user to construct a 200 mL / h set, enabling efficient large-scale production of a single 100 mL / h set. While efficient from a manufacturing perspective, this places a significant burden on the user, who must fully understand fluidics concepts to select and assemble the correct components in the correct combination. This can prove challenging or inconvenient for users without clinical training, as is the case in a home environment. Furthermore, it can create drug safety risks that are not apparent to untrained users. Misassembled or missing components in such a system can provide a flow rate substantially different from that intended, leading to over- or under-delivery of drug and potential adverse events. The same risk can also exist if one or more components of a kit are unavailable due to backorders or product recalls. The Institute for Safe Medication Practices' Error Reporting Program has documented cases of patient hospitalization and death resulting from incorrect selection of rate control tubing in the home setting and corresponding overdose.

[0187] Another alternative is to provide a variable rate controller on the tubing set, which allows the user to increase or decrease the flow rate during administration (e.g., via an adjustment knob). If a medication is provided at a predetermined administration rate of 50 mL / h, such a device would be provided in the “off” (0 mL / h) state when dispensing, requiring the user to set the flow rate to exactly 50 mL / h on the rate controller during administration. Healthcare providers in clinical settings are familiar with such devices and are able to use them safely. In home settings, this presents a potential safety risk to users (who often lack clinical training). Users may increase the flow rate beyond that prescribed to complete the administration more quickly (without understanding the pharmacokinetic effects of such an increase). Users may misinterpret instructions for a given medication or instructions regarding the use of rate control and set the rate incorrectly. In some cases, rate control devices may be provided to simply stop or start the flow, even when no specific flow rate control is required. Untrained users may not understand and may inadvertently make unintended flow rate adjustments.

[0188] Specifically, both these existing tubing set assemblies and rate controllers, which are designed for constant preset flow, provide a calibrated flow rate for a particular fluid. Most commonly, this fluid is a Newtonian fluid (such as water or saline) whose viscosity remains constant with shear strain, defined as a proportionality constant (coefficient of viscosity).

[0189] When used with non-Newtonian drugs, different tubing sets and rate controllers can deliver dramatically different flow rates. Certain drugs (e.g., biologics or long-acting injectable (LAI) formulations) can exhibit non-Newtonian behavior, and the relationship between viscosity and shear strain may not be defined by a single constant. Shear-thickening fluids exhibit a viscosity that increases with increasing shear rate, while shear-thinning fluids exhibit a viscosity that decreases with increasing shear rate.

[0190] Biological products can also exhibit strong temperature-viscosity-concentration relationships, which are important design considerations for drug delivery devices and fluidic components (e.g., tubing sets, etc.). To reduce dosing frequency for patients, pharmaceutical companies desire higher biological concentrations in their formulations, which generally lead to higher viscosities, which become exponentially more viscous with decreasing temperature. Thus, drugs may flow differently in tubing sets with different internal diameters (and therefore different shear rates) or fluidic restrictors; warmer or colder biological drugs may exacerbate these behaviors in ways that are not obvious to untrained users. Additionally, a tubing set labeled for a specific flow rate (e.g., 900 mL / h) with saline (a Newtonian fluid) may deliver a much lower flow rate (e.g., 60 mL / h) with a more viscous, non-Newtonian fluid, necessitating complex conversion tables that patients and dispensing pharmacists must interpret (and potentially misinterpret). Moreover, these subtle differences may not be apparent to the patient or dispensing pharmacist, resulting in the incorrect tubing set being dispensed to the patient. These shortcomings can result in dangerous underdoses or overdoses, with adverse safety and efficacy implications, particularly with respect to the administration of potent biological drugs. These limitations with existing devices result in patients using products that deliver medication differently than labeled. A need exists to avoid this problem. Moreover, the fine-grained control over flow rates provided by existing devices is often not needed. Many medications have fixed dose regimens, where every patient receives a specific dose at a particular flow rate. Other medications generally have "dose bands," where patients receive one of several discrete fixed doses, often based on body weight. Both scenarios are common with biologic drugs, where the dose and rate do not change from administration to administration. In these administration scenarios, the complexity of prior art systems is not only unnecessary but also encourages unwanted or unsafe adjustments (especially by users without clinical training or low health literacy).

[0191] Embodiments provide devices, systems, and methods for administering large amounts of parenteral or enteral drugs (especially drugs that exhibit non-Newtonian concentration-viscosity-temperature relationships, such as biological drugs) at one or more predetermined rates.

[0192] Before describing several example embodiments of the present disclosure, it is to be understood that the present disclosure is not limited to the details of construction or process steps set forth in the following description. The present disclosure is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or carried out in various ways.

[0193] The required dosage and associated flow rate of a therapeutic agent are intended to induce a specific physiological effect in the patient receiving the drug. However, particularly in the case of biologic drugs, concentrations, dosage volumes, and dosage rates are finalized through human clinical trials. Therefore, the dosage parameters required for designing delivery components (including tubing sets) are likely not finalized until later in the drug development process, after human clinical trial data become available. Given the non-Newtonian behavior of biologic drugs, changes to these parameters may require substantial redesign of fluidic components (including tubing sets). Therefore, improved devices, systems, and methods are needed to provide flexibility in clinical trial design and execution and to accommodate late-stage formulation or drug concentration changes without the time and cost associated with a complete redesign of administration components. The present disclosure meets one or more of these needs.

[0194] Existing devices focus on tubing sets designed for use with a variety of different medications and provide inefficient and impractical solutions for implementation in a tailored manner for a specific drug. The onus is placed on the user of existing solutions to adapt to available equipment. Instead, embodiments of the present disclosure provide a ready-to-use dosing supply that provides precise, discrete flow rates for drugs through fixed-dose or dose-band administration. At the same time, the manufacturing process according to one or more embodiments disclosed herein allows for efficient mass production of tubing sets tailored to a specific drug and one or more administration requirements without placing undue burden on untrained users or compromising drug safety, as required by prior art solutions.

[0195] Finally, in many cases, it is desirable to administer multiple medications, particularly as part of a medication regimen. Individual medications are often part of a larger regimen of medications, with standardized regimens corresponding to specific disease states, treatment regimens, or medications. A regimen may also include one or more pre-, post-, or rescue medications. Each of the foregoing may be administered to a patient at a different flow rate than the treatment medication, or may be administered to a patient on an ad hoc basis, as in the case of a rescue medication administered ad hoc upon detection of a systemic infusion reaction. Many existing solutions are limited to devices or kits of components that regulate the flow rate of a single medication but do not allow for independent regulation of the flow rates of multiple medications. Embodiments of the present disclosure meet one or more of these needs.

[0196] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide devices, systems, and methods for administering parenteral or enteral medications to a patient via a tubing set at one or more predetermined rates. The device or system allows for different configurations of the tubing set to achieve medication administration to the patient. More specifically, one or more embodiments of the present disclosure provide devices and approaches for creating a single tubing set, capturing large-scale manufacturing efficiencies, and then constraining the tubing set during manufacturing to one or more discrete preset rates that cannot be modified by the end user. While tubing sets may be used for a variety of medications, the constraining device can be easily and precisely molded for specific medications and flow rates, and when provided with indicators as disclosed herein, provides true flow rates for specific medications, avoiding mix-ups, confusion, and medication errors. Embodiments of the present disclosure are particularly applicable to biologics that exhibit non-Newtonian behavior (e.g., biologics administered by untrained users in a home environment to treat chronic illnesses).

[0197] One or more embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to providing devices, systems, and methods for constraining a tubing set and one or more internal agent lumens located therein, thereby reducing the flow rate to a specific, predetermined rate. One or more restraints, such as those described in the embodiments herein, are applied to the exterior of the tubing set to reduce the flow rate within one or more lumens of the set and establish a maximum flow rate for the constrained lumen. The geometry of the restraint is tailored to a specific therapeutic agent and one or more desired flow rates for that agent. The restraining profile in contact with the tubing set is generally constructed with a rounded cross-section, providing a gradual reduction in flow from the unconstrained inner diameter to the constrained inner diameter, which is particularly advantageous for avoiding damage to therapeutic proteins. The length of the restraint can also be varied in conjunction with the restraining profile to enable a gradual flow reduction. The design of the restraint allows for automated and efficient manufacturing and assembly.

[0198] Further embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to providing devices, systems, and methods for restraining a tubing set and one or more internal agent lumens located therein, thereby reducing the flow rate to one of several specific predetermined rates during assembly of the restraint device. In one or more embodiments, the adjustable restraint device is provided with one or more discrete adjustment levels corresponding to one or more levels of progressively compressive assembly that successively reduce the flow rate through one or more lumens of the set, each individual compression step corresponding to one flow rate of a particular agent at a particular administration condition (e.g., room temperature, etc.). In one or more embodiments, the restraint is designed to be adjustable in the manufacturing facility by automated equipment while preventing subsequent inadvertent or intentional adjustment by the user.

[0199] Additional embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to providing devices, systems, and methods that accommodate the administration of various non-Newtonian biological agents at various flow rates. In the case of agents (e.g., biological agents, etc.) that exhibit a concentration-viscosity-temperature relationship, the flow rate provided by the restraint can optionally be calibrated to provide the intended flow at a particular temperature corresponding to the expected agent administration conditions (e.g., room temperature, etc.). In one or more embodiments, the restraint devices described herein can be calibrated to one or more desired flow rates during manufacture for a particular therapeutic agent (e.g., biological agent, etc.) of interest.

[0200] In one or more embodiments, one or more inner agent lumens restricted as described herein essentially limit the allowable flow rate through the system below a clinically safe or acceptable rate of one or more agents administered through one or more of the lumens in the tubing set. In some embodiments, the restraint establishes a maximum flow rate for a single inner tubing lumen. In some embodiments, the restraint is configured to independently establish different maximum flow rates for two or more inner tubing lumens. In one or more embodiments, the restraint includes an emergency clamp to restrict flow completely or to allow flow at the maximum rate provided by the restricted tubing set lumens.

[0201] As described herein, the restraints are preferentially injection molded, providing tight dimensional control over the restraint geometry, allowing for low-cost manufacturing and efficient assembly. In one or more embodiments, the restraints are symmetrically designed, allowing single parts to be used in pairs during assembly operations. In one or more embodiments, the restraints are provided with assembly forces that intentionally exceed human physical capabilities, allowing adjustment by manufacturing and assembly equipment while preventing unintended or inadvertent adjustment by the end user.

[0202] To improve intuitiveness for untrained users, particularly in home environments, in one or more embodiments, the restraints can be provided with human-readable indicia for drug name, flow rate, and other relevant information to avoid medication errors and improve intuitiveness for untrained users. In one or more embodiments, the restraints can also be provided with machine-readable indicia (e.g., Data Matrix or NFC chips, etc.) to enable automated testing and to ensure that therapeutic medication is only delivered with the correct corresponding tubing set once restrained as described herein. In one or more embodiments, the restraining member is provided with contours or indicia to enable testing by automated equipment to verify proper component selection, assembly, restraint level, or flow rate at a given administration temperature.

[0203] As will be recognized by those skilled in the art, there are numerous ways to implement examples, improvements, and configurations of the devices, systems, and methods disclosed herein. Reference will be made to the exemplary embodiments depicted in the drawings and in the following description, but the embodiments disclosed herein are not meant to be exhaustive of the various alternative designs and embodiments encompassed by the present disclosure.

[0204] Embodiments of the restraint device systems and methods described herein are intended for use with a tubing set featuring one or more internal agent lumens for administering medication to a patient as part of a drug delivery system. During use of the drug delivery system, a first end of the tubing set, restrained as described herein, is in fluid communication with the drug delivery system, and a second end of the tubing is in fluid communication with a patient interface that delivers medication contained within the drug delivery system to the patient. In some embodiments, the patient interface includes a subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous needle set. In some embodiments, the patient interface includes a Huber needle for accessing an implanted intravenous port. In some embodiments, the patient interface includes a Luer taper, a Luer-Lok® connector, a Luer-activated valve, a Luer-activated septum, or other Luer-activated access device. In some embodiments, the patient interface includes a threaded or snap-fit ​​non-Luer connector.

[0205] Each of the embodiments described with respect to Figures 14-17C can be combined with the embodiments described with respect to Figures 1-10C and the corresponding claims. Thus, the embodiments described with respect to Figures 14-17C can be incorporated into or combined with the device, system, and method of the following numbered embodiments 154-179.

[0206] 14A shows an alternative exemplary embodiment of an external restraining device for restraining a tubing set for a drug delivery system at a single flow rate. In one or more embodiments, the fully assembled device includes an interlocking set including a first restraining member 1401 and a second restraining member 1402. The first restraining member 1401 contains a first contoured constraining profile 1403 that compressively engages the exterior of the tubing set 1405 when assembled to the second restraining member 1402. Similarly, the second restraining member 1402 contains a second contoured constraining profile 1404 that compressively engages the exterior of the tubing set 1405 when assembled to the first restraining member 1401. In one embodiment, the locking mechanism includes a set of mating locking fingers 1407, 1410 and apertures 1408, 1409 such that during both compressive assembly movements 1406, 1406' with the tubing set 1405 interposed between the restraining members 1401, 1402, the locking finger 1410 is disposed to align with the aperture 1408 and the locking finger 1407 is disposed to align with the aperture 1409. In one or more embodiments, the compressive assembly movements 1406, 1406' include two substantially equal and opposing forces.

[0207] In one or more embodiments, the first and second restraining members 1401, 1402 can be identical and the two restraining members can be assembled when oriented 180° relative to each other, improving molding, manufacturing, inspection, part handling, and assembly.

[0208] 14A and 14B illustrate a restraint for a single lumen, however, this concept can be extended to tubing sets with multiple lumens, as illustrated in FIG. 18. A pair of restraining members can be provided with multiple contoured segments in accordance with the previous description, each corresponding to the desired degree of restraint (or lack thereof) for a particular tubing lumen. One or more restraining members can be contoured so the restraint can be properly oriented before engaging the outer surface of the tubing set, and optionally provided with keying features to prevent misorientation prior to assembly, similar to the cooperating apertures and locking fingers described in FIG. 14A.

[0209] More specifically, Figures 18A and 18B show examples with various compressions of a multi-lumen tubing. First and second restraining members 1801 and 1802 are shown relative to tubing set 1805 in Figure 18A, with the tubing set unconstrained. In this example, tubing set 1805 includes three lumens 1806, 1807, and 1808, although two, four, or more lumens could alternatively be provided. All three lumens could be drug lumens, although the function of the lumens could be varied, as discussed elsewhere herein. In Figure 18B, tubing set 1805 of Figure 18A is shown compressed by restraining members 1801 and 1802. Due to the internal shape of the restraining members 1801, 1802, lumen 1806 is uncompressed, lumen 1807 is compressed, and lumen 1808 is compressed, with the degree of compression of lumen 1808 being greater than the degree of compression of lumen 1807. By varying the internal shape of the restraining members, some or all of the lumens can be compressed, and the lumens can be compressed to different degrees. The shape of the compressed lumens can also be changed by varying the internal shape of the restraining members. An example of an alternative internal shape for the first restraining member 1801 is shown in FIG. 18E. In this example, the internal corners are curved to help minimize or avoid damage to the tubing.

