A method for manufacturing an article that modifies electromagnetic radiation, an article and apparatus produced by that method, and a method for modifying electromagnetic radiation.

Abstract

The present disclosure provides methods, articles, and devices related to modifying electromagnetic radiation. The method of manufacturing the article includes a) providing a polymer matrix and optionally embedding dielectric particles in the polymer matrix to form an electromagnetic radiation modifying material, and b) obtaining initial dielectric properties of the electromagnetic radiation modifying material. The method further includes c) modeling the electromagnetic radiation modifying characteristics of the material suitable for an article obtained from the material to have a target electromagnetic radiation modifying property, thereby obtaining a simulation of the electromagnetic radiation modified article, and d) additively manufacturing the electromagnetic radiation modified article based on the simulation of the electromagnetic radiation modified article. An electromagnetic radiation modified article obtained by the method is also provided. Furthermore, an apparatus including the electromagnetic radiation modified article is provided. A method of modifying electromagnetic radiation is provided, comprising incorporating the electromagnetic radiation modified article into either an electronic device or an electromagnetic radiation generating device, or placing the article in the vicinity of the device. Aspects of the present disclosure advantageously contribute to achieving optimized materials and designs for electromagnetic radiation modified articles.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] This disclosure relates to modifying electromagnetic radiation emitted by a device. [Overview of the project]

[0002] Methods, articles, and apparatus relating to the modification of electromagnetic radiation are provided. In a first aspect, a method for manufacturing an electromagnetic radiation-modified article is provided. The method comprises the steps of a) providing a polymer matrix and optionally embedding a plurality of dielectric particles in the polymer matrix to form an electromagnetic radiation-modified material, and b) the initial relative permittivity (ε) measured at frequency F1. r The method includes the steps of: 1) obtaining the initial dielectric properties of an electromagnetic radiation-modified material, including the initial dielectric loss tangent (tanδ1); and c) modeling the electromagnetic radiation-modified features of an electromagnetic radiation-modified material suitable for an electromagnetic radiation-modified article obtained from the electromagnetic radiation-modified material to have target electromagnetic radiation-modified properties, thereby obtaining a simulation of the electromagnetic radiation-modified article; and d) additively manufacturing an electromagnetic radiation-modified article based on the simulation of the electromagnetic radiation-modified article. Optionally, the method further includes the steps of: e) measuring the electromagnetic radiation-modified properties of an electromagnetic radiation-modified article obtained from additive manufacturing, and comparing the measured electromagnetic radiation-modified properties of the electromagnetic radiation-modified article with the target electromagnetic radiation-modified properties.

[0003] In a second embodiment, an electromagnetic radiation-modified article is provided. The electromagnetic radiation-modified article is obtained by the method according to the first embodiment.

[0004] In a third aspect, an apparatus is provided, which includes an electromagnetic radiation modification article according to the second aspect.

[0005] A fourth aspect provides a method for modifying electromagnetic radiation generated from an electromagnetic radiation generating device and received by an electronic device. This method includes the steps of incorporating an article according to the second aspect into an electronic device, or placing an article according to the second aspect near an electronic device.

[0006] A fifth aspect provides a method for modifying electromagnetic radiation emitted from an electromagnetic radiation generating device. This method includes the steps of incorporating an article according to the second aspect into an electromagnetic radiation generating device, or placing an article according to the second aspect near an electromagnetic radiation generating device.

[0007] At least certain aspects of this disclosure will be advantageous in achieving optimized materials and designs for electromagnetic radiation-modified articles.

[0008] The above “Summary of the Invention” in this disclosure is not intended to describe each or all of the disclosed embodiments of the Invention. The following description more specifically illustrates exemplary embodiments. Guidelines are provided in several places throughout this application through the enumeration of examples, which can be used in various combinations. In each example, the enumerated items described serve only as representative groups and should not be construed as an exclusive enumeration. Accordingly, the scope of this disclosure should not be limited to the specific exemplary structures described herein, but extends to at least the structures described by the language of the claims, and their equivalents. Any of the elements explicitly listed as substitutes herein may be expressly included in or excluded from the claims in any combination as desired. Various theories and possible mechanisms may be considered herein, but in no case shall such considerations limit the subject matter to which claims can be made. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0009] [Figure 1] This is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method for manufacturing an electromagnetic radiation-modified article according to this specification. [Figure 2] This is a schematic perspective view of an additive manufacturing device. [Figure 3] This is a block diagram of the overall system for additive manufacturing of objects. [Figure 4]It is a block diagram of the overall manufacturing process for an article. [Figure 5] It is a high - level flowchart of an exemplary article manufacturing process. [Figure 6] It is a high - level flowchart of an exemplary article additive manufacturing process. [Figure 7] It is a schematic front view of an exemplary computing device. [Figure 8] It is a schematic perspective end view of a plate having an internal honeycomb structure according to Example 4. [Figure 9A] It is a graph of the dielectric constant of a solid plate and a honeycomb plate according to Example 4. [Figure 9B] It is a graph of the dielectric loss factor of a solid plate and a honeycomb plate according to Example 4. [Figure 10A] It is a schematic perspective view of a frequency - selective surface (FSS) prototype. [Figure 10B] It is a schematic side view of a part of the FSS prototype of FIG. 10A. [Figure 10C] It is a photograph of a sample according to Example 5. [Figure 11] It is a schematic side cross - sectional view of a chamber for testing FSS. [Figure 12] It is a graph showing the simulation and measured FSS transmittance of a sample according to Example 5.

[0010] The figures identified above describe some embodiments of the present disclosure, but as mentioned herein, other embodiments are also contemplated. The figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. In all cases, the present disclosure presents the invention by way of illustration and not limitation.

Mode for Carrying Out the Invention

[0011] Term Explanation As used herein, "actinic rays" include UV rays, electron beam rays, visible light rays, infrared rays, gamma rays, and any combination thereof.

[0012] As used herein, "matrix" refers to a three-dimensionally continuous medium.

[0013] As used herein, "monomer" is a single unit molecule that can form an oligomer or polymer by itself or in combination with other monomers, "oligomer" is a component having 2 to 9 repeating units, and "polymer" is a component having 10 or more repeating units.

[0014] As used herein, "particle" refers to a substance that is a solid having a geometrically determinable shape. The shape may be regular or irregular. Particles can typically be analyzed, for example, with respect to particle size and particle size distribution. A particle can contain one or more microcrystals. Thus, a particle can contain one or more crystalline phases. The term "primary particle size" refers to the size of a non-associated single nanoparticle considered to be a primary particle. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is typically used to measure the primary particle size of crystalline materials, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is typically used to measure the primary particle size of amorphous materials.

[0015] As used herein, "diameter" refers to the longest straight-line length across a shape (two-dimensional or three-dimensional) that intersects the center of the shape.

[0016] As used herein, "fluid" refers to emulsions, dispersions, suspensions, solutions, and pure components having a continuous liquid phase, excluding solid-form powders and microparticles.

[0017] As used herein, "curing" and "polymerization" each mean the hardening or partial hardening of a composition by some mechanism such as heat, light, radiation, electron beam, microwave, chemical reaction, or a combination thereof.

[0018] As used herein, “cured” refers to a material or composition that has been hardened or partially hardened by one or more curing mechanisms (e.g., polymerized or crosslinked).

[0019] As used herein, “photopolymerizable” and “photocurable” each refer to a composition containing at least one material that can be cured or partially cured using chemical rays.

[0020] As used herein, “(meth)acrylate” is an abbreviation for acrylate, methacrylate, or a combination thereof; “(meth)acrylic” is an abbreviation for acrylic, methacrylic, or a combination thereof; and “(meth)acrylic” is an abbreviation for acrylic and methacrylic groups. “Acrylic” refers to derivatives of acrylic acid, such as acrylate, methacrylate, acrylamide, and methacrylamide. “(meth)acrylic” means a monomer or oligomer having at least one acrylic or methacrylic group, which, if it contains two or more groups, is linked by an aliphatic segment. As used herein, “(meth)acrylate-functional compound” is, in particular, a compound containing a (meth)acrylate moiety.

[0021] Furthermore, in this specification, all numbers are assumed to be modified with the term “approximately,” and preferably with the term “exactly.” Where used herein, in relation to a measured quantity, the term “approximately” refers to the variation in the measured quantity that can be predicted by a person skilled in the art who performs the measurement and exercises a level of care commensurate with the purpose of the measurement and the precision of the measuring instrument used. Also, in this specification, a numerical range with endpoints includes all numbers and their endpoints that fall within that range (for example, 1 to 5 includes 1, 1.5, 2, 2.75, 3, 3.80, 4, 5, etc.).

[0022] When used herein as a modifier for a characteristic or attribute, the term “generally” means, unless otherwise specified, that the characteristic or attribute is readily recognizable to a person skilled in the art, but does not require absolute precision or perfect agreement (e.g., within ±20% for quantifiable characteristics). The term “substantially” means, unless otherwise specified, a high degree of approximation (e.g., within ±10% for quantifiable characteristics), but again, does not require absolute precision or perfect agreement. Terms such as identical, equal, uniform, constant, and strictly are understood to mean that they do not require absolute precision or perfect agreement, but are within the normal tolerance or measurement error applicable to the particular situation.

[0023] Modifying electromagnetic waves is commercially important in many ways. Often, electronic devices (e.g., "victims") are protected from interfering electromagnetic waves from other devices or apparatus (e.g., "interferers") by reflection, attenuation, or redirection. As the number of technological fields digitizes more and more, as well as the density of electronic devices constantly increases, solutions for protecting devices are becoming increasingly important. One area of ​​application is the adaptation of the distribution of electromagnetic waves from antenna signals, for example, by modifying the direction of electromagnetic waves due to local limitations or by increasing the efficiency of the antenna.

