Active nanophotonics for trapped particle interactions

Abstract

A system is provided that includes a particle confinement assembly and one or more signal manipulation elements. The particle confinement assembly defines a plurality of particle positions. Each signal manipulation element of the one or more signal manipulation elements includes (a) an active nanofphotonic component associated with at least one respective position of the plurality of particle positions and (b) having a dynamically controllable optical effect. Each signal manipulation element of the one or more signal manipulation elements is configured to cause either (a) an induced signal to impinge on at least a portion of at least one respective position or (b) an induced signal to impinge on a respective collection location corresponding to at least one respective position in response to an incident signal impinging thereon and based on the state of the dynamically controllable optical effect.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] Cross - Reference to Related Applications This application claims the priority of U.S. Application No. 63 / 363,506, filed on April 25, 2022, and U.S. Application No. 18 / 190,496, filed on March 27, 2023, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0002] Various embodiments relate to devices, systems, and methods involving the use of active nanophotonics to interact with trapped particles. For example, various embodiments relate to devices, systems, and methods involving the use of active nanophotonics to cause an optical beam to impinge on a trapped particle and / or to detect an optical signal emitted by a trapped particle. Exemplary embodiments relate to the use of active nanophotonics to interact with qubits of a quantum computer.

Background Art

[0003] When using an ion trap to perform quantum computing, the gates and other functions of the quantum computer are performed by applying laser beams to the ions contained within the ion trap. Delivering these laser beams to a large - scale quantum computer is a significant challenge due to the low ion height on the trap, the Rayleigh length of the laser beam, and the amount of laser power required to be delivered to the ions within the trap to perform the functions of the quantum computer. Through applied effort, ingenuity, and innovation, many of the deficiencies of previous laser - beam application techniques have been solved by developing structured solutions in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention, many examples of which are detailed herein.

Prior Art Documents

Patent Documents

[0004] [Patent Document 1] U.S. Patent Application No. 17 / 653,979 [Patent Document 2] U.S. Patent Application No. 63 / 200,263 [Overview of the project] [Means for solving the problem]

[0005] Exemplary embodiments provide methods, systems, apparatus, computer program products, and / or similar for interacting with and / or inducing particle interactions using signal manipulation elements including active nanophotonics. In various embodiments, the interaction with particles occurs through optical beams and / or signals applied to and / or incident on the particles. In various embodiments, particle interactions (e.g., interactions between two or more particles) are caused and / or mediated by optical beams and / or signals applied to and / or incident on particles interacting with each other.

[0006] In various embodiments, the particles are trapped and / or confined atomic objects (e.g., atoms, ions, groups of atoms and / or ions, and / or similar), qubits, and / or similar. For example, particles can be confined and / or trapped by a confinement assembly including and / or associated with a signal management system that includes a plurality of signal manipulation elements. In various embodiments, the signal manipulation elements include active nanophotonics such as metasurfaces, metamaterials, photonic crystals, diffractive optics elements, microfabricated surfaces configured to perform signal control functions (e.g., reflection, refraction, diffraction, and / or similar), and / or similar, which have dynamically controllable optical effects. In various embodiments, an incident signal and / or beam (e.g., an incoming manipulation signal and / or beam, and / or a stimulus signal and / or beam) is incident on a signal manipulation element, which emits an inductive signal and / or beam that is applied to the particle location or the collection location corresponding to each particle location.

[0007] In various embodiments, one or more properties of the induced signal and / or beam are determined based on the state of the dynamically controllable optical effect of the signal manipulation element. Some non-limiting examples of properties of the induced signal and / or beam that may be determined based on the state of the dynamically controllable optical effect of the signal manipulation element include beam position / angle (direction of propagation of the induced signal / beam), focal length, polarization, phase, frequency, beam pattern, and power (e.g., amplitude), and / or similar.

[0008] According to aspects of the present disclosure, a system is provided (e.g., a signal management system, a quantum computer, a trapped particle system, and / or similar). In exemplary embodiments, the system includes a confinement assembly and one or more signal manipulation elements. The particle confinement assembly defines a plurality of particle locations. Each of the one or more signal manipulation elements includes an active nanophotonic component having at least one dynamically controllable optical effect, (a) associated with each of the plurality of particle locations. Each of the one or more signal manipulation elements is configured to cause either (a) an induced signal to be incident on at least a portion of each of the at least one location, or (b) an induced signal to be incident on each collection location corresponding to each of the at least one location, in response to an incident signal being incident thereon and based on the state of the dynamically controllable optical effect.

[0009] In an exemplary embodiment, one or more characteristics of the induction signal are controlled by a dynamically controllable optical effect state.

[0010] In exemplary embodiments, one or more characteristics of the inductive signal include one or more of beam position / angle, focal length, polarization, phase, frequency, beam pattern, and power.

[0011] In exemplary embodiments, the state of a dynamically controllable optical effect is controlled via at least one of the following: application of an electrical signal or electric field to each signal manipulation element; polarization of the incident signal; mechanical adjustment or movement of each signal manipulation element; temperature of each signal manipulation element; electro-optical effect of each signal manipulation element; acousto-optical effect of each signal manipulation element; or photoelastic effect of each signal manipulation element.

[0012] In an exemplary embodiment, the confinement assembly is formed at least partially on a first substrate, and at least one of one or more signal manipulation elements is formed on the first substrate.

[0013] In an exemplary embodiment, the confinement assembly is formed at least partially on a first substrate, and at least one of one or more signal manipulation elements is formed on a second substrate, the second substrate being fixed or controllable in relation to the first substrate.

[0014] In exemplary embodiments, the manipulation source is formed at least partially on a first substrate or a second substrate, and / or at least partially within the first substrate or the second substrate.

[0015] In an exemplary embodiment, the manipulation source includes a resonant structure formed as an array of nanophotonic structures.

[0016] In exemplary embodiments, the array of nanophotonic structures is configured to have a metasurface or diffraction effect.

[0017] In an exemplary embodiment, the array of nanophotonic structures forms a photonic crystal structure, and at least a portion of the photonic crystal structure is configured to have a metasurface or diffraction effect.

[0018] In an exemplary embodiment, an array of nanophotonic structures is configured to be seeded by a seed beam, which controls at least one of the frequency of light emitted by the laser or the line width of light emitted by the laser.

[0019] In an exemplary embodiment, the manipulation source is a vertical external cavity surface-emitting laser (VECSEL) that includes an external cavity at least partially defined by at least one of one or more signal manipulation elements.

[0020] In an exemplary embodiment, the external cavity is defined by a first signal manipulation element formed on a first substrate and a second signal manipulation element formed on a second substrate.

[0021] In an exemplary embodiment, the manipulation source is a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) formed at least partially in a first or second substrate, and a signal manipulation element is disposed along the emission axis of the VCSEL and configured to control at least one characteristic of the signal emitted by the VCSEL.

[0022] In exemplary embodiments, injection locking or seeding of the cavity of the manipulation source is used to control the frequency or line width of the signal emitted by the manipulation source.

[0023] In an exemplary embodiment, at least one of the signal manipulation elements is configured to modulate at least one of the amplitude, phase, frequency, or polarization of the induced signal.

[0024] In an exemplary embodiment, at least one of the signal manipulation elements has a dynamically controllable refractive index.

[0025] In an exemplary embodiment, the dynamically controllable refractive index is used to steer or control the propagation direction of the induced signal.

[0026] In an exemplary embodiment, at least one signal manipulation element includes a photoactive material and is configured to provide an electrical signal in response to light incident thereon.

[0027] In an exemplary embodiment, the induced signal has a frequency different from that of the incident signal.

[0028] In an exemplary embodiment, the incident signal is an infrared signal and the induced signal is a visible or UV signal.

[0029] In an exemplary embodiment, each signal manipulation element is configured to convert the frequency of the incident signal to the frequency of the induced signal using at least one of harmonic generation or a conversion effect that changes over time.

[0030] In an exemplary embodiment, the incident signal is a pulsed signal.

[0031] In an exemplary embodiment, the induced signal is used to perform a background free gated readout function.

[0032] In an exemplary embodiment, a vertical external cavity surface-emitting laser (VECSEL) is provided. In the exemplary embodiment, the VECSEL is formed at least partially on or in a first substrate and at least partially on or in a second substrate. The VECSEL includes a first signal manipulation element disposed on the first substrate and a second signal manipulation element disposed on the second substrate. The first and second signal manipulation elements define the external cavity of the VECSEL. At least one of the first and second signal manipulation elements includes an active nanophotonic component having a dynamically controllable optical effect.

[0033] In an exemplary embodiment, at least one of the first or second substrate defines a surface normal, and the external cavity of the VECSEL is at an angle to the surface normal.

[0034] In an exemplary embodiment, a confinement assembly configured to confine one or more particles is formed on a first substrate.

[0035] In an exemplary embodiment, the confinement assembly defines a plurality of particle positions, the first of which is located between a first signal manipulation element and a second signal manipulation element, and the particle position is located within an external cavity.

