System and method for manufacturing three-dimensional structures

Abstract

A system and method for manufacturing three-dimensional structures includes a plurality of printing stations for performing parallel printing within an enclosed space surrounded by a housing, each printing station including a carrier, a deposition unit having at least one nozzle arranged to eject a filament of build material paste through an open area, and a station controller configured to operate the deposition unit to deposit the filament of build material paste on the carrier in an interconnected arrangement as multiple stacked layers to form one or more three-dimensional structures, wherein the at least one nozzle and the detachable carrier are movable relative to one another, and the deposition unit is coupled to a reservoir unit configured to contain the build material paste, the reservoir unit including at least one reservoir arranged outside the enclosed space.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a system and method for manufacturing a three-dimensional structure by filament deposition of a modeling material paste.

Background Art

[0002] Currently, additive manufacturing methods are widely used and there are various techniques. Additive manufacturing methods are techniques suitable for constructing a structure layer by layer, and the manufactured structures can be used for various applications.

[0003] For the manufacture of three-dimensional structures, an additive manufacturing method by extrusion molding is adopted. A modeling material (viscous paste, molten polymer, hydrogel, etc.) is extruded from a nozzle in the form of a filament. By relatively moving the nozzle with respect to the print bed during the deposition of the modeling material by extrusion, a certain arrangement of filaments can be obtained. During the material deposition, the filaments of the modeling material are extruded from the nozzle and are arranged relative to each other according to a predetermined pattern to provide a desired three-dimensional structure. The arrangement pattern is determined by the printing path and greatly affects the shape and characteristics of the printed structure. The technique by extrusion molding can be used for printing three-dimensional structures. In this way, a complex shape or three-dimensional structure composed of an interconnected network of internal pores that are accessible from the outside, whether non-porous or porous, can be obtained, which may be required depending on the application.

[0004] In existing systems and methods, in order to mass-produce three-dimensional objects such as porous structures, it is rather time-consuming and may be inefficient. There is a need to improve the printing process of three-dimensional structures manufactured by the printing process by extrusion molding. Also, this printing process often takes a long time, and it is difficult to adopt it for printing various objects that require high output without incurring high costs. The realization of a system that can efficiently improve the output of printed three-dimensional structures is desired.

Summary of the Invention

[0005] The object of the present invention is to provide a method and system for avoiding at least one of the above-mentioned drawbacks.

[0006] In addition to or instead of the above, an object of the present invention is to improve the additive manufacturing process of three-dimensional structures.

[0007] In addition to or instead of the above, an object of the present invention is to improve the efficiency of an additive manufacturing process by extrusion for producing three-dimensional structures.

[0008] To that end, the present invention provides a system for manufacturing three-dimensional structures, comprising a plurality of printing stations for performing parallel printing in a closed space, each printing station comprising a carrier, a deposition unit having at least one nozzle positioned to extrude filaments of a build material paste through an opening, and a station controller configured to operate the deposition unit to deposit filaments of the build material paste onto the carrier in an interconnected arrangement as a plurality of stacked layers to form one or more three-dimensional structures, wherein the at least one nozzle and the detachable carrier are movable relative to each other, the deposition unit is coupled to a reservoir unit configured to contain the build material paste, the reservoir unit comprises at least one reservoir positioned outside the closed space.

[0009] The paste reservoir can be located outside the workspace or enclosed space of the printing station. In this space, the build material is extruded into a filament, and this filament is deposited onto a carrier to print a three-dimensional structure. This allows operations such as removing the paste reservoir to be performed without requiring operations within the workspace of the printing station. A more efficient, continuous, and safe printing process can be obtained. The reservoir can be easily replaced without accessing the deposition head, minimizing the risk of interaction with the three-dimensional structure on the carrier. This is a significant advantage compared to placing the reservoir on or adjacent to the deposition head of the printing station. The reservoir can be mounted at a distance from the deposition head. The build material paste (e.g., viscous paste) can be supplied to the deposition head by a tube or similar device that provides fluid communication between the reservoir and the deposition head.

[0010] The system may have multiple printing stations within a closed environment, each equipped with a replaceable printing reservoir located outside the closed environment (e.g., outside the housing). The reservoir located outside the closed environment can be easily replaced, for example, without having to stop the printing process when replacing the reservoir.

[0011] As an option, the carrier is a detachable carrier that is removable and positioned on the printing station.

[0012] As an option, the enclosed space is surrounded by housing.

[0013] Optionally, at least one reservoir is located outside the housing that encloses the enclosed space.

[0014] Significant advantages can be gained by placing the reservoir outside the printing station housing and / or the system housing.

[0015] By mounting the reservoir externally, the replacement of at least one of these reservoirs can be facilitated. The reservoir is more easily accessible for replacement, even while the printing station is in operation. The replacement can be performed while protecting it from moving parts (e.g., at least one of the printing station's stacking unit and carrier).

[0016] The system may have one or more housings. In some examples, the system has a system housing that encloses multiple printing stations. In some examples, each printing station has its own housing that encloses at least a carrier and a deposition unit. In some examples, the multiple printing stations may be subdivided into groups of printing stations, each group of printing stations having a common housing that encloses at least the carrier and deposition unit of that group of printing stations. The housings are fluid-sealed and can handle toxic or hazardous chemicals that require gas extraction, for example.

[0017] Optionally, the system is configured so that each printing unit is individually accessible through an opening (e.g., a panel, hatch, door, or window). This allows operators to access the internal components of a printing station (e.g., changing printing nozzles, clearing clogged nozzles, removing faulty parts during printing) without affecting printing operations at other stations. Furthermore, such access can be performed without affecting the supply or removal of carriers (trays, etc.) to or from other printing stations.

[0018] Optionally, at least one reservoir is detachably connected to the housing by a mounting device.

[0019] It will be understood that various types of mounting devices can be used. The mounting devices may include quick attachments or quick couplings. This facilitates the installation of the reservoir in the system.

[0020] Optionally, the housing includes a holder for at least one reservoir, the holder includes a coupling interface for removably coupling at least one reservoir to the housing of the printing station, the holder includes a first interface for providing fluid communication for the build material paste between at least one reservoir and the deposition unit, and a second interface for providing fluid pressure to at least one reservoir.

[0021] A reservoir for holding the build material paste can be located outside the enclosed environment in which printing is performed by extruding the build material paste. The reservoir may have a tube (e.g., a hose) that provides a fluid connection (for transporting the build material paste) between the nozzle of the deposition unit and the paste reservoir. A second interface is arranged to pressurize at least one reservoir, in particular the internal volume of at least one reservoir, and extrude the build material paste toward the carrier.

[0022] Optionally, at least one of these reservoirs is replaceable and / or interchangeable.