[0024] This disclosure provides combinations of dielectric materials (e.g., dielectric polymers and / or dielectric particle-filled polymers) having specific electromagnetic wave modification designs using additive manufacturing (also known as "3D printing") design degrees of freedom. Dielectric materials can be classified into four common material classes (i.e., transparent, redirected, absorbed, or reflected electromagnetic waves). Additive manufacturing offers unique potential for providing solutions related to weight reduction or easier assembly due to new design options. In some cases, depending on the frequency range, specific dielectric filler particles are preferred and can be processed by polymer matrix composite-based additive manufacturing or 3D printing techniques (e.g., selective laser sintering (SLS), stereolithography (SLA), etc.). Furthermore, the concepts of part design and material adaptation optimization are provided herein, which enable rapid and customizable adaptation of electromagnetic wave modification designs based on application requirements. Combinations of materials and design adaptations can leverage the design degrees of freedom provided by additive manufacturing and thus provide specific solutions for further improving electromagnetic wave modification capabilities for various applications.

[0025] Electromagnetic wave modification designs can take various forms, such as lens designs based on different principles, frequency-selective surfaces, metamaterials, and absorbers.

[0026] Electromagnetic lenses or electromagnetic redirectors can be used to generate interference patterns, effectively focusing or redirecting electromagnetic energy to a focal point or a different direction. The required different phase delays can be achieved through different runtimes (e.g., group delays) of electromagnetic waves passing through the lens medium. This can be achieved by altering either the thickness or the effective dielectric constant as a gradient along the material. The gradient may be continuous or stepped, depending on the required specifications. For example, additive manufacturing can be used to generate this gradient by creating almost any kind of surface topology on the material. The topology may also (or alternatively) be hidden inside a block of material, or realized by materials of different densities. In the case of multi-material additive manufacturing, material gradients or compositional variations can be used.

[0027] Frequency-selective surfaces or materials act like filters for a given wavelength. Some frequencies can pass through, while others are reflected. This can be achieved by adding structural features (e.g., holes, slots, inclusions, etc.) with wavelengths of a certain magnitude to the material or its interior. Using additive manufacturing in particular, a substantial degree of freedom can be achieved to generate complex frequency characteristics by producing these types of resonant features. This can lead to solutions that can be tailored to specific needs. For example, an antenna cover can be created that is transparent within the frequency bandwidth of the communication channel being used, but reflects other frequencies, shielding the antenna from unwanted signals.

[0028] Absorbers convert electromagnetic energy into heat. This phenomenon can be used, for example, to protect electronic circuits from radiation. High-loss materials can be printed via additive manufacturing to have a shape designed to fit perfectly onto the printed circuit board (PCB) of the circuit to be protected or the circuit being interfered with. This design flexibility allows absorbers to be used even in tight housings to support miniaturization.

[0029] Alternatively, the structure of electromagnetic radiation-modified materials can be designed to produce an effective medium. The properties of unstructured materials can be modified using hollow, porous, or lattice structures when the radiation wavelength is much larger than the structural feature size (e.g., more than four times larger). As an example, a direct comparison of dielectric properties can be determined for an unfilled base polymer by reducing the total weight, once as a solid plate and once using a honeycomb design, as described in the following examples. The effective medium principle may also be used to produce materials with even lower dielectric constants (e.g., close to 1), resulting in enhanced transparent materials. This design option also offers the possibility of weight reduction.

[0030] Another variation of the effective medium principle involves metamaterials. "Metamaterials" are a general term for materials that possess electromagnetic properties not typically found in nature. Normally, the real parts of a material's permeability and / or permittivity are positive. In metamaterials, both properties are negative, resulting in a negative refractive index (i.e., a double negative material (DNG)). By designing small inclusions that resonate with the bulk material but are small compared to the wavelength of the surrounding medium, the real parts of both permittivity and permeability can be designed to be negative for a certain small frequency band. Such materials can lead to useful designs for applications such as antennas, lenses, and miniaturization.

[0031] Method for manufacturing electromagnetic radiation-modified articles In the first aspect, a method is provided. A method for manufacturing an electromagnetic radiation-modified article is: a) Providing a polymer matrix and optionally embedding a plurality of dielectric particles into the polymer matrix to form an electromagnetic radiation-modified material; b) Initial relative permittivity (ε) measured at frequency F1 r 1) A step of obtaining the initial dielectric properties of an electromagnetic radiation-modified material, including the initial dielectric loss tangent (tanδ1), c) A step of modeling the electromagnetic radiation modification characteristics of an electromagnetic radiation modification material suitable for an electromagnetic radiation modification article obtained from an electromagnetic radiation modification material to have the target electromagnetic radiation modification characteristics, thereby obtaining a simulation of the electromagnetic radiation modification article. d) A step of additively fabricating an electromagnetic radiation-modified article based on a simulation of the electromagnetic radiation-modified article, e) optionally includes the step of measuring the electromagnetic radiation modification properties of an electromagnetic radiation modified article obtained from additive manufacturing, and comparing the measured electromagnetic radiation modification properties of the electromagnetic radiation modified article with those of a target electromagnetic radiation modification property.

[0032] Referring to Figure 1, a flowchart of the method according to the first embodiment is provided. More specifically, the method includes step 110 of forming an electromagnetic radiation-modified material by a) providing a polymer matrix and optionally embedding a plurality of dielectric particles in the polymer matrix. Often, the step of forming the electromagnetic radiation-modified material includes the steps of selecting an initial polymer matrix and selecting a plurality of initial dielectric particles to embed therein. Exemplary polymer materials for use in the polymer matrix and dielectric particles are described in detail below. When an unfilled polymer matrix is ​​employed, the polymer material includes a dielectric material.

[0033] This method is based on b) the initial relative permittivity (ε) measured at frequency F1. rThe step 120 further includes obtaining the initial dielectric properties of the electromagnetic radiation-modified material, including 1) and the initial dielectric loss loss tangent (tanδ1). In some embodiments, the step of obtaining the initial dielectric properties of the electromagnetic radiation-modified material is performed by measuring the initial dielectric properties using a measurement method selected from the group consisting of transmission and / or reflection methods, dielectric resonance methods (i.e., split-post dielectric resonator (SPDR) methods), capacitance methods, LC resonance (also called "U / I") methods, perturbation methods, open resonator methods, and any combination thereof. Preferred measurement methods for initial dielectric properties may be selected from the group consisting of reflection methods, LC resonance (U / I) methods, dielectric resonance (SPDR) methods, and any combination thereof. Each of these methods will be discussed further below. In some embodiments, the initial dielectric properties are already available and can be accessed, for example, from a database or datasheet.

[0034] Suitable transmission and / or reflection methods can be implemented using either conductive or radiative methods. Conductive transmission and / or reflection methods include coaxial or waveguide transmission line methods. Radiative transmission and / or reflection methods include free-field measurement setups in anechoic R-type F measurement chambers, as well as quasi-optical methods using reflectors, lenses, or combinations thereof.

[0035] A preferred dielectric resonance method (e.g., a split-post dielectric resonator) will be described in detail as the "dielectric resonance (SPDR) measurement method" in the following examples.

[0036] A suitable capacitance method includes measuring a well-known test capacitor structure having an interchangeable dielectric medium between plates, and measuring the change in capacitance conducted by different dielectric materials.

[0037] A suitable LC resonant method (or U / I method) includes using an LCR meter to determine the resonant characteristics of a combined RLC circuit, replacing the dielectric material of the associated capacitors with the material under test, and calculating the dielectric properties from the resulting difference in resonant characteristics.

[0038] A suitable perturbation method includes measuring the resonant properties of a cavity resonator, monitoring the change in resonant properties when a dielectric sample is inserted, and calculating the dielectric properties from the perturbation of the resonant properties.

[0039] A suitable open-resonator method includes, for example, the use of a Fabry-Perot open resonator.

[0040] In some embodiments, the frequency F1 at which the initial dielectric properties of the electromagnetic radiation-modified material are measured is in the range of 300 MHz to 300 GHz. In some embodiments, the frequency F1 is in the range of 300 MHz to 3 GHz (e.g., Ultra High Frequency (UHF)). In some embodiments, the frequency F1 is in the range of 3 GHz to 30 GHz (e.g., Super High Frequency (SHF)). In some embodiments, the frequency F1 is in the range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz (e.g., Extremely High Frequency (EHF)). In some embodiments, the frequency F1 is in the range of 1 to 10 GHz, 1 to 8 GHz, 1 to 6 GHz, or even 2 to 6 GHz (e.g., the 5 GHz mid-GHz band).

[0041] In some embodiments, the electromagnetic radiation-modified material, when measured at 5.2 GHz according to the dielectric resonance (SPDR) measurement method described in the following embodiments, has an initial relative permittivity (ε) in the range of 1-3.0, 1-2.8, 1.0-2.5, 1.2-2.3, or even 1.5-2.0. r 1) has. In some embodiments, the electromagnetic radiation-modified material has an initial relative permittivity (ε) in the range of 4-11, 4.5-11, 5-10, 5-9, or even 5-8 when measured at 5.2 GHz according to dielectric resonance (SPDR) measurement. r 1) has an initial relative permittivity (ε) greater than 15 when measured at 5.2 GHz according to dielectric resonance (SPDR) measurement method. In some embodiments, the electromagnetic radiation modified material has an initial relative permittivity (ε) greater than 15 when measured at 5.2 GHz according to dielectric resonance (SPDR) measurement method. r1). In some embodiments, the electromagnetic radiation-modified material has an initial relative permittivity (ε r 1) of 100 or less, 70 or less, 50 or less, 40 or less, or 30 or less when measured at 5.2 GHz according to the surface plasmon dielectric resonance (SPDR) measurement method.