[0036] In another embodiment, a trapped particle system is provided. In an exemplary embodiment, the trapped particle system includes a confinement assembly configured to confine one or more particles and defining a plurality of particle positions, the confinement assembly being formed on a first substrate, a second substrate being mounted to the first substrate in a fixed or controllable manner, and a first vertical external cavity surface-emitting laser (VECSEL) being formed at least partially on or in the first substrate and at least partially on or in the second substrate. The first VECSEL includes a first signal manipulation element disposed on the first substrate and a second signal manipulation element disposed on the second substrate. The first and second signal manipulation elements define the external cavity of the first VECSEL. At least one of the first and second signal manipulation elements includes a respective active nanophotonic component having a dynamically controllable optical effect. The first particle position among multiple particle positions is located between the first signal manipulation element and the second signal manipulation element, and the first particle position is located within the external cavity of the first VECSEL.

[0037] In an exemplary embodiment, at least one of the first or second substrate defines a surface normal, and the external cavity of the first VECSEL is at an angle to the surface normal.

[0038] In an exemplary embodiment, the trapped particle system further includes a second VECSEL formed at least partially on or in a first substrate and at least partially on or in a second substrate. The second VECSEL includes a third signal manipulation element disposed on the first substrate and a fourth signal manipulation element disposed on the second substrate. The third and fourth signal manipulation elements define the external cavity of the second VECSEL. At least one of the third and fourth signal manipulation elements includes an active nanophotonic component having a dynamically controllable optical effect. The first particle position is disposed between the third and fourth signal manipulation elements so that the first particle position is located within the external cavity of the second VECSEL.

[0039] In another embodiment, a laser is provided. In an exemplary embodiment, the laser includes a photonic crystal structure that defines a photonic crystal cavity. At least a portion of the photonic crystal structure is configured to have a metasurface or diffraction effect.

[0040] In an exemplary embodiment, a portion of the photonic crystal structure is the emission surface of the photonic crystal structure.

[0041] In exemplary embodiments, the metasurface or diffraction effect is configured to control at least one of the direction, polarization, or phase of propagation of light emitted by the laser.

[0042] In another embodiment, a laser is provided. In an exemplary embodiment, the laser includes a photonic crystal structure defining a photonic crystal cavity. The photonic crystal cavity is configured to be seeded by a seed beam, which controls at least one of the frequency of light emitted by the laser or the line width of light emitted by the laser.

[0043] In an exemplary embodiment, the seed beam is a laser beam generated by an external laser and has external laser power, and the laser is configured to emit an emitted beam having emitted laser power, the emitted laser power being greater than the external laser power.

[0044] The present invention has been described in general terms, but the attached drawings will be referenced here, and these drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0045] [Figure 1] This is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary quantum computing system, according to an exemplary embodiment, which includes an atomic object confinement assembly containing a metamaterial structure on its surface. [Figure 2] This is a partial cross-sectional view of a confinement assembly, according to an exemplary embodiment, which includes a signal manipulation element configured to apply an induction signal to a particle position defined by the confinement assembly. [Figure 3] This is a partial cross-sectional view of a confinement assembly, according to an exemplary embodiment, which includes a signal manipulation element configured to apply an induction signal to a collection location corresponding to a particle position defined by the confinement assembly. [Figure 4]This is a schematic diagram of a flip-chip signal delivery arrangement according to an exemplary embodiment, in which a second substrate containing a signal manipulation element is mounted to a confinement assembly in a fixed relationship. [Figure 5] This is a schematic diagram of a portion of a confinement assembly according to an exemplary embodiment, in which the source of the manipulation signal and / or beam is a vertical external cavity surface-emitting laser (VECSEL) comprising a cavity at least partially defined by two signal manipulation elements. [Figure 6A] This is a schematic diagram of a portion of a confinement assembly according to an exemplary embodiment, in which the source of the manipulation signal and / or beam is a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). [Figure 6B] This is a schematic diagram of a portion of a confinement assembly according to an exemplary embodiment, in which the source of the manipulation signal and / or beam is a laser having a lateral cavity. [Figure 7] This is a schematic diagram of an exemplary controller for a quantum computer configured to perform one or more deterministic reshaping and / or reordering functions in various embodiments. [Figure 8] This is a schematic diagram of an exemplary computing entity of a quantum computer system that may be used according to an exemplary embodiment. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0046] Herein, the present invention will be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings, which illustrate some, but not all, embodiments of the invention. In fact, the invention can be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments described herein, but rather these embodiments are provided so as to satisfy the legal requirements to which this disclosure is applicable. The term "or" (also written as " / ") is used herein in both an alternative and a conjunctive sense unless otherwise indicated. The terms "exemplary" and "exemplary" are used to mean examples without indication of quality levels. The terms "generally," "substantially," and "approximately" mean, unless otherwise indicated, being within engineering tolerances and / or manufacturing tolerances, and / or within user measurement capabilities. Similar numbers refer to similar elements throughout.

[0047] Various embodiments provide methods, systems, apparatus, computer program products, and / or similar for interacting with particles and / or inducing particle interactions using signal manipulation elements, including active nanophotonics. In various embodiments, active nanophotonics are nanophotonic elements having at least one dynamically controllable optical effect. Passive nanophotonics are nanophotonic elements that do not have a dynamically controllable optical effect. In various embodiments, interaction with particles occurs through optical beams and / or signals applied to and / or incident on particles. In various embodiments, particle interactions (e.g., interactions between two or more particles) are caused and / or mediated by optical beams and / or signals applied to and / or incident on particles interacting with each other. In various embodiments, particles are trapped and / or confined atomic objects (e.g., atoms, ions, groups of atoms and / or ions, and / or similar), qubits (e.g., of quantum processors and / or quantum computers), and / or similar. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, the particles are trapped ions used as qubits in a quantum charge-coupled device (QCCD) based quantum computer. In various embodiments, the signal manipulation element includes one or more metasurfaces and / or metamaterial arrays, diffractive optical elements, photonic crystals, and / or microfabricated surfaces configured to perform signal control functions (e.g., reflection, refraction, diffraction, and / or similar).

[0048] In various embodiments, particles are trapped and / or confined by a confinement assembly which includes and / or is associated with a signal management system. In various embodiments, the signal management system defines a plurality of optical paths which are configured to allow the application of a manipulation signal to a particle location defined by the confinement assembly and / or to provide indication of the signal emitted by the particle to their respective collection locations.

[0049] In various embodiments, the signal management system includes a plurality of signal manipulation elements. In various embodiments, the signal manipulation elements include active nanophotonics such as metasurfaces, metamaterials, photonic crystals, diffractive optical elements, microfabricated surfaces configured to perform signal control functions (e.g., reflection, refraction, diffraction, and / or similar), and / or similar, having dynamically controllable optical effects. In various embodiments, the dynamically controllable optical effects are controlled and / or influenced by electrical signals, electric fields, incident signals and / or beam polarization, mechanical adjustment and / or movement (e.g., controlled via electrically controlled motors, actuators, and / or similar), the temperature of the nanophotonic element, electro-optical effects, acousto-optical effects, photoelastic effects, and / or similar.

[0050] In various embodiments, an incident signal and / or beam (e.g., an incoming manipulation signal and / or a stimulus signal) is incident on a signal manipulation element, and an inductive signal and / or beam is emitted (e.g., by and / or from the signal manipulation element) applied to particle locations or collection locations corresponding to each particle location. In various embodiments, one or more properties of the inductive signal and / or beam are determined based on the state of the dynamically controllable optical effect of the signal manipulation element. Some non-limiting examples of properties of the inductive signal and / or beam that may be determined based on the state of the dynamically controllable optical effect of the signal manipulation element include beam position / angle (direction of propagation of the inductive signal / beam), focal length, polarization, phase, frequency, beam pattern, and power (e.g., amplitude), chromatic filtering, and / or similar.

[0051] In various embodiments, the confinement assembly is an ion trap (e.g., a surface trap or pole trap), an optical trapping grating, a substrate having quantum dots formed thereon and / or disposed thereon, and / or similar. In various embodiments, the confinement assembly is configured to confine one or more particles and / or trap one or more particles, and to control the location of one or more particles within the confinement assembly.

[0052] In various embodiments, the confinement assembly defines a plurality of particle locations. In various embodiments, one or more of the particle locations correspond to collection locations. In various embodiments, each collection location is configured such that the light indication and / or corresponding guidance signal / beam emitted by the particles at each corresponding particle location is detectable at the collection location and / or incident on the collection location.

[0053] In various embodiments, the stimulating signal and / or beam can be used to interact with confined particles and / or to induce interactions between confined particles in order to cause a controlled evolution of the quantum state of one or more particles confined by a confinement assembly. For example, the stimulating signal can be used to ionize one or more particles, to initialize particles to a predetermined quantum state, to initialize particles to a defined set of quantum states (e.g., a defined qubit space and / or similar), to execute quantum gates (e.g., a single qubit gate, a double qubit gate and / or similar) on particles, to perform readout operations to determine the quantum state of particles, and / or similar.