[0023] The paste reservoir is easily accessible for replacement, refilling, etc. In this way, the printing process can be significantly improved. The reservoir can be replaced with the same reservoir (e.g., a refilled one) or a different reservoir.

[0024] Optionally, the holder is positioned to provide a universal coupling that allows different types of reservoirs to be attached to the housing.

[0025] The coupling device may be provided by a fast attachment means, a quick fastening device, a quick-connect device, a rapid connection unit, a coupling assembly, etc.

[0026] Optionally, at least one reservoir includes a communication unit configured to enable communication coupling with one or more controllers of the system, and the communication unit is configured to communicate data indicating the amount of the shaping material paste in the reservoir.

[0027] Optionally, at least one reservoir has one or more windows and can visually display the amount of the shaping material paste in the reservoir. The amount of the shaping material paste in at least one reservoir can also be evaluated by a sensor. This sensor may be housed inside the reservoir or arranged outside the reservoir.

[0028] Optionally, at least one reservoir includes at least one sensor for providing data indicating the amount of the shaping material paste in the reservoir. Optionally, at least one sensor is an internal sensor.

[0029] Optionally, each of at least one nozzle is coupled to at least one reservoir for supplying the shaping material paste.

[0030] Optionally, each of at least one nozzle is coupled to at least two reservoirs for supplying the shaping material paste. This is advantageous in that the continuity of the printing process can be improved.

[0031] Optionally, at least one of the nozzles is connected to a mounting device for at least two reservoirs, which can switch from one reservoir to another without interrupting the printing process. A nearly empty reservoir can be replaced without interrupting the printing process. It is also possible to switch from one build material paste to another without interrupting the printing process.

[0032] Optionally, the deposition unit includes at least a first nozzle and a second nozzle, the first nozzle being coupled to a first reservoir for supplying the first build material paste, and the second nozzle being coupled to a second reservoir for supplying the second build material paste. In some examples, the first and second build material pastes are the same. It is also possible that the first and second build material pastes are different.

[0033] Optionally, the first nozzle can be further coupled to a second reservoir, and the second nozzle can be further coupled to the first reservoir.

[0034] Optionally, at least one of these reservoirs is refillable.

[0035] Optionally, the system includes a positioning structure positioned within the printing station to position the carrier.

[0036] In some examples, the carrier includes a locking unit to ensure that the carrier is correctly positioned within the printing station. The locking unit may include, for example, one or more locking pins.

[0037] Optionally, the system includes an optical unit configured to determine whether the carrier is positioned within the printing station. However, positioning can be performed by mechanical means. The printing station may have, for example, a kinematic coupling. Optionally, the position of the carrier within the printing station is fixed.

[0038] As an option, the system includes multiple integrated printing stations.

[0039] Optionally, the system can be configured to integrate two or more separate printing stations.

[0040] Optionally, the system includes a closed environment in which three-dimensional structures are printed.

[0041] Optionally, the system includes several individual printing stations, at least a subset of which use microextrusion technology.

[0042] Optionally, the system includes means of providing carriers for the printed materials, such as a robotic system. In some examples, the robotic unit is positioned to enable the supply and removal of carriers at the printing station. The robotic unit may be configured to interact with multiple printing stations in the system.

[0043] Optionally, the system includes an automated handling system within a closed environment formed by the system, which provides a carrier to each printing station and is configured to remove the carrier from the printing station, for example, with a printed three-dimensional structure on it.

[0044] Optionally, the system includes means for retrieving and transporting carriers carrying printed three-dimensional structures (e.g., objects).

[0045] Optionally, the system includes a software program product configured to optimize the output of the integrated printing station.

[0046] Optionally, the system includes a closed environment enclosed by, for example, a housing.

[0047] Optionally, this enclosed environment includes physical shielding, which can ensure the operator's safety.

[0048] Optionally, the system includes a ventilation unit configured to ventilate / extract gases from a closed environment.

[0049] Optionally, the system includes a regulating unit configured to adjust a medium (e.g., air) within a closed environment. In some examples, temperature and / or humidity can be controlled.

[0050] Optionally, the system includes means for ventilating / extracting gases, volatile substances, and / or aerosols that may be released during printing at the printing station.

[0051] Optionally, the system is configured to provide a substituted gas atmosphere in at least a portion of the enclosed environment. In this way, one or more of the printing stations can operate under a substituted gas atmosphere (e.g., an inert gas).

[0052] Optionally, the system is configured to provide controlled light conditions in a closed environment. Therefore, one or more of the printing stations may be configured to operate under controlled light conditions. The printing stations may be configured to operate under light of controlled wavelengths, such as ultraviolet or infrared light, or other desired wavelengths. One or more of the printing stations may be configured to operate under controlled light conditions for a desired period of time.

[0053] As an option, individual printing stations can be accessed from outside the system's closed environment.

[0054] Optionally, the system is configured such that stopping printing at a particular printing station, or performing carrier handling at a particular printing station, does not require interrupting printing at other printing stations or automated carrier handling by robotic units for other printing stations.

[0055] Optionally, the system's printing station is configured to receive a carrier for 3D printing a three-dimensional structure onto it. The printing station may include means for automatically positioning the carrier.

[0056] Optionally, the system's printing station is configured to automatically remove carriers with printed three-dimensional structures. This allows the system to employ one type of carrier or several different types. Carriers may differ, for example, in size, geometric shape, height, etc.

[0057] As an option, the multiple printing stations in the system can be identical or different from one another.

[0058] Optionally, the printing station may have one or more print heads.

[0059] Optionally, at least one reservoir supplying the build material paste for printing is located outside the enclosed environment.

[0060] Optionally, at least one reservoir supplying the printing material paste is replaceable by a fast connection arrangement.

[0061] Optionally, the reservoir for holding the build material paste is a paste cartridge. The cartridge may have a connection means that allows it to be quickly and easily attached to the printing station or system.

[0062] Optionally, the robot unit may be configured to provide carriers to the printing station. The robot unit may be configured to interact with the printing station to place stacked carriers into carrier holders. In addition to or instead of this, it is also possible to place empty carriers on racks or carts. In addition to or instead of this, it is also possible to provide racks or carts on which carriers loaded with printed three-dimensional structures can be placed. In addition to or instead of this, a belt conveyor may be used to supply carriers toward the robot unit and / or to transport carriers loaded with three-dimensional printed structures toward the robot unit. Carriers supplied by the belt conveyor may be, for example, empty carriers, and thus can be placed in the printing station.

[0063] Optionally, the robot unit may be an automated carrier handling system.

[0064] Optionally, the robot unit includes at least one of the following: a robot, a sled, a belt conveyor, a plunger, a rotating disc, or other automated (computer-controlled) translational and / or rotational systems.

[0065] Optionally, the robot unit may be configured to secure the carrier during automated handling, for example, by clamps or pin locks.