[0042] In some embodiments, the electromagnetic radiation-modified material has an initial dielectric loss tangent (tanδ1) in the range of 0.01 - 0.04, 0.01 - 0.03, or even 0.01 - 0.02 when measured at 5.2 GHz according to the surface plasmon dielectric resonance (SPDR) measurement method described in the following examples. In some embodiments, the electromagnetic radiation-modified material has an initial dielectric loss tangent (tanδ1) in the range of 0.05 - 0.15, 0.06 - 0.12, or even 0.08 - 0.12 when measured at 5.2 GHz according to the surface plasmon dielectric resonance (SPDR) measurement method. In some embodiments, the electromagnetic radiation-modified material has an initial dielectric loss tangent (tanδ1) in the range of 0.2 - 0.5, 0.2 - 0.45, or even 0.2 - 0.4 when measured at 5.2 GHz according to the surface plasmon dielectric resonance (SPDR) measurement method. In some embodiments, the electromagnetic radiation-modified material has an initial dielectric loss tangent (tanδ1) greater than 0.5 when measured at 5.2 GHz according to the surface plasmon dielectric resonance (SPDR) measurement method. In some embodiments, the electromagnetic radiation-modified material has an initial dielectric loss tangent (tanδ1) of 0.8 or less or 0.6 or less when measured at 5.2 GHz according to the surface plasmon dielectric resonance (SPDR) measurement method. [[ID=​​​​​​​

[0044] Referring again to Figure 1, the method for manufacturing an electromagnetic radiation modified article further includes step 130 of modeling the electromagnetic radiation modification features of an electromagnetic radiation modified material suitable for an electromagnetic radiation modified article obtained from an electromagnetic radiation modified material to have target electromagnetic radiation modification properties, thereby obtaining a simulation of the electromagnetic radiation modified article.

[0045] In some embodiments, the step of modeling the electromagnetic radiation modification features of an electromagnetic radiation-modified material is performed using initial dielectric properties of the electromagnetic radiation-modified material obtained by a method selected from the group consisting of transmission / reflection methods, free-field measurements, transmission line methods, dielectric resonance (SPDR) methods, capacitance methods, LC resonance (U / I) methods, perturbation methods, open-resonator methods, and any combination thereof. Preferred measurement methods may be selected from the group consisting of reflection / transmission methods, LC resonance (U / I) methods, dielectric resonance (SPDR) methods, and any combination thereof.

[0046] Exemplary and suitable electromagnetic radiation modification features for electromagnetic radiation modification materials may be selected from the group consisting of electromagnetic lenses, diffraction gratings, frequency-selective surfaces or materials, electromagnetic energy absorbers, metamaterials, and any combination thereof. In selected embodiments, the electromagnetic radiation modification features are electromagnetic lenses, redirectors, and / or electromagnetic energy absorbers.

[0047] In some embodiments, the step of modeling the electromagnetic radiation modification features of an electromagnetic radiation modification material includes the step of optimizing the electromagnetic radiation modification features of the electromagnetic radiation modification material to have target electromagnetic radiation modification properties. In some embodiments, the step of modeling the electromagnetic radiation modification features of an electromagnetic radiation modification material includes the step of simulating the electromagnetic radiation modification properties of a simulation of an electromagnetic radiation modification article by performing electromagnetic radiation modification calculations on the simulation of the electromagnetic radiation modification article. Suitable modeling techniques include, but are not limited to, analytical calculations, finite element simulations, finite difference time-domain simulations, and moment simulations.

[0048] In some embodiments, the target electromagnetic radiation modification characteristics are defined as the target relative permittivity (ε) measured at frequency F2. r 2) Includes dielectric properties of the electromagnetic radiation-modified article, including the target dielectric loss tangent (tanδ2). In some embodiments, the target electromagnetic radiation-modified properties include the target relative permeability (μ) measured at frequency F2. r 2) The magnetic properties of the electromagnetic radiation-modified material include the magnetic properties of the electromagnetic radiation-modified material, including the target electromagnetic radiation-modified property, which includes the target magnetic loss tangent (tanδ4) when measured at frequency F2.

[0049] In certain embodiments, the frequency F2 at which the dielectric properties of the electromagnetic radiation-modified material are measured is in the range of 300 MHz to 300 GHz. In certain embodiments, the frequency F2 is in the range of 300 MHz to 3 GHz (e.g., ultra-high frequency (UHF)). In certain embodiments, the frequency F2 is in the range of 3 GHz to 30 GHz (e.g., very high frequency (SHF)). In certain embodiments, the frequency F2 is in the range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz (e.g., extremely high frequency (EHF)). In certain embodiments, the frequency F2 is in the range of 1 to 10 GHz, 1 to 8 GHz, 1 to 6 GHz, or even 2 to 6 GHz (e.g., 5 GHz mid-GHz band).

[0050] Referring again to Figure 1, the method for manufacturing an electromagnetically modified article further includes step 140 of additive manufacturing the electromagnetically modified article based on a simulation of the electromagnetically modified article. In some embodiments, the step of additive manufacturing the electromagnetically modified article based on a simulation of the electromagnetically modified article is performed using an additive manufacturing method selected from the group consisting of stereolithography (SLA), selective laser sintering (SLS), digital light processing (DLP), selective laser melting (SLM), fused deposition modeling (FDM), direct light processing, binder jetting, material jetting, and any combination thereof. In some preferred embodiments, the step of additive manufacturing the electromagnetically modified article based on a simulation of the electromagnetically modified article is performed using an additive manufacturing method selected from the group consisting of stereolithography (SLA), selective laser sintering (SLS), digital light processing (DLP), material jetting, and any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the additive manufacturing method employed includes stereolithography (SLA). In certain embodiments, the additive manufacturing method includes selective laser sintering (SLS). In certain embodiments, the additive manufacturing method includes digital photopolymerization (DLP). In certain embodiments, the additive manufacturing method includes material jetting.

[0051] The method for printing a three-dimensional object described herein may include forming an article from multiple layers of the photopolymerizable composition described herein by layering them one layer at a time. Furthermore, the layers of the material composition to be constructed may be deposited according to a computer-readable image of the three-dimensional object. In some or all embodiments, the photopolymerizable composition is deposited according to pre-selected computer-aided design (CAD) parameters (e.g., a data file).

[0052] It is understood that the methods for manufacturing three-dimensional objects described herein may include so-called "stereolithography / liquid vat polymerization" 3D printing methods. Other techniques for three-dimensional manufacturing are known and may be suitably adapted for use in the applications described herein. More generally, a succession of three-dimensional manufacturing techniques are becoming available. All such techniques may be modified for use with the photopolymerizable compositions described herein, provided they provide manufacturing viscosity and resolution that meet the specified article properties. Manufacturing may be carried out using any of the manufacturing techniques described herein, either alone or in various combinations, using data representing the three-dimensional object, which may be reformatted or otherwise adapted as necessary to suit a particular printing technique or other manufacturing technique.

[0053] It is entirely possible to form three-dimensional objects from photopolymerizable compositions using vat polymerization (e.g., stereolithography). For example, in some cases, a method for printing a three-dimensional object includes holding the photopolymerizable composition described herein in a fluid state in a container, selectively applying energy to the photopolymerizable composition in the container to solidify at least a portion of the fluid layer of the photopolymerizable composition, thereby forming a hardened layer that defines the cross-section of the three-dimensional object. Furthermore, the method described herein may further include raising and lowering the hardened layer of the photopolymerizable composition to provide a new, i.e., second fluid layer of unhardened photopolymerizable composition to the surface of the fluid in the container, and subsequently selectively applying energy again to the photopolymerizable composition in the container to solidify at least a portion of the new, i.e., second fluid layer of the photopolymerizable composition, thereby forming a second hardened layer that defines the second cross-section of the three-dimensional object. Furthermore, by applying energy to solidify the photopolymerizable composition, the first and second cross-sections of a three-dimensional object can be bonded or adhered to each other in the z-direction (i.e., the construction direction corresponding to the direction of elevation described above). Furthermore, selectively applying energy to the photopolymerizable composition in the container may include applying chemical beams such as ultraviolet, visible, or electron beam radiation that have sufficient energy to cure the photopolymerizable composition. The method may also include planarizing a new layer of fluid of the photopolymerizable composition provided by raising and lowering the platform of an elevator. Such planarization can be performed in some cases by utilizing a wiper, roller, or recoater. Planarization corrects the thickness of one or more layers before curing the material by flattening the dispensed material to remove excess material and creating a uniformly smooth exposed or flat upward surface on the printer's support platform.

[0054] It should be further understood that the process described above can be repeated a selected number of times to provide a three-dimensional object. For example, in some cases, this process can be repeated "n" times. Furthermore, it is understood that one or more steps of the method described herein, such as the step of selectively applying energy to a layer of photopolymerizable composition, can be performed according to a computer-readable image of the three-dimensional object. Suitable stereolithography printers include the Viper Pro SLA, available from 3D Systems (Rock Hill, SC), and the Asiga PICO PLUS39, available from Asiga USA (Anaheim Hills, CA).

[0055] Figure 2 shows a stereolithography apparatus ("SLA") which may be used, for example, with the photopolymerizable compositions and methods described herein. Generally, the apparatus 200 may include a laser 202, an optical element 204, a steering mirror or lens 206, an elevator 208, and a platform 210 in a liquid tank 214 filled with a photopolymerizable composition 219. During operation, the laser 202 is guided through the walls 220 (e.g., the floor) of the liquid tank 214 into the photopolymerizable composition, curing a section of the photopolymerizable composition 219 to form an article 217, after which the elevator 208 slightly raises the platform 210 and curing another section. Suitable stereolithography printers include the NextDent 5100 and Figure 4, both available from 3D Systems (Rock Hill, SC), and the Asiga PICO PLUS39, available from Asiga USA (Anaheim Hills, CA).