[0054] In various embodiments, one or more signal manipulation elements are arranged and / or mounted to the confinement assembly so that the signal manipulation elements form at least a portion of the respective optical paths between each particle position and each manipulation source and / or photodetector.

[0055] In various embodiments, at least one signal manipulation element is disposed on the surface of a first substrate on which a confinement assembly is formed and / or disposed, and / or at least partially disposed within the first substrate on which the confinement assembly is formed and / or disposed. For example, the confinement assembly is formed on a first substrate, and in various embodiments, at least one signal manipulation element is formed and / or disposed on the surface of the first substrate. As should be understood, the first substrate can include multiple layers of circuitry configured to control various elements / components of the operation of the function of the confinement assembly.

[0056] In exemplary embodiments, at least one of the signal manipulation elements is part of a confinement assembly and is recessed and / or set back from the surface of the confinement assembly. For example, at least one signal manipulation element can be positioned in a fabricated layer that is in a first substrate and / or not directly on a surface defined by the plane of the confinement assembly. For example, a hole or opening can be present in the surface of the confinement assembly and at least one signal manipulation element is recessed therein. In exemplary embodiments, a transparent layer surrounds at least one signal manipulation element within the hole or opening. Various embodiments provide a confinement assembly having one or more signal manipulation elements formed and / or disposed on the surface of the confinement assembly and / or as part of a first substrate containing the confinement assembly.

[0057] An exemplary embodiment provides a second substrate on which one or more signal manipulation elements are formed and / or disposed, mounted in a fixed and / or controlled relationship to a confinement assembly, such that manipulation signals (e.g., in the form of guidance signals and / or beams) can be provided to particle positions via each of the signal manipulation elements of the second substrate.

[0058] In various embodiments, each signal manipulation element is formed and / or configured for use in performing one or more functions of the particle system (photoionization, state preparation, qubit detection and / or readout, cooling, shelving, re-pumping, single qubit gate, or two qubit gates). In an exemplary embodiment, the particle system is a QCCD-based quantum computer. Various other embodiments relate to various other types of particle systems in which particles are trapped and / or confined, trapped and / or confined particles interact with other trapped and / or confined particles, and / or interactions between trapped and / or confined particles are triggered and / or mediated.

[0059] In various embodiments, each signal manipulation element is configured to provide a resonant response to an incident signal and / or beam (e.g., an incoming manipulation signal and / or stimulus signal) in each specific wavelength range, similar to the signal manipulation element described in U.S. Patent Application No. 17 / 653,979 (Patent Document 1), filed March 8, 2022 (the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety). For example, for an incident signal (and / or portion thereof) characterized by a wavelength within each specific wavelength range, the signal manipulation element is induced to emit a controlled induced signal and / or beam (e.g., controlled in terms of propagation direction, focus, beam profile, polarization, and / or similar) as a result of the incident signal entering the signal manipulation element.

[0060] However, for incident signals and / or beams (and / or portions of incident signals) characterized by one or more wavelengths outside their respective specific wavelength ranges, the resulting signal will have a uniform phase delay applied to it, but will not undergo the focusing, polarization control, beam profile control, and / or similar processes of a controlled inductive signal. In other words, a signal manipulation element can be used as a chromatic filter in various embodiments. For example, one or more signals of various wavelengths, and / or signals containing various wavelengths, can be incident on a signal manipulation element. The chromatic filtering performed by the signal manipulation element (e.g., a metamaterial array configured to have a resonant response for each specific wavelength) causes the controlled inductive signal to contain only the wavelengths of each specific wavelength and / or each specific wavelength range that the signal manipulation element is configured to use with it. For example, an incoming manipulated signal incident on a signal manipulation element will be focused over the corresponding particle position only when the incoming manipulated signal is characterized by wavelengths within each specific wavelength range.

[0061] In various embodiments, the signal manipulation element is configured such that the characteristics of the induced signal and / or beam are determined at least in part on the state of one or more dynamically controllable optical effects of the signal manipulation element emitting the induced signal and / or beam. Thus, in various embodiments, each particular wavelength range is dynamic and can be changed. For example, the state of the dynamically controllable optical effects of the signal manipulation element can be changed (e.g., through the application of at least one of the following: an electrical signal, electric field, magnetic field, incident signal and / or beam including a particular polarization, an incident signal and / or beam including a particular frequency or frequency range, an incident signal and / or beam having a particular power or being within a particular range of power, mechanical adjustment and / or movement (e.g., controlled via an electrically controlled motor, actuator, and / or similar), the temperature of the nanophotonic element, electro-optical effects, acousto-optical effects, photoelastic effects, and / or similar).

[0062] In various embodiments, a signal manipulation element is configured to have two or more manipulation signals incident upon it and to be guided to emit respective induction signals and / or beams in response. For example, a signal manipulation element can be configured to be guided to emit a first induction signal in response to a first manipulation signal of a first wavelength and first polarization incident upon it while in a first state, the first induction signal having a wavelength corresponding to the first wavelength, a polarization corresponding to the first polarization, and directed toward a first portion of the corresponding particle location. In an exemplary embodiment, the same signal manipulation element is configured to be guided to emit a second induction signal in response to a second manipulation signal of a second wavelength and second polarization incident upon it while in a second state, the second induction signal having a wavelength corresponding to the second wavelength, a polarization corresponding to the second polarization, and directed toward a second portion of the corresponding particle location and / or a different particle location.

[0063] In various embodiments, the first and second wavelengths are substantially the same, the first and second states are the same, and the first and second polarizations are different. In exemplary embodiments, the first and second wavelengths are different, the first and second states are the same, and the first and second polarizations are substantially the same. In exemplary embodiments, the first and second wavelengths are different, the first and second states are the same, and the first and second polarizations are different. In exemplary embodiments, the first and second wavelengths are substantially the same, the first and second states are different, and the first and second polarizations are substantially the same.

[0064] The first portion of the particle position and the second portion of the particle position may or may not overlap, as required for the application. In various embodiments, the first and second manipulation signals can be provided at least partially simultaneously. For example, the first and second manipulation signals can be incident on the signal manipulation element simultaneously for at least a portion of the time that the first and / or second manipulation signals are incident on the signal manipulation element. In exemplary embodiments, the first and second manipulation signals are provided separately (e.g., not overlapping in time; this may be the case if the first and second states are different).

[0065] In various embodiments, interaction control elements are configured to be guided to emit a stimulating signal and / or beam in response to incoming manipulation signals and / or emission signals within a corresponding wavelength range being incident upon them. For example, each function of a quantum computer and / or trapped particle system can be associated with one or more wavelengths. Thus, each signal manipulation element can correspond to one or more functions of the quantum computer and / or trapped particle system, where one or more functions of the quantum computer and / or trapped particle system correspond to wavelengths within the wavelength range in which each signal manipulation element is configured to operate. In various embodiments, the state of the dynamic optical effect of the signal manipulation element can determine which function of the quantum computer and / or trapped particle system the signal manipulation element is configured to perform at that time.

[0066] In various embodiments, each signal manipulation element is associated with one or more corresponding particle locations defined by a confinement assembly. In various embodiments, one or more particle locations defined by a confinement assembly are associated with an arrangement of signal manipulation elements comprising multiple signal manipulation elements. In various embodiments, each signal manipulation element in the arrangement of signal manipulation elements associated with a confinement assembly is configured to be used when performing one or more functions of a quantum computer and / or trapped particle system (e.g., photoionization, state preparation, qubit detection and / or readout, cooling, shelving, re-pumping, single qubit gate, double qubit gate, emission signal detection, and / or similar). For example, performing various functions of a quantum computer and / or trapped particle system can include the use of manipulation signals and / or the detection of stimulation signals of various wavelengths. Various signal manipulation elements and / or different states of various signal manipulation elements are configured to be used at different wavelengths, and a particular signal manipulation element in the arrangement of signal manipulation elements is configured to be used when performing one or more corresponding functions of a quantum computer and / or a trapped particle system at the corresponding particle location.

[0067] In various embodiments, various incident signals and / or beams are generated near and / or by the particle. For example, the particle may emit a stimulus signal, which is incident on a signal manipulation element, causing an induced signal to be emitted toward a corresponding collection location. In another example, the manipulation source may be at least partially formed and / or disposed on and / or within a first substrate on which a confinement assembly is formed and / or disposed. In yet another example, the manipulation source may be at least partially formed and / or disposed on and / or within a second substrate which is fixed and / or mounted in a controllable manner relative to the confinement assembly. In various embodiments, one or more manipulation sources at least partially formed and / or disposed in and / or on the first and / or second substrates include a non-coherent optical source. In various embodiments, one or more manipulation sources at least partially formed and / or disposed in and / or on the first and / or second substrates include a coherent optical source.