[0066] As an option, the carrier's stabilization can be monitored during automated handling.

[0067] Optionally, the carrier can be a plate, tray, or other object on which the printing of the three-dimensional structure is performed.

[0068] As an option, the acceleration and vibration generated during carrier transport can be controlled. For example, the removal of a carrier with a three-dimensional structure printed on it can be performed while controlling the acceleration and vibration of the robot unit. This may enable the transport of parts with low physical and vibrational stability.

[0069] Optionally, the robot unit can be configured to enable the retrieval of three-dimensional structures. Optionally, the robot unit is part of a retrieval system.

[0070] As an option, the robot unit can be placed in a closed environment.

[0071] Optionally, the retrieval system may include a cart or rack capable of retrieving multiple carriers (e.g., trays, plates, substrates).

[0072] Optionally, the recovery system includes a box or container from which the three-dimensional printed structure can be recovered.

[0073] Optionally, the recovery system includes a belt conveyor for transporting carriers toward and / or away from the system.

[0074] Optionally, each container can be removed from the enclosed environment by unlocking it at a specific location (such as a recovery docking station).

[0075] Optionally, each collection unit has a manual or automatic removal mechanism.

[0076] Optionally, this system includes computer program products configured to run on one or more controllers of this system.

[0077] Optionally, this computer program product can be configured to control and monitor the supply of empty carriers.

[0078] Optionally, this computer program product can be configured to control and monitor the progress of the printing process for each individual printer.

[0079] Optionally, this computer program product can be configured to operate a robotic unit to remove a specific carrier from a printing station after the completion of a print job at that printing station.

[0080] Optionally, this computer program product can be configured to operate a robotic unit to place a carrier and / or printed three-dimensional structure into a retrieval system.

[0081] Optionally, this computer program product can be configured to track the overall status of print jobs associated with multiple printing stations and multiple carriers.

[0082] Optionally, this computer program product can be configured to estimate the time required to complete a print job.

[0083] Optionally, this computer program product can be configured to estimate the time to replace the material reservoir.

[0084] Optionally, this computer program product can be configured to indicate when the carrier recovery unit is full.

[0085] As an option, a system for manufacturing three-dimensional structures is available.

[0086] Optionally, the system includes multiple printing stations located close to each other. In some examples, the printing stations are placed adjacent to each other. The printing stations may also be placed adjacent to each other, for example.

[0087] Optionally, the system includes several individual printing stations, at least a subset of which use microextrusion technology. Microextrusion means extruding the build material from an extrusion nozzle in the form of a filament. The build material may be paste-like at room temperature. Optionally, the viscosity of the build material is adjusted for 3D printing by temperature control (for example, the temperature may be increased to lower the viscosity).

[0088] In one aspect, the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a three-dimensional structure, comprising the step of providing a plurality of printing stations for performing parallel printing in a closed space, each printing station comprising a carrier, a deposition unit having at least one nozzle positioned to extrude filaments of a build material paste through an opening region, and a station controller configured to operate the deposition unit to deposit filaments of the build material paste onto the carrier in an interconnected arrangement as a plurality of stacked layers to form one or more three-dimensional structures, wherein the at least one nozzle and the detachable carrier are movable relative to each other, the deposition unit is coupled to a reservoir unit configured to contain the build material paste, the reservoir unit comprises at least one reservoir positioned outside the closed space.

[0089] At least one reservoir may be located outside a closed housing common to the printing station.

[0090] Optionally, the system may have multiple printing stations, each having one or more print heads for paste filament deposition. The system may include one or more housings, which may allow control of the conditions or environment surrounding the printing stations located within the housings. The system may be configured to access one or more printing areas of the multiple printing stations.

[0091] Optionally, each printing station is accessible via at least one access panel, hatch, door, or window. Optionally, the system is configured so that printing by one or more printing stations within a housing is automatically stopped when a door connected to a housing containing one or more printing stations is opened.

[0092] As an option, each printing station can be controlled individually. For example, the print pattern to follow, print speed, the type of build material paste used, the filament diameter, and the filament deposition pattern can be adjusted independently for each printing station.

[0093] Optionally, one or more build material paste reservoirs (e.g., containers) are located outside the housing (the housing of the printing station or the system housing). Optionally, the reservoirs are attached to the outside of the housing by quick-fit devices. The reservoirs can be positioned to supply paste to the print heads of the printing station. Such quick-fit devices can be easily connected so that the reservoirs can be replaced as soon as they become empty.

[0094] Optionally, printing is performed on a removable carrier. The carrier can form a removable substrate for printing three-dimensional structures.

[0095] Optionally, each printing station includes a positioning structure positioned for the positioning of the carrier within the printing station. This ensures that the carrier is always positioned in the same location within the printing station. The robotic unit can move the carrier to the storage and / or transport system as soon as the carrier is filled or the desired number of three-dimensional structures have been printed on it. Optionally, the robotic unit is configured to always retrieve the carrier from the same location and move it to the storage and / or transport system. With more precise handling of the carrier by the robotic unit, the carrier can be positioned more precisely in the storage and / or transport system.

[0096] According to one aspect, the present invention provides the use of a system according to the present invention for manufacturing a three-dimensional structure.

[0097] This system may have multiple printing stations within a closed space and a replaceable build material paste reservoir outside the closed space. In another embodiment, the system may have multiple printing stations within a closed environment (e.g., a housing) and a replaceable build material paste reservoir outside the housing. The reservoir, advantageously located outside the closed environment, can be easily replaced, for example, without having to stop the printing process when replacing the reservoir.

[0098] A detection system can be configured to detect when the reservoir needs to be replaced or refilled. Various types of detection are possible (optical detection, visual detection, etc.).

[0099] This system can ensure improved continuity of printing operations across multiple printing stations. Printing stations can continue operating while adjustments are being made to one or more printing stations, such as replacing or refilling the material paste reservoir or adjusting the control parameters of the printing station. In addition, or instead of this, individual printing stations can be stopped while other printing stations continue to print actively.

[0100] Operating one printing station does not affect other printing stations. Therefore, adjustments can be made at one printing station while the system continues outputting at other printing stations. For example, if a carrier with a printed 3D structure is removed at one station, and / or if the material paste reservoir is replaced at another station, only that printing station will temporarily interrupt or stop operation, while other printing stations can continue printing.

[0101] In some cases, the printing parameters of one printing station in the system can be changed (e.g., adjusting the flow rate) without affecting the operation of other printing stations.

[0102] It will be understood that carriers can be materialized in various ways. For example, a carrier can be materialized as a plate, tray, printing surface, support, substrate, holder, etc. In some examples, a carrier provides a flat surface on which a three-dimensional structure can be printed. However, the carrier does not need to be flat; other shapes are also conceivable.