[0210] FIG. 18C illustrates another possible internal shape for first restraining member 1801. FIG. 18C illustrates another optional feature of first restraining member 1801: protrusion 1810 configured to engage with a corresponding recess 1811 in tubing set 1805. The keying structure created by the combination of protrusion 1810 and recess 1811 can help ensure that restraining members 1801, 1802, and tubing set 1805 are properly aligned. While only one keying structure is shown, more than one keying structure can be provided. For example, various other keying structures can be used, including protrusions on the tubing set and recesses on the restraining members, or including a snap fit. An alternative keying structure is shown in FIG. 18H, where an unfitted restraining member 1831 is shown on one side and a fitted restraining member 1832 is shown on the other side. In the example in FIG. 18H, different positions and shapes of protrusions and recesses are used for the keying structures; both different shapes and positions are optional but can help ensure that assembly is performed correctly.

[0211] Figure 18D shows a top view of the restraining member and tubing set of Figure 18A, thereby providing an example of how the structure might look from the outside. In this example, optional arrows are provided on the outer surface of first restraining member 1801 to indicate the orientation of the restraining member, which can aid in assembly. The smaller arrow in Figure 18D indicates the direction of fluid flow through the tubing set when in use.

[0212] 18E and 18F show another example, including a first restraining member 1821, a second restraining member 1822, and a tubing set 1825, which in this case includes a single lumen. In FIG. 18E, the tubing set is fully open. In FIG. 18F, the tubing set is compressed. The level of compression can be changed by moving the positions of the restraining members relative to one another, but hooks 1827 on first restraining member 1821 and corresponding recesses 1828 on the second restraining member are engaged so that once the restraining members are moved toward one another, they cannot be pulled apart again. This can help ensure, for example, that a user cannot tamper with a restraint setting applied by a pharmacist. This can be achieved in various ways (e.g., by a ratchet and / or snap-fit ​​arrangement, etc.).

[0213] In one or more embodiments, the first and second restraining members 1401, 1402 include different geometries that can be oriented and assembled as described herein. In one or more embodiments, the first and second restraining members 1401, 1402 also include assembly features to improve device orientation and feeding during high-speed assembly (e.g., with feed rails or vibratory bowl / rail feeder systems). In one or more embodiments, the assembly features include a cross-sectional design that provides a predictable center of gravity to improve restraint feeding and orientation during high-speed assembly. In one or more embodiments, the assembly features include one or more slots in one or more exterior surfaces of the restraining members. In one or more embodiments, the assembly features include one or more protrusions on one or more exterior surfaces of the restraining members.

[0214] After compressive assembly 1406, 1406', now referring to FIG. 14B, first restraining member 1401 and second restraining member 1402 create a constrained inner diameter 1433 within interposed tubing set 1405, while the portion of tubing set 1405 outside restraining members 1401, 1402 remains unconstrained 1414. The degree of restraint provided to tubing set 1405 by assembled restraining members 1401 and 1402 depends on one or more of the geometry of restraining profiles 1403 and 1404, the orientation of restraining profiles 1403 and 1404 relative to locking fingers 1407 and 1410 and apertures 1408 and 1409, the length of first restraining member 1412, the length of second restraining member 1413, the outer diameter of tubing set 1405, the diameter of drug lumen 1411, the three-dimensional contact area between restraining profiles 1403 and 1404 and tubing set 1405, and the material of tubing set 1405.

[0215] For certain drugs, it may be desirable to provide a long, smooth transition from the unconstrained inner tubing lumen to the constrained inner tubing lumen to avoid protein damage or aggregation due to shear effects at the drug-tubing lumen interface. Furthermore, the risk of protein damage or aggregation due to shear effects may vary based on the degree of tubing constraint. In some embodiments, the length of the constraining members 1412, 1413 parallel to the tubing set lumen 1411 axis can be extended to provide a smooth, gradual reduction in flow from the unconstrained portion 1414 to the constrained portion 1433, thus avoiding damage or aggregation of the protein-based drug or biological agent. In some embodiments, the contours 1403, 1404 of the constraining members can be independently varied with respect to the respective flow rates allowed by the constrained sections. In some embodiments, the contours 1403, 1404 of the constraining members are designed to smooth the flow reduction while avoiding damage or shearing of the protein drug flowing through the tubing set lumen 1411.

[0216] In an alternative embodiment shown in FIG. 14B , first contoured constraining profile 1403 and second contoured constraining profile 1404, once assembled as described herein, can be designed to provide a substantially asymmetric cross-sectional restraint when reflected across the longitudinal axis of tubing set 1405. In an alternative embodiment, first contoured constraining profile 1403 and second contoured constraining profile 1404, once assembled as described herein, can be designed to provide a substantially symmetric cross-sectional restraint when reflected across the longitudinal axis of tubing set 1405. While FIG. 14B and the accompanying specification show asymmetric constraining profiles by way of example, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that any arrangement of constraining profiles can be accommodated in the unassembled and assembled constraining members, and the foregoing example should not be construed as limiting the present device to asymmetric restraints on the tubing set once assembled.

[0217] 14A and 14B, the locking fingers 1407, 1410 can alternatively be secured within the apertures 1408, 1409 in any suitable manner, including press-fitting, ultrasonic welding, heat staking, adhesive that is applied and then cured by exposure to ultraviolet light, or other suitable adhesive. In another embodiment, a UV adhesive is applied to either or both of the apertures 1408, 1409 or the locking fingers 1407, 1410 prior to assembly and cured after compressive assembly as described herein to prevent further movement or inadvertent adjustment of the restraint device after assembly.

[0218] 14A and 14B as having a substantially circular cross-section, the devices herein can be readily adapted to other tubing designs and tubing set cross-sectional configurations, as well as variations in lumens and conductors located therein. For example, the devices can accommodate oval designs with cross-sectional designs featuring one or more drug lumens or other non-fluid conductors disposed therein. Accordingly, the illustration of tubing set 1405 and the accompanying specification are provided by way of illustration and not limitation.

[0219] 15A and 15B show an alternative exemplary embodiment of an external restraint device for adjustably restraining a tubing set for a drug delivery system to one of several discrete degrees of restraint during manufacture and assembly while preventing further movement or inadvertent adjustment of the restraint device after assembly.

[0220] 15A , in one or more embodiments, the fully assembled device includes an interlocking set including a first constraining member 1501 and a second constraining member 1502. First constraining member 1501 contains a first contoured constraining profile 1503 that compressively engages the exterior of a tubing set 1505 having an unconstrained diameter 1523, which is installed through a tubing set inlet 1521 and subsequently assembled to second constraining member 1502. Similarly, second constraining member 1502 contains a second contoured constraining profile 1504 that compressively engages the exterior of tubing set 1505, which is installed through a tubing set inlet 1522 and subsequently assembled to first constraining member 1501. In one embodiment, the locking mechanism includes a set of mating locking fingers 1507, 1510 and apertures 1508, 1509, whereby locking finger 1510 is disposed to align with aperture 1508 and locking finger 1507 is disposed to align with aperture 1509. Once aligned, locking fingers 1507, 1510 are configured to progressively engage mating apertures 1508, 1509 as the restraint is assembled around interposed tubing set 1505 using one or more increments of applied compressive force 1506, 1506′.

[0221] 19 and 20, ratcheting or threaded plungers can be positioned relative to the desired tubing lumen to be restrained, with each plunger being independently adjustable. The plungers can also have a mechanism to prevent removal of a given restraint once adjusted. As previously mentioned, these examples show tubing sets with three lumens, but other numbers of lumens can also be used.

[0222] More specifically, FIG. 19A shows first and second restraining members 1901 and 1902 along with a tubing set 1905, which, similar to the example of FIG. 18A, optionally has three lumens in this particular example. In this example, three plungers 1903 can be seen, extending through the second restraining member 1902. In this manner, different lumens can be independently restrained. Optionally, the level of restraint on one or more of the lumens can be dynamically changed during use. FIG. 19B shows the plunger 1903 with the arms 1904 folded. The arms can then be folded outward, as shown in FIG. 19C (and also shown in FIG. 19A), to prevent removal of the plunger. Optionally, screwing or ratcheting the plunger into the second restraining member 1902 results in the arms opening.

[0223] Figure 20A shows another option, in which the plunger 1903 is simply a screw, again allowing for individual manipulation of the compression level of each lumen. Figure 20B shows another option, in which the plunger 1903 has a weak point 1910 that allows the outer part 1911 of the plunger to break off at a set torque, thereby leaving the inner part 1912 of the plunger in a fixed position. This approach can help avoid accidental manipulation of the plunger position after assembly. Breaking off at a set torque in this way can also allow the plunger to end up in a fixed position (at a point where a specific amount of resistance is offered by the compressed tubing set), thereby potentially simplifying assembly.

[0224] 15B, the restraining member can optionally be provided with stress relief 1520 to allow for lower force assembly of the locking fingers and apertures, especially if a rigid material is selected. The tubing set inlets 1521, 1522 need not completely surround the tubing set 1505; one or more inlets 1521, 1522 can extend centrally toward the tubing set 1505, such as in the form of one or more clearance slots, to facilitate simpler orientation around the tubing set and subsequent assembly.

[0225] The placement and spacing of the apertures and locking fingers allows for one or more discrete levels of restraint of the tubing set using a single set of restraining members, depending on the level of restraint selected during manufacturing operations. Figure 15C shows an exemplary illustration of assembly of the device to provide three levels of successively greater restraint on the tubing set during assembly. Applying a first compressive assembly force 1555, 1555' to the first and second restraining members 1501, 1502 advances the apertures and locking fingers to a first position 1551, providing a corresponding first degree of tubing restraint 1561, which corresponds to a first fixed flow rate. Applying a second compressive assembly force 1556, 1556′ to the first and second restraining members 1501, 1502 advances the aperture and locking fingers to the second position 1552, correspondingly providing a higher second degree of tubing restraint 1562 and a correspondingly lower second fixed flow rate compared to the first fixed flow rate at the first degree of restraint 1561. Applying a first compressive assembly force 1557, 1557′ to the first and second restraining members 1501, 1502 advances the aperture and locking fingers to a third (in this example, final) position 1553, correspondingly providing a still higher third degree of tubing restraint 1563 and a correspondingly lower third fixed flow rate compared to both the first and second fixed flow rates corresponding to the first and second degrees of restraint 1561, 1562. While FIG. 15C and the accompanying specification show three positions as an example, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that any number of positions can be accommodated and the foregoing example should not be construed as limiting the device to three degrees of constraint.

[0226] In one or more embodiments, compressive forces 1555 and 1555′, compressive forces 1556 and 1556′, and compressive forces 1557 and 1557′ are equal. In one or more embodiments, compressive forces 1555 and 1555′, compressive forces 1556 and 1556′, and compressive forces 1557 and 1557′ are unequal. In one or more embodiments, one or more of compressive forces 1555 and 1555′, compressive forces 1556 and 1556′, and compressive forces 1557 and 1557′ intentionally exceed a compressive force that can be applied by a human without the use of mechanical assistance (e.g., tools or fasteners, etc.). In some embodiments, the compressive force is predetermined and fixed by the design of the restraining member and configured to prevent modification, tampering, or further adjustment of the compressive force by a user of the device after manufacture and assembly into the tubing set. In one or more embodiments, the third compressive forces 1557 and 1557' exceed that of the second compressive forces 1556 and 1556', which in turn exceed that of the first compressive forces 1555 and 1555'.

[0227] In one or more embodiments, the adjustable restraining member can be adaptively constrained during manufacturing based on the flow characteristics of the drug or drug placebo, which is particularly advantageous when designing fluid systems for non-Newtonian fluids (e.g., biological fluids, etc.). Referring to FIG. 15C , first restraining member 1501 and second restraining member 1502 are applied to tubing set 1505 through first compressive assembly steps 1555 and 1555′, thus applying a first degree of tubing restraint 1551. During manufacturing, the drug formulation can be passed from drug inlet port 1571 to drug outlet port 1572, the flow rate at both points can be measured, and the difference in flow at outlet port 1572 can be compared to the desired flow rate. If the desired flow rate at outlet port 1572 is within the expected flow rate tolerance, the adjustment of the restraining member is completed. If the desired flow rate at outlet port 1572 is lower than the expected flow rate, a second compressive assembly step 1556 and 1556' occurs during manufacturing, thus applying a second degree of tubing constraint 1552. The drug formulation is again passed from drug inlet port 1573 to drug outlet port 1574, measuring the flow rate at both points and comparing the difference in flow at outlet port 1574 to the desired flow rate. If the desired flow rate at outlet port 1574 is within the tolerance of the expected flow rate, adjustment of the constraint member is completed. If the desired flow rate at outlet port 1574 is lower than the expected flow rate, a third compressive assembly step 1557 and 1557' occurs during manufacturing, thus applying a third degree of tubing constraint 1553. The drug formulation is again passed from drug inlet port 1575 to drug outlet port 1576, measuring the flow rate at both points and comparing the difference in flow at outlet port 1576 to the desired flow rate. If the desired flow rate at outlet 1576 is within the tolerance of the expected flow rate, the restraint member adjustment is completed. If the desired flow rate at outlet 1576 is lower than the expected flow rate, additional compressive assembly and flow test cycles can be completed, as described herein.15C and the accompanying specification illustrate adaptive adjustment during manufacturing with respect to three positions as an example, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that any number of positions can be accommodated and the foregoing example should not be construed as limiting the device to the three degrees of constraint during adaptive manufacturing described herein. In one or more embodiments, first constraint member 1501 and second constraint member 1502 are provided with a plurality of apertures and locking fingers, the plurality including a number greater than the number of compressive cycles anticipated to achieve a desired flow rate as described herein.

[0228] The devices described herein provide a consistent flow rate based on one or more degrees of restraint placed on the tubing set. It may also be advantageous to provide restraint via a slidable clamp to completely stop fluid flow in certain administration settings, such as in the case of an emergency or device malfunction. Figure 3 shows an alternative embodiment of an external restraint feature adjustable to one of several discrete degrees of restraint, as previously described, that is further configured to allow emergency shutoff of the tubing set to prevent any and all flow through the lumens therein.

[0229] 16A, first and second constraining members 1601 and 1602 (each including an internal constraining profile, locking fingers, and apertures) are provided as previously described herein (see FIGS. 15A-15C) and serve to constrain a tubing set 1600 interposed and compressed between the two assembled constraining members 1601 and 1602, also as previously described. Also captured between the first and second constraining members 1601 and 1602 is a clamp plate 1603 including one or more travel tabs 1604 and a clamp profile 1605. The clamp travel tab 1604 is positioned to slidably engage a clamp travel slot 1606 provided in one or more open arms 1601′ of the first constraining member 1601, such that the tubing set passes through both the constraining members 1601, 1602 and the clamp profile 1605 during assembly. Slidably engaging the clamp plate 1603 in the travel slots 1606 between the clamp travel stops 1606' allows the flow in the tubing to be completely stopped or started depending on the position of the tubing set 1600 in the clamp profile 1605.