[0068] Conventionally, a laser beam is generated at a predetermined distance from an ion trap and delivered to a location within the ion trap by transmitting the laser beam parallel to the plane of the ion trap so that the laser beam incident on the ions within the ion trap. However, for ion traps that are two-dimensional and / or have larger dimensions, it is difficult to focus a laser beam onto ions within the ion trap without clipping the edges of the ion trap. As the size of the ion trap and the number of ions in the trap increase, it becomes technically difficult to address specific ions with a specific laser beam without disturbing other ions in the ion trap and with the necessary control over various aspects of a particular laser beam. Thus, there is a technical problem of how to provide a manipulation signal to particle locations defined by a confinement assembly, which can be scaled by the size and / or dimensions of the confinement assembly, and / or the number of particles trapped and / or confined by the confinement assembly.

[0069] Various embodiments provide technical solutions to these technical problems. In particular, in various embodiments, the manipulation signal is delivered transversely to the plane of the confinement assembly (for example, approximately perpendicular, at an angle of approximately 45 degrees, and / or similar). For example, the manipulation signal is delivered in such a way that it is incident on a signal manipulation element and that the signal manipulation element emits a guidance signal directed toward the corresponding particle position. In other words, the signal management systems of various embodiments use a signal manipulation element to enable the manipulation signal to be delivered transversely to the plane of the confinement assembly.

[0070] Furthermore, various embodiments provide signal manipulation elements having controllable optical effects. For example, dynamically controllable optical effects are controlled and / or influenced by electrical signals, electric fields, incident signals and / or beam polarization, mechanical adjustment and / or movement (e.g., controlled via electrically controlled motors, actuators, and / or similar), the temperature of the nanophotonic element, electro-optical effects, acousto-optical effects, photoelastic effects, and / or similar. The induced signal and / or beam is characterized at least in part by properties determined based on the state of the dynamically controllable optical effects of the signal manipulation element when the induced signal and / or beam is emitted by the signal manipulation element. Some non-limiting examples of properties of the induced signal and / or beam that can be determined based on the state of the dynamically controllable optical effects of the signal manipulation element include beam position / angle (direction of propagation of the induced signal / beam), focal length, polarization, phase, frequency, beam pattern, and power (e.g., amplitude), chromatic filtering, and / or similar.

[0071] The dynamically controllable optical effects of the signal manipulation element enable its use for modulation control (e.g., switching a signal and / or beam on and / or off, adjusting / optimizing the amplitude or power of a signal and / or beam, adjusting / optimizing the optical phase of a signal and / or beam, adjusting / optimizing the polarization of a signal and / or beam, adjusting / optimizing the frequency of a signal and / or beam, beam steering / switching, adjusting the focal length and / or focal shape, providing a fully reconfigurable holographic projection, and / or similar).

[0072] Accordingly, various embodiments provide technical solutions to the technical problem of how to provide a manipulation signal to a particle position defined by a confinement assembly so that the manipulation signal is not delivered parallel to the confinement assembly plane, so that the manipulation signal can be effectively provided to a two-dimensional ion trap. Various embodiments provide further technical solutions by enabling the use of longer wavelength (e.g., infrared) manipulation signals used to generate induction signals of a desired frequency (e.g., visible and / or UV). Various embodiments provide further technical solutions by providing additional and configurable control over the application of the manipulation signal to the particle position.

[0073] Additionally, detecting the quantum state of a particle also presents challenges due to the large field of view required for optics to collect and / or detect signals emitted by particles in large and / or two-dimensional confinement assemblies. Various embodiments offer technical solutions to these technical problems by assisting in the collection and / or direction of emitted signals so that signals emitted by particles are more efficiently captured, detected, and / or measured. For example, a signal manipulation element can be positioned and / or configured so that, in response to a stimulus signal emitted by a particle entering the signal manipulation element, a guided signal and / or beam is emitted toward its respective collection location. In various embodiments, collection optics and / or photodetectors can be positioned at the collection location so that information regarding the stimulus signal is captured. Thus, various embodiments offer solutions to the large field of view technical problems of determining the quantum state of particles confined by large and / or two-dimensional confinement assemblies.

[0074] Exemplary quantum computing system including atomic object confinement assembly In various embodiments, signal manipulation elements, including active nanophotonics with controllable optical effects, are used to interact with particles and / or to induce / mediate interactions between particles. In various embodiments, particles are trapped and / or confined atomic objects (e.g., atoms, ions, groups of atoms and / or ions, and / or similar), qubits (e.g., of quantum processors and / or quantum computers), and / or similar. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, particles are trapped ions used as qubits in a quantum charge-coupled device (QCCD) based quantum computer. Figure 1 provides a schematic diagram of an exemplary QCCD-based quantum computing system 100 according to an exemplary embodiment. Various other embodiments relate to quantum computers of various other architectures and / or other trapped particle systems.

[0075] Figure 1 provides a schematic diagram of an exemplary quantum computing system 100, including a confinement assembly 200 (e.g., an ion trap and / or similar) according to an exemplary embodiment. As shown in Figures 2 to 6, in various embodiments, the confinement assembly 200 includes and / or is associated with a signal management system including a plurality of signal manipulation elements. As shown in Figures 2, 3, 5, and 6, in various embodiments, the plurality of signal manipulation elements are formed and / or disposed on the surface of the confinement assembly and / or are at least partially embedded in a substrate on which the confinement assembly is formed and / or disposed.

[0076] In various embodiments, at least a portion of a signal manipulation element formed and / or disposed on the surface of a confinement assembly is configured to be guided to emit a guided signal toward each particle location and / or focused over each particle location in response to an incoming signal incident thereto. The incoming signal is at least a portion of a manipulation signal generated by a manipulation source 60 of a quantum computer 110. In various embodiments, at least one signal manipulation element formed and / or disposed on the surface of a confinement assembly is configured to be guided to emit a guided signal toward a collection location corresponding to each particle location (for example, where a corresponding collection optical element is disposed) and / or focused over that collection location in response to an emitted signal from a particle located at each particle location being incident on the signal manipulation element. One or more characteristics of the guiding signal are determined based on the state of the dynamically controllable optical effects of the signal manipulation element when the manipulation signal and / or stimulus signal are incident on the signal manipulation element, and / or when the guiding signal is emitted by the signal manipulation element. Some non-limiting examples of characteristics of the guiding signal and / or beam that may be determined based on the state of the dynamically controllable optical effects of the signal manipulation element include beam position / angle (direction of propagation of the guiding signal / beam), focal length, polarization, phase, frequency, beam pattern, and power (e.g., amplitude), chromatic filtering, and / or similar.

[0077] In various embodiments, the quantum computing system 100 includes a computing entity 10 and a quantum computer 110. In various embodiments, the quantum computer 110 includes a controller 30, a cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40 surrounding a confinement assembly 200 (e.g., an ion trap), and one or more manipulation sources 60. For example, the cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40 can be a pressure-controlled chamber. In an exemplary embodiment, a manipulation signal generated by the manipulation source 60 is delivered to the interior of the cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40 (where the atomic object confinement assembly 200 is located) via a corresponding optical path 66 (e.g., 66A, 66B, 66C). In various embodiments, the optical path 66 is at least partially defined by one or more components and / or elements of a signal management system. For example, at least one of the optical paths 66 includes and / or is partially defined by a signal manipulation element of a signal management system.

[0078] In an exemplary embodiment, at least one manipulation source 60 is disposed within the cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, one or more manipulation sources 60 are at least partially formed on and / or in a first substrate on which a confinement assembly 200 is formed and / or disposed, and / or on a second substrate, the second substrate being fixed and / or controllable to the confinement assembly 200 in the cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40.

[0079] In exemplary embodiments, one or more manipulation sources 60 may include one or more coherent optical sources and / or one or more incoherent optical sources. For example, in exemplary embodiments, one or more manipulation sources 60 may include one or more lasers (e.g., optical lasers, microwave sources, VECSELs, VCSELs, and / or similar). In various embodiments, each manipulation source 60 is configured to generate a manipulation signal having a characteristic wavelength in the microwave, infrared, visible, or ultraviolet portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. In various embodiments, one or more manipulation sources 60 are configured to manipulate and / or induce the development of a controlled quantum state of one or more particles confined and / or trapped by the confinement assembly 200. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, one or more manipulation sources 60 include one or more lasers, which can provide one or more laser beams (for example, as manipulation signals) to particles confined and / or trapped by a confinement assembly 200 in a cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40.

[0080] For example, the manipulation source 60 generates a manipulation signal that is provided as an arriving signal to a suitable signal manipulation element of the signal management system. The arriving signal incident on the signal manipulation element, for example, an active metamaterial array (for example, having one or more dynamically controllable optical effects), induces multiple metamaterial structures of the metamaterial array to emit an induced signal, which is directed toward and / or focused toward the corresponding particle position in the confinement assembly. For example, the manipulation source 60 can be configured to generate one or more manipulation signals and / or beams, which can be used to initialize a particle into a state in qubit space, execute one or more gates on one or more qubits of the quantum computer 110, read out and / or determine the state of one or more qubits of the quantum computer 110, and / or similar, so that the particle can be used as a qubit in the quantum computer 110.