[0056] In some embodiments, vat polymerization by digital light processing ("DLP") employs a vessel for a curable polymer (e.g., a photopolymerizable composition). In DLP-based systems, a two-dimensional cross-section is projected onto the curable material to cure a desired section of an entire plane across the projected beam in one go. One suitable apparatus for use with photopolymerizable compositions is the Rapid Shape D40 II DLP 3D printer (Rapid Shape GmbH (Heimsheim, Germany)). All such curable polymer systems, which may be adapted for use with the photopolymerizable compositions described herein, are intended to fall within the scope of "vat polymerization" or "stereolithography" when used herein. In certain embodiments, apparatus adapted for use in continuous mode, such as those commercially available from Carbon 3D, Inc. (Redwood City, CA), may be employed, as described, for example, in U.S. Patents 9,205,601 and 9,360,757 (both by DeSimone et al.).

[0057] Data representing a three-dimensional object (e.g., an electromagnetic radiation-modified object) may be generated using computer modeling, such as computer-aided design (CAD) data. Image data representing the design of the object can be exported to an additive manufacturing machine in STL format or any other suitable computer-processable format.

[0058] In many cases, machine-readable media are provided as part of a computing device. A computing device may have one or more processors, volatile memory (RAM), a device for reading machine-readable media, and input / output devices such as a display, keyboard, and pointing device. Furthermore, a computing device may also include other software such as an operating system and other application software, firmware, or a combination thereof. A computing device may be, for example, a workstation, laptop, personal digital assistant (PDA), server, mainframe, or any other general-purpose or application-specific computing device. A computing device may read executable software instructions from computer-readable media (such as a hard drive, CD-ROM, or computer memory), or it may receive instructions from another source logically connected to the computer, such as another network computer. Referring to Figure 7, the computing device 700 often includes an internal processor 780, a display 710 (e.g., a monitor), and one or more input devices such as a keyboard 740 and a mouse 720. In Figure 7, an item 730 (e.g., a lens) is displayed on the display 710.

[0059] Referring to Figure 3, in certain embodiments, System 300 is employed in a method for manufacturing electromagnetic radiation-modified articles. System 300 comprises a display 320 that displays a 3D model 310 of an article (e.g., an article 730 as shown on the display 710 in Figure 7), and one or more processors 330 that cause a 3D printer / additive manufacturing device 350 to produce a physical object of the article 360 ​​according to the 3D model 310 selected by the user. Often, an input device 340 (e.g., a keyboard and / or mouse) is employed together with the display 320 and at least one processor 330, particularly for the user to select the 3D model 310.

[0060] Referring to Figure 4, the processor 420 (or two or more processors) communicates with a machine-readable medium 410 (e.g., a non-transient medium), a 3D printer / additive manufacturing device 440, and optionally a display 430 for user viewing. The 3D printer / additive manufacturing device 440 is configured to manufacture one or more articles 450 based on instructions from the processor 420, which provides data from the machine-readable medium 410 representing a 3D model of an article 450 (e.g., an article 730 as shown on the display 710 in Figure 7).

[0061] Referring to Figure 5, for example, but not limited to, an additive manufacturing method includes 510 retrieving data representing a 3D model of an article according to at least one embodiment of the present disclosure from a (e.g., non-temporary) machine-readable medium. The method further includes 520 running an additive manufacturing application using the data to interface with a manufacturing device, and 530 generating a physical object of the article by the manufacturing device. One or more various optional post-processing steps 540 may be performed. Typically, uncured photocurable components may be removed from the article, and in addition, the article may be further heat-treated or otherwise post-cured. For example, in some embodiments, the method further includes, prior to step c), retrieving data representing a 3D model of a three-dimensional article from a non-temporary machine-readable medium, and 510 running a 3D printing application using the data to interface with a manufacturing device to generate a physical object of the three-dimensional article.

[0062] Furthermore, referring to Figure 6, a method for manufacturing an article includes the steps of: receiving a digital object containing data defining an article (e.g., three-dimensional) by a manufacturing device having one or more processors; and generating an article based on this digital object using the manufacturing device by an additive manufacturing process. In this case as well, one or more post-processing steps 630 may be performed on the article. For example, in some embodiments, the method further includes, before step c), receiving a digital object containing data defining a three-dimensional article by a manufacturing device having one or more processors; and generating a three-dimensional article based on the digital object using a manufacturing device by an additive manufacturing process.

[0063] Referring back to Figure 1, in some embodiments, a method for manufacturing an electromagnetically modified article further includes, optionally, step 150, measuring the electromagnetically modified properties of the electromagnetically modified article obtained from additive manufacturing and comparing the measured electromagnetically modified properties of the electromagnetically modified article with those of a target electromagnetically modified property. In some embodiments, the electromagnetically modified properties are measured using a method selected from the group consisting of radiometric measurements, conducted measurements, and any combination thereof.

[0064] In some embodiments, this method determines the initial relative permeability (μ) measured at frequency F1. r The method further includes the step of obtaining (e.g., by measurement when information is not otherwise available) the initial magnetic properties of the electromagnetic radiation-modified material, including (1). In some embodiments, the method further includes the step of obtaining (e.g., by measurement) the initial magnetic loss tangent (tanδ3) of the electromagnetic radiation-modified material as measured at frequency F1. Often, the step of obtaining (e.g., by measurement) the initial magnetic properties of the electromagnetic radiation-modified material is performed using a measurement method selected from the group consisting of the transmission line method, the free-space transmission / reflection method, the LC resonance (U / I) method, and any combination thereof.

[0065] In some embodiments, the electromagnetic radiation-modified material has an initial relative permeability (μ) in the range of 1 to 1.5, 1 to 1.3, or even 1 to 1.2 when measured at 1.0 GHz according to the LC resonance (U / I) measurement method described in the following embodiments. r 1) has.

[0066] In some embodiments, the method further includes the steps of replacing an initial polymer matrix and / or a plurality of initial dielectric particles with a different polymer matrix and / or a plurality of different dielectric particles (if dielectric particles are employed) (e.g., iteratively), and repeating the process after the step of modeling the electromagnetic radiation modification features of the electromagnetic radiation modification material. In some embodiments, the method further includes the steps of remodeling the electromagnetic radiation modification features of the electromagnetic radiation modification material (e.g., iteratively), and repeating the process after the step of measuring the electromagnetic radiation modification properties of the electromagnetic radiation modification article obtained from additive manufacturing. Such iterative processes can contribute to the efficient development of electromagnetic radiation modification articles tailored to specific applications, particularly through short optimization cycles during the design phase.

[0067] When selecting materials for simulation-based design optimization, not only frequency dependence but also material properties must be considered. Processability must also be taken into account. Therefore, the required dielectric properties of a material depend on a combination of the application's electromagnetic radiation frequency, the design concept's requirements, the printing scale (e.g., changes in dielectric constants leading to design scaling), and the applied scale (e.g., modifications of dielectric constants to suit the specific application's requirements).

[0068] In practice, a set of materials (e.g., polymer matrices and optionally dielectric particles) are selected and developed to be manufactured using 3D printing, based on boundary conditions (e.g., size) that are suitable for the additive manufacturing process, a specific application, and the wavelength(s) to be modified. The material properties of the material(s) are then measured and applied to the design and model of the electromagnetically modified article. If the model reveals a discrepancy between the final design and the boundary conditions, rescaling is generally possible by adapting the material properties (e.g., by changing the dielectric constant to rescale the article).

[0069] Once the design model is complete, parts can be manufactured using additive manufacturing, and application-relevant characteristics (e.g., electromagnetic wave redirection) can be characterized using an open-field test setup. If necessary, the design can be adapted to improve the performance of the electromagnetic wave-modified article. Once the optimal design is achieved, the user can apply it.

[0070] The electromagnetic radiation-modified articles described herein may be useful for industrial applications such as electronic applications, telecommunications applications, and transportation market applications (e.g., automotive and aerospace applications).

[0071] The polymer matrix is ​​selected to be suitable for use in additive manufacturing. Typically, the polymer matrix is ​​selected from the group consisting of thermoplastic polymers, thermosetting polymers, elastomer polymers, and any combination or mixture thereof. For example, the polymer matrix may be selected from the group consisting of thermoplastic polymers, thermosetting polymers, and any combination or mixture thereof. Examples of suitable materials for use as polymer matrices include, for example, poly(meth)acrylic, polyamide, nylon, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA), polylactic acid (PLA), poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid), polycaprolactone (PCL), polycarbonate, polystyrene, polyether ketone ketone (PEKK), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyphenyl sulfone (PPSF), polyaniline, polyvinyl ether (PVE), epoxide, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and polymethyl methacrylate. Examples include, but are not limited to, methacrylate (PMMA), polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane, polyester, polyolefin, polyphenylene oxide, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), perfluoroalkoxy alkane (PFA), and any combination or mixture thereof.

[0072] In some embodiments, the polymer matrix is ​​selected from the group consisting of polyamides; polymer materials based on (meth)acrylate, vinyl ether, and epoxide-containing monomers; thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU); perfluoroalkoxyalkanes (PFAs); and any combination or mixture thereof. In selected embodiments, the polymer matrix is ​​selected from the group consisting of polyamides (e.g., nylon 6, nylon 6,6, nylon 12, polypeptides, hexamethylene adipamide, and polycaprolactam); and polymer materials based on (meth)acrylate-containing monomers.

[0073] Suitable monofunctional (meth)acrylate monomers include, but are not limited to, dicyclopentadienyl acrylate, dicyclopentanyl acrylate, dimethyl-1-adamantyl acrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate, 2-phenoxyethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate (e.g., tert-butyl methacrylate or isobutyl methacrylate), benzyl methacrylate, n-propyl methacrylate, 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl methacrylate, butyl-cyclohexyl methacrylate (e.g., cis-4-tert-butyl-cyclohexyl methacrylate, 73 / 27 trans / ci Examples include s-4-tert-butylcyclohexyl methacrylate (or trans-4-tert-butylcyclohexyl methacrylate), 2-decahydronaphthyl methacrylate, 1-adamantyl acrylate, dicyclopentadienyl methacrylate, dicyclopentanyl methacrylate, isobornyl methacrylate (e.g., d,l-isobornyl methacrylate), dimethyl-1-adamantyl methacrylate, bornyl methacrylate (e.g., d,l-bornyl methacrylate), 3-tetracyclo[4.4.0.1.1]dodecyl methacrylate, 1-adamantyl methacrylate, isobornyl acrylate, tertiary butyl acrylate, or combinations thereof.