[0230] 16B shows a restraining assembly 1610 including first restraining members 1601 and 1602 assembled to restrain tubing set 1600, which also captures a slidable clamp plate 1603 with tubing set 1600 passing through clamp profile 1605. In one or more embodiments, clamp plate 1603 is slidably positioned to a first open-flow position 1611, allowing unrestricted passage of tubing set 1600 through clearance portions in clamp profile 1605, with flow through the tubing set being restrained only by the restraining profiles in first and second restraining members 1601 and 1602. In one or more embodiments, when clamp plate 1603 is in the open-flow position 1611, one or more clamp status indicators 1607 are provided to a user corresponding to the status of the clamp (e.g., the words “open,” “ready,” “go,” “run,” or another suitable term).

[0231] 16C illustrates a restraining assembly 1613 including first restraining members 1601 and 1602 assembled to restrain tubing set 1600, which also captures slidable clamp plate 1603 with tubing set 1600 passing through clamp profile 1605. In one or more embodiments, clamp plate 1603 is slidably positioned to a second closed flow position 1612 to completely collapse one or more agent lumens disposed within tubing set 1600 within the narrow portion of clamp profile 1605, thus preventing agent flow. In one or more embodiments, when clamp plate 1603 is in the closed flow position 1612, one or more clamp status indicators 1608 are provided to a user corresponding to the status of the clamp (e.g., the words “closed,” “stop,” “pause,” or another suitable term).

[0232] In one or more embodiments, the clamp profile 1605 is designed such that, in the open position, the tubing set 1600 can pass freely through the clamp profile 1605 without interference or further reduction in fluid flow other than that provided by the constraining profiles of the assembled constraining members 1601 and 1602. In one or more embodiments, the clamp profile 1605 includes a rapid narrowing design whereby movement of the clamp profile 1605 from the open position 1611 to the second, closed position 1612 quickly stops flow through the tubing set 1600. In one or more embodiments, the clamp profile 1605 is matched to the cross-section of the unconstrained tubing set 1600. In one or more embodiments, the clamp is supplied to the user after manufacture in the open flow position 1611, allowing for immediate drug administration at the constrained rate provided by the assembly 1610. In one or more embodiments, the clamp is supplied to the user after manufacture in a closed flow position 1612 and prevents drug delivery until the clamp plate 1603 is slidably moved to the open flow position 1611, after which time drug delivery is allowed at the constrained rate provided by the assembly 1610.

[0233] Many variations in the construction, assembly, and design of one or more embodiments of the devices described herein are possible depending on the clinical application, the nature of the agent being delivered, the tubing set design, the desired flow rate of one or more agents, and the pharmacokinetics of the agent once inside the body.

[0234] The restraining members and clamping plates described herein can be made, by way of example, from a plastic material (e.g., polyamide, polycarbonate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polypropylene, high-density polyethylene, polyester, polyoxymethylene, other polymers, combinations of polymers, or other materials with suitable rigidity and strength to withstand the assembly operations described herein). Alternatively, the restraining members described herein can be made from a composite material (e.g., fiberglass-reinforced polymer, aramid fiber-reinforced polymer, carbon fiber-reinforced polymer, or another suitable composite of fiber-reinforced polymer or metal-reinforced polymer). In one or more embodiments, the restraining members are molded from a single material. In one or more embodiments, the restraining members are molded from multiple materials, such as in a two-shot process or an overmolding process. In one or more embodiments, the clamping plate and the restraining member are the same material. In one or more embodiments, the clamping plate and the restraining member are different materials. In one or more embodiments, either or both of the clamping plate and the restraining member contain a slip additive to reduce sliding friction.

[0235] In one or more embodiments, the materials for the one or more restraining members are chosen for compatibility with gamma, e-beam, or other radiation sterilization methods. In one or more embodiments, the design and materials of the one or more restraining members are chosen for compatibility with gamma, e-beam, or other radiation sterilization methods. In one or more embodiments, the design of the one or more restraining members is chosen to ensure that the assembled restraining members retain their strength against inadvertent disassembly or further adjustment after sterilization by gamma, e-beam, or other radiation sterilization methods.

[0236] In certain embodiments, the design of the locking mechanism is such that the magnitude of the force used to assemble the restraining members together via the locking fingers and apertures intentionally exceeds the compressive force that can be manually applied by a human without the use of a restraining device, thereby requiring mechanical assembly equipment and preventing intentional or inadvertent post-manufacturing adjustment of the applied restraining device by a user after manufacture. In certain embodiments, the design of the locking mechanism is such that the magnitude of the force to separate the assembled restraining members intentionally exceeds the tensile force that can be manually applied by a human without the use of mechanical assistance (e.g., tools or fasteners), thereby preventing intentional or inadvertent removal of the applied restraining device by a user after manufacture. In one or more embodiments, the design of the restraining members is configured to prevent access to either or both of the locking fingers and apertures, preventing user tampering, removal, or further adjustment of the device after manufacture and assembly into the tubing set.

[0237] Other suitable locking mechanisms can be substituted to secure the restraining member (including press-fitting, ultrasonic welding, heat staking, adhesives that are applied and then cured by exposure to ultraviolet light, or other suitable adhesives). In one or more embodiments, the assembly method is selected to reduce leachable or extractable components that may be introduced from the assembled restraining member through the walls of the intervening tubing sets and through one or more agents flowing in one or more tubing set agent lumens located therein. In another embodiment, a selectively curable adhesive is applied to one or both of the apertures and locking fingers on either or both of the restraining members prior to assembly, the members are assembled, and the adhesive is cured, thus preventing further movement or inadvertent adjustment of the restraint. In one or more embodiments, the selectively curable adhesive comprises an ultraviolet-curable adhesive.

[0238] In one or more embodiments, it may be desirable to isolate the materials comprising the restraining member or one or more adhesives used to assemble the restraint from the tubing set and one or more agents flowing therein. Thus, in one or more embodiments, some or all of the contoured restraining profiles can be provided with a barrier coating interposed between the restraining profile and the tubing set surface. In one or more embodiments, the barrier coating comprises PTFE or other fluoropolymer material.

[0239] In one or more embodiments, the restraint profile has a substantially curvilinear cross-section. In one or more alternative embodiments, the restraint profile has a substantially linear cross-section. In one or more alternative embodiments, the one or more contoured restraint profiles have a substantially constant cross-sectional design. In one or more alternative embodiments, the one or more contoured restraint profiles have a substantially variable cross-sectional design.

[0240] In one or more embodiments, the one or more contoured constraining profiles are configured to evenly constrain one or more lumens located within the tubing set. In one or more embodiments, the one or more contoured constraining profiles are configured to unevenly constrain one or more lumens located within the tubing set. In one or more embodiments, the one or more contoured constraining profiles are configured to constrain certain lumens located within the tubing set while leaving certain other lumens contained within the tubing set unconstrained. In one or more embodiments, the one or more contoured constraining profiles are configured to selectively engage one or more agent lumens located within the tubing set. In one or more embodiments, the one or more constraining profiles are configured to selectively engage one or more agent lumens located within the tubing set. In one or more embodiments, the one or more constraining profiles are configured to provide one or more different levels of constraining when disposed around a tubing set containing one or more agent lumens. In one or more embodiments, the one or more contoured restraining profiles are configured to restrain one or more fluid lumens in a desired manner while also avoiding restraint, crimping, or damage to electrical or optical conductors disposed within the tubing set in a manner substantially parallel to the one or more agent lumens.

[0241] In one or more embodiments, the restraint is applied to the exterior of an already sterilized tubing set. In one or more embodiments, the restraint is applied to the tubing set prior to sterilization of the assembled device. In one or more embodiments, the material selection of the restraining members and the design of the locking fingers and aperture anticipate embrittlement or loss of strength after sterilization. In one or more embodiments, the material selection of the restraining members and the design of the locking fingers and aperture are designed to retain full design strength after radiation sterilization (e.g., by gamma or electron beam methods).

[0242] The elements of the tubing sets described herein can take on a variety of shapes and forms. In one or more embodiments, the outer surface of the tubing set can take on a substantially circular or oval shape. The flexible portion of the tubing set can be made from silicone, PVC, DEHP-free PVC, EVA, HDPE, LDPE, TPU, PTFE, polyurethane, fluoropolymer, or other suitable flexible material. In one or more embodiments, the flexible portion of the tubing set is fabricated from multiple connected segments of one or more flexible materials to provide a tubing set with varying flexibility along its length. In one or more embodiments, the flexible portion of the tubing to which the restraint is applied can be fabricated from a material that is more or less flexible than the remainder of the tubing set.

[0243] Certain drugs (e.g., biological drugs, etc.) exhibit temperature-viscosity-concentration relationships and non-Newtonian behavior (e.g., shear thinning or shear thickening, etc.). In one or more embodiments, the constraining member profile and length can be adjusted for each desired particular flow rate to reduce the force required for drug delivery, to provide a sufficiently high flow rate, to address shear thinning behavior, to address shear thickening behavior, to address flow at a recommended administration temperature, to address changes in the concentration of the drug formulation in one or more administration doses, or to increase patient comfort.

[0244] In one or more embodiments, a kit of components is provided that includes a plurality of tubing sets, each with an assembled restraint device applied as described herein, wherein the restraining member length and restraint profile of each applied restraint corresponds to one or more discrete desired flow rates for a particular drug at an expected administration temperature. In one or more embodiments, each restrained tubing set contained in the kit provides a different flow rate of the particular drug. In one or more embodiments, each restrained tubing set contained in the kit provides the same flow rate of the particular drug at one or more different administration temperatures. In one or more embodiments, each restrained tubing set contained in the kit provides the same flow rate of the particular drug at one or more different concentrations. In one or more embodiments, each restrained tubing set contained in the kit provides the same flow rate of the particular drug at one or more different concentrations at the same administration temperature. In one or more embodiments, each restrained tubing set contained in the kit provides one or more different flow rates of the particular drug at one or more different concentrations. In one or more embodiments, each constrained tubing set contained in the kit provides one or more different flow rates of a particular drug at one or more different concentrations at the same administration temperature. In some embodiments, the particular administration temperature is room temperature as governed by ISO-1 standards. In some embodiments, the particular administration temperature is approximately 20°C.

[0245] In one or more embodiments, a kit of components is provided that includes a plurality of tubing sets, each with an assembled restraint device applied as described herein, wherein the restraining member length and restraint profile of each applied restraint corresponds to one or more discrete desired flow rates for a non-Newtonian (e.g., biological) agent at an expected administration temperature. In one or more embodiments, each restrained tubing set contained in the kit provides a different flow rate of the non-Newtonian (e.g., biological) agent. In one or more embodiments, each restrained tubing set contained in the kit provides the same flow rate of the non-Newtonian (e.g., biological) agent at one or more different administration temperatures. In one or more embodiments, each restrained tubing set contained in the kit provides the same flow rate of the non-Newtonian (e.g., biological) agent at one or more different concentrations. In one or more embodiments, each restrained tubing set contained in the kit provides the same flow rate of the non-Newtonian (e.g., biological) agent at the same administration temperature at one or more different concentrations. In one or more embodiments, each constrained tubing set contained in the kit provides one or more different flow rates of a non-Newtonian (e.g., biological) agent at one or more different concentrations. In one or more embodiments, each constrained tubing set contained in the kit provides one or more different flow rates of a non-Newtonian (e.g., biological) agent at one or more different concentrations at the same dosing temperature. In some embodiments, the specified dosing temperature is room temperature as governed by ISO-1 standards. In some embodiments, the specified dosing temperature is approximately 20°C.

[0246] In one or more embodiments, a kit of components is provided that includes a plurality of tubing sets, each with an assembled restraint device applied as described herein, wherein the restraint member length and restraint profile of each applied restraint corresponds to one or more discrete desired flow rates for a drug being studied in a human clinical trial, each of the discrete desired flow rates corresponding to one or more clinical trial test conditions for the drug being studied in the trial. In one or more embodiments, one or more of the kit, kit component, tubing set, or tubing set restraint contains an indicia associated with a clinical trial, a clinical trial identifier, a clinical trial drug, a clinical trial test condition, a clinical trial randomization schedule identifier, or a patient identifier.

[0247] In one or more embodiments, each constrained tubing set contained in the kit provides a different flow rate of the specific clinical trial agent under investigation. In one or more embodiments, each constrained tubing set contained in the kit provides the same flow rate of the specific clinical trial agent under investigation at one or more different dosing temperatures. In one or more embodiments, each constrained tubing set contained in the kit provides the same flow rate of the specific clinical trial agent under investigation at one or more different concentrations. In one or more embodiments, each constrained tubing set contained in the kit provides the same flow rate of the specific clinical trial agent under investigation at one or more different concentrations at the same dosing temperature. In one or more embodiments, each constrained tubing set contained in the kit provides one or more different flow rates of the specific clinical trial agent under investigation at one or more different concentrations. In one or more embodiments, each constrained tubing set contained in the kit provides one or more different flow rates of the specific clinical trial agent under investigation at one or more different concentrations at the same dosing temperature. In some embodiments, the specific dosing temperature is room temperature as governed by ISO-1 standards. In some embodiments, the specific dosing temperature is approximately 20°C.

[0248] In one or more embodiments, each clinical trial subject is assigned a kit of components including multiple tubing sets, each including an assembled restraint device applied as described herein, the restraining member length and restraint profile of each applied restraint corresponding to one or more discrete desired flow rates for a drug being studied in a human clinical trial, each of the discrete desired flow rates corresponding to one or more clinical trial test conditions for the drug being studied in the trial, and the clinical trial subject, in one or more instances, is administered the drug through one of the sets in the kit. In one or more embodiments, each clinical trial participant is assigned a kit of components including multiple tubing sets, each including an assembled restraint device applied as described herein, and the clinical trial subject receives a different kit of components at each dosing interval during the clinical trial. In one or more embodiments, each clinical trial subject is assigned a kit of components including multiple tubing sets, each including an assembled restraint device applied as described herein, and the clinical trial subject is administered the drug through only one of the tubing sets in the kit. In one or more embodiments, each clinical trial subject is assigned a kit of components including multiple tubing sets, each with an assembled restraint device applied as described herein, and the clinical trial subject is administered the agent via one or more of the tubing sets in the kit. In one or more embodiments, each clinical trial subject is assigned a kit of components including multiple tubing sets, each with an assembled restraint device applied as described herein, and the clinical trial subject is administered the agent using one or more of the tubing sets in the kit based on their physiological response to the agent being studied in the human clinical trial.In one or more embodiments, one or more of the kit, kit component, tubing set, or tubing set restraint contains an index associated with a clinical trial, a clinical trial identifier, a clinical trial medication, a clinical trial test condition, a clinical trial randomization schedule identifier, or a patient identifier.