[0081] In various embodiments, the manipulation signal is configured to trigger the execution of various functions of the quantum computer 110 and / or other trapped particle systems on one or more particles. An exemplary function that can be performed on a particle is the photoionization of an atomic object. For example, the manipulation signal can be applied to a particle (e.g., via one or more signal manipulation elements) to photoionize the particle.

[0082] Another exemplary function that can be performed on a particle is the state preparation of the particle. For example, one or more manipulation signals can be applied to a particle (e.g., via one or more signal manipulation elements) to prepare the particle into a particular quantum state. For example, the particular quantum state could be a state in a defined qubit space used by a quantum computer, so that the particle can be used as a qubit in a quantum computer.

[0083] Another exemplary function that can be performed on a particle is to read out its quantum state. For example, a manipulation signal (e.g., a readout signal) can be applied to the particle (e.g., via one or more signal manipulation elements). When the particle's wave function decays into a first state in the qubit space, the particle will fluoresce in response to the application of the readout signal. When the particle's wave function decays into a second state in the qubit space, the particle will not fluoresce in response to the application of the readout signal.

[0084] Another exemplary function that can be performed on particles is the cooling of particles or particle crystals containing particles. A particle crystal is a pair or set of particles, where one of the particles in the particle crystal is a qubit particle used as a qubit in a quantum computer, and one or more other particles in the particle crystal are used to perform sympathetic cooling of the qubit particle. For example, a manipulation signal (e.g., a cooling signal or sympathetic cooling signal) can be applied to a particle or particle crystal (e.g., via one or more signal manipulation elements) to cause the (qubit) particle to be cooled (e.g., to reduce the vibrational energy and / or other kinetic energy of the (qubit) particle).

[0085] Another exemplary function that can be performed on a particle is shelving it. In various embodiments, a particle in a second state of qubit space can be shelved during the execution of a readout function. For example, the shelving operation can include causing the quantum state of the particle in the second state of qubit space to evolve into at least a metastable state outside the qubit space while the readout operation is being performed. An exemplary shelving process is described in U.S. Patent Application No. 63 / 200,263 (Patent Document 2), filed February 25, 2021, but various other shelving processes can also be used in various embodiments. In various embodiments, particle shelving is performed by applying one or more manipulation signals to a particle (e.g., via one or more signal manipulation elements) to cause the quantum state of the particle to evolve into at least a metastable state outside the qubit space while the particle is in a second state of qubit space.

[0086] Another exemplary function that can be performed on a particle is the (optical) re-pumping of the particle. In various embodiments, particle re-pumping involves applying one or more manipulation signals to a particle (for example, via one or more signal manipulation elements) to cause the particle's quantum state to evolve into an excited state.

[0087] Another exemplary function that can be performed on a particle is to execute a single qubit gate on the particle. For example, one or more manipulation signals can be applied to the particle (e.g., via one or more signal manipulation elements) to execute a single qubit quantum gate on the particle.

[0088] Another exemplary function that can be performed on a particle is to perform a two-qubit gate on that particle. For example, one or more manipulation signals can be applied (e.g., via one or more signal manipulation elements) to a pair or set of particles containing a particle, making it possible to perform a two-qubit (or three, four, or more qubit) quantum gate on the particle and at least one other particle.

[0089] In various embodiments, the quantum computer 110 includes an optics acquisition system 70, which is configured to collect and / or detect photons generated by qubits (for example, during a readout procedure). The optics acquisition system 70 may include one or more optical elements (e.g., lenses, mirrors, waveguides, fiber optic cables, and / or similar) and one or more photodetectors. In various embodiments, the photodetectors may be photodiodes, photomultiplier tubes, charge-coupled device (CCD) sensors, complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) sensors, micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) sensors, and / or other photodetectors that are sensitive to light at the expected fluorescence wavelength of the quantum computer's qubits. In various embodiments, the detectors may communicate electronically with the controller 30 via one or more A / D converters 725 (see Figure 7) and / or similar. For example, the readout particle and / or the particle whose quantum state is determined may emit a stimulus signal, at least a portion of which is incident on a signal manipulation element of the signal management system. An incident signal entering the signal manipulation element guides the signal manipulation element, which emits a guided signal. This guided signal is directed towards and / or focused to the collection optics of the confinement assembly, and positioned at a collection location corresponding to the particle's location. The collection optics are configured to provide the collection signal to a photodetector.

[0090] In various embodiments, the quantum computer 110 includes one or more voltage sources 50. For example, the voltage sources 50 may include a plurality of voltage drivers and / or voltage sources and / or at least one RF driver and / or voltage source. In exemplary embodiments, the voltage sources 50 may be electrically coupled to the corresponding potential generating elements (e.g., electrodes) of the confinement assembly 200.

[0091] In various embodiments, the computing entity 10 is configured to allow a user to provide input to the quantum computer 110 (for example, through the user interface of the computing entity 10), and to receive, view, and / or similar outputs from the quantum computer 110. The computing entity 10 can communicate with the controller 30 of the quantum computer 110 via one or more wired or wireless networks 20, and / or via direct wired and / or wireless communication. In exemplary embodiments, the computing entity 10 can translate, configure, format, and / or similar information / data, quantum computing algorithms and / or circuits, and / or similar into a computing language, executable instructions, command sets, and / or similar that the controller 30 can understand and / or implement.

[0092] In various embodiments, the controller 30 is configured to control a voltage source 50, a cryostat system and / or vacuum system that controls the temperature and pressure inside the cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40, a manipulation source 60, an optics acquisition system 70, the states of various signal manipulation elements, and / or various environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure, and / or similar) inside the cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40, and / or other systems configured to manipulate one or more particles in the confinement assembly and / or cause a controlled evolution of their quantum state. For example, the controller 30 can cause a controlled evolution of the quantum state of one or more particles in the confinement assembly in order to execute a quantum circuit and / or algorithm. For example, the controller 30 can cause a readout procedure, including coherent shelving, to be performed, possibly as part of executing a quantum circuit and / or algorithm. In various embodiments, the particles confined in the confinement assembly are used as qubits in a quantum computer 110.

[0093] Exemplary signal management system In various embodiments, the signal management system is configured to control the provision and / or collection of signals to and from each particle location defined by the confinement assembly 200. In various embodiments, the signal management system defines optical paths used to provide signals to each particle location and / or collection location. The optical paths include respective signal manipulation elements. In various embodiments, the signal manipulation elements are configured to allow the optical paths to be transverse to the surface 208 of the confinement assembly 200 (see Figure 2).

[0094] Various embodiments are disclosed in which the surface 208 of the confinement assembly 200 includes one or more signal manipulation elements. For example, in various embodiments, the surface 208 of the confinement assembly 200 includes an arrangement of signal manipulation elements for each atomic object position 250 defined by the confinement assembly 200. Various embodiments are disclosed in which a first substrate 810, on which the confinement assembly 200 is formed, is transparent in one or more wavelengths and / or includes waveguides and / or vias through which an incoming manipulation signal and / or an outgoing induction signal can propagate. Various embodiments are disclosed in which a second substrate 910 is mounted to the confinement assembly 200 in a fixed and / or controllable relationship, and the signal manipulation elements (and / or arrangement of signal manipulation elements) are formed and / or disposed on the surface of the second substrate (see an example of such in Figure 4).

[0095] In various embodiments, the signal manipulation element includes active nanophotonic devices, components, surfaces, arrays, and / or similar. Some exemplary active nanophotonic devices, components, surfaces, arrays, and / or similar include metasurfaces, metamaterials, photonic crystals, diffractive optical elements, microfabricated surfaces, and / or similar configured to perform signal control functions (e.g., reflection, refraction, diffraction, and / or similar) having dynamically controllable optical effects. In various embodiments, one or more characteristics of the induced signal emitted by the signal manipulation element are determined based on the state of the dynamically controllable optical effects of the nanophotonic devices, components, surfaces, arrays, and / or similar of the signal manipulation element. Some non-limiting examples of the characteristics of the induced signal and / or beam that can be determined based on the state of the dynamically controllable optical effects of the nanophotonic device, component, surface, array, and / or similar of the signal manipulation element (also referred herein to as the state of the dynamically controllable optical effects of the signal manipulation element) include beam position / angle (direction of propagation of the induced signal / beam), focal length, polarization, phase, frequency, beam pattern, and power (e.g., amplitude), and / or similar.