[0103] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a system for manufacturing three-dimensional structures, comprising a plurality of printing stations and a robot unit configured to interact with the plurality of printing stations, each of the plurality of printing stations being accessible by the robot unit, each printing station including a removable carrier, a deposition unit having at least one nozzle positioned to extrude a filament of a build material paste through an opening, and a station controller configured to operate the deposition unit to deposit a filament of a build material paste onto the removable carrier in an interconnected arrangement as a plurality of stacked layers to form one or more three-dimensional structures, the at least one nozzle and the removable carrier being movable relative to each other, the station controller of each printing station being configured to control at least one deposition control parameter, the robot unit including a handling device for handling the removable carrier, and the robot unit being configured to provide, remove, and / or replace the removable carriers at the plurality of printing stations. Optionally, the system further includes a system controller configured to operate robotic units, and the system controller is communicatively coupled to multiple printing stations to control at least the execution of printing tasks running on multiple printing stations.

[0104] Multiple printing stations or printers can be integrated into the system. The system further includes automated robotic units for applying, removing, and / or replacing carriers (e.g., plates, trays, or substrates) at the printing stations. The system can improve parallel printing at multiple printing stations. Individual control of the printing stations and / or placement of the build material paste reservoirs can better synchronize the printing operations with each other. The printers placed in this system may operate in the same way, extruding the build material paste filament from the nozzles, or they may operate in different ways, thus combining different three-dimensional printing systems in a closed space.

[0105] The system controller can be configured to control the interaction between the robot unit and different printing stations in the system. For example, when a printing station becomes ready to print, the robot unit can remove the carrier and / or the 3D printed structure. Furthermore, the system controller can be configured to control when a printing station starts the printing process or to take action when the build material paste reservoir is (almost) empty. Station controllers can be configured to control local printing stations.

[0106] The robot unit can be configured to determine the destination of the carrier after it has been removed from the printing station. However, the robot unit does not need to return the carrier with the printed 3D structure to the same location (e.g., a rack) it was in before it was supplied to the printing station. This may depend, for example, on any optional post-processing steps performed on the printed 3D structure.

[0107] Various types of extrusion additive manufacturing can be employed. These include filament formation by extruding viscous paste, filament-feed extrusion, screw-type extrusion, and syringe-type extrusion. Combinations of these technologies are also possible.

[0108] Optionally, the deposition unit includes three or more nozzles. In some examples, the deposition unit includes five or more nozzles, and even seven or more nozzles. By increasing the number of nozzles (e.g., eight), the output of the printed three-dimensional structure can be increased. Also, some nozzles can be used for printing with different materials.

[0109] In a syringe extruder, material is placed in a syringe, and the printer pushes down a plunger at a controlled speed to extrude the filament from the nozzle. The syringe may be filled with, for example, a viscous material. In some examples, a heating jacket can be used to heat or cool the syringe to adjust the viscosity of the build material paste or to melt the material (such as polymer filament or granules) in place to a desired degree before printing. Various types of syringe extrusion systems are possible. The plunger may be compressed with air pressure. Alternatively, the plunger may be pushed down by mechanical displacement, for example, by an electric motor. Mechanical displacement allows for more direct control of the volumetric extrusion rate, but in pneumatic printers, the extrusion rate may also depend on the interaction of needle shape, material viscosity, air pressure, and interference from previously extruded filaments. Other alternative designs are also possible.

[0110] In a screw extruder, material can be supplied to a screw enclosed in a tightly fitted sleeve called a barrel. As the screw rotates, the material can be extruded from a nozzle at the end of the barrel. The speed at which the material is extruded from the nozzle may depend on the rotational speed of the screw. While paste-like materials can be used in a screw extruder, polymer granules, for example, can also be used. A screw extruder may include a heating or cooling device for the material being molded.

[0111] In a filament-feed extruder, a reel can be used to supply filament to a heated and melted chamber attached to the nozzle. The extrusion speed of the material from the nozzle may depend on the rate at which the filament is supplied from the reel to the melted chamber. Additive manufacturing software can control the extrusion speed based on the desired diameter of the extruded filament and the nozzle's movement speed.

[0112] Various systems can be used to implement the additive manufacturing method based on extrusion molding according to the present invention.

[0113] It will be understood that the print head trajectory, speed, and / or acceleration can also be considered printing parameters that can be controlled by the system / method.

[0114] The system and method of the present invention may be used to manufacture a three-dimensional porous structure, which is formed having interconnected pores. The system and method may also be used to manufacture a three-dimensional dense or blocky structure, in which case the filaments are arranged adjacent to each other and the three-dimensional structure does not have macropores between the filaments.

[0115] It will be understood that a three-dimensional structure may be a dense structure in which the filaments are spaced apart or closely spaced. When the filaments are adjacent, porosity can be ensured by the filaments themselves. When the filaments are spaced apart, porosity can be ensured mainly by the pores formed between the filaments. In addition, the filaments themselves may be porous with smaller pores.

[0116] According to one embodiment, the present invention relates to a computer-controlled method for printing three-dimensional structures. This computer-controlled method may be configured to operate an additive manufacturing system to perform each step of the printing method according to the present invention. Optionally, this computer-controlled method includes the steps of: receiving a model of the (porous) object to be manufactured; selecting one or more of a plurality of printing stations to print the (porous) object; and defining a printing path using the received model of the object to be manufactured, depending on the desired properties of the (porous) object. The received model may be, for example, a 3D representation of the object to be printed.

[0117] As an option, a material extrusion additive manufacturing process is employed in which the molding material, or optionally a molding material paste, is continuously deposited in a selected configuration.

[0118] It will be understood that extruded filaments may be known in the art as struts, fibers, rods, rasters, extruders, and other terms.

[0119] The term filament diameter can be understood as the characteristic length of the cross-section of a deposited filament. This characteristic may also be referred to using other terms such as filament width, fiber diameter, filament size, or strut width. Filaments can have a variety of cross-sectional shapes.

[0120] It will be understood that layer thickness can be thought of as layer height or slice thickness. Layer thickness represents the Z-increment when 3D printing a three-dimensional structure.

[0121] A wide range of materials with diverse properties can be used to construct the modeling material. Examples include metals, composite materials, ceramics, polymers, and natural materials. Different materials may have different mechanical properties. Therefore, the printing path may depend on the specific material used during deposition.

[0122] Examples of materials used in additive manufacturing processes by extrusion include ceramic materials (e.g., alumina, zirconia, silica, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, etc.), composite materials (e.g., polymer-ceramic composites), metals (RVS, titanium, copper, aluminum, silver, etc.), zeolites, metal-organic skeletons, carbon, graphene, and others. Other materials suitable for additive manufacturing by extrusion are also conceivable, such as polymer-based materials.