[0249] In one or more embodiments, a kit of components used in a clinical trial is provided in the commercial presentation of a drug to be studied in a human clinical trial once approved for general use by a regulatory approval body. In one or more embodiments, a subset of the kit of components used in a clinical trial is provided in the commercial presentation of a drug to be studied in a human clinical trial once approved for general use by a regulatory approval body. In one or more embodiments, a plurality of different kits (each containing a subset of the kit of components used in a clinical trial) are provided in the commercial presentation of a drug to be studied in a human clinical trial once approved for general use by a regulatory approval body. In one or more embodiments, one or more of the kits, kit components, tubing sets, or tubing set restraints provided in the commercial presentation of the approved drug contain a different indicator than those used in one or more clinical trials of the drug.

[0250] In addition to the aspects described herein related to restraining one or more medications flowing through a tubing set, the restraining member can also serve to identify the tubing set, providing a more intuitive experience for the user and avoiding potential medication errors caused by incorrect set selection. In an alternative embodiment illustrated in FIG. 14A, the assembled first and second restraining members include a series of different shapes or profiles (e.g., substantially rectilinear shape 1401, substantially elliptical shape 1402, substantially circular shape 1403, or substantially polygonal shape 1404) corresponding to different medications or different doses of the same medication, respectively. While FIG. 14A and the accompanying specification illustrate various geometric profiles by way of example, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many geometric profiles are possible and the foregoing examples should not be construed as limiting the device to any one of the geometric shapes or profiles described or illustrated herein.

[0251] The restraining member can be provided in a variety of shapes and colors. In some embodiments, the restraining member is molded in one or more colors associated with a pharmaceutical brand. In some embodiments, the restraining member is molded in one or more colors associated with a particular drug dose. In some embodiments, a first restraining member is molded in a different color than a second restraining member.

[0252] As shown in FIG. 17B , one or more assembled restraining members 405 can be provided with indicia associated with the drug and the flow rate. In another embodiment, one or more assembled restraining members 1705 can be provided with indicia 1706 associated with the drug and the flow rate. In another embodiment, one or more assembled restraining members 1705 can be provided with indicia 1706, 1707, 1708, 1709 associated with the drug and a sequence identifier that identifies the flow rate in simple terms for users (e.g., patients) lacking medical training. Indicia 1706, 1707, 1708, and 1709 can be applied to the restraining members by molding, co-molding (optionally with a contrasting color) of a polymeric material, in-mold decoration, laser marking, pad printing, or other means. In some embodiments, the indicia include a specific temperature used to calibrate the flow rate listed in the indicia. In some embodiments, the indicia include one or more warnings, cautions, or instructions for the user of the tubing set. In one or more embodiments, one or more of the kit, kit components, tubing set, or tubing set restraints contain indicia related to a clinical trial, a clinical trial identifier, a clinical trial medication, a clinical trial test condition, a clinical trial randomization schedule identifier, or a patient identifier. In one or more embodiments, one or more of the kit, kit components, tubing set, or tubing set restraints contain indicia that disguise or "blind" a clinical participant to one or more of the medication (or placebo medication in a randomized clinical trial), the clinical trial test condition, the clinical trial randomization schedule, or the clinical trial sponsor.

[0253] The restraints described herein can also be used to identify restraining elements during manufacturing or assembly to prevent mix-ups and incorrect component selection. Referring to FIG. 17C , an assembled restraint 1720 can be provided with one or more machine-readable indicia 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, and 1725. In one or more embodiments, one or more of the machine-readable indicia 1721, 1722, 1723, and 1725 include a barcode, a near-field communication (NFC), or a radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag. In one or more embodiments, information on one or more of the machine-readable indicia 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, and 1725 is populated during manufacturing of the device. In one or more embodiments, one or more of the machine-readable indicia 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, and 1725 is configured to be written with information once during manufacturing and then be read-only. In one or more embodiments, one or more of machine-readable indicia 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, and 1725 are configured to be written after manufacture.

[0254] In one or more embodiments, the information on one or more of the machine-readable indicia 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, and 1725 is populated during dispensing of the device. In one or more embodiments, the information on one or more of the machine-readable indicia 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, and 1725 is populated with patient information from an electronic health record. In one or more embodiments, the information on one or more of the machine-readable indicia 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, and 1725 is populated with medication administration or monitoring instructions from an electronic health record. In one or more embodiments, the information on one or more of the machine-readable indicia 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, and 1725 is populated with either or both physiological and laboratory values ​​that constitute safe medication administration parameters for the particular tubing set and assembled restraint 1720.

[0255] In one or more embodiments, one or more of machine-readable indicia 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, and 1725 are located on an exterior surface of the assembled restraint and / or restraining member. In one or more embodiments, one or more of machine-readable indicia 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, and 1725 are located below an exterior surface of the assembled restraint. In one or more embodiments, one or more of machine-readable indicia 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, and 1725 are inserted into the restraining member during injection molding. In one or more embodiments, one or more of machine-readable indicia 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, and 1725 are applied to one or more of the restraining members or assembled restraints after molding.

[0256] In one or more embodiments, a first electronic indicator 1722 is provided on the first restraining member and a second electronic indicator 1723 is provided on the second restraining member, both of which comprise the assembled restraint 1720, and which are configured such that during manufacturing operations, the first electronic indicator 1722 and the second electronic indicator 1723 can be verified by testing equipment to verify that the proper components have been selected, that the device components have been assembled in the correct orientation, and that the device is matched to the expected drug and flow rate. In one or more embodiments, an electronic indicator 1725 is provided on the assembled restraint 1725 as verification during manufacturing and packaging that the device is matched to the expected drug and flow rate.

[0257] In one or more embodiments, machine-readable indicia 1721, 1724 are provided on one or more exterior surfaces of the assembled restraint 1720 as verification during manufacturing and packaging that the device is matched to the expected medication and flow rate. In one or more embodiments, the machine-readable indicia 1721, 1724 include one or more of a QR code, a data matrix, a 2D barcode, or a linear barcode. In one or more embodiments, human-readable indicia 1727 are provided on one or more exterior surfaces of the assembled restraint 1720 as verification that the device is matched to the expected medication and flow rate. In one or more embodiments, the information contained in the machine-readable indicia 1721, 1724 is the same as the information contained in the human-readable indicia 1727. In one or more embodiments, the information contained in the human-readable indicia 1727 is a subset of the information contained in the machine-readable indicia 1721, 1724. In one or more embodiments, the information contained in the machine-readable indicia 1721 , 1724 is different from the information contained in the human-readable indicia 1727 .

[0258] In one or more embodiments, one or more of indicators 1721, 1722, 1723, 1724, 1725, or 1727 may be selected from the group consisting of a tubing set outer diameter, a tubing set material, a tubing set material lot code, a restraining material lot code, an internal batch control number, a number of fluid lumens disposed in the tubing set, a tubing set drug lumen diameter, a tubing set drug lumen arrangement within a tubing set cross section, a number of electrical conductors disposed in the tubing set, a number of optical conductors disposed in the tubing set, a drug name, a drug dose, a drug concentration, a drug lot number, a drug expiration date, a numerical drug flow rate (e.g., in mL / h) corresponding to the restraint, a flow rate sequence identifier (e.g., "Slow Set," "Fast Set," or "Set A") corresponding to the restraint, a drug administration temperature corresponding to the flow rate, the presence or absence of a clamping device in the device, a tubing set device lot code, a tubing set device serial number or unique device identifier, a tubing set device Global Trade Item Number, The GTIN (Global Trade Item Number), or tubing set equipment expiration date.

[0259] The restraints described herein can also be used to identify restraining elements during patient dispensing or clinical use, avoiding mix-ups and incorrect component selection. In one or more embodiments, electronic indicia 1725 are provided on the assembled restraints for scanning or sensing by the drug delivery system, patient, clinician, or other user of the device to ensure the correct tubing set is being used. In one or more embodiments, one or more of the kit, kit components, tubing set, or tubing set restraints contain indicia to disguise or "blind" clinical participants to one or more of the drug (or placebo drug in a randomized clinical trial), clinical trial test condition, clinical trial randomization schedule, or clinical trial sponsor.

[0260] References throughout this specification to "one embodiment," "a particular embodiment," "one or more embodiments," or "an embodiment" mean that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with that embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Thus, the appearances of phrases such as "in one or more embodiments," "a particular embodiment," "in one embodiment," or "an embodiment" in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment of the present disclosure. Moreover, particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

[0261] Although the disclosure herein has been described with reference to particular embodiments, those skilled in the art will understand that the described embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present disclosure. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the disclosed method and apparatus without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the present disclosure is intended to cover modifications and variations that come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.

[0262] In one or more embodiments, the restraint devices, systems, methods, and kits described immediately above with respect to Figures 14-17 are configured to be used with or in combination with the devices, systems, and methods described with respect to Figures 1-10, as well as the numbered embodiments described with respect to Figures 1-10. Thus, in some embodiments, the devices, systems, and methods described and claimed with respect to Figures 1-10 further include the restraint devices, systems, methods, and kits described immediately above with respect to Figures 14-17 in combination with or in addition to the various embodiments (including the numbered embodiments) described with respect to Figures 1-10.

[0263] Optionally, the drive system used in the drug delivery device as described herein is a pressure-based drive. In certain pump configurations, it may be desirable to provide a pneumatic drive for one or more fluid reservoirs. Alternatively, where a pneumatic drive is described herein, another pressure-based drive (e.g., a hydraulic drive, etc.) can be used instead. FIG. 21 shows two configurations of the system covered by the present disclosure, allowing for centralized dispensing (bottom) or decentralized / dispensing (top) of components onto a patient receiving a drug by the drug delivery device. The drug delivery device includes a (typically reusable) device 2101 (power pack portion), e.g., a housing containing a power pack (including a pump, e.g., a pneumatic pump), and a (typically single-use (optionally refurbished)) cartridge unit 2102 (cassette portion). Either the device and cartridge may be centralized (bottom), e.g., by being directly attached to one another, or decentralized / distributed (top), e.g., spaced apart and attached together only by an umbilical, which may include, for example, a tubing set 2103, which includes a tube with at least one lumen and, optionally, one or more conductors (e.g., one or more cables). Notably, in the bottom example, the cartridge unit may be wearable and may be separately supported. For completeness, tubing 2104 between the cartridge unit 2102 and the patient 2105 is also shown, which may be multiple tubes as shown or may be a single tube. A drug delivery member (e.g., a cannula, needle, or jet injector) may be provided at the end of the tubing 2104 distal to the cartridge unit 2102.

[0264] FIG. 22 illustrates device 2201. Device 2201 can be used for the device shown as device 2101 in FIG. 21. The device includes separate valving for each medication (2202 A-C) and, optionally, valving for a rescue medication (2202 E). Device 2201 can also include a power supply 2210, one or more pumps 2211, and a user interface 2212. The power supply can be, for example, a battery, a spring, and / or a gas canister. One pump 2211 can be provided, or one pump can be provided, for example, for valves A through C and a second pump can be provided for valve E. Optionally, one pump is provided for each valve. User interface 2212 can include, for example, one or more buttons and / or a screen. Each valve can be associated with a separate medication, so in the example of Figure 22 there can be three medications (A-C) and an emergency medication (E).

[0265] FIG. 23 shows a similar device to that in FIG. 22 , but instead includes a single valve 2202A / B / C for multiple medications. This can also allow for sequential pneumatic delivery as previously described for anticipated medication administration (A / B / C), and a separate air line for the contingency administration of an optional emergency medication (E). Further details of administration options are outlined in more detail elsewhere in this application and will not be repeated here. Notably, one or more of the lumens in the tubing set described elsewhere in this application can contain a fluid, such as a gas (e.g., air, nitrogen, or argon) or a liquid (e.g., water), rather than a medication, which is pressurized by a pump to express the medication from the container, thereby delivering the medication to the patient. Such a fluid can be flowed through one or more lumens in the multi-lumen tubing set as desired, for example, based on clinical application as described below in representative scenarios.

[0266] It can be beneficial to provide pneumatic elements (i.e., one or more lumens providing the drive elements), drug delivery elements (i.e., one or more lumens providing the drug delivery elements), and / or communication elements (e.g., for electrically and / or optically connecting monitoring systems in different parts of the system) in separate lumens of the same tube, as this can simplify device assembly and / or use by reducing the number of separate tubes required.

[0267] Generally, a tubing set for a drug delivery device can be provided. The tubing set includes one or more lumens. Optionally, the tubing set includes multiple lumens, which can be beneficial for ease of assembly and ease of use. Optionally, one of the lumens is a drug lumen, i.e., a lumen for drug transmission. Optionally, one of the lumens is a pneumatic fluid lumen. In such cases, a fluid (e.g., a gas (e.g., air, nitrogen, or argon) or a liquid (e.g., water, etc.)) is typically pressurized by a drive to force a drug from the drug container, for example, by compressing the drug container through the transfer of pneumatic fluid into a container at least partially surrounding the drug container. Optionally, the tubing set includes a conductor, which can be used to transfer data from one part of the drug delivery device to another, or to transfer commands from one part of the drug delivery device to another. The conductor can be an electrical conductor or an optical conductor. The conductor can be within one of the lumens. Alternatively, the conductor can be embedded in the tubing set or attached to the outer wall of the tubing set. Optionally, the conductor is within an undercut in the tubing set (see, for example, FIG. 26). This can help reduce or avoid the risk of the conductor becoming dislodged from the tubing set when the tubing set flexes during use. It can also help provide structural support to the tubing set, particularly in the case of electrical conductors. The tubing set has a longitudinal axis extending along its length (optionally in the direction of the multiple lumens, e.g., as in FIG. 12G), with the undercut located on the long cross-sectional axis, which is the longest axis of the tubing set perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.For reference, the longitudinal axis would be in the direction of the arrow in FIG. 18D, for example, or into the plane of the paper in FIGS. 12 and 24 through 26. The short cross-sectional axis is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis and perpendicular to the long cross-sectional axis. The long cross-sectional axis is, for example, first axis 1240 in FIG. 12G, and the short cross-sectional axis is, for example, second axis 1241 in FIG. 12G. Optionally, some or all of the lumens are disposed along the long cross-sectional axis, for example, as in FIGS. 12G and 25A. Optionally, one of the multiple lumens is disposed along the short cross-sectional axis, for example, as in FIGS. 12, 24, 25, and 26. Optionally, the tubing sets are oval when viewed in cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, for example, as in Figure 24, although other cross-sectional shapes (e.g., round, square, hexagonal, or other regular or irregular shapes) can alternatively be used. A drug delivery device can include one or more tubing sets as described in this paragraph or elsewhere in this application.