[0096] Figures 2 and 3 illustrate exemplary embodiments in which a signal manipulation element 220 is formed, deposited, and / or disposed on the surface 208 of a confinement assembly 200. Figure 2 shows a partial cross-sectional view of the confinement assembly 200, where the signal manipulation element 220 is used to apply a manipulation signal to a particle position 250. For example, a controller 30 controls one or more manipulation sources 60 to generate the manipulation signal. The manipulation signal is provided to the confinement assembly 200 as an arriving signal and / or incident signal 260 that propagates transversely to a plane defined by the surface 208 of the confinement assembly 200 so that the arriving signal and / or incident signal 260 is incident on the signal manipulation element 220. The arriving signal and / or incident signal 260 incident on the signal manipulation element 220 causes each of the induction signals 265 to be emitted toward the corresponding particle position 250. For example, the induction signal 265 is incident on particle 5 located at particle position 250. For example, the signal manipulation element 220 shown in Figure 2 is an action element. As used herein, the action element is a signal manipulation element configured to provide an induced action signal to each particle position in response to an arriving signal generated by a manipulation source 60 incident on the action element. In the illustrated embodiment, the action element is formed on a portion of the surface 208 of the confinement assembly 200.

[0097] The signal manipulation element 220 includes active nanophotonics having a dynamically controllable optical effect. In an exemplary embodiment, the dynamically controllable optical effect of the signal manipulation element 220 is configured such that the state of the dynamically controllable optical effect can be changed, adjusted, modified, controlled, and / or similarly done by applying an electrical signal to at least a portion of the signal manipulation element 220. For example, a via 210 is defined, formed, and / or etched through the first substrate 205, allowing a signal line 215 to provide a control electrical signal to the signal manipulation element 220. For example, a controller 30 can control a voltage source 50 to apply a control electrical signal to the signal manipulation element 220 via the signal line 215 extending through the via 210.

[0098] As should be understood, various dynamically controllable optical effects are controlled through various means. For example, dynamically controllable optical effects are controlled and / or influenced in various embodiments by electrical signals, electric fields, magnetic fields, incident signals and / or beam polarization, incident signals and / or beam frequencies, incident signals and / or beam power, mechanical adjustment and / or movement (e.g., controlled via electrically controlled motors, actuators, and / or similar), the temperature of the nanophotonic element, electro-optical effects, acousto-optical effects, photoelastic effects, and / or similar. The first substrate 205 can be modified as needed for the application and / or may include components configured to allow control of the dynamically controllable optical effects by the controller 30 (for example, via one or more intervening components such as a voltage source 50 and / or similar).

[0099] Figure 3 illustrates a partial cross-sectional view of the confinement assembly 200, where a signal manipulation element 220 is used to collect emission and / or stimulus signals generated by particle 5 at each particle position 250. For example, during the execution of a qubit readout function, particle 5 positioned at particle position 250 can be triggered to emit emission and / or stimulus signals 270. At least a portion of the emission and / or stimulus signals 270 is incident on the signal manipulation element 220. At least a portion of the emission and / or stimulus signals 270 incident on the signal manipulation element 220 causes an induced collection signal 275 to be emitted from the signal manipulation element 220 toward the corresponding collection location 255. In various embodiments, collection optics are positioned and / or disposed at the collection location 255. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the acquisition optics include one or more optical elements, such as a acquisition lens 330 configured to couple at least a portion of the acquired signal 275 into the acquisition fiber 310.

[0100] For example, the signal manipulation element 220 shown in Figure 3 is a collection element. As used herein, the collection element is a signal manipulation element 220 configured to provide an induced collection signal 275 to a corresponding collection location 255 in response to emission signals and / or stimulus signals 270 emitted by a particle positioned at a corresponding particle location being incident on the collection element. In various embodiments, the collection element is configured to provide an induced collection signal that is collimated toward and focused toward a collection optics positioned at a collection location 255 corresponding to each particle location 250, and / or similarly done therein (in response to emission signals being incident thereon).

[0101] In various embodiments, the collection element is generally positioned between the corresponding particle position 250 and the surface 208 of the confinement assembly 200. In various embodiments, the collection element is configured to collect emission signals and / or stimulus signals 270 from large solid angles around each particle position 250. For example, the collection element can be positioned and sized to collect emission signals and / or stimulus signals emitted into and / or approaching approximately 2π steradians. For example, from the viewpoint of the particle position 250, the collection element can include solid angles greater than π, 1.25π, 1.5π, 1.75π, and / or approximately 2π steradians around the particle position 250.

[0102] Figure 4 illustrates another configuration in which the second substrate 405, having one or more signal manipulation elements 420 (e.g., 420A, 420B, 420C) formed on and / or within the second substrate 405, is mounted to the confinement assembly 200 in a fixed and / or controllable relationship so that manipulation signals can be provided to the particle location 250 via each of the signal manipulation elements 420 of the second substrate 405. For example, one or more action elements 420A, 420B are formed and / or disposed on the first surface 408 of the second substrate 405 in an exemplary embodiment. For example, one or more collection elements 420C are formed and / or disposed on the first surface 408 of the second substrate 405 in an exemplary embodiment. In exemplary embodiments, one or more action elements 420A, 420B and / or collection elements 420C are recessed and / or formed in the second substrate 405. The signal manipulation element 420 is a transparent signal manipulation element. In exemplary embodiments, the signal manipulation element 420 is formed on and / or in the second surface 402 of the second substrate 405 (for example, between the second surface 402 and the first surface 408).

[0103] In various embodiments, the second substrate 405 is transparent to light of various wavelengths, where the various wavelengths include wavelengths that may be used to perform one or more functions of a quantum computer or other trapped particle system, as well as / or wavelengths of emission signals and / or stimulation signals. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, the second substrate 405 is transparent to light of various wavelengths that characterize the respective manipulation signals used by a quantum computer or other trapped particle system. In an exemplary embodiment, the second substrate 405 includes waveguides, vias, and / or similar, which allow light to pass through the second substrate from a second surface 402 of the second substrate 405 to a first surface 408 of the second substrate 405, where the first surface 408 of the second substrate 405 faces the confinement assembly 200.

[0104] For example, a manipulation signal is provided to the confinement assembly 200 via a second surface 408 of the second substrate 405. The manipulation signal propagates from the second surface 408 to the first surface 402 through the second substrate 405 (for example, through the bulk material, waveguides, vias, and / or similar of the second substrate 405). The manipulation signal is incident on the respective action elements 420A, 420B. For example, the signal manipulation element 420 is an active nanophotonic lens, and an active nanophotonic lens is a lens, a lenticular photonic metasurface, and / or similar. For example, the action elements 420A, 420B act as lenses, resulting in the incident of an action signal 265 on a particle 5 positioned at particle position 250. In various embodiments, the action arrays 420A, 420B cause each action signal to have its own specific polarization, phase, beam profile (e.g., beam spot size at particle position 250, intensity profile across the beam at particle position, and / or similar), and / or similar. As the action signal enters and / or passes through particle position 250, the action signal is reflected from the surface 208 of the confinement assembly 200. In an exemplary embodiment, an area of ​​the second surface 402 corresponding to particle position 250 is irradiated by one or more manipulation signals, and the action elements 420A, 420B perform chromatic filtering, so that appropriate action signals are provided to particle position 250 in a manner appropriate for the function to be performed.

[0105] In various scenarios, a particle 5 positioned at particle position 250 is capable of emitting an emission signal and / or a stimulus signal 270. The emission signal is incident on a collection element 420C. The collection element 420C acts as a lens, providing a focused and / or collimated collected signal 275 through the second substrate 405 (for example, through the bulk material, waveguide, via, and / or similar of the second substrate 405) from its first surface 408 to its second surface 402. A collection optics 430 may be positioned close to the second surface 402 of the second substrate 405, and the collected signal 275 is incident on the collection optics 430 corresponding to the particle position 250 to enable detection of the emission signal and / or stimulus signal.

[0106] In exemplary embodiments, the action elements are disposed and / or formed on the second substrate 405, as shown in Figure 4, and the collection elements are disposed and / or formed on the first substrate 405 (for example, on the surface 208 of the confinement assembly 200), as shown in Figure 3. In another exemplary embodiment, some of the action elements are disposed and / or formed on the first substrate 205 (for example, on the surface 208 of the confinement assembly 200), as shown in Figure 2, and the collection elements are formed on the second substrate 405, as shown in Figure 4. For example, the first substrate 205 can be transparent to light characterized by wavelengths in a first wavelength range, and the second substrate 405 can be transparent to light characterized by wavelengths in a second wavelength range. Action elements (and / or other signal manipulation elements) corresponding to wavelengths in a first wavelength range can be formed and / or disposed on a first substrate 205 so that the corresponding manipulation signals can propagate through the first substrate to each action element, and action elements (and / or other signal manipulation elements) corresponding to wavelengths in a second wavelength range can be formed and / or disposed on a second substrate 405 so that the corresponding manipulation signals can propagate through the second substrate to each action element.

[0107] In various embodiments, at least some of the signal manipulation elements 420 include active nanophotonics having dynamically controllable optical effects. In exemplary embodiments, the dynamically controllable optical effects of the signal manipulation elements 420 are configured such that the state of the dynamically controllable optical effects can be changed, regulated, modified, controlled, and / or similarly by applying an electrical signal to at least a portion of the signal manipulation elements 420. For example, vias 410 are defined, formed, and / or etched into a second substrate 405, allowing a signal line 415 to provide a control electrical signal to the signal manipulation elements 420. For example, a controller 30 can control a voltage source 50 to apply a control electrical signal to the signal manipulation elements 420 via a signal line 415 extending through vias 410. In another example, the signal line 415 may be formed as leads and / or traces on the first surface 408 of the second substrate so that the signal line 415 can electrically communicate with and / or be operably connected to the signal manipulation element 420 and the controller 30 (for example, possibly via a voltage source 50 and / or similar).