[0123] It will be understood that porosity can represent the pore (volume) ratio. In a three-dimensional porous structure, the pore width or diameter can define the porosity at any location or region of that porous structure.

[0124] Some embodiments may be implemented, for example, using a machine or tangible computer-readable medium or element capable of storing instructions or instruction sets, such that when executed by the machine, the machine can be caused to perform the methods and / or operations according to the embodiments.

[0125] It will be understood that any aspect, feature, and option described in terms of the system are equally applicable to the method and apparatus described in the present invention. It will also become clear that any combination of one or more of the above aspects, features, and options is possible. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0126] The present invention will be further described based on the exemplary embodiments shown in the drawings. Each exemplary embodiment is given as a non-limiting example. It should be noted that each drawing is merely a schematic representation of embodiments of the present invention and is given as a non-limiting example.

[0127] [Figure 1] A schematic diagram of one embodiment of the system is shown. [Figure 2] A schematic diagram of one embodiment of the system is shown. [Figure 3]A schematic diagram of one embodiment of the system is shown. [Figure 4] A schematic diagram of one embodiment of the system is shown. [Figure 5A] A schematic diagram of one embodiment of the system is shown. [Figure 5B] A schematic diagram of one embodiment of the system is shown. [Figure 6] A schematic diagram of one embodiment of the system is shown. [Figure 7] A schematic diagram of one embodiment of the system is shown. [Figure 8] A schematic diagram of one embodiment of the reservoir unit is shown. [Figure 9A] This is a schematic diagram of the extrusion molding process. [Figure 9B] This is a schematic diagram of the extrusion molding process. [Figure 9C] This is a schematic diagram of the extrusion molding process. [Figure 10A] A schematic diagram of a three-dimensional structure is shown. [Figure 10B] A schematic diagram of a three-dimensional structure is shown. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0128] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a system 1 for manufacturing three-dimensional structures, which comprises a plurality of printing stations 3 for parallel printing in a closed space, such as a housing (not shown). Each printing station 3 comprises a carrier 7, a deposition unit 9 having at least one nozzle 11 positioned to extrude filaments of a build material paste through an opening, and a station controller configured to operate the deposition unit 9 to deposit filaments of the build material paste onto the carrier 7 in an interconnected arrangement as multiple stacked layers to form one or more three-dimensional structures. At least one nozzle 11 and a detachable carrier 7 are movable relative to each other. The deposition unit 9 is coupled to a reservoir unit 13 configured to contain the build material paste, the reservoir unit 13 including at least one reservoir 15 located outside the closed space. Tubes 17 may be provided to provide fluid communication of the build material paste between at least one reservoir and the deposition unit.

[0129] The paste reservoir 15 can be located outside the workspace of the printing station 3, where the three-dimensional structure is printed by depositing filament onto the carrier 7. This allows the paste reservoir 15 to be removed without requiring any operation within the workspace of the printing station 3. A more efficient, continuous, and safe printing process can be obtained. The reservoir 15 can be easily replaced without requiring access to the deposition head 9. This is a significant advantage compared to placing the reservoir 15 on or adjacent to the deposition head 9 of the printing station 3. The reservoir 15 can be mounted at a distance from the deposition head 9. The printing material paste (e.g., viscous paste) can be supplied to the deposition head 9 by a tube or the like, which provides fluid communication between the reservoir 15 and the deposition head 9.

[0130] By mounting the reservoir 15 externally, its replacement can be facilitated. The reservoir 15 is more easily accessible for replacement, even during printing operations by the printing station 3. Replacement can be performed while protecting it from moving parts (e.g., at least one of the deposition unit and carrier of the printing station). The reservoir 15 for holding the build material paste can be located outside the enclosed environment in which printing is performed by paste extrusion, and this enclosed area may be at least partially defined by a housing (e.g., including a door). The paste reservoir 15 is easily accessible for replacement, refilling, etc. In this way, the printing process can be greatly improved. The reservoir may have a tube (e.g., a hose) that provides a fluid connection (for transporting the build material paste) between the nozzle of the deposition unit 9 and the paste reservoir 15.

[0131] A detection system can be configured to detect when reservoir 15 needs to be replaced or refilled. Various types of detection are possible (optical detection, visual detection, etc.).

[0132] Each printing station may have a printing station housing (not shown). This housing can be formed from walls, frames, cages, etc. Combinations of housing elements are also possible. Alternatively, instead of employing individual housings for each printing station, a system housing (not shown) can be provided. Combinations of station housings and system housings are also possible. The housing can define one or more enclosed areas with restricted access (e.g., by humans).

[0133] Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of one embodiment of the system. In the illustrated example, the deposition unit 9 and reservoir unit 13 of the printing station 3 of system 1 are shown. The reservoir unit 13 has a reservoir 15 located outside the enclosed space formed by the printing station 3 or outside system 1. In this example, each nozzle 11 of the deposition head 9 of the printing station 3 is coupled to the reservoir 15 for supplying the molding material paste.

[0134] Figure 3 shows a schematic diagram of one embodiment of the system. In the illustrated example, the deposition unit 9 and reservoir unit 13 of the printing station 3 of system 1 are shown. The reservoir unit 13 has a reservoir 15 located outside the enclosed space formed by the printing station 3 or outside system 1. This enclosed space may be formed by, for example, a housing. In the illustrated embodiment, the deposition head 9 includes two nozzles 11, namely a first nozzle 11a and a second nozzle 11b located at a distance from the first nozzle 11a. The first nozzle 11a is supplied with printing material paste by a tube 17a. The second nozzle 11b is supplied with printing material paste by a tube 17b. Both the first nozzle 11a and the second nozzle 11b are in fluid communication with two reservoirs 15a and 15b. In this way, a redundant system can be obtained that allows the first reservoir to be replaced while the molding material paste is being supplied to the first nozzle 11a and / or the second nozzle 11b.

[0135] In this example, the deposition unit 9 includes at least a first nozzle 11a and a second nozzle 11b, wherein the first nozzle 11a is coupled to a first reservoir 15a for supplying the first build material paste, and the second nozzle 11b is coupled to a second reservoir 15b for supplying the second build material paste, and the first nozzle 11a is further coupled to the second reservoir 15b, and the second nozzle 11b is further coupled to the first reservoir 15a. Optionally, valves are provided to selectively control the fluid supply from the first and second reservoirs 15a, 15b. In some examples, the first nozzle 11a receives build material paste from the first reservoir 15a when the first reservoir 15a still holds sufficient build material paste. The first nozzle 11a can then receive build material paste from the second reservoir 15b when the first reservoir 15b is empty (requiring refilling or replacement). The same applies to the second nozzle 11b of the deposition unit 9. It will be understood that it is also possible to arrange more nozzles and / or reservoirs.