[0074] Exemplary monomers having two (meth)acryloyl groups include 1,2-ethanediol diacrylate, 1,3-propanediol diacrylate, 1,9-nonanediol diacrylate, 1,12-dodecanediol diacrylate, 1,4-butanediol diacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate, butylene glycol diacrylate, bisphenol A diacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, tripropylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol diacrylate, polypropylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene / polypropylene copolymer diacrylate, polybutadiene di(meth)acrylate, propoxylated glycerin tri(meth)acrylate, and neopentyl glycol hydroxypivalate diacrylate-modified caprolactone.

[0075] Exemplary monomers having three or four (meth)acryloyl groups include trimethylolpropane triacrylate (e.g., commercially available from Cytec Industries, Inc. (Smyrna, GA, USA) under trade name TMPTA-N, and from Sartomer (Exton, PA, USA) under trade name SR-351), pentaerythritol triacrylate (e.g., commercially available from Sartomer under trade name SR-444), ethoxylated (3) trimethylolpropane triacrylate (e.g., commercially available from Sartomer under trade name SR-454), ethoxylated (4) pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (e.g., commercially available from Sartomer under trade name SR-494), tris(2-hydroxyethyl isocyanurate) triacrylate (e.g., commercially available from Sartomer under trade name SR-368), and mixtures of pentaerythritol triacrylate and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (e.g., Cytec Examples include, but are not limited to, those sold by Industries, Inc. (Tetraacrylate-to-triacrylate ratio of approximately 1:1 under the trade name PETIA, and Tetraacrylate-to-triacrylate ratio of approximately 3:1 under the trade name PETA-K), pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (e.g., sold by Sartomer under the trade name SR-295), and ditrimethylolpropane tetraacrylate (e.g., sold by Sartomer under the trade name SR-355).

[0076] Exemplary monomers having five or six (meth)acryloyl groups include, but are not limited to, dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate (e.g., commercially available from Sartomer under trade name SR-399) and hexafunctional urethane acrylate (e.g., commercially available from Sartomer under trade name CN975).

[0077] Typically, when dielectric particles are included, multiple dielectric particles are randomly distributed and embedded in the polymer matrix. In some embodiments, the dielectric particles include inorganic materials selected from the group consisting of oxides, nitrides, carbides, borides, titanates, zirconates, silicates, and any combination or mixture thereof. Exemplary suitable dielectric particles are optionally selected from the group consisting of (e.g., hollow) glass microspheres, coated (e.g., hollow) glass microspheres (e.g., especially metal-coated hollow glass microspheres), silicon carbide, zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, (e.g., hexagonal) boron nitride particles, barium titanate, carbon nanotubes, graphite, graphene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) particles, carbonyl iron particles, sodium bismuth titanate, lead zirconate titanate, calcium zirconate, and any combination or mixture thereof. In certain embodiments, the dielectric particles are selected from the group consisting of (e.g., hollow) glass microspheres, metal-coated (e.g., hollow) glass microspheres (e.g., particularly aluminum-coated glass microspheres), silicon carbide, and any combination or mixture thereof. In selected embodiments, the dielectric particles are metal-coated hollow glass microspheres.

[0078] In certain embodiments, the dielectric particles (e.g., optionally selected) include fine particles or nanoparticles. At least one dimension of the nanoparticle is less than 1 micrometer, e.g., 950 nanometers or less, 900, 850, 800, 750, 700, 650, 600, 550, 500, 450, 400, 350, or 300 nanometers or less; and 1 nanometer or more, 2, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, or 275 nanometers or more. In certain embodiments, (for example, an optional) dielectric particles have an average particle size (i.e., maximum dimension) of 0.5 micrometers or more, 1 micrometer or more, 2 micrometers or more, 3 micrometers or more, 4 micrometers or more, 5 micrometers or more, 6 micrometers or more, 7 micrometers or more, 8 micrometers or more, 9 micrometers or more, 10 micrometers or more, 12 micrometers or more, 15 micrometers or more, 18 micrometers or more, 20 micrometers or more, or 25 micrometers or more; and an average particle size of 100 micrometers or less, 90 micrometers or less, 80 micrometers or less, 70 micrometers or less, 60 micrometers or less, 50 micrometers or less, 40 micrometers or less, 30 micrometers or less, or 20 micrometers or less. In other words, the average particle size may be in the range of 0.5 micrometers to 100 micrometers or 0.5 micrometers to 50 micrometers.

[0079] Typically, the electromagnetic radiation-modified articles (and photocurable compositions for producing such articles) according to this disclosure have a total volume of 0.1 volume percent (vol%) or more, 0.2 volume percent or more, 0.5 volume percent or more, 0.8 volume percent or more, 1.0 volume percent or more, 1.5 volume percent or more, 2.0 volume percent or more, 3.0 volume percent or more, 4.0 volume percent or more, 5.0 volume percent or more, 6.0 volume percent or more, 8.0 volume percent or more, 10.0 volume percent or more, 12.5 volume percent or more, 15.0 volume percent or more, 17.5 volume percent or more, 20.0 volume percent or more, 22.5 volume percent or more, and 2 Dielectric particles (e.g., optionally selected) in amounts of 5.0 volume% or more, 27.5 volume% or more, or 30.0 volume% or more; and dielectric particles (e.g., optionally selected) in amounts of 70.0 volume% or less, 65.0 volume% or less, 62.5 volume% or less, 60.0 volume% or less, 57.5 volume% or less, 55.0 volume% or less, 52.5 volume% or less, 50.0 volume% or less, 47.5 volume% or less, 45.0 volume% or less, 42.5 volume% or less, 40.0 volume% or less, 37.5 volume% or less, 35.0 volume% or less, or 32.5 volume% or less, based on the total volume of the electromagnetic radiation modified article (or photocurable composition). In other words, the electromagnetic radiation-modified article (or photocurable composition) may contain (e.g., optionally selected) dielectric particles in amounts of 0.1% to 70% by volume, 1.0% to 50.0% by volume, or 2.0% to 25.0% by volume, based on the total volume of the electromagnetic radiation-modified article.

[0080] In certain embodiments, (for example, an optional) dielectric particles are present in amounts of 20% by weight or more, 22% by weight, 25% by weight, 28% by weight, 30% by weight, 31% by weight, 32% by weight, 33% by weight, 34% by weight, 35% by weight, 36% by weight, 37% by weight, 38% by weight, 39% by weight, 40% by weight, 41% by weight, 42% by weight, 43% by weight, or 44% by weight or more, based on the total volume of the electromagnetic radiation-modified article (or photocurable composition); or 60% by weight or less, 59% by weight, 58% by weight, 57% by weight, 56% by weight, 55% by weight, 54% by weight, 53% by weight, 52% by weight, 51% by weight, 50% by weight, 49% by weight, 48% by weight, 47% by weight, or 46% by weight or less, based on the total volume of the electromagnetic radiation-modified article. In other words, the electromagnetic radiation-modified article (or photocurable composition) may contain (e.g., optionally selected) dielectric particles in amounts of 20% to 60% by weight, 25% to 60% by weight, 30% to 60% by weight, 35% to 60% by weight, 40% to 60% by weight, or 30% to 45% by weight, based on the total volume of the electromagnetic radiation-modified article.

[0081] Articles and equipment In a second aspect, the disclosure provides an electromagnetic radiation-modified article (e.g., a component) (e.g., three-dimensional) obtained by the method according to the first aspect described above. In particular, the electromagnetic radiation-modified article of this second aspect can be prepared by employing any(s) details of the method described above.

[0082] In a third aspect, the disclosure provides an apparatus comprising an electromagnetic radiation modification article (e.g., three-dimensional) according to a second aspect. Typically, the apparatus further comprises a device selected from the group consisting of electromagnetic radiation generating devices (e.g., interfering devices or transmitters) and / or electronic devices (e.g., victims). In some embodiments, the electronic device or electromagnetic radiation generating device is selected from the group consisting of antennas, internet connection devices, smartphones, tablet PCs, TVs, communication satellites, radio transmitters, radio routers, radio amplifiers, autonomous driving assistance devices, and any combination thereof. Typically, the electromagnetic radiation modification article is incorporated into the apparatus or device, or placed in the vicinity of the apparatus or device. The placement of the electromagnetic radiation modification article can be selected so as to be between a device that emits electromagnetic radiation and a device or material that is to be protected from the effects of the emitted electromagnetic radiation. Thus, the electromagnetic radiation modification article can reflect, attenuate, redirect, or any combination thereof the emitted electromagnetic radiation to reduce the amount of electromagnetic radiation that reaches (e.g., is received) the device or material being protected from the emitting device (e.g., victim).

[0083] Methods for modifying electromagnetic radiation In a fourth aspect, the Disclosure provides a method for modifying electromagnetic radiation generated from an electromagnetic radiation generating device and received by an electronic device, the method comprising the steps of incorporating an electromagnetic radiation modification article according to the second aspect into the electronic device, or positioning an article according to the second aspect near the electronic device. In some such methods, the electromagnetic radiation modification article according to any of the embodiments described above is associated with or near the electronic device to reduce electromagnetic radiation directed towards the electronic device coming from an electromagnetic radiation generating device, in which case the electronic device is the “victim”. In some such methods, the electromagnetic radiation modification article according to any of the embodiments described above is associated with or near the electronic device to redirect electromagnetic radiation emitted from an electromagnetic radiation generating device to the electronic device, in which case the electronic device is the “receiver” (as opposed to the “victim”). An example of such a method is to enable the reception of signals (e.g., 5G signals) in an urban environment by reflecting electromagnetic radiation in a specific direction toward an electronic device.