[0268] In one example, the drug delivery device is configured to deliver a therapeutic agent to a patient and includes a tubing set as described herein (e.g., any tubing set according to FIG. 12, 24, 25, or 26) along with a reservoir containing the therapeutic agent. The device can include a drug delivery member (e.g., a cannula, needle, or jet injector). The device can include at least one sensor configured to detect at least one of a physiological aspect of the patient and a physical aspect of the device. The device can include a controller configured to receive data from the sensor and to start and stop delivery of the therapeutic agent to the patient in response to the data received from the sensor. Alternatively or additionally, the device can include a controller configured to control the infusion rate of one or more drugs. The device can include a drive unit configured to deliver the contents of the reservoir (typically, the drug) into the patient. The drive unit can be a pressure-based drive (such as, for example, a pneumatic drive unit) that uses, for example, pressurized fluid (such as, for example, pressurized gas) from a gas canister or that uses a pump to pressurize the fluid. Other drive units (such as, for example, mechanical drives (such as, for example, using springs) or even manually actuated drives can alternatively be used. Optionally, the drug delivery device is for delivery of an oncological drug. Optionally, the drug delivery device is for delivery of two or more drugs. Optionally, the drug delivery device is for delivery of one or more drugs, and for contingent delivery of an emergency drug, where the device is configured to deliver the emergency drug to the patient if one or more predetermined conditions are met.

[0269] A drug delivery device can have two or more tubing sets. In one example, a first tubing set (e.g., tubing set 2103) connects a drive unit (e.g., device 2101) to a cartridge unit (e.g., cartridge 2102), and a second tubing set (e.g., tubing set 2104) connects the cartridge unit (e.g., cartridge 2102) to a drug delivery site. More specifically, a configuration such as the top configuration from FIG. 21 can be used, including a pneumatic drive in device 2101, one or more lumens in one or more tubing sets 2103 (these lumens are used for pneumatic fluid (and thus for pneumatic communication)), one or more drug containers in cartridge 2102, and one or more lumens in one or more tubing sets 2104 (these lumens are used for drug (and thus for fluid communication)). Optionally, electrical or optical communication may also be provided within one or both of the first and second tubing sets, for example, to transmit sensor data and / or to transmit commands. As mentioned above, a drug delivery member (e.g., a cannula, needle, or jet injector) may be provided at the end of the tubing 2104 distal to the cartridge unit 2102 (optionally, one drug delivery member is used for multiple lumens, or one drug delivery member is used per lumen, or a combination of both).

[0270] Further examples of pneumatic, fluid, electrical, and optical communication are described below. These approaches can be used, for example, in the top configuration from FIG. 21.

[0271] Pneumatic Communication Tubing sets described elsewhere herein can be used for the pneumatic and / or fluidic elements of a drug delivery system. FIG. 24A shows tubing set 2400 with cross-section 2401 and multiple lumens 2402, 2403, and 2404. Lumens 2402, 2403, and 2404 can be configured to communicate with components of a system such as those described elsewhere herein and / or those described in U.S. Patent No. 63 / 392,539, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. For example, lumen 2403 can be configured to pneumatically communicate with a controller and drive (e.g., an air pump) and a pressurized portion (cassette) of a fluid reservoir, as shown in FIG. 21, while lumens 2403-2404 can be in fluid communication with a reservoir (e.g., a fluid reservoir containing a drug) as described elsewhere herein.

[0272] Pneumatic and Fluid Communication 24B shows tubing set 2410 with cross section 2413 and multiple lumens 2411, 2412 configured to communicate with components of a drug delivery system as described elsewhere herein and / or with components of a system as described in 63 / 392,539, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. For example, lumen 2411 can be configured to pneumatically communicate with a controller and drive (e.g., an air pump) and a pressurized portion (cassette) of a fluid reservoir (denoted "A / B / C") as shown in FIG. 23 for delivery of a medication in a regimen, while lumen 2411 can be used to pressurize a fluid reservoir (cassette) as shown in FIG. 23 for contingency delivery of a medication (e.g., an emergency medication). In other words, lumen 2411 can be used for medication delivered during the normal course of therapy, while lumen 2412 can be used for the accidental administration of emergency medication.

[0273] Pneumatic, electrical, and / or optical communications 25A shows tubing set 2500 with cross section 2504, lumen 2501, and conductors 2502, 2503. Lumen 2501 and conductors 2502, 2503 can be configured to communicate with components of a drug delivery system as described elsewhere herein and / or with components of a system such as described in 63 / 392,539, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. For example, lumen 2501 can be configured for pneumatic communication with a controller and drive (i.e., air pump) and pressurized portion (cassette) of a fluid reservoir as shown in FIG. 1, while conductors 2502, 2503 can be in electrical and / or optical communication (or a combination thereof) with a controller as described elsewhere herein.

[0274] 25B shows tubing set 2510 with cross section 2513, lumen 2511, and conductors 2512. Lumen 2511 and conductors 2512 can be configured to communicate with components of a system such as those described elsewhere herein and / or those described in 63 / 392,539, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. For example, lumen 2511 can be configured to pneumatically communicate with a controller and drive (i.e., air pump) and a pressurized portion (cassette) of a fluid reservoir, as shown in FIG. 21, while conductors 2512 can be in electrical communication with a controller or sensor such as those described elsewhere herein.

[0275] 26 shows tubing set 2600 with cross section 2607, lumen 2604, undercut 2602, and conductors 2605, 2606, all as described elsewhere herein. Lumen 2604 and conductors 2605, 2606 can be configured to communicate with components of a drug delivery system as described elsewhere herein and / or with components of a system such as that described in 63 / 392,539 (the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference). For example, lumen 2604 can be configured for pneumatic communication with a controller and drive (i.e., air pump) and a pressurized portion (cassette) of a fluid reservoir, as shown in FIG. 21, while conductors 2605, 2606 can be in electrical and / or optical communication (or a combination thereof) with a controller as described elsewhere herein.

[0276] The drug delivery devices and components described herein can be used for the treatment and / or prevention of one or more of many different types of conditions. Exemplary conditions include, but are not limited to, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), hypercholesterolemia, diabetes (e.g., type 2 diabetes), psoriasis, migraine headaches, multiple sclerosis, anemia, lupus erythematosus, atopic dermatitis, asthma, nasal polyps, acute hypoglycemia, obesity, anaphylaxis, cancer, and allergies. Exemplary types of drugs that can be included in the drug delivery devices described herein include, but are not limited to, antibodies, proteins, fusion proteins, peptibodies, polypeptides, pegylated proteins, protein fragments, protein analogs, protein variants, protein precursors, and / or protein derivatives. Exemplary drugs that may be included in the drug delivery devices described herein include, but are not limited to (with non-limiting examples of associated conditions in parentheses): etanercept (rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis)), evolocumab (hypercholesterolemia), exenatide (type 2 diabetes), secukinumab (psoriasis), erenumab (migraine), alirocumab (rheumatoid arthritis), methotrexate (amethopterin) (rheumatoid arthritis), tocilizumab (rheumatoid arthritis), interferon beta-1a (multiple inflammatory diseases), rifabutin (riboflavin), rifabutin (riboflavin), rifabutin (riboflavin), rifabutin (riboflavin), rifabutin (rifabutin ... sclerosis), sumatriptan (migraine), adalimumab (rheumatoid arthritis), darbepoetin alfa (anemia), belimumab (lupus erythematosus), peginterferon beta-1a' (multiple sclerosis), sarilumab (rheumatoid arthritis), semaglutide (type 2 diabetes, obesity), dupilumab (atopic dermatitis, asthma, nasal polyps, allergies), glucagon (acute hypoglycemia), epinephrine (anaphylaxis), insulin (diabetes), atropine, and vedolizumab (inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis)).Pharmaceutical formulations (including, but not limited to, any of the drugs described herein) are also contemplated for use in the drug delivery devices described herein, such as a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a drug (or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the drug) as listed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Pharmaceutical formulations comprising a drug (or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the drug) as listed herein can include one or more other active ingredients or can be the only active ingredient present.

[0277] Generally, in this application, unless otherwise indicated, a "tubing set" or "tubing" can include one or more tubes, each of which includes one or more lumens.