[0136] Figure 4 shows a schematic diagram of one embodiment of the system. In the illustrated example, the deposition unit 9 and reservoir unit 13 of the printing station 3 of system 1 are shown. The reservoir unit 13 has a reservoir 15 located outside a closed space. The nozzle 11 of the deposition unit 9 is coupled to two reservoirs 15a, 15b for supplying the build material paste. An advantage is that when one of the first or second reservoirs 15a, 15b is replaced, the other reservoir 15b, 15a can still supply the build material paste to the nozzle, improving the continuity of the printing process.

[0137] Figures 5A and 5B are schematic diagrams showing one embodiment of System 1 in perspective and top view, respectively. System 1 includes a group of printing stations 3. In this example, 12 printing stations are integrated within System 1. Additionally, it optionally includes a robot unit 5 with a handling device 5a. The robot unit 5 is operable within a closed area 20 defined by the system housing 10. The robot unit 5 can be configured to transport detachable carriers 7 to and from the retrieval system 21. In this embodiment, the retrieval system 21 includes a number of racks arranged to hold the carriers 7.

[0138] In this example, six printers are arranged on either side of a rail on a mobile robot unit, with a handling device that can access multiple printing stations 3. In this example, three printers are grouped into a single housing. Each housing has two extraction channels. It will be understood that other arrangements are also possible.

[0139] A retrieval system 21 may be provided for transporting or holding carriers removed from the printing station 3. In some examples, the retrieval system 21 includes one or more racks having slots on which a robot unit 5 can place carriers 7. The robot unit 5 can be configured to unload empty carriers into the printing station and to place carriers carrying one or more printed three-dimensional structures into the retrieval system (for example, into the racks of the retrieval system).

[0140] Multiple printing stations can be arranged within the system housing. Each printing station may have one or more deposition units 9, each having one or more nozzles 11 or print heads. A build material paste (e.g., viscous paste) can be supplied to each nozzle 11 or print head of the deposition units in the printing stations from one or more removable build material paste reservoirs, for example, located outside the housing. The reservoirs can be detachably positioned by quick couplings (allowing for quick and easy installation, removal, and / or replacement of the reservoirs).

[0141] As an option, the atmosphere within the system housing can be maintained. Such a controlled atmosphere can also be optionally obtained within the individual housings of the printing stations. In some alternative examples, open systems are provided. Such open systems may have, for example, a cage surrounding the work area (for example, for security). The atmosphere can be controlled overall (for example, within the system housing) or per printing station (for example, individually within each printing station).

[0142] Each printing station may be provided with one or more doors, window panels, or hatches for access to that station. The system may be configured so that when the door of an individual printing station is opened, the operation of that individual printing station is temporarily paused, stopped, or halted. The robot unit may also stop automatically when the door is opened.

[0143] Filament printing can be performed on a carrier formed by a printing plate or printing bed. The printing plate can be installed or positioned at the printing station using a positioning structure.

[0144] In some examples, all printing stations 3 are accessible by a robotic unit 5. For this purpose, the robotic unit 5 may be at least partially surrounded by the printing stations 3 (for example, positioned in the center). The robotic unit 3 may be positioned to install and position empty carriers, and also to remove carriers with printed three-dimensional structures. Carriers with printed three-dimensional structures can be removed from the printing stations, placed on carts, and moved.

[0145] In some examples, System 1 further includes a positioning structure positioned within the printing station 3 to position the carrier. The positioning structure may be crucial to ensure that the carrier is properly positioned within the cart. If the robotic unit is not operated correctly, for example, the end of the cart may unintentionally collide due to inaccurate positioning, causing the previously positioned carrier to become disoriented and damaging the three-dimensional structure being printed on it.

[0146] This positioning structure effectively ensures that the carrier is correctly positioned within the printing station. As a result, the robotic unit can transport the carrier correctly.

[0147] A positioning structure can be installed to ensure the correct positioning of the carrier 7 in the printing station 3. For example, when a print job is ready, the robot unit 5 can transport the carrier 7 from the printing station (e.g., to the retrieval system). The positioning structure allows for more precise positioning of the carrier within the printing station, enabling the robot unit 5 to operate and transport the carrier with greater accuracy. In some examples, sensors are provided to detect how and where the carrier 7 is placed within the printing station. This makes it possible to better prevent the carrier from getting caught in various ways. Therefore, collisions with the retrieval system (e.g., with a cart) can be better prevented without requiring an advanced sensing system. Thus, the positioning accuracy of the carrier in the system's printing station can be improved by using mechanical positioning means rather than relying solely on sensing data. However, in addition to or instead of this, a sensing system for the operation and positioning of the carrier can also be provided. In some examples, a combination of a certain number of sensors and one or more mechanical positioning structures is provided to enable precise positioning of the carrier.

[0148] Figure 6 shows a schematic diagram of one embodiment of System 1. A part of System 1 shown in Figure 5 is shown in perspective. In this embodiment, the detachable carrier 7 is formed by a tray that can be operated by the handling device 5a of the robot unit 5. The retrieval system 21 includes a plurality of slots 23 on which the carrier 7 can be placed. In this embodiment, each printing station has a deposition unit 9 having two nozzles 11. However, it is also possible to employ a different number of nozzles. The deposition unit 9 may also include a deposition head with a plurality of nozzle openings arranged inside. It is also assumed that multiple printing stations 3 have different deposition units 9, for example, having a different number of nozzles 11.

[0149] Figure 7 is a schematic side view illustrating one embodiment of System 1. In this example, the paste reservoir 15 is located outside the workspace of the printing station 3, where three-dimensional structures are printed by depositing filament onto the carrier 7. This allows the paste reservoir 15 to be removed without requiring any operation within the workspace of the printing station 3. A more efficient, continuous, and safe printing process can be obtained. The reservoir 15 is easily replaceable without requiring access to the deposition head 9. This offers a significant advantage compared to placing the reservoir 25 on or adjacent to the deposition head 9 of the printing station 3. The reservoir 25 can be mounted at a distance from the deposition head 9. The printing material paste (e.g., viscous paste) can be supplied to the deposition head by a tube or the like, which provides fluid communication between the reservoir 15 and the deposition head 9.

[0150] By mounting the reservoir 15 externally, its replacement can be facilitated. The reservoir 15 is more easily accessible for replacement, even during printing operations by the printing station 3. Replacement can be performed while protecting it from moving parts (e.g., at least one of the deposition unit and carrier of the printing station). The reservoir 15 for holding the build material paste can be located outside the enclosed environment in which printing is performed by paste extrusion, and this enclosed area is at least partially defined by the housing 10 and the door 27. The paste reservoir 15 is easily accessible for replacement, refilling, etc. In this way, the printing process can be greatly improved. The reservoir may have a tube (e.g., a hose) that provides a fluid connection (for transporting the build material paste) between the nozzle of the deposition unit 9 and the paste reservoir 15.