[0108] At least one of the signal manipulation elements 220, 420 includes active nanophotonics such as metasurfaces, metamaterials, photonic crystals, diffractive optical elements, microfabricated surfaces configured to perform signal control functions (e.g., reflection, refraction, diffraction, and / or similar), and / or similar, having dynamically controllable optical effects. In various embodiments, the dynamically controllable optical effects of the signal manipulation element are controlled and / or influenced by changes in one or more physical parameters of the signal manipulation element and / or by changes in one or more physical parameters affecting the signal manipulation element. Some exemplary physical parameters that may be used to control and / or influence the state of the dynamically controllable optical effects of a signal manipulation element include, in various embodiments, electrical signals, electric fields, incident signals and / or beam polarization, mechanical adjustment and / or movement (e.g., controlled via electrically controlled motors, actuators, and / or similar devices), the temperature of the nanophotonic element, electro-optical effects, acousto-optical effects, photoelastic effects, and / or similar devices.

[0109] In various embodiments, at least one signal manipulation element 220, 420 includes an active metasurface. In various embodiments, the active metasurface is coated and / or encapsulated with an encapsulating material. The optical effect of the active metasurface is strongly dependent on the refractive index contrast between the metasurface and the encapsulating material. Therefore, modifying the refractive index of the metasurface and / or the encapsulating material results in a change in the state of the dynamically controllable optical effect of the corresponding signal manipulation element.

[0110] In various embodiments, the metasurface is a solid-state metasurface, and the refractive index of the metasurface or encapsulating material is modifiable and / or controlled by electrically or optically modifying the concentration of free charge carriers in the bulk material of the metasurface or encapsulating material. For example, the state of the dynamically controllable optical effect of the corresponding signal manipulation element can be modified and / or controlled through the application of a controllable electrical signal and / or controllable optical signal. For example, in exemplary embodiments, at least one signal manipulation element 220, 420 includes a passive metasurface and a cladding and / or substrate portion of the metasurface on which the metasurface is formed and / or disposed, where the cladding or substrate portion has a controllable optical property (e.g., a controllable refractive index). For example, in exemplary embodiments, at least one signal manipulation element includes a passive metasurface and an optically active cladding and / or formed on an optically active substrate portion (e.g., the cladding and / or substrate portion has a dynamically controllable refractive index).

[0111] In various embodiments, the encapsulating material of the metasurface is a liquid crystal material. The refractive index of the liquid crystal encapsulating material can be modified through the application of a control electrical signal to a signal manipulation element.

[0112] In various embodiments, the metasurface and / or encapsulating material includes a phase-change material (e.g., vanadium dioxide (VO2)) having a refractive index that is temperature-dependent or dependent on electrical or optical interaction. For example, the state of the dynamically controllable optical effect of the corresponding signal manipulation element can be modified and / or controlled through the application of a controllable electrical signal, a controllable electric field, a controllable magnetic field, and / or a controllable optical signal to the signal manipulation element, or by controlling the temperature of the signal manipulation element.

[0113] In various embodiments, various electro-optic, acousto-optic, or photoelastic effects are used to control the refractive index of the metasurface and / or encapsulating material as needed for the application. For example, a signal manipulation element may, in an exemplary embodiment, include an array of metasurface elements (e.g., pillars and / or pores), a surface or substrate on which the metasurface elements are formed, and / or cladding disposed around and / or between the metasurface elements (or within the metasurface elements if the metasurface elements are pores). Electro-optic, acousto-optic, or photoelastic effects may affect the refractive index of the metasurface elements, the surface or substrate on which the metasurface elements are formed, and / or the cladding. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, the cladding is liquid crystal cladding, where the refractive index of the liquid crystal cladding can be modified and / or controlled by the application of an electric or magnetic field to it.

[0114] In various embodiments, one or more physical parameters of the active nanophotonics of the signal manipulation element are modified through mechanical deformation. For example, when the active nanophotonics include an active metasurface, the physical size of the metasurface elements (e.g., pillars and / or pores) and / or the spacing of the metasurface elements can be modified to control the state of the dynamically controllable optical effect of the signal manipulation element.

[0115] For example, in exemplary embodiments, piezoelectric effects or material thermal expansion are used to modify the size, shape, and / or spacing of the metasurface elements of the metasurface of an exemplary signal manipulation element.

[0116] In another example, the metasurface is coated and / or encapsulated by an elastic and / or resilient encapsulation material. Mechanical strain can be applied to the elastic and / or resilient encapsulation material to control the state of the dynamically controllable optical effect of the signal manipulation element (for example, the material can be pulled / stretched and / or compressed in one or more directions).

[0117] In exemplary embodiments, the relative tilt of a metasurface (for example, with respect to the surface 208 of the first substrate 205 or the first surface 408 of the second substrate 405) can be used to control the incident angle of a signal incident on a signal manipulation element. For example, controlling the incident angle of a signal incident on a signal manipulation element can be used to modify metasurface effects (for example, to control the state of dynamically controllable optical effects of the signal manipulation element) and / or to perform beam steering. In various embodiments, the relative tilt of the signal manipulation element and / or its metasurface can be performed macroscopically (for example, by macroscopic actuators, motors, and / or similar) or using micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS).

[0118] In various embodiments, one or more physical parameters of the active nanophotonics of a signal manipulation element are modified through polarization rotation of the incident signal and / or beam. For example, the state of the dynamically controllable optical effect of a signal manipulation element is determined based on the polarization of the signal and / or beam incident on the signal manipulation element. For example, an exemplary metasurface of a signal manipulation element is configured and / or designed to have a polarization-dependent effect. For example, the exemplary metasurface is configured and / or designed to focus light at an off-axis angle of +10 degrees with respect to a signal or beam having a first polarization, and at an off-axis angle of -10 degrees with respect to a signal or beam having a second polarization, where the first and second polarizations are orthogonal to each other. Thus, the state of the dynamically controllable optical effect of a signal manipulation element can be controlled by adjusting the polarization of the incident signal. For example, the polarization of the incident signal or beam is used to selectively distribute the induced signal between two focal points. This can be used for amplitude adjustment, switching between providing guidance signals to two different particle positions, effective beam steering, and / or similar purposes.

[0119] In various embodiments, one or more physical parameters of the active nanophotonics of a signal manipulation element are modified in response to the power or power range of the incident signal, and / or the frequency and / or frequency range present in the incident signal. For example, an exemplary metasurface of a signal manipulation element is configured and / or designed to have frequency and / or power-dependent effects. For example, an exemplary metasurface can be configured and / or designed to focus light at an off-axis angle of +10 degrees with respect to a signal or beam characterized by a frequency profile within a particular frequency range, and at an off-axis angle of -10 degrees with respect to a signal or beam characterized by a frequency profile not within a particular frequency range.

[0120] In various embodiments, one or more physical parameters of the active nanophotonics of a signal manipulation element are modified through variable optical loss. In various embodiments, materials having tunable optical absorption are used, for example, to modulate the amplitude of an inductive signal or beam, and / or to switch the inductive signal between "on" and "off". In exemplary embodiments, for example, VO2, an exemplary phase-change material having an insulating-metal transition, is used to enable variable optical loss control of the state of the dynamically controllable optical effect of a signal manipulation element. For example, when a phase-change material (e.g., VO2) undergoes a phase transition, its optical absorption over a broad wavelength range changes substantially, and the phase transition can be used to control the dynamically controllable optical effect of a signal manipulation element containing the phase-change material.

[0121] The dynamically controllable optical effects of the signal manipulation element enable its use for modulation control (e.g., switching a signal and / or beam on and / or off, adjusting / optimizing the amplitude or power of a signal and / or beam, adjusting / optimizing the optical phase of a signal and / or beam, adjusting / optimizing the polarization of a signal and / or beam, adjusting / optimizing the frequency of a signal and / or beam, beam steering / switching, adjusting the focal length and / or focal shape, providing a fully reconfigurable holographic projection, and / or similar).

[0122] For example, in various embodiments, the state of the dynamically controllable optical effect of a signal manipulation element can be used as a modulator to deliver a signal to a corresponding particle position (e.g., to provide a guiding signal to the particle position) or to reject a signal (e.g., not to provide a guiding signal to the particle position). For example, in an exemplary embodiment, a single manipulation source can be coupled to several signal manipulation elements, and the state of each signal manipulation element (e.g., its dynamically controllable optical effect) is used to control which particle position the guiding beam is applied to and / or provided to. Such features can be particularly useful with large confinement assemblies that confine and / or trap a large number of particles within them. In another example, the manipulation signal generated by the manipulation source 60 can be split into multiple signals and / or beams. The signal manipulation elements 220, 420 can be used to control the amplitude, phase, frequency, and polarization of the guiding signal and / or beam incident on the particle 5 at their respective particle positions 250. In various embodiments, the state of the dynamically controllable optical effect resulting in such modulation effects is controlled through the tunable transmittance / reflectance and / or tunable absorption of the signal manipulation element.