[0278] Some aspects of the present invention are outlined in the following clauses. 1. A device configured to deliver a therapeutic agent to a patient, the device comprising: a reservoir containing one or more therapeutic agents; a patient interface configured to deliver the contents of the reservoir into the body of the patient; a flexible tubing set in fluid communication with the reservoir at a proximal end of the flexible tubing set and in fluid communication with a patient interface at a distal end of the flexible tubing set; a fluid pump configured to pump the therapeutic agent from the reservoir through the flexible tubing set into the patient interface; Including, The device includes a flexible tubing set having an inner lumen with a predetermined length and a consistent inner diameter, the flexible tubing set configured to provide a predetermined, calibrated flow rate based on particular characteristics of the therapeutic agent passing through the inner lumen, the particular characteristics being selected from the group consisting of viscosity, shear thinning behavior, shear thickening behavior, a desired delivery time to the patient, and combinations thereof. 2. The apparatus of embodiment 1, wherein the fluid pump includes a substantially constant pressure device. 3. The apparatus of embodiment 1, wherein the fluid pump comprises a substantially constant flow device. 4. A device described in any one of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein the internal diameter of the internal lumen is configured to reduce stress at the drug tubing set interface and aggregation of the associated protein-based therapeutic drug. 5. A device described in any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the therapeutic agent is a substantially non-Newtonian fluid. 6. A device described in any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the therapeutic agent exhibits a non-linear relationship between viscosity and shear stress. 7. A device described in any one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the therapeutic agent exhibits a nonlinear viscosity change based on the temperature of the agent. 8. The device of any one of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the therapeutic agent is a biological agent, a recombinant therapeutic protein, a gene therapy, a monoclonal antibody, an antibody-drug conjugate, or a fusion protein. 9. A device described in any one of embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the fluid pump is disposable and designed for single use. 10. A device described in any one of embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the fluid pump is reusable and designed for multiple uses. 11. A device described in any one of embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the fluid pump is reusable and designed for use over the course of a single cycle of the drug regimen. 12. A device described in any one of embodiments 1 to 11, wherein the device further includes a controller, the controller being reusable and designed for use over the course of a single cycle of the drug regimen. 13. A device described in any one of embodiments 1 to 11, wherein the device further comprises a controller, the controller being disposable and designed for single use. 14. A device described in any one of embodiments 1 to 11, wherein the device further comprises a controller, the controller being reusable and designed for multiple uses. 15. A device described in any one of embodiments 1 to 14, wherein the reservoir is administered by the fluid pump only after a predetermined time delay has elapsed. 16. A device described in any one of embodiments 1 to 15, wherein the flexible tubing set is configured to provide a flow rate that is lower than the rate at which the therapeutic agent may cause an infusion reaction. 17. The device of any one of embodiments 1 to 16, wherein the device further comprises a plurality of flexible tubing sets, one or more of the flexible tubing sets being labeled with the actual flow rate in mL / hour of the therapeutic agent at room temperature based on an experimentally determined concentration-temperature-viscosity relationship. 18. A device configured to deliver one or more therapeutic agents to a patient, the device comprising: a plurality of reservoirs each containing one or more therapeutic agents; a patient interface configured to deliver the contents of the reservoir into the body of the patient; a flexible tubing set in fluid communication with the reservoir at a proximal end of the flexible tubing set and in fluid communication with a patient interface at a distal end of the flexible tubing set; a fluid pump for pumping the therapeutic agent from the reservoir through the flexible tubing set into the patient interface; Including, The device, wherein the flexible tubing set is provided with a predetermined length and an inner lumen including a consistent inner diameter, the inner diameter configured to provide a predetermined, calibrated flow rate based on particular characteristics of the therapeutic agent passing therethrough, the particular characteristics being selected from the group consisting of viscosity, shear thinning behavior, shear thickening behavior, a desired delivery time to the patient, and combinations thereof. 19. The apparatus of embodiment 18, wherein the fluid pump includes a substantially constant pressure device. 20. The apparatus of embodiment 18, wherein the fluid pump comprises a substantially constant flow device. 21. A device described in any one of embodiments 18 to 20, wherein the internal diameter of the internal lumen is configured to reduce stress at the drug tubing set interface and aggregation of the associated protein-based therapeutic drug. 22. A device described in any one of embodiments 18 to 21, wherein the therapeutic agent is a substantially non-Newtonian fluid. 23. A device described in any one of embodiments 18 to 22, wherein the therapeutic agent exhibits a non-linear relationship between viscosity and shear stress. 24. A device described in any one of embodiments 18 to 23, wherein one of the therapeutic agents exhibits a nonlinear viscosity change based on the temperature of the agent. 25. The device of any one of embodiments 18 to 24, wherein the therapeutic agent is a biological agent, a recombinant therapeutic protein, a gene therapy, a monoclonal antibody, an antibody-drug conjugate, or a fusion protein. 26. A device described in any one of embodiments 18 to 25, wherein the fluid pump is disposable and designed for single use. 27. A device described in any one of embodiments 18 to 25, wherein the fluid pump is reusable and designed for multiple uses. 28. A device described in any one of embodiments 18 to 27, wherein the controller is reusable and designed for use over the course of a single cycle of the drug regimen. 29. A device described in any one of embodiments 18 to 27, wherein the controller is disposable and designed for single use. 30. A device described in any one of embodiments 18 to 27, wherein the controller is reusable and designed for multiple uses. 31. A device described in any one of embodiments 18 to 25 and 28 to 30, wherein the fluid pump is reusable and designed for use over the course of a single cycle of the drug regimen. 32. A device described in any one of embodiments 18 to 31, wherein the reservoir is administered by the fluid pump only after the lapse of a predetermined time delay. 33. A device described in any one of embodiments 18 to 32, wherein the flexible tubing set is configured to provide a flow rate that is less than a flow rate at which the one or more therapeutic agents may cause an infusion reaction. 34. A device described in any one of embodiments 18 to 33, wherein fluid communication between the one or more reservoirs and the proximal end of the flexible tubing set is provided by a manifold. 35. A device described in any one of embodiments 18 to 34, wherein the fluid communication between the one or more reservoirs and the proximal end of the flexible tubing set includes two or more independent drug lumens, and the diameters of at least the first and second drug lumens are substantially unequal. 36. A device described in any one of embodiments 18 to 35, wherein the fluid communication between the one or more reservoirs and the proximal end of the flexible tubing set includes two or more independent drug lumens, and the diameters of at least the first and second drug lumens are substantially equal. 37. A device described in any one of embodiments 18 to 36, wherein administration of the therapeutic agent from each of the multiple reservoirs occurs in a predetermined sequence. 38. A device described in any one of embodiments 18 to 37, wherein the therapeutic agent from each first of the multiple reservoirs is administered by the fluid pump only after a predetermined time delay has elapsed. 39. A device described in any one of embodiments 18 to 38, wherein the therapeutic agent from each one or more of the multiple reservoirs is administered by the fluid pump only after the passage of a predetermined time delay that is substantially equal for each of the multiple reservoirs. 40. A device described in any one of embodiments 18 to 38, wherein the therapeutic agent from each of the multiple reservoirs is administered by the fluid pump only after a predetermined time delay that is substantially different for each of the multiple reservoirs. 41. A device described in any one of embodiments 18 to 40, wherein therapeutic agents from multiple reservoirs are administered to the patient simultaneously by a fluid pump. 42. A device described in any one of embodiments 18 to 40, wherein the therapeutic agents from the multiple reservoirs are administered to the patient sequentially by a fluid pump, and administration of the therapeutic agent from each reservoir begins only after administration of the therapeutic agent from the preceding reservoir is completed. 43. A device described in any one of embodiments 18 to 40, wherein therapeutic agents from multiple reservoirs are administered to the patient sequentially by a fluid pump, with administration of a therapeutic agent from a subsequent reservoir beginning only after administration of a therapeutic agent from a preceding reservoir has begun. 44. A device described in any one of embodiments 18 to 40, wherein the therapeutic agents from the multiple reservoirs are administered to the patient sequentially by a fluid pump, and the onset of administration of the therapeutic agents from each of the multiple reservoirs is separated by one or more time delays. 45. The device of any one of embodiments 18 to 44, wherein the device further comprises a plurality of flexible tubing sets, one or more of the flexible tubing sets being labeled with the actual flow rate in mL / hour of the therapeutic agent at room temperature based on an experimentally determined concentration-temperature-viscosity relationship. 46. ​​An apparatus described in any one of embodiments 18 to 45, wherein the apparatus further includes a plurality of flexible tubing sets, one or more of the flexible tubing sets being labeled with an order identifier corresponding to one or more of the flow rates of the therapeutic agent at room temperature based on an experimentally determined concentration-temperature-viscosity relationship. 47. An apparatus according to any one of embodiments 18 to 46, wherein the fluid pump includes a substantially constant pressure device. 48. An apparatus described in any one of embodiments 18 to 46, wherein the fluid pump includes a substantially constant flow device. 49. A device described in any one of embodiments 18 to 48, wherein the flexible tubing set provides a flow rate that is lower than the rate at which the therapeutic agent may cause an infusion reaction. 50. A device described in any one of embodiments 18 to 49, wherein the device further comprises a plurality of flexible tubing sets, the plurality of tubing sets being selected from between two and ten different configurations of inner lumens of predetermined length and consistent inner diameter. 51. A device configured to deliver a therapeutic agent to a patient, the device comprising: one or more reservoirs, each of the one or more reservoirs containing one or more therapeutic agents; one or more reservoirs containing either a pre-agent to be administered before one or more therapeutic agents or a post-agent to be administered after one or more therapeutic agents; a patient interface configured to deliver the contents of the reservoir into the body of the patient; a flexible tubing set in fluid communication with the reservoir at a proximal end of the flexible tubing set and in fluid communication with a patient interface at a distal end of the flexible tubing set; a fluid pump for expelling the therapeutic agent from each of the one or more reservoirs through the flexible tubing set and into the patient interface; Including, The device, wherein the flexible tubing set is provided with an inner lumen of a predetermined length and consistent inner diameter, and provides a specific calibrated flow rate based on the characteristics of the therapeutic agent passing therethrough, the characteristics being selected from the group consisting of viscosity, shear thinning behavior, shear thickening behavior, desired delivery time to the patient, and combinations thereof. 52. The device of embodiment 51, wherein the one or more pre- or post-drugs are selected from the group consisting of analgesics, antipyretics, corticosteroids, antihistamines, antiemetics, antithrombotic agents, or antibacterial agents. 53. The device of embodiment 51, wherein one or more of the pre- or post-medications comprises a combined antibacterial and antithrombotic agent. 54. The device of embodiment 51, wherein one or more of the pre-drug or post-drug is selected from the group consisting of diphenhydramine, acetaminophen, ondansetron, famotidine, hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, and methylprednisolone. 55. The device of embodiment 51, wherein one or more of the pre- or post-agents is selected from the group consisting of 0.9% normal saline, Heparin Lock Flush solution, 100 U / mL Heparin Lock Flush solution, or 5000 U / mL Heparin Lock Flush solution. 56. The device of embodiment 51, wherein one or more of the pre-drug or post-drug is recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-TPA). 57. The device of embodiment 51, wherein one or more of the post-drugs is epinephrine. 58. The device of embodiment 51, wherein one or more of the pre-agents is an animal-derived, human-derived, or recombinant hyaluronidase enzyme. 59. A device described in any one of embodiments 51 to 58, wherein the fluid communication between the one or more reservoirs and the proximal end of the flexible tubing set includes two or more independent drug lumens, a first drug lumen used to administer a therapeutic drug, and a second drug lumen used to administer either or both a pre-drug and a post-drug. 60. A device described in any one of embodiments 51 to 59, wherein administration of therapeutic agents from each of the one or more reservoirs occurs in a predetermined sequence. 61. A device described in any one of embodiments 51 to 60, wherein the therapeutic agent from the first of each of the one or more reservoirs is administered by the fluid pump only after the passage of a predetermined time delay. 62. A device described in any one of embodiments 51 to 61, wherein the device is configured to administer one or more pre-drugs, followed after a predetermined time delay by administration of one or more therapeutic drugs. 63. A device described in any one of embodiments 51 to 62, wherein the device is configured to administer one or more therapeutic agents, followed by administration of one or more post-agents after a predetermined time delay. 64. A device described in any one of embodiments 51 to 63, wherein the therapeutic agent from each of one or more of the one or more reservoirs is administered by the fluid pump only after a predetermined time delay that is substantially equal for each of the one or more reservoirs. 65. A device described in any one of embodiments 51 to 63, wherein the therapeutic agent from each of the one or more reservoirs is administered by the fluid pump only after the passage of a predetermined time delay that is substantially different for each of the one or more reservoirs. 66. A device described in any one of embodiments 51 to 65, wherein therapeutic agents from one or more reservoirs are simultaneously administered to the patient by a fluid pump. 67. A device described in any one of embodiments 51 to 65, wherein therapeutic agents from one or more reservoirs are administered to the patient sequentially by a fluid pump, with administration of the therapeutic agent from each reservoir beginning only after administration of the therapeutic agent from the preceding reservoir is completed. 68. A device described in any one of embodiments 51 to 65, wherein therapeutic agents from one or more reservoirs are administered to the patient sequentially by a fluid pump, with administration of a therapeutic agent from a subsequent reservoir beginning only after administration of a therapeutic agent from a preceding reservoir has begun. 69. A device described in any one of embodiments 51 to 65, wherein the therapeutic agents from the one or more reservoirs are administered to the patient sequentially by a fluid pump, and the onset of administration of the therapeutic agents from each of the one or more reservoirs is separated by one or more time delays. 70. A device configured to deliver a therapeutic agent to a patient, the device comprising: one or more reservoirs, each of the one or more reservoirs containing a therapeutic agent; an emergency reservoir containing an emergency medication; a patient interface configured to deliver the contents of the reservoir into the body of the patient; a flexible tubing set in fluid communication with the reservoir at a proximal end of the flexible tubing set and in fluid communication with a patient interface at a distal end of the flexible tubing set; a fluid pump for pumping the therapeutic agent from each of the one or more reservoirs through a flexible tubing set and into the patient interface; at least one sensor in communication with the controller configured to detect at least one of a physiological aspect of the patient and a physical aspect of the therapeutic agent delivery device; a controller having a memory, the controller configured to receive data from the sensor and configured to control one or more of starting, stopping, slowing, speeding up, or continuing delivery of a therapeutic agent to the patient in response to the data received from the sensor; and Including, The device, wherein the flexible tubing set is provided with an inner lumen of a predetermined length and consistent inner diameter, and provides a specific calibrated flow rate based on the characteristics of the therapeutic agent passing therethrough, the characteristics being selected from the group consisting of viscosity, shear thinning behavior, shear thickening behavior, desired delivery time to the patient, and combinations thereof. 71. The device of embodiment 70, wherein the fluid pump is in communication with a controller, and the device is configured thereby to stop administration of the therapeutic agent based on sensor data received from the controller. 72. The device of embodiment 70 or 71, wherein the fluid pump is in communication with a controller, and the device is configured to stop administration of the therapeutic agent based on a patient self-assessment communicated to the controller thereby. 73. The device of any one of embodiments 70 to 72, wherein the fluid pump is in communication with a controller, and the device is configured thereby to initiate administration of emergency medication based on sensor data received from the controller. 74. A device described in any one of embodiments 70 to 73, wherein the fluid pump is in communication with a controller, and the device is configured thereby to initiate administration of the therapeutic agent based on the patient's self-assessment communicated to the controller. 75. A device according to any one of embodiments 70 to 74, wherein the fluid communication between one or more of the reservoirs and the proximal end of the flexible tubing set includes at least two or more independent drug lumens, a first drug lumen being used to deliver one or more therapeutic drugs by a fluid pump, and a second drug lumen being used to administer an emergency drug by the fluid pump when instructed by the controller. 76. A device according to any one of embodiments 70 to 75, wherein the controller is also configured to compare one or more sensor values ​​with a database of sensor values ​​maintained in the controller memory, the database values ​​representing any of a variety of safe and unsafe drug administration conditions. 77. The device of embodiment 76, wherein the controller is also configured to stop the fluid pump when an unsafe administration condition is detected by the controller and the one or more sensors. 78. A device described in any one of embodiments 70 to 77, wherein the controller is also configured to prevent the fluid pump from administering one or more therapeutic agents when an unsafe administration condition is detected by the controller and the one or more sensors. 79. The device of embodiment 78, wherein the controller is also configured to notify a healthcare provider when an unsafe administration condition is detected by the controller and one or more sensors in a patient using the device. 80. A device described in any one of embodiments 70 to 79, wherein the controller is also configured to detect, by the controller and one or more sensors, the onset of an infusion reaction in a patient using the device. 81. The device of embodiment 80, wherein the controller is also configured to notify a healthcare provider when an onset of an infusion reaction is detected by the controller and one or more sensors in a patient using the device. 82. A device described in any one of embodiments 70 to 81, wherein the controller is also configured to allow a healthcare provider to remotely start, stop, pause, speed up, slow down, or continue medication administration when an unsafe administration condition is detected by the controller and one or more sensors in a patient using the device. 83. A device described in any one of embodiments 70 to 82, wherein the controller is also configured to allow a healthcare provider to remotely start, stop, pause, speed up, slow down, or continue medication administration when an infusion reaction is detected by the controller and one or more sensors in a patient using the device. 84. The device of any one of embodiments 70 to 83, wherein the controller is also configured to compare the one or more sensor values ​​with one or more sensor values ​​stored in the controller memory, the sensor values ​​stored in the controller memory representing physiological data previously associated with an impending or actual infusion reaction to the therapeutic agent. 85. A device described in any one of embodiments 70 to 84, wherein the controller is also configured to compare one or more sensor values ​​with one or more comparator values ​​stored in the controller memory, the comparator values ​​comprising sensor data collected from one or more previous users of the device before, during, or after administration of one or more of the therapeutic agents. 86. The device of embodiment 85, wherein at least one of the comparator values ​​is determined by the device from including sensor values ​​from a previous administration of a therapeutic agent to a patient currently receiving one or more agents. 87. The device of embodiment 85 or 86, wherein at least one of the comparator values ​​includes sensor values ​​from one or more participants in one or more previous human clinical trials conducted with one or more of the therapeutic agents. 88. A device described in any one of embodiments 70 to 87, wherein the controller is also configured to compare the one or more sensor values ​​with one or more sensor values ​​stored in the controller memory, the sensor values ​​stored in the controller memory representing one or more values ​​contained in the electronic health record. 89. A device described in any one of embodiments 70 to 88, wherein the controller is also configured to compare the one or more sensor values ​​with one or more sensor values ​​stored in the controller memory, the sensor values ​​stored in the controller memory representing one or more values ​​contained in a medication order for a patient currently receiving one or more medications by the device. 90. A device described in any one of embodiments 70 to 89, wherein the controller is also configured to compare the one or more sensor values ​​with one or more sensor values ​​stored in the controller memory, the sensor values ​​stored in the controller memory representing one or more values ​​contained in a medication order set for a patient currently receiving one or more medications by the device. 91. A device according to any one of embodiments 70 to 90, wherein the controller is also configured to prevent the fluid pump from administering one or more therapeutic agents when one or more patient laboratory values ​​are unavailable or outside safe administration values. 92. A device described in any one of embodiments 70 to 91, wherein the controller is also configured to prevent the fluid pump from administering one or more therapeutic agents when one or more required precursor agents have not been administered to the patient. 93. The device of any one of embodiments 70 to 92, wherein the device further includes an interface to an electronic health record system. 94. A device described in any one of embodiments 70 to 93, wherein the device further includes an output module interface with an electronic health record, the interface enabling updating of the patient's electronic health record with one or more aspects related to the delivery of one or more therapeutic agents. 95. The device of any one of embodiments 70 to 94, wherein the device further includes an output module interface with an electronic health record, the interface enabling updating of the patient's electronic health record with one or more aspects related to the delivery of one or more emergency medications. 96. A device described in any one of embodiments 93 to 95, wherein the fluid pump is in communication with a controller, and the device is configured thereby to initiate administration of an emergency medication based on sensor data received by the controller and an emergency medication order for administration of the emergency medication, the order being contained in an electronic health record system. 97. A method for using a device according to any one of embodiments 70 to 96, the method comprising: collecting sensor data from a patient using the device prior to administering a therapeutic agent to the patient; identifying a current state of the patient prior to medication administration via sensor data processed by the controller; using a controller and associated computer software to compare the one or more sensor data to one or more predetermined thresholds indicative of safe drug administration conditions; starting one of administering a therapeutic agent to the patient if the one or more sensor data are within one or more predefined thresholds, and preventing administration of the therapeutic agent to the patient if the one or more sensor data are outside the one or more predefined thresholds. A method comprising: 98. A method for using the device described in embodiment 97, wherein the method further includes a step of notifying a healthcare provider about the status of the device as determined by the controller, and the method further includes a step of the healthcare provider either accepting or overriding the recommendation for medication administration as determined by the controller. 99. A method for using a device described in embodiment 97 or 98, wherein the method further comprises the step of providing an alert to a user of the device regarding the safety of medication administration as determined by the controller. 100. A method for using a device described in any one of embodiments 97 to 99, wherein the method further includes a step of comparing one or more sensor values ​​with a predetermined threshold derived from one or more previous human clinical trials of the therapeutic agent. 101. A method for using a device described in any one of embodiments 97 to 100, wherein the method further includes a step of comparing one or more sensor values ​​with predetermined thresholds derived from one or more prior human clinical trials of the therapeutic agent in conjunction with the device. 102. A method for using a device described in any one of embodiments 97 to 101, wherein the method further includes a step of comparing one or more sensor values ​​with a predetermined threshold derived from one or more previous administrations of a therapeutic agent to a patient currently using the device. 103. A method for using a device described in any one of embodiments 97 to 102, wherein the method further comprises a step of comparing one or more sensor values ​​to a predetermined threshold value compiled from previous administrations of a therapeutic agent to one or more patients who previously received the agent by the device. 104. A method for using a device according to any one of embodiments 70 to 96, the method comprising: administering all or a portion of a dose of a therapeutic agent to a patient using the device; identifying a current state of the patient during medication administration via sensor data processed by the controller; using a controller and associated computer software to compare the one or more sensor data to one or more predetermined thresholds indicative of safe drug administration conditions; continuing administration of the therapeutic agent to the patient if the one or more sensor data are within the one or more predefined thresholds, and stopping administration of the therapeutic agent to the patient if the one or more sensor data are outside the one or more predefined thresholds. A method comprising: 105. The method of embodiment 104, wherein the method further comprises slowing the rate of administration of the therapeutic agent to the patient. 106. The method of embodiment 104 or 105, wherein the method further comprises the step of providing an alert to a user of the device about the status of drug delivery. 107. The method of any one of embodiments 104 to 106, wherein the method further comprises providing an alert to a healthcare provider about the status of medication delivery using the device. 