[0084] In a fifth aspect, the Disclosure provides a method for modifying electromagnetic radiation generated from an electromagnetic radiation generating device, comprising the steps of incorporating an article according to the second aspect into the electromagnetic radiation generating device, or locating an article according to the second aspect near the electromagnetic radiation generating device. In some such methods, the electromagnetic radiation modifying article according to any of the above embodiments is associated with or located near the electromagnetic radiation generating device to reduce electromagnetic radiation emitted from a device that may potentially interfere with other electronic devices, in which case the electronic device is the “victim”. In some such methods, the electromagnetic radiation modifying article according to any of the above embodiments is associated with or located near the electromagnetic radiation generating device to redirect electromagnetic radiation emitted from the electromagnetic radiation generating device to an electronic device, in which case the electronic device is the “receiver” (as opposed to the “victim”).

[0085] In the two methods described above, modification often involves interfering with electromagnetic radiation by reflecting, attenuating, and / or redirecting it. In many embodiments, the electronic device or electromagnetic radiation generating device is selected from the group consisting of antennas, internet connection devices, smartphones, tablet PCs, TVs, communication satellites, wireless transmitters, wireless routers, wireless amplifiers, autonomous driving assistance devices, and any combination thereof.

[0086] The following examples are provided to illustrate further features and embodiments of the present invention. [Examples]

[0087] The objects and advantages of the present invention are further illustrated by the following examples, but the specific materials and their quantities, as well as other conditions and details described in these examples, should not be construed as unduly limiting the invention. These examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the appended claims. Unless otherwise stated or readily apparent from the context, all parts, percentages, ratios, etc., in the examples and elsewhere in this specification are in volume.

[0088] [Table 1]

[0089] Test method Dielectric Resonance (SPDR) Measurement Method The dielectric constant and loss loss tangent of the material samples were measured using a split-post dielectric resonator (SPDR) in combination with a network analyzer. The nominal frequencies of the SPDRs used were 10 GHz and 15 GHz. Other standard frequencies were 1.1 GHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5 GHz.

[0090] Measurement procedure: - Calibration of network analyzer - Coordination of SPDR and network analyzer - Measurement of an empty SPDR (resonant frequency, Q value) - Measurement of SPDR using material samples (resonance frequency, Q value) - Measurement of sample size - Calculation of complex dielectric parameters using dedicated SPDR software

[0091] The accuracy for a sample of thickness h is as follows: Δε / ε = ±(0.0015 + Δh / h) Δtanδ = ±2 * 10⁻⁵ or ±0.03 * The higher of the two values, tanδ.

[0092] The material sample size for both SPDRs should be 50 mm x 40 mm x <0.5 mm.

[0093] For measuring dielectric properties below 1 gigahertz (and including 1 gigahertz), the following procedure was used: The dielectric constant and loss tangent were measured using an impedance analyzer covering a frequency range from 1 megahertz to 1 gigahertz. To measure material properties, the analyzer was extended with a measuring fixture. This fixture for measuring dielectric properties converts material parameters into measurable impedances by using the principle of a parallel-plate capacitor. The measuring fixture used can measure the frequency-dependent dielectric constant (Dk) and loss tangent (real and imaginary parts of impedance) in the frequency range from 1 megahertz to 1 gigahertz.

[0094] For the most accurate results, the material under test (MUT) was prepared as a disc with a thickness of 0.3 mm to 3 mm and a diameter of ≥ 15 mm.

[0095] Calibration was performed using calibration artifacts provided by the vendor at the material measurement site.

[0096] The precise thickness of each sample disc was measured using a caliper. Using the known impedance and thickness values, calculations can be performed to obtain the complex value of the dielectric constant.

[0097] Example 1: Preparation, processing, and measurement of UV-curable 3D printing material having a high dielectric constant. Two batches, each consisting of 100.0 grams of UCST 45 and 150.0 grams of barium titanate, were mixed in a DAC 400 FVZ / VAC-P / LR Speedmixer (Hauschild GmbH (Hamm, Germany)) at 2500 rpm and 400 millibars for 4 minutes, and then combined. This mixture was immediately filled into the reservoir of a D30II 3D printer (Rapid Shape GmbH (Heimsheim, Germany)) and the print job was started.

[0098] The print job was prepared using Netfabb2019 (Autodesk (San Rafael, CA)) with the following parameters: energy irradiation: 950 millijoules / m²decimal; support width: 200 micrometers; offset: 0 micrometers; shrinkage: 0.6 percent; Z correction: 0 micrometers; layer size: 25 micrometers; burn-in factor: 500 percent.

[0099] The 3D printed parts were carefully removed from the platform after printing and transferred to a resealable container containing isopropanol. This container was then placed in a Sonorex Super RK 1028 BH ultrasonic bath (Bandelin electronic GmbH (Berlin, Germany)) filled with water and exposed to sonication for 15 minutes. Afterward, the parts were removed from the container and any remaining 3D printing material and isopropanol were removed using compressed air. This cleaning procedure was repeated twice.

[0100] After cleaning each component, the parts were post-cured in an RS Cure UV curing chamber (Rapid Shape GmbH (Heimsheim, Germany)) under vacuum for 1200 seconds using both wavelengths at maximum intensity.

[0101] Dielectric properties were measured at 10 GHz and 15 GHz according to the dielectric resonance (SPDR) measurement method. The results are shown in Table 1 below.

[0102] [Table 2]

[0103] Example 2: Preparation, processing, and measurement of UV-curable 3D printing material having a low dielectric constant Two batches of 75.4 grams of SR 540, 75.4 grams of TRGDMA, 26.2 grams of MA 1, 16.6 grams of HPMA, 4.8 grams of MA 2, 1.4 grams of OMNIRAD 819, and 68 grams of iM16 K glass bubbles were mixed in a DAC 400 FVZ / VAC-P / LR Speedmixer (Hauschild GmbH (Hamm, Germany)) at 1400 rpm and 400 millibars for 2 minutes. Immediately after mixing, this mixture was loaded into a D30II 3D printer (Rapid Shape GmbH (Heimsheim, Germany)) and the print job was started.

[0104] The print job was prepared using Netfabb2019 (Autodesk (San Rafael, CA)) with the following parameters: energy irradiation: 500 millijoules / m²decimal; support width: 200 micrometers; offset: 0 micrometers; shrinkage: 0.6 percent; Z correction: 0 micrometers; layer size: 50 micrometers; burn-in factor: 500 percent.

[0105] The 3D printed parts were carefully removed from the platform after printing and transferred to a resealable container containing isopropanol. This container was then placed in a Sonorex Super RK 1028 BH ultrasonic bath (Bandelin electronic GmbH (Berlin, Germany)) filled with water and exposed to sonication for 15 minutes. The parts were then removed from the container and any remaining 3D printing material and isopropanol were removed using compressed air. This cleaning procedure was repeated twice.

[0106] After cleaning each component, the parts were post-cured in an RS Cure UV curing chamber (Rapid Shape GmbH (Heimsheim, Germany)) under vacuum for 1200 seconds using both wavelengths at maximum intensity.

[0107] Dielectric properties were measured at 2.4 gigahertz and 5.2 gigahertz according to the dielectric resonance (SPDR) measurement method. The results are shown in Table 2 below.

[0108] [Table 3]

[0109] Example 3: Preparation, processing, and measurement of thermoplastic 3D printing powder material having a high dielectric loss coefficient 2.15 kg of polyamide 12 powder and 2.85 kg of silicon carbide powder were weighed into a circular container and first mixed by shaking the sealed container. Then, further mixing was performed for 10 minutes at 30 revolutions / minute using a roller stand. The powder container was connected to a Formiga P110 selective laser sintering 3D printer (EOS GmbH (Krailing, Germany)). The printer was prepared by creating a powder bed and preheating the machine at a temperature of 150°C for 2 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere. For the print job, the main chamber temperature was set to 150°C and the infrared heater temperature was set to 175°C. The laser process was performed using the standard parameter set for PA12 provided by EOS.

[0110] The print job was prepared using Magics(Materialise(Lowen,Belgium)).

[0111] After the printing process, the printer was allowed to cool for 12 hours, then the parts were removed from the printer and cleaned by sandblasting using a glass medium.

[0112] Dielectric properties were measured at 1 GHz using the dielectric resonance (SPDR) measurement method. The results are shown in Table 3 below.

[0113] [Table 4]

[0114] Example 4: Use of a honeycomb design to reduce the dielectric properties of a 3D printed body. Two CAD files for the plate were generated using Netfabb 2019 (Autodesk (San Rafael, CA)) and Magics (Materialise (Lowen, Belgium)). Both plates had a thickness of 1.85 millimeters. One plate was fabricated as a solid with a density of 1.15 grams per cubic centimeter. The second plate was printed using a honeycomb design, resulting in a 33% density reduction. Referring to Figure 8, a low-density plate 800 is shown, having a first solid outer wall 810 connected to a second outer wall 820 by an internal material having a corrugated shape 830. Thus, plate 800 defines multiple open spaces 840 that reduce the overall density of plate 800.

[0115] A plate was printed using a 3D printing resin consisting of 75.4 grams of SR 540, 75.4 grams of TRGDMA, 26.2 grams of MA 1, 16.6 grams of HPMA, 4.8 grams of MA 2, and 1.4 grams of OMNIRAD 819. This mixture was loaded into the reservoir of a D30II 3D printer (Rapid Shape GmbH (Heimsheim, Germany)) and the print job was started.

[0116] The print job was prepared using Netfabb2019 (Autodesk (San Rafael, CA)) with the following parameters: energy irradiation: 400 millijoules / m²decimal; support width: 200 micrometers; offset: 0 micrometers; shrinkage: 0.6 percent; Z correction: 0 micrometers; layer size: 50 micrometers; burn-in factor: 500 percent.