[0151] A detection system can be configured to detect when reservoir 15 needs to be replaced or refilled. Various types of detection are possible (optical detection, visual detection, etc.).

[0152] Figure 8 shows a schematic diagram of one embodiment of the reservoir unit 13. The reservoir 15 is located outside the housing of the printing unit 3 or system 1. The reservoir 15 is detachably connected to the housing by a mounting device 50. In this example, the housing includes a holder 51 positioned to hold the reservoir 15 in place. The holder 51 includes a coupling interface for detachably coupling at least one reservoir to the housing of the printing station 3 or the housing of system 1. The holder 51 comprises a first interface 53 for providing fluid communication for the molding material paste between the at least one reservoir and the deposition unit, and a second interface (not shown) for providing fluid pressure to the at least one reservoir. Advantageously, this at least one reservoir is replaceable and / or interchangeable. The holder 51 may be arranged to provide a universal coupling that allows different types of reservoirs 15 (e.g., reservoirs having other volumes, shapes, or dimensions) to be mounted to the housing.

[0153] Figures 9A to 9C are schematic diagrams showing the printing path in the extrusion molding process for manufacturing a three-dimensional porous structure 1. The printing path shows how the filaments of the porous structure are deposited in multiple layers. This system is configured to deposit interconnected filaments in a predetermined arrangement as multiple stacked layers. By connecting the filaments of the continuous layers to each other, a porous structure with interconnected pores can be obtained. Furthermore, the filaments of the continuous layers can be angled relative to each other.

[0154] In the extrusion process, the nozzle 101 is scanned along the print bed 103, depositing filament according to the illustrated print path 105. It will be understood that it is also conceivable to move the print bed 103 instead of the nozzle 101 (mechanism alternation). A combination is also possible. In an alternative example, both the nozzle 101 and the print bed 103 can be moved during at least part of the deposition process.

[0155] Figure 9A shows the printing path 105 for the first layer on the print bed 103. Figure 9B shows the printing path 105 for two layers. Figure 9C shows the fourth layer being deposited in the printing path 105. It will be understood that a wide variety of printing path configurations are possible to obtain the arrangement of interconnected filaments in a porous structure.

[0156] By changing the deposition pattern, the local mechanical properties of a three-dimensional structure can be locally altered, which may necessitate changes in heat treatment for drying and firing. In this example, the porous structure being printed has non-uniform filament spacing. It is also possible to make the spacing uniform.

[0157] This example illustrates the extrusion printing of a paste to form a porous structure, but it is conceivable that this system could also be used to deposit non-porous three-dimensional structures, i.e., structures without pores between the filaments.

[0158] Figures 10A and 10B are schematic diagrams of one embodiment of a porous structure 110 obtained by depositing filaments 102 in a predetermined interconnected arrangement as multiple stacked layers 111 to form a porous structure 110 in which pores are interconnected. Figure 10A shows a cross-sectional side view of the porous structure 110. Figure 10B shows a cross-sectional top view of the porous structure 110.

[0159] Porosity affects stiffness or modulus of elasticity (see Young's modulus). Modulus of elasticity is an index that shows the rate of change of stress with respect to strain, and defines how much a material deforms under a given force. Whether the filaments 102 are aligned or staggered also affects the mechanical properties of the three-dimensional structure. For example, a three-dimensional structure 110 with staggered filaments 102 may have a lower modulus of elasticity than a three-dimensional structure 110 with aligned filaments 102. For example, in the case of aligned filament arrangement (as shown in this example), a solid column may exist from the top to the bottom of the three-dimensional structure because the filaments 102 intersect at similar positions. This solid column can strongly resist compression. On the other hand, in the case of staggered arrangement, the filaments 2 may bend slightly, and stress may concentrate at the hinge.

[0160] Furthermore, the orientation of the filaments can also affect the mechanical properties of the three-dimensional structure. For example, three-dimensional structures with filament orientations of 0 / 90, 0 / 60 / 120, and 0 / 45 / 90 / 135 may have different moduli of elasticity. It should be understood that other arrangement patterns, such as triangles, rectangles, hexagons, curves, and zigzag patterns, are also conceivable. Such arrangement patterns can also affect the hole diameter.

[0161] Three-dimensional (porous) structures can be manufactured layer by layer in various ways. The embodiment shown in the figure illustrates a flat layer. In this case, all the filament is extruded to form a single layer (with the nozzle at a constant height above the print bed), and then the nozzle moves up by the thickness of the layer to begin printing the next layer. However, it is also conceivable to print curved layers by changing the distance between the nozzle and the print bed during the deposition of a single filament. By moving the nozzle away from or closer to the print bed during deposition, a curved shape can be obtained.

[0162] Once printing of the three-dimensional structures on the carrier is complete (for example, when the print job is finished or the carrier / plate is full), the robot unit can be operated to automatically remove the carrier loaded with the printed three-dimensional structures and place it in a receiving unit, such as a transport cart or holder. Each printing station can be controlled individually. In some examples, different materials can be printed at each printing station. Furthermore, it is possible to print different shapes at each printing station. It is also possible to print different quantities at each printing station. The system can be configured to determine whether the correct number of three-dimensional structures have been printed on the carrier. When the print job is complete, the robot unit can remove the carrier loaded with the printed three-dimensional structures (e.g., objects, parts, pieces, etc.).

[0163] The robot unit can be configured to control the printing operations at the multiple printing stations. A (sub)task for printing a three-dimensional structure can be sent individually or directly to the printing station selected to perform the printing of the three-dimensional structure. The system can be configured to allow individual control for each printing station. This can be individually adjusted by the operator using a terminal or the like, as needed. The individual control mechanism for each printing station can be located, for example, on the printing station or on an external part of the system. In some examples, each printing station has an external terminal or interface to enable individual control over the printing station. This allows the printing process to be easily adjusted for each printing station.

[0164] In some examples, the system includes a global process control mechanism to control the operation of carriers at multiple printing stations and to provide start signals to the printing stations to initiate print jobs. The printing stations can indicate when a carrier is full or when a print (sub)task is complete. A robotic unit can then be operated to retrieve the carrier with the printed three-dimensional structure. In some examples, the robotic unit can be configured to place a new carrier at the printing station. The robotic unit can then send a start signal to the printing station, which can then be operated to begin printing again for the next print (sub)task.

[0165] Furthermore, by individually controlling each printing station, it becomes possible, for example, for operators to adjust for subtle printing misalignments. It is also possible to set the printing status of multiple printing stations more precisely and relative to each other.