108. The method of any one of embodiments 104 to 107, wherein the method further comprises updating the patient's electronic health record with the status of medication delivery using the device. 109. A method for using a device according to any one of embodiments 70 to 96, the method comprising: administering all or a portion of a dose of a therapeutic agent to a patient using the device; identifying a current state of the patient during medication administration via sensor data processed by the controller; using a controller and associated computer software to compare the one or more sensor data to one or more predetermined thresholds indicative of an infusion reaction to the drug; continuing to administer the therapeutic agent to the patient if the one or more sensor data do not indicate that an infusion reaction is occurring; or If the one or more sensor data indicate that an infusion reaction is occurring, stopping administration of the therapeutic agent to the patient. A method comprising: 110. The method of embodiment 109, wherein the method further comprises administering a rescue medication when administration of the therapeutic medication is stopped. 111. The method of embodiment 109 or 110, wherein the method further comprises the step of providing an alert to a user of the device about the status of drug delivery. 112. The method of any one of embodiments 109 to 111, wherein the method further comprises providing an alert to a healthcare provider about the status of medication delivery using the device. 113. The method of any one of embodiments 109 to 112, wherein the method further comprises updating the patient's electronic health record with the status of medication delivery using the device. 114. A device configured to deliver one or more investigational drugs during a clinical trial at one or more controlled flow rates, the device comprising: one or more reservoirs, each of the one or more reservoirs containing an investigational therapeutic agent; a patient interface configured to deliver the contents of the reservoir into the body of the patient; a flexible tubing set in fluid communication with the reservoir at a proximal end of the flexible tubing set and in fluid communication with a patient interface at a distal end of the flexible tubing set; a fluid pump for pumping one or more investigational therapeutic agents from each of the one or more reservoirs through a flexible tubing set into the patient interface; at least one sensor in communication with the controller and configured to detect at least one of a physiological aspect of the patient and a physical aspect of the device; a controller configured to receive data from the sensor and configured to one or more of start, stop, slow, speed up, or continue delivery of the therapeutic agent to the patient in response to the data received from the sensor; and Including, The device, wherein the flexible tubing set is provided with an inner lumen of a predetermined length and consistent inner diameter, and provides a specific calibrated flow rate based on the characteristics of the therapeutic agent passing therethrough, the characteristics being selected from the group consisting of viscosity, shear thinning behavior, shear thickening behavior, desired delivery time to the patient, and combinations thereof. 115. The device described in embodiment 114, wherein the device further includes one or more flexible tubing sets each corresponding to one or more flow rates, the flow rates corresponding to one or more clinical trial conditions. 116. A device described in embodiment 114 or 115, wherein the controller further includes an interface to a clinical trial data management system. 117. A device described in any one of embodiments 114 to 116, wherein the controller is further configured to update the clinical trial data management system with the status of at least one of a physiological aspect of the patient and a physical aspect of the device. 118. The device of embodiment 117, wherein the controller is further configured to update the clinical trial data management system with the status of at least one of the patient's physiological aspects and the device's physical aspects before, during, and after administration of the investigational therapeutic agent. 119. A device described in any one of embodiments 114 to 118, wherein the controller is further configured to receive information from a clinical trial data management system about clinical trial conditions relating to the patient using the device. 120. The device described in embodiment 119, wherein the controller is further configured to verify that the investigational therapeutic agent and tubing set in the device are correct based on clinical trial conditions before initiating administration of the investigational therapeutic agent. 121. The device of embodiment 120, wherein the controller is further configured to prevent administration of the investigational therapeutic agent if either the investigational therapeutic agent or the tubing set in the device is incorrect. 122. A device described in any one of embodiments 114 to 121, wherein a selected flexible tubing set corresponding to the clinical trial conditions of an individual patient is pre-assembled on the fluid pump. 123. A method of providing an optimized tubing set for delivery of a therapeutic agent to a patient, the therapeutic agent exhibiting substantially non-Newtonian characteristics, delivered by a single pump unit at one or more known, preselected, and controlled flow rates, the method comprising: identifying one or more desired flow rates of the therapeutic agent for administration to the patient based on the desired pharmacokinetics of the therapeutic agent; identifying one or more temperatures at which delivery of the therapeutic agent will occur; applying an adjustable restraint to a tubing set, the tubing set having one or more medication lumens located therein; compressing the restraint and the tubing interposed therein to a first position; infusing a therapeutic agent through an inlet portion of the so-restrained tubing set at one or more temperatures at which delivery of the therapeutic agent will occur; measuring the flow rate at the outlet of the so-restrained tubing set; comparing the flow rate at the outlet with a desired flow rate in the tubing; compressing the restraint and tubing interposed therein further beyond the first position to a second position if the tested flow rate at the outlet is less than the desired flow rate, or empirically determining the fluid pump power required to dispense the therapeutic agent if the tested flow rate at the outlet equals the desired flow rate; performing a test to identify a relationship between temperature, viscosity, and concentration of a therapeutic agent in a pharmaceutical formulation for delivery to a patient; A method comprising: 124. The method of embodiment 123, wherein the therapeutic agent is a dilatant fluid or a shear-thickening fluid. 125. The method of embodiment 123, wherein the therapeutic agent is a pseudoplastic fluid or a shear-thinning fluid. 126. The method of embodiment 123, wherein the therapeutic agent exhibits a substantially nonlinear concentration-temperature-viscosity relationship. 127. A device configured to deliver a therapeutic agent to a patient, the device comprising: a reservoir containing a therapeutic agent; a patient interface configured to deliver the contents of the reservoir into the patient; at least one sensor configured to detect at least one of a physiological aspect of the patient and a physical aspect of the device; a controller configured to receive data from the sensor and to start and stop delivery of a therapeutic agent to the patient in response to the data received from the sensor; a tubing set including at least one agent lumen having an interior surface and an exterior surface, the at least one agent lumen being in fluid communication with a reservoir at a proximal end of the tubing set and in fluid communication with a patient interface at a distal end of the tubing set, the tubing set also including at least one conductor being in electrical or optical communication with a controller at the proximal end of the tubing set and in electrical or optical communication with a sensor at the distal end of the tubing set; 1. An apparatus comprising: 128. The device described in embodiment 127, wherein at least one conductor is located inside the tubing set. 129. The device described in embodiment 127, wherein at least one conductor is located inside the tubing set, and the at least one conductor is substantially parallel to the at least one drug lumen from the proximal end to the distal end of the tubing set. 130. The device described in embodiment 127, wherein at least one conductor is located on the outer surface of the tubing set. 131. The device described in embodiment 130, wherein at least one conductor located on the exterior surface of the tubing set comprises conductive ink. 132. A device described in any one of embodiments 127 to 131, wherein the device further includes a barrier coating located on the interior surface of the at least one drug lumen, the barrier coating being further configured to isolate the drug in the at least one drug lumen from undesirable extractable or leachable materials from either the tubing set or the at least one conductor. 133. The device of embodiment 132, wherein the barrier coating comprises polytetrafluoroethylene. 134. A device described in any one of embodiments 127 to 133, wherein the device further comprises a barrier coating interposed between at least one conductor and the outer surface of at least one drug lumen. 135. The device of embodiment 134, wherein the barrier coating comprises polytetrafluoroethylene. 136. A device described in any one of embodiments 127 to 135, wherein the device further comprises a protective sheath over at least one conductor on at least the outer surface of the drug lumen. 137. The device of embodiment 136, wherein the protective sheath comprises polytetrafluoroethylene. 138. The device of any one of embodiments 127 to 137, further comprising an undercut feature located on the outer contour of the tubing set, the undercut containing one or more electrical or optical conductors. 139. The device described in embodiment 138, wherein the device further includes a protective sheath that substantially surrounds the undercut feature and any electrical or optical conductors located therein. 140. An apparatus described in any one of embodiments 127 to 139, wherein the tubing set includes an asymmetric cross-section with an undercut feature containing one or more electrical or optical conductors, and the undercut feature is further located within the tubing set cross-section exhibiting the highest bending stiffness. 141. The device of any one of embodiments 127 to 140, wherein the tubing set further comprises an optical conductor, and the optical conductor comprises an optical fiber. 142. The device of any one of embodiments 127 to 141, wherein the tubing set further includes an optical conductor, and the controller includes at least one light disposed therein, the light configured to operate in conjunction with the optical conductor to alert the user regarding an aspect or status of a drug delivery device connected to the tubing set. 143. The device of embodiment 142, wherein the device further includes an illuminated alert for a user of the device. 144. The device of embodiment 142 or 143, wherein the device further includes an illuminated alert that is presented to the user as a color code including different colors. 145. A device according to any one of embodiments 142 to 144, wherein the device further comprises an illuminated alert presented to the user as a pulsating pattern of one or more different colors. 146. Alerts presented to a user of the device include signals regarding the status of a drug delivery device connected to the tubing set, the signals indicating that: a) the drug delivery device is properly configured; b) the drug delivery device is ready to administer medication to a patient; c) the drug delivery device is currently administering one or more medications to a patient; d) the drug delivery device detected an error with respect to configuration prior to administration; e) the drug delivery device detected an error during administration of one or more medications by the drug delivery device; f) the drug delivery device completed medication administration; g) the drug delivery device detected that administration is occurring at an unsafe rate; h) the drug delivery device detected loss of skin contact at the patient interface; i) the drug delivery device detected detachment from or obstruction of the patient interface; or j) the tubing set in the device is incorrect or incompatible with the medications in the drug delivery system; k) The device of any one of embodiments 142 to 145, wherein the drug delivery system detects a suspected infusion reaction, l) the drug delivery device detects abnormal physiological sensor data, m) the drug delivery device detects a tubing set occlusion, n) the patient interface is misconfigured, o) the drug delivery system administered an emergency medication to the patient, p) the drug delivery system has a low battery level, q) the drug delivery system lost connection with the sensor, r) the drug delivery system lost connectivity with an external system or server, s) the drug delivery system has an expired medication or component, t) the drug delivery system administered a pre-medication, u) the drug delivery system administered a post-medication, v) the drug delivery system lost connection with a telehealth service, w) the drug delivery system lost wireless connectivity, or x) the drug delivery system lost cellular connectivity. 147. A method of delivering a therapeutic agent to a patient using a device according to any one of embodiments 127 to 146, the method comprising: providing power from the controller to the sensor through conductors in the tubing set; transmitting data obtained from the sensor to a controller; identifying a current state of the patient via sensor data processed by the controller; assessing, by the controller and associated computer software and / or processes, the safety of continuing to administer the medication to the patient; stopping, starting, slowing, speeding up, or continuing the flow of therapeutic drug to the patient in response to said assessment of the safety of continued drug administration to the patient; A method comprising: 148. A method of delivering a therapeutic agent to a patient using a device according to any one of embodiments 127 to 146, the method comprising: providing power from the controller to the sensor through conductors in the tubing set; transmitting data obtained from the sensor to a controller; identifying a current state of the patient via sensor data processed by the controller; detecting, by the controller and associated computer software and / or processes, whether the patient is experiencing a systemic infusion reaction; if a systemic infusion reaction is detected, in response thereto, stopping the flow of therapeutic agent to the patient; A method comprising: 149. The method of embodiment 148, wherein the method further comprises initiating emergency medication administration if a systemic infusion reaction is detected. 150. The method of embodiment 148 or 149, wherein the method further comprises administering the emergency medication through a medication lumen different from that used to administer the therapeutic medication. 151. A method of delivering a therapeutic agent to a patient using a device according to any one of embodiments 142 to 146, the method comprising: identifying a current state of the patient via sensor data processed by the controller; assessing, by a controller and associated computer software, a state comprising one or more aspects of the device; providing a visual alert to a user of the device corresponding to the identified condition of the drug device; A method comprising: 152. The method of embodiment 151, wherein the method further comprises alerting the user with a visual feedback signal comprising one or more different colors. 153. The method of embodiment 151 or 152, wherein the method further comprises alerting the user by a visual feedback signal comprising one or more different colored pulsating patterns. 154. A restraining device for a tubing set for drug delivery, the restraining device comprising: a first restraining member including a first restraining profile, a first aperture, and a first locking finger; a second restraining member including a second restraining profile, a second aperture, and a second locking finger, wherein the first and second restraining members are configured to cooperate to restrain flow through one or more internal agent lumens contained within the tubing set when assembled with the tubing set disposed therebetween, the cooperation between the first and second restraining members providing a plurality of locking positions, each of the locking positions providing a different degree of restraint to the tubing set and one or more internal agent lumens contained within the tubing set, each degree of restraint corresponding to a predetermined and calibrated flow rate for the fluid agent at a particular concentration and agent administration temperature; and 1. A restraint device comprising: 155. A restraint device as described in embodiment 154, wherein the fluid agent is a non-Newtonian fluid. 156. The restraint device of embodiment 154 or 155, wherein the first and second members are configured to be assembled through a compressive force. 157. A restraint device as described in embodiment 156, wherein the compressive force for assembling the first and second members in one or more of the plurality of positions exceeds the compressive force that can be applied manually by a person without using mechanical assistance or fastening. 158. A restraint device according to any one of embodiments 154 to 157, wherein the tensioning force for separating the first and second members in one or more of the plurality of positions exceeds a tensioning force that can be applied manually by a person without using mechanical assistance or restraints. 159. A restraining device according to any one of embodiments 154 to 158, wherein the compressive forces for assembling the first and second members in each successive increment of restraint on the tubing set are substantially equal. 160. A restraining device according to any one of embodiments 154 to 158, wherein the compressive force for assembling the first and second members in each successive increment of restraint on the tubing set increases with each successive increment. 161. A restraining device described in any one of embodiments 154 to 160, wherein the restraining profile restrains all drug lumens disposed in the tubing set interposed between the restraining members. 162. A restraining device described in any one of embodiments 154 to 160, wherein the first and second restraining profiles restrain one or more drug lumens disposed in a tubing set interposed between the restraining members. 163. A restraining device described in any one of embodiments 154 to 160, wherein the restraining profile restrains one or more drug lumens disposed in a tubing set interposed between the restraining members, and the restraining profile provides substantially no restraint to one or more drug lumens disposed in a tubing set interposed between the restraining members. 164. A restraining device described in any one of embodiments 154 to 160, wherein the restraining profile restrains one or more drug lumens disposed in a tubing set interposed between the restraining members, and the restraining profile provides substantially no restraint to one or more optical or electrical conductors disposed in a tubing set interposed between the restraining members. 165. The restraining device of any one of embodiments 154 to 164, wherein the restraining profiles on the first and second restraining members form a substantially symmetrical restraining profile for the tubing set interposed between the first and second restraining members after assembly. 166. The restraining device of any one of embodiments 154 to 164, wherein the restraining profiles on the first and second restraining members form a substantially asymmetric restraining profile for a tubing set interposed between the first and second restraining members after assembly. 167. A restraint device described in any one of embodiments 154 to 166, wherein the restraint profiles on the first and second restraint members are specific to a single administration condition of the drug. 168. The restraining device of any one of embodiments 154 to 167, wherein the restraining device also includes a clamping feature that slidably engages the assembled first and second members between two positions, the tubing set passing through the slidable clamping feature, and the clamping feature is configured to either completely stop flow in the first position or allow flow at a rate corresponding to the restraining device in the second position. 169. A restraining device as described in embodiment 168, wherein the clamping feature engages with a portion of the tubing set that is not in contact with any of the restraining profiles. 170. Either the first or second member is provided with one or more indicia related to the use or manufacture of the device, the one or more indicia including: a tubing set outer diameter, a tubing set material, a tubing set material lot code, a restraining material lot code, an internal batch control number, a number of fluid lumens disposed in the tubing set, a tubing set drug lumen diameter, a tubing set drug lumen arrangement within a tubing set cross section, a number of electrical conductors disposed in the tubing set, a number of optical conductors disposed in the tubing set, a drug name, a drug dose, a drug concentration, a drug lot number, a drug expiration date, a numerical drug flow rate (e.g., in mL / h) corresponding to the restraint, a flow rate sequence identifier (e.g., "Slow Set," "Fast Set," or "Set A") corresponding to the restraint, a drug administration temperature corresponding to the flow rate, the presence or absence of a clamping device in the device, a tubing set device lot code, a tubing set device serial number or unique device identifier, a tubing set device Global Trade Item Number, 169. The restraining device of any one of embodiments 154 to 169, including one or more of: a GTIN (Global Trade Item Number); or a tubing set device expiration date. 171. The restraint device of embodiment 170, wherein the indicator includes a machine-readable encoding. 172. A restraint device according to embodiment 170 or 171, wherein the indicia include human-readable encoding. 173. A restraint device according to any one of embodiments 170 to 172, wherein the indicator includes a near-field communication or radio frequency identification chip. 174. A restraint device according to any one of embodiments 170 to 173, wherein the indicator comprises human-readable text or a scannable QR code. 175. A restraint device according to any one of embodiments 170 to 174, wherein the indicator includes an ordinal identifier. 176. A restraint device according to any one of embodiments 154 to 175, wherein the restraint device, when assembled, further comprises a plurality of shapes, the plurality of shapes corresponding to different doses of the drug. 177. A restraint device according to any one of embodiments 154 to 176, wherein the assembled restraint device also includes multiple colors, the multiple colors corresponding to different doses of the drug. 178. A method for manufacturing a restraint device, the method comprising: orienting the first and second restraining members to align one or more locking features disposed therein or thereon; interposing a tubing set between a first restraining member and a second restraining member; applying an increment of compressive force to advance the locking feature to a first predetermined position and to constrain the tubing set; flowing a fluid through the inlet portion of the tubing set when the locking feature is in a first predetermined position and measuring the flow rate at the outlet portion of the tubing set to obtain a measured flow rate; comparing the measured flow rate at the outlet of the tubing set to a desired flow rate through the tubing set; applying an additional increment of compressive force to advance the locking feature and restrain the tubing set in a second, more restrained, predetermined position if the measured flow rate at the outlet of the tubing set is less than the desired flow rate, or completing fabrication of the restraining device if the measured flow rate at the outlet of the tubing set equals the desired flow rate. A method comprising: 179. A kit comprising: A kit comprising a plurality of restrained tubing sets, each of which comprises an assembled restraint device described in any one of embodiments 154 to 177, and wherein the restraint profile of the restraint member of each assembled restraint device corresponds to one or more discrete desired flow rates for a particular drug at an expected administration temperature. 180. The kit of embodiment 179, wherein each constrained tubing set contained in the kit provides a different flow rate of a particular agent. 181. A kit according to embodiment 179 or 180, wherein the particular agent is a non-Newtonian fluid. 182. A kit described in any one of embodiments 179 to 181, wherein the specific drug administration temperature is room temperature (20°C). 183. A kit described in any one of embodiments 179 to 182, wherein the restraining member length and restraint profile of each applied restraint corresponds to one or more discrete desired flow rates for a drug being studied in a human clinical trial, and each of the discrete desired flow rates corresponds to one or more clinical trial test conditions for the drug being studied in the trial. 184. A kit described in any one of embodiments 179 to 183, wherein each constrained tubing set contained in the kit provides at least one of the following: the same flow rate of a specific drug at one or more different administration temperatures; the same flow rate of a specific drug at one or more different concentrations; the same flow rate of a specific drug at one or more different concentrations at the same administration temperature; one or more different flow rates of a specific drug at one or more different concentrations; and one or more different flow rates of a specific drug at one or more different concentrations at the same administration temperature. 185. A tubing set for a drug delivery device, the tubing set including one or more lumens. 186. A tubing set according to embodiment 185, wherein the tubing set comprises multiple lumens. 187. A tubing set according to embodiment 186, wherein one of the multiple lumens is a drug lumen. 188. A tubing set according to embodiment 186 or 187, wherein one of the multiple lumens is a pneumatic fluid lumen. 189. A tubing set according to any one of embodiments 186 to 188, wherein the tubing set includes a conductor. 190. A tubing set according to embodiment 189, wherein the conductor is an electrical conductor or an optical conductor. 191. A tubing set according to embodiment 189 or 190, wherein the conductor is in one of the multiple lumens. 192. A tubing set according to any one of embodiments 189 to 191, wherein the conductor is on the outer wall of the tubing set. 193. A tubing set according to any one of embodiments 189 to 192, wherein the conductor is within an undercut of the tubing set. 194. A tubing set according to embodiment 193, wherein the tubing set has a longitudinal axis extending along the length of the tubing set, the undercut being disposed on a long cross-sectional axis, the long cross-sectional axis being the longest axis of the tubing set that is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. 195. A tubing set according to any one of embodiments 185 to 194, wherein the tubing set has a longitudinal axis as defined in embodiment 194, and some or all of the multiple lumens are arranged along the long cross-sectional axis. 196. A tubing set according to any one of embodiments 185 to 195, wherein one of the plurality of lumens is arranged along a short cross-sectional axis, the short cross-sectional axis being perpendicular to the longitudinal axis and perpendicular to the long cross-sectional axis as defined in embodiment 194. 197. A tubing set according to any one of embodiments 185 to 196, wherein the tubing set has an oval shape when viewed in cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. 198. A drug delivery device configured to deliver a therapeutic agent to a patient, the device comprising: A tubing set according to any one of embodiments 185 to 197; and a reservoir containing a therapeutic agent; 1. An apparatus comprising: 199. The drug delivery device of embodiment 198, wherein the apparatus includes a drug delivery member. 200. The drug delivery device described in embodiment 199, wherein the drug delivery member is a needle. 201. A drug delivery device according to embodiment 199 or 200, wherein the drug delivery member is attached to the tubing set. 202. The drug delivery device is at least one sensor configured to detect at least one of a physiological aspect of the patient and a physical aspect of the device; a controller configured to receive data from the sensor and configured to start and stop delivery of a therapeutic agent to the patient in response to the data received from the sensor; and 202. The drug delivery device according to any one of embodiments 199 to 201, comprising: 203. The drug delivery device of any one of embodiments 199 to 202, wherein the drug delivery device includes a drive unit configured to deliver the contents of the reservoir into the patient. 204. The drug delivery device of embodiment 203, wherein the drive unit is a pneumatic drive unit. 205. A drug delivery device according to any one of embodiments 199 to 204, wherein the drug delivery device is for the delivery of an oncological drug. 206. A drug delivery device according to any one of embodiments 199 to 205, wherein the drug delivery device is for delivery of two or more drugs. 207. A drug delivery device according to any one of embodiments 199 to 206, wherein the drug delivery device is for delivery of one or more drugs and for contingency delivery of an emergency drug, and the device is configured to deliver the emergency drug to the patient if one or more predetermined conditions are met. 208. A drug delivery device comprising the apparatus / tubing set / kit / restraint device according to any one of the above embodiments, or a drug delivery device configured to perform any of the methods in any one of the above embodiments. [Explanation of symbols]