[0117] The 3D printed parts were carefully removed from the platform after printing and transferred to a resealable container containing isopropanol. This container was then placed in a Sonorex Super RK 1028 BH ultrasonic bath (Bandelin electronic GmbH (Berlin, Germany)) filled with water and exposed to sonication for 15 minutes. The parts were then removed from the container and any remaining 3D printing material and isopropanol were removed using compressed air. This cleaning procedure was repeated twice.

[0118] The dielectric properties of the solid plate and honeycomb plate were measured according to the dielectric resonance (SPDR) measurement method. The difference in dielectric constant between the two plates is plotted as a function of frequency in the graph of Figure 9A. The difference in dielectric loss coefficient between the two plates is plotted as a function of frequency in the graph of Figure 9B.

[0119] Example 5: Design and verification of a pure dielectric frequency-selective surface using a cylindrical dielectric resonator. To form a pure dielectric frequency-selective surface (FSS), multiple cylindrical disk dielectric resonators were designed to be arranged in a matrix with a constant pitch. The material used to fabricate the samples was polyamide 12 (PA12), a dielectric material often used with 3D printers.

[0120] The electromagnetic properties of the PA12 material were measured according to dielectric resonance (SPDR) measurement. PA12 was determined to have a dielectric constant (e.g., the real part of the dielectric constant) of approximately 2.44 and a loss loss tangent of 0.007 at 10 GHz.

[0121] To hold the resonators in place and enhance mechanical stability, a lattice structure is applied as a layer on the outer shell of the resonator array. The lattice was designed so that its features (e.g., lattice size) are small compared to the target wavelength, so that the entire lattice has only a slight influence on resonance and can be treated as a sheet of plain material with a reduced dielectric constant. The design was performed using the 3D electromagnetic simulation software CST / Dassault Design Suite.

[0122] A prototype model of the array is shown in Figure 10A. Prototype 1000A included a cylindrical disk dielectric resonator 1010 having a diameter that varied along the z-axis. In this resonator style, the total volume of the resonator can be adjusted even more precisely without having to alter the outer diameter, and therefore without having to modify the outer grid structure 1020 in this case. Further dimensions can be obtained from Figure 10B. One "cell" is defined as a 24 mm × 24 mm square cutout in the X / Y plane, whose edges are aligned tangentially with respect to the edges of the grid 1020, and the center of the square is equal to the center of the cylinder 1010.

[0123] From the 3D simulation, a 3D CAD file was generated and used to additively manufacture (3D print) the prototype sample shown in Figure 10C. Structure 1000C was analyzed using the procedure described above.

[0124] Referring to Figure 11, to test the FSS array structure 1000C, an anechoic shielded chamber 1100 was used, including a dedicated test setup fabricated for this measurement. Measurements were performed including two well-known test antennas, a transmitter antenna 1110 and a receiver antenna 1112, positioned facing each other on opposite sides inside the chamber 1100. The chamber 1100 was designed to ensure that the setup was shielded from ambient influences and to minimize undesirable reflections within the chamber 1100. The distance between each test antenna 1110, 1112 and the FSS sample 1000C was 2 m to 2.5 m, and was equal for both antennas. It is preferable to select a distance large enough to exceed the Fraunhofer distance. In the center of the chamber 1100, a barrier plane 1120 made of pyramidal foam absorber facing the transmitter antenna side was positioned at the same distance from each test antenna 1110, 1112. A small window was cut out from the absorber, sized to accommodate the FSS sample 1000C, at the center of plane 1120 (for example, at a height of approximately 1.5 m). This window was called the transmission region, and the FSS sample 1000C was placed within it. Test antennas 1110 and 1112 were selected to cover the measurement bandwidth.

[0125] Calibration was performed by conducting transmission measurements using an empty transmission area called a "through" measurement. Then, sample 1000C was placed in the window area of ​​chamber 1100, and the measurement was repeated. The results were normalized to the "through" measurement. Referring to Figure 12, four main frequency domains were identified. One passband ranges up to approximately 11.4 GHz. The passband is the frequency band through which RF waves can pass through the structure without substantial attenuation (attenuation < 2 dB). The stopband ranges from approximately 11.4 GHz to 11.6 GHz, centered at 11.5 GHz. The stopband is defined as the frequency band through which RF waves are attenuated or reflected and cannot pass through the structure substantially (attenuation ≥ 2 dB). A third domain is another passband from approximately 11.6 GHz to approximately 12.5 GHz. A fourth domain begins at approximately 12.5 GHz and is formed by higher-order modes of the resonator and lattice. This domain is not intended for use in applications. The FSS should be designed to shift lower frequencies in region 4 as high as possible (as far as possible from the underlying passband). Up to 12.5 GHz, the frequency behavior of the FSS can generally be described as a band-erasing filter. The comparison of measurements and simulations in Figure 12 shows good alignment with a few small differences mainly due to an incomplete measurement setup that was not captured by the simulation.

[0126] All disclosures of patents, patent documents, and publications referenced herein are incorporated by reference as if each were incorporated individually. To the extent that there is any inconsistency or contradiction between this Specified Version and any disclosure of any document incorporated herein by reference, this Specified Version shall prevail. Those skilled in the art will see various modifications and changes to this Disclosure that do not deviate from the scope and intent of this Disclosure. It should be understood that this Disclosure is not intended to be unduly limited by the exemplary embodiments and examples described herein, and that such embodiments and examples are presented only as examples within the scope of this Disclosure, which is intended to be limited only by the claims described herein as follows. In addition to each embodiment, the following embodiments are also described. (Note 1) A method for manufacturing an electromagnetic radiation-modified article, a) Providing a polymer matrix and optionally embedding a plurality of dielectric particles in the polymer matrix to form an electromagnetic radiation-modified material; b) Initial relative permittivity (ε) measured at frequency F1 r 1) A step of obtaining the initial dielectric properties of the electromagnetic radiation-modified material, including the initial dielectric loss tangent (tanδ1), c) A step of modeling the electromagnetic radiation modification characteristics of the electromagnetic radiation modification material that are suitable for the electromagnetic radiation modification article obtained from the electromagnetic radiation modification material to have the target electromagnetic radiation modification characteristics, thereby obtaining a simulation of the electromagnetic radiation modification article, d) A step of additively fabricating the electromagnetic radiation modified article based on the simulation of the electromagnetic radiation modified article, e) A method comprising the optional step of measuring the electromagnetic radiation modification characteristics of the electromagnetic radiation modified article obtained from additive manufacturing, and comparing the measured electromagnetic radiation modification characteristics of the electromagnetic radiation modified article with the target electromagnetic radiation modification characteristics. (Note 2) The method according to Appendix 1, wherein the plurality of dielectric particles are present and randomly distributed and embedded in the polymer matrix. (Note 3) Initial relative permeability (μ) measured at frequency F1 r 1) The method according to Appendix 1 or Appendix 2, further comprising the step of obtaining the initial magnetic properties of the electromagnetic radiation-modified material, including the initial magnetic loss tangent (tanδ3), or both. (Note 4) The method according to any one of the appendices 1 to 3, wherein the step of modeling the electromagnetic radiation modification features of the electromagnetic radiation modification material includes the step of optimizing the electromagnetic radiation modification features of the electromagnetic radiation modification material to have target electromagnetic radiation modification characteristics, the step of simulating the electromagnetic radiation modification characteristics of the simulation of the electromagnetic radiation modification article by performing an electromagnetic radiation modification calculation on the simulation of the electromagnetic radiation modification article, or both. (Note 5) The method according to Appendix 4, wherein the step of forming an electromagnetic radiation-modified material comprises the steps of selecting an initial polymer matrix and selecting a plurality of initial dielectric particles to be embedded therein, further comprising the steps of replacing the initial polymer matrix and / or the plurality of initial dielectric particles with a different polymer matrix and / or a different plurality of dielectric particles, and repeating the process after the step of modeling the electromagnetic radiation-modified features of the electromagnetic radiation-modified material. (Note 6) The method according to any one of the appendices 1 to 5, further comprising the steps of: remodeling the electromagnetic radiation modification characteristics of the electromagnetic radiation modification material; and repeating the process after the step of measuring the electromagnetic radiation modification characteristics of the electromagnetic radiation modification article obtained from additive manufacturing. (Note 7) The target relative permittivity (ε) when the aforementioned target electromagnetic radiation modification characteristics are measured at frequency F2 r 2) The dielectric properties of the electromagnetic radiation-modified article, including the target dielectric loss tangent (tanδ²), and the target relative permeability (μ²). r The method according to any one of the appendices 1 to 6, comprising: 2) the magnetic properties of the electromagnetic radiation modified material, the magnetic properties of the electromagnetic radiation modified material including the target magnetic loss tangent (tanδ4), or any combination thereof. (Note 8) The method according to any one of the claims 1 to 7, wherein the polymer matrix is ​​selected from the group consisting of polymer materials based on polyamides, (meth)acrylates, vinyl ethers, and epoxide-containing monomers; thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs); perfluoroalkoxyalkanes (PFAs); and any combination or mixture thereof. (Note 9) The method according to any one of the claims 1 to 8, wherein the dielectric particles are present, and selected from the group consisting of glass microspheres, coated glass microspheres, silicon carbide particles, zircon oxide particles, aluminum oxide particles, boron nitride particles, barium titanate particles, carbon nanotubes, graphite, graphene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) particles, carbonyl iron particles, sodium bismuth titanate particles, lead zirconate titanate particles, calcium zirconate particles, and any combination or mixture thereof. (Note 10) The method according to any one of the appendices 1 to 9, wherein the step of obtaining the initial dielectric properties of the electromagnetic radiation-modified material is performed using a measurement method selected from the group consisting of transmission method, reflection method, dielectric resonance (SPDR) method, capacitance method, LC resonance (U / I) method, perturbation method, open resonator method, and any combination thereof. (Note 11) The method according to any one of the appendices 1 to 10, wherein the electromagnetic radiation modification feature of the electromagnetic radiation modification material is selected from the group consisting of electromagnetic lenses, diffraction gratings, frequency-selective surfaces or materials, electromagnetic energy absorbers, metamaterials, and any combination thereof. (Note 12) The method according to any one of the appendices 1 to 11, wherein the step of additively manufacturing the electromagnetic radiation-modified article based on the simulation of the electromagnetic radiation-modified article is performed using an additive manufacturing method selected from the group consisting of stereolithography (SLA), selective laser sintering (SLS), digital photoprocessing (DLP), material jetting, and any combination thereof. (Note 13) When the electromagnetic radiation-modified material is measured at 5.2 GHz according to the dielectric resonance (SPDR) measurement method, the initial relative permittivity (e) is in the range of 1-3.0, 1-2.8, 1.0-2.5, 1.2-2.3, 1.5-2.0, 4-11, 4.5-11, 5-10, 5-9, 5-8, or even 12-15. r The method described in any one of the appendices 1 to 12, having (1). (Note 14) The method according to any one of the appendices 1 to 13, wherein the electromagnetic radiation-modified material has an initial dielectric loss loss tangent (tanδ1) in the range of 0.01 to 0.04, 0.01 to 0.03, 0.01 to 0.02, 0.05 to 0.15, 0.06 to 0.12, 0.08 to 0.12, 0.2 to 0.5, 0.2 to 0.45, or further 0.2 to 0.4 when measured at 5.2 GHz according to the dielectric resonance (SPDR) measurement method. (Note 15) When the electromagnetic radiation-modified material is measured at 1.0 GHz according to the LC resonance (U / I) measurement method, the initial relative permeability (μ) is in the range of 1 to 1.5, 1 to 1.3, or even 1 to 1.2. r The method described in any one of the appendices 1 to 14, having (1) (Note 16) The method according to any one of the appendices 1 to 15, wherein the frequency F1 or F2 is within the range of 300 MHz to 300 GHz, 300 MHz to 3 GHz, 3 GHz to 30 GHz, or further within the range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz. (Note 17) An electromagnetic radiation-modified article obtained by the method described in any one of the appendices 1 to 16. (Note 18) A device containing an electromagnetic radiation modification article as described in Appendix 17. (Note 19) The apparatus according to Appendix 18, further comprising a device selected from the group consisting of an electromagnetic radiation generating device, an electronic device, and any combination thereof, wherein the electromagnetic radiation modifying article is incorporated into the device or positioned near the device. (Note 20) A method for modifying electromagnetic radiation generated from an electromagnetic radiation generating device and received by an electronic device, comprising the steps of incorporating an article described in Appendix 17 into the electronic device, or placing an article described in Appendix 17 near the electronic device. (Note 21) A method for modifying electromagnetic radiation generated from an electromagnetic radiation generating device, comprising the steps of incorporating an article described in Appendix 17 into the electromagnetic radiation generating device, or arranging an article described in Appendix 17 near the electromagnetic radiation generating device.