[0166] For example, the pastes used in different printing stations of this system may have slightly different viscosities. Such deviations can be compensated for by individually controlling the printing stations of this system. In some examples, each printing station can be individually controlled from outside the system or the enclosed environment of the printing station (e.g., housing). In some examples, all individual printing stations can be located within the enclosed environment of the system (system housing). This allows for the handling of hazardous materials in a safe environment.

[0167] In some examples, the robotic unit is configured to place a printed three-dimensional structure or a carrier carrying a printed three-dimensional structure onto a transport means (in this case, a cart) and guide it to the next processing step (e.g., packaging and shipping or post-processing that may be required for a three-dimensional porous structure for catalysts).

[0168] It will be understood that various conveying systems can be used to hold or transport carriers or printed three-dimensional structures. Examples of conveying systems include racks, carts, and belt conveyors. However, other configurations may also be used.

[0169] It will be understood that this method may include steps implemented on a computer. All of the steps described above can be computer-implemented steps. Embodiments may include computer devices that perform the process. The present invention also extends to computer programs adapted for carrying out the present invention, in particular computer programs on or within a carrier. The program may be in the form of source code or object code, or in other forms suitable for use in implementing the process according to the present invention. The carrier may be any entity or device capable of carrying the program. For example, the carrier may be a storage medium such as a ROM, such as a semiconductor ROM, or a hard disk. Furthermore, the carrier may be a transmittable carrier such as an electrical signal or an optical signal, which may be transmitted by means such as electrical cables, optical cables, or wireless communication, such as the internet or the cloud.

[0170] Some embodiments may be implemented, for example, using a machine or tangible computer-readable medium or element capable of storing instructions or instruction sets, such that when executed by the machine, the machine can be caused to perform the methods and / or operations according to the embodiments.

[0171] Various embodiments can be implemented using hardware elements, software elements, or a combination of both. Examples of hardware elements include processors, microprocessors, circuits, ASICs (Application Specific Integrated Circuits), PLDs (Programmable Logic Devices), DSPs (Digital Signal Processors), FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays), logic gates, registers, semiconductor devices, microchips, and chipsets. Examples of software include software components, programs, applications, computer programs, application programs, system programs, machine programs, operating system software, mobile apps, middleware, firmware, software modules, routines, subroutines, functions, computer-implemented methods, procedures, software interfaces, application programming interfaces (APIs), methods, instruction sets, computing code, and computer code.

[0172] This specification describes the present invention with reference to specific examples of each embodiment of the invention. However, it will be apparent that various changes, modifications, substitutions, and alterations can be made in the present invention without departing from the essence of the invention. For clarity and conciseness, features are described herein as part of the same or separate embodiments, but alternative embodiments having all or some combinations of the features described in these separate embodiments are assumed and understood to be within the framework of the invention outlined by the claims. Accordingly, each specification, drawing, and example should be interpreted as illustrative, not restrictive. The present invention is intended to encompass all substitutions, changes, and alterations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, many of the elements described are functional entities that can be implemented in any preferred combination and position, either as individual or distributed components, or in combination with other components. In the claims, no reference numerals in parentheses shall be construed as limiting the claims. The word “comprising” does not exclude the existence of features or processes other than those enumerated in the claims. Furthermore, the words "a" and "an" should not be interpreted as limiting to "only one," but rather as being used to mean "at least one," and do not exclude plurals. The mere fact that certain means are described in different claims does not indicate that combinations of these means cannot be used advantageously.

Claims

1. A system for manufacturing three-dimensional structures, comprising multiple printing stations for performing parallel printing in a closed space, Each printing station includes a carrier, a deposition unit having at least one nozzle positioned to extrude filaments of a build material paste through an opening region, and a station controller configured to operate the deposition unit to deposit filaments of the build material paste onto the carrier in an interconnected arrangement as multiple stacked layers to form one or more three-dimensional structures, wherein the at least one nozzle and the carrier are movable relative to each other. The deposition unit is coupled to a reservoir unit configured to contain the molding material paste, the reservoir unit includes at least one reservoir located outside the enclosed space, and the reservoir unit has a pressurized interface for supplying pressurized fluid to the at least one reservoir to transfer the molding material paste from the at least one reservoir to the deposition unit. A system in which each of the at least one nozzle is coupled to at least two reservoirs of the reservoir unit for supplying the molding material paste, such that the supply of molding material paste from the at least two reservoirs to the at least one nozzle can be selectively controlled.

2. The system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one reservoir is located outside the housing that encloses the enclosed space.

3. The system according to claim 2, wherein the at least one reservoir is detachably connected to the housing by an attachment device.

4. The system according to claim 2 or 3, wherein the housing includes a holder for the at least one reservoir, the holder includes a coupling interface for removably coupling the at least one reservoir to the housing of the printing station, and the holder includes a first interface for providing fluid communication for a molding material paste between the at least one reservoir and the deposition unit, and the pressurizing interface.

5. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein at least one reservoir is replaceable and / or interchangeable.

6. The system according to claim 4, wherein the holder is arranged to provide a universal coupling that allows different types of reservoirs to be attached to the housing.

7. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the at least one reservoir includes a communication unit configured to enable communication coupling with one or more controllers of the system, the communication unit being configured to communicate data indicating the amount of molding material paste in the reservoir.

8. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the at least one reservoir includes at least one sensor for providing data indicating the amount of molding material paste in the reservoir.

9. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the deposition unit includes at least a first nozzle and a second nozzle, the first nozzle being coupled to a first reservoir for supplying a first molding material paste, and the second nozzle being coupled to a second reservoir for supplying a second molding material paste.

10. The system according to claim 9, wherein the first nozzle is further coupled to the second reservoir, and the second nozzle is further coupled to the first reservoir.

11. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein at least one of the reservoirs is refillable.

12. A method for manufacturing a three-dimensional structure, comprising the step of providing a plurality of printing stations for performing parallel printing in a closed space, each printing station comprising a carrier, a deposition unit having at least one nozzle positioned to extrude filaments of a build material paste through an opening region, and a station controller configured to operate the deposition unit to deposit filaments of the build material paste onto the carrier in an interconnected arrangement as a plurality of stacked layers to form one or more three-dimensional structures, wherein the at least one nozzle and the carrier are movable relative to each other, the deposition unit is coupled to a reservoir unit configured to contain the build material paste, the reservoir unit includes at least one reservoir positioned outside the closed space, the reservoir unit has a pressurizing interface for delivering the build material paste from the at least one reservoir to the deposition unit by providing pressurized fluid to the at least one reservoir. A method wherein each of the at least one nozzle is coupled to at least two reservoirs of the reservoir unit for supplying the molding material paste, such that the supply of molding material paste from the at least two reservoirs to the at least one nozzle can be selectively controlled.

13. Use of the system according to any one of claims 1 to 11 for manufacturing a three-dimensional structure.

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