[0279] 101 patients 102 Superior vena cava 103 Catheter 104 Patient Interface [Luer Connector] 105 patients 106 Superior vena cava 107 Catheter 108 Patient Interface [Luer Connector] 109 Superior vena cava 113 Patient's Arm 114 Peripheral veins 115 Catheter 116 Patient Interface [Luer Connector] 120 Catheter 121 patients 122 Tubing Set 123 Patient skin 124 Port Access [Huber] Needle 125 Patient Interface (Port Implanted Under Patient Skin) 126A Port Septum 126B Patient Interface (Port septum of implanted port housing 127 below patient skin 123) 127 Implanted Port Housing 128 Catheter 129 Needle entry point (center of port septum) 130 Patient, caregiver, or healthcare provider hands 140 SC needle assembly 141 Patient skin 142 SC Needle Cannula 143 SC needle point (hollow) 144 Needle Insertion Grip Affordance 145 Tubing Set 146 Patient epidermis 147 Patient dermis 148 Patient subcutaneous tissue 149 Patient Muscle Tissue 150 Patient, caregiver, or healthcare provider hands 151 I...

Claims

1. 1. A device configured to deliver a therapeutic agent to a patient, the device comprising: a reservoir containing a therapeutic agent; a patient interface configured to deliver the contents of the reservoir into the patient; at least one sensor configured to detect at least one of a physiological aspect of the patient and a physical aspect of the device; a controller configured to receive data from the sensor and to start and stop delivery of the therapeutic agent to the patient in response to data received from the sensor; a tubing set including at least one agent lumen having an interior surface and an exterior surface, the at least one agent lumen being in fluid communication with the reservoir at a proximal end of the tubing set and in fluid communication with the patient interface at a distal end of the tubing set, the tubing set also including at least one conductor being in electrical or optical communication with the controller at the proximal end of the tubing set and in electrical or optical communication with the sensor at the distal end of the tubing set; Including, The device further includes a barrier coating located on the interior surface of the at least one drug lumen, the barrier coating being further configured to isolate the drug in the at least one drug lumen from undesirable extractable or leachable materials from either the tubing set or the at least one conductor.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one conductor is located within the tubing set.

3. 10. The device of claim 1, wherein the at least one conductor is located within the tubing set, and the at least one conductor is substantially parallel to the at least one medication lumen from the proximal end to the distal end of the tubing set.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one conductor is located on an exterior surface of the tubing set.

5. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the at least one conductor located on the exterior surface of the tubing set comprises a conductive ink.

6. The device of claim 1 , wherein the barrier coating comprises polytetrafluoroethylene.

7. The device of claim 1 , further comprising a barrier coating interposed between the at least one conductor and the exterior surface of the at least one drug lumen.

8. The device of claim 7 , wherein the barrier coating comprises polytetrafluoroethylene.

9. The device of claim 1 , wherein the device further comprises a protective sheath over the at least one conductor on at least the exterior surface of the drug lumen.

10. The device of claim 7 , wherein the barrier coating comprises polytetrafluoroethylene.

11. The device of claim 1 , further comprising an undercut feature located on an exterior contour of the tubing set, the undercut feature containing one or more electrical or optical conductors.

12. The device of claim 11 , further comprising a protective sheath surrounding the undercut feature and any electrical or optical conductors located therein.

13. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the tubing set includes an asymmetric cross-section with an undercut feature containing one or more electrical or optical conductors, the undercut feature further located in the tubing set cross-section exhibiting the highest bending stiffness.

14. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the tubing set further comprises an optical conductor, the optical conductor comprising an optical fiber.

15. 15. The device of any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the tubing set further includes an optical conductor, and the controller includes at least one light disposed therein, the light configured to operate in conjunction with the optical conductor to alert a user regarding an aspect or status of a drug delivery device connected to the tubing set.

16. 16. The device of claim 15, wherein the device further comprises an illuminated alert for a user of the device.

17. 16. The device of claim 15, wherein the device further comprises an illuminated alert that is presented to the user as a color code comprising different colors.

18. 16. The device of claim 15, wherein the device further comprises a lighted alert that is presented to the user as a pulsating pattern of one or more different colors.

19. The illuminated alert presented to the user of the apparatus includes a signal regarding the status of a drug delivery device connected to the tubing set, the signal indicating that a) the drug delivery device is properly configured, b) the drug delivery device is ready to administer medication to a patient, c) the drug delivery device is currently administering one or more medications to a patient, d) the drug delivery device detected an error with respect to configuration prior to administration, e) the drug delivery device detected an error during administration of one or more medications by the drug delivery device, f) the drug delivery device completed medication administration, g) the drug delivery device detected that administration is occurring at an unsafe rate, h) the drug delivery device detected loss of skin contact at the patient interface, i) the drug delivery device detected detachment from or blockage of the patient interface, or j) the tubing set in the apparatus is incorrect or has been blocked by the drug delivery device.

18. The device of claim 17, wherein the drug delivery device is selected from one of the group consisting of: incompatibility with the medication in the device; k) the drug delivery device detected a suspected infusion reaction; l) the drug delivery device detected abnormal physiological sensor data; m) the drug delivery device detected a tubing set occlusion; n) the patient interface is misconfigured; o) the drug delivery device administered an emergency medication to the patient; p) the drug delivery device has a low battery level; q) the drug delivery device lost connection with a sensor; r) the drug delivery device lost connectivity with an external system or server; s) the drug delivery device has an expired medication or component; t) the drug delivery device administered a pre-medication; u) the drug delivery device administered a post-medication; v) the drug delivery device lost connection with a telehealth service; w) the drug delivery device lost wireless connectivity; or x) the drug delivery device lost cellular connectivity.

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