Claims

1. A method for manufacturing an article modified by electromagnetic radiation, a) Providing a polymer matrix and embedding a plurality of dielectric particles in the polymer matrix to form an electromagnetic radiation-modified material; b) Initial relative permittivity (ε) measured at frequency F1 ｒ 1) A step of obtaining the initial dielectric properties of the electromagnetic radiation-modified material, including the initial dielectric loss loss tangent (tanδ1), c) A step of modeling the electromagnetic radiation modification characteristics of the electromagnetic radiation modification material that are suitable for the electromagnetic radiation modification article obtained from the electromagnetic radiation modification material to have the target electromagnetic radiation modification characteristics, thereby obtaining a simulation of the electromagnetic radiation modification article, d) A step of additively fabricating the electromagnetic radiation modified article based on the simulation of the electromagnetic radiation modified article, e) optionally, the step of measuring the electromagnetic radiation modification characteristics of the electromagnetic radiation modified article obtained from additive manufacturing, and comparing the measured electromagnetic radiation modification characteristics of the electromagnetic radiation modified article with the target electromagnetic radiation modification characteristics, Step c) includes the steps of optimizing the electromagnetic radiation modification features of the electromagnetic radiation modification material to have target electromagnetic radiation modification characteristics, simulating the electromagnetic radiation modification characteristics of the simulation of the electromagnetic radiation modification article by performing electromagnetic radiation modification calculations on the simulation of the electromagnetic radiation modification article, or both. A manufacturing method comprising, after step c), replacing the polymer matrix and / or multiple dielectric particles with a different polymer matrix and / or multiple different dielectric particles, repeating steps a) to c), and then performing step d).

2. The manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of dielectric particles are present and are randomly distributed and embedded in the polymer matrix.

3. Initial relative permeability (μ) measured at frequency F1 ｒ 1) The manufacturing method according to claim 1 or 2, further comprising the step of obtaining the initial magnetic properties of the electromagnetic radiation modified material, including the initial magnetic loss tangent (tanδ3) or both.

4. The target relative permittivity (ε) when the aforementioned target electromagnetic radiation modification characteristics are measured at frequency F2 ｒ 2) The dielectric properties of the electromagnetic radiation-modified article, including the target dielectric loss tangent (tanδ²), and the target relative permeability (μ²). ｒ A manufacturing method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, comprising: 2) the magnetic properties of the electromagnetic radiation modified material including the target magnetic loss tangent (tanδ4); the magnetic properties of the electromagnetic radiation modified material including the target magnetic loss tangent (tanδ4); or any combination thereof.

5. The method for producing polymer materials according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the polymer matrix is ​​selected from the group consisting of polymer materials based on polyamides, (meth)acrylates, vinyl ethers, and epoxide-containing monomers; thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU); perfluoroalkoxyalkanes (PFAs); and any combination or mixture thereof.

6. A method for producing a product according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the dielectric particles are present and selected from the group consisting of glass microspheres, coated glass microspheres, silicon carbide particles, zircon oxide particles, aluminum oxide particles, boron nitride particles, barium titanate particles, carbon nanotubes, graphite, graphene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) particles, carbonyl iron particles, sodium bismuth titanate particles, lead zirconate titanate particles, calcium zirconate particles, and any combination or mixture thereof.

7. The manufacturing method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the step of obtaining the initial dielectric properties of the electromagnetic radiation-modified material is performed using a measurement method selected from the group consisting of transmission method, reflection method, dielectric resonance (SPDR) method, capacitance method, LC resonance (U / I) method, perturbation method, open resonator method, and any combination thereof.

8. The manufacturing method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the electromagnetic radiation modification feature of the electromagnetic radiation modification material is selected from the group consisting of an electromagnetic lens, a diffraction grating, a frequency-selective surface or material, an electromagnetic energy absorber, a metamaterial, and any combination thereof.

9. The manufacturing method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the step of additively manufacturing the electromagnetic radiation-modified article based on the simulation of the electromagnetic radiation-modified article is performed using an additive manufacturing method selected from the group consisting of stereolithography (SLA), selective laser sintering (SLS), digital photoprocessing (DLP), material jetting, and any combination thereof.

10. When the electromagnetic radiation-modified material is measured at 5.2 GHz according to dielectric resonance (SPDR) measurement, the initial relative permittivity (e) is in the range of 1-3.0, 1-2.8, 1.0-2.5, 1.2-2.3, 1.5-2.0, 4-11, 4.5-11, 5-10, 5-9, 5-8, or even 12-15. ｒ A manufacturing method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, having (1).

11. The manufacturing method according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the electromagnetic radiation-modified material has an initial dielectric loss loss tangent (tanδ1) in the range of 0.01 to 0.04, 0.01 to 0.03, 0.01 to 0.02, 0.05 to 0.15, 0.06 to 0.12, 0.08 to 0.12, 0.2 to 0.5, 0.2 to 0.45, or further 0.2 to 0.4 when measured at 5.2 GHz according to the dielectric resonance (SPDR) measurement method.

12. When the electromagnetic radiation-modified material is measured at 1.0 GHz according to the LC resonance (U / I) measurement method, the initial relative permeability (μ) is in the range of 1 to 1.5, 1 to 1.3, or even 1 to 1.

2. ｒ A manufacturing method according to any one of claims 1 to 11, having (1).

13. The manufacturing method according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the frequency F1 is within the range of 300 MHz to 300 GHz, 300 MHz to 3 GHz, 3 GHz to 30 GHz, or further within the range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz.

14. The manufacturing method according to claim 4, wherein the frequency F2 is within the range of 300 MHz to 300 GHz, 300 MHz to 3 GHz, 3 GHz to 30 GHz, or further within the range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz.

15. A method for manufacturing an apparatus, comprising: preparing a device selected from the group consisting of an electromagnetic radiation generating device, an electronic device, and any combination thereof; manufacturing an electromagnetic radiation modified article by the manufacturing method described in any one of claims 1 to 14; and incorporating the electromagnetic radiation modified article into the device or arranging the electromagnetic radiation modified article near the device.

16. A method for modifying electromagnetic radiation generated from an electromagnetic radiation generating device and received by an electronic device, comprising the steps of: manufacturing an electromagnetic radiation modified article by a manufacturing method described in any one of claims 1 to 14 and incorporating the electromagnetic radiation modified article into the electronic device; or manufacturing an electromagnetic radiation modified article by a manufacturing method described in any one of claims 1 to 14 and arranging the electromagnetic radiation modified article near the electronic device.

17. A method for modifying electromagnetic radiation generated from an electromagnetic radiation generating device, comprising the steps of: manufacturing an electromagnetic radiation modified article using the manufacturing method described in any one of claims 1 to 14 and incorporating the electromagnetic radiation modified article into the electromagnetic radiation generating device; or manufacturing an electromagnetic radiation modified article using the manufacturing method described in any one of claims 1 to 14 and arranging the electromagnetic radiation modified article near the electromagnetic radiation generating device.

Images