[0123] In various embodiments, the state of a dynamically controllable optical effect of a signal manipulation element can be used as a modulator to control, adjust, optimize, and / or similarly control the amplitude or optical power of an inductive signal or beam. For example, a signal manipulation source can be used to supply an arriving signal or beam to multiple signal manipulation elements, and the amplitude or optical power of each inductive signal or beam is controlled based on the respective state of the dynamically controllable optical effect of each signal manipulation element. For example, the amplitude or optical power of an inductive signal or beam supplied to a particle position in coordination with another inductive signal or beam that will be supplied to the same particle position (e.g., to perform two qubit gates or other functions requiring the coordinated provisioning of multiple manipulation signals) can be controlled and / or balanced according to functional requirements. In various embodiments, the state of a dynamically controllable optical effect that results in such amplitude and / or optical power control effects is controlled through the tunable transmittance / reflectance and / or tunable absorption of the signal manipulation element.

[0124] In various embodiments, the dynamically controllable optical effect state of a signal manipulation element can be used as a modulator to control, adjust, optimize, and / or do the same for the phase of a guiding signal or beam. For example, the dynamically controllable optical effect state of a signal manipulation element can be used to control the phase of a guiding signal applied to a particle position. In exemplary embodiments, phase control, adjustment, and / or optimization of the manipulated signal can be used to generate amplitude adjustment effects through (constructive or destructive) interference with another coherent signal and / or beam.

[0125] In various embodiments, the dynamically controllable optical effect state of a signal manipulation element can be used as a modulator to control, adjust, optimize, and / or similarly control the polarization of an inductive signal or beam. Various particle interactions are highly dependent on the polarization of the signal or beam incident on the particle. In various embodiments, the signal manipulation element provides active fine-tuning control of the polarization of the inductive signal. In exemplary embodiments, control of the polarization of an inductive signal or beam is used as an alternative to amplitude modulation for polarization-dependent interactions.

[0126] In various embodiments, the state of the dynamically controllable optical effect of a signal manipulation element can be used as a modulator to control, adjust, optimize, and / or similarly control the frequency / wavelength of an inductive signal or beam. For example, the frequency of an inductive signal can be modified and / or adjusted from the frequency of an incoming manipulation signal to the frequency required to perform a desired interaction. For example, a signal manipulation element can be used to perform selective frequency upconversion and / or downconversion. In an exemplary embodiment, the dynamically controllable optical effect of a signal manipulation element that affects the frequency of an inductive signal or beam with respect to the frequency of an incident signal or beam is controlled through a time-varying nonlinear response of the material of the signal manipulation element to a control signal (e.g., a control electrical signal generated by a voltage source 50).

[0127] In various embodiments, the state of a dynamically controllable optical effect of a signal manipulation element can be used to control one or more reconfigurable effects of a guiding signal or beam. For example, the state of a dynamically controllable optical effect of a signal manipulation element can be used in various embodiments to perform beam steering and / or beam switching. For example, a single signal manipulation element may be used in an exemplary embodiment to address multiple particle locations. For example, based on the state of a dynamically controllable optical effect of a signal manipulation element, the signal manipulation element may be configured to provide a guiding signal to one or more of a plurality of particle locations corresponding to the signal manipulation element. In an exemplary embodiment, such a signal manipulation element 420 is formed and / or disposed on a second substrate 405 and is configured to provide a guiding signal to a corresponding particle location 250 or to a signal manipulation signal 220 formed and / or disposed on a first substrate 205. For example, the first signal manipulation element 420 can distribute the manipulation signal to a second signal manipulation element 220, which modulates various characteristics of the manipulation signal and provides the modulated manipulation signal to each particle position 250. In an exemplary embodiment, beam steering is used to optimize beam alignment so that the guidance signal is matched with a suitable portion of the particle positions 250. For example, beam steering is used to compensate for and / or adjust for manufacturing and / or design errors in the alignment. In an exemplary embodiment, beam steering is used to select whether or not a particular manipulation signal is provided to a particular particle position.

[0128] In various embodiments, the state of the dynamically controllable optical effect of a signal manipulation element can be used to control the angle at which the guiding signal and / or beam propagates. For example, the angle at which the guiding signal propagates can be controlled through the use of an encapsulant having an adjustable, controllable, and / or dynamically configurable refractive index. For example, a waveguide or manipulation source can be disposed below the surface 208 of the first substrate 205, and the waveguide or manipulation source can be configured to provide a manipulation signal to a particle position with non-normal incidence. A signal manipulation element having an adjustable, controllable, and / or dynamically configurable refractive index can be used to steer the manipulation signal toward a suitable particle position. The adjustable, controllable, and / or dynamically configurable refractive index of the signal manipulation element can further be used to fine-tune and / or optimize particle interactions, to compensate for manufacturing errors, design errors, and / or alignment errors, and / or similarly.

[0129] In various embodiments, the dynamically controllable optical effect state of the signal manipulation element can be used to control and / or adjust the focal length and / or focal shape and / or beam profile of the guiding signal or beam. In exemplary embodiments, the focal length, focal shape, and / or beam profile control is used to fine-tune the interaction between the guiding signal 265 and the particle 5 positioned at particle position 250, for example, to take into account alignment errors and / or manufacturing errors in order to maximize particle interaction, and / or similar purposes. In exemplary embodiments, the focal length, focal shape, and / or beam profile control is used to perform amplitude adjustment by adjusting the intensity and / or power of the guiding signal intersecting the absorption cross-section of particle 5. In various embodiments, the ability to control and / or adjust the focal length and / or focal shape and / or beam profile of the guiding signal or beam reduces the optical power requirements of the arriving manipulation signal and provides additional technical and power consumption benefits.

[0130] In various embodiments, control over the state of dynamically controllable optical effects of a signal manipulation element is used to generate a fully reconstructible holographic projection of one or more manipulation signals. For example, a combination of beam steering and / or switching optical effects and adjustable focal length and / or focal shape and / or beam profile can be used to provide a fully reconstructible holographic projection of one or more manipulation signals. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, the fully reconstructible projection optics allows an initial manipulation signal (e.g., generated by a manipulation source 60) to independently specify, be incident on, and / or control the interaction at the multiple particle positions 250.

[0131] In various embodiments, beam steering / switching and modulating and reconfigurable effects of adjustable focal length, focal shape, and / or beam profile are used to generate and / or provide a signal management system that enables the use of a larger number of particles in larger confinement assemblies and / or systems.

[0132] In various embodiments, one or more manipulation sources 60 are located within the cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40. For example, in various embodiments, one or more manipulation sources are formed and / or disposed on a first substrate 205 (on which the confinement assembly is formed and / or disposed) or on a second substrate. Figure 5 illustrates an exemplary embodiment in which the manipulation source 60 is a VECSEL 550, which is formed partially on and / or within the second substrate 500 and partially on the first substrate 200. Figure 6 illustrates an exemplary embodiment in which the manipulation source 60 is a VCSEL 630, which is formed on or within the first substrate 205. In exemplary embodiments, the manipulation source 60, which is a VCSEL, can be formed on and / or within the second substrate 405, 500. In various embodiments, the VECSEL550 and / or VCSEL630 include and / or are associated with one or more manipulation signal elements that include active nanophotonics having dynamically controllable optical effects.

[0133] In various embodiments, having a manipulation source 60 at least partially formed and / or disposed on a first substrate 205 (on which the confinement assembly 200 is formed and / or disposed), and / or on a second substrate fixed to and / or mounted in a controllable relationship with respect to the first substrate 205, simplifies the optical paths required to provide a manipulation signal to the particle 5. In various embodiments, having a manipulation source 60 at least partially formed and / or disposed on a first substrate 205 (on which the confinement assembly 200 is formed and / or disposed), and / or on a second substrate fixed to and / or mounted in a controllable relationship with respect to the first substrate 205, also reduces the overall size of the quantum computer 110 and / or other trapped particle system by reducing the number of required manipulation sources 60 located outside the cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40.

[0134] In various embodiments, the manipulation source 60, formed and / or disposed on a first substrate 205 and / or on a second substrate fixed to and / or mounted in a controllable relationship with respect to the first substrate 205, includes and / or is coupled to one or more signal manipulation elements.

[0135] In various embodiments, one or more signal manipulation elements are integrated into the manipulation source 60 as a functional part of the manipulation source itself. For example, Figure 5 illustrates an exemplary embodiment in which the cavity 540 of the VECSEL 550 is at least partially defined by two signal manipulation elements 220, 520.

[0136] In various embodiments, a signal manipulation element is coupled to a manipulation source 60 such that one or more characteristics of the signal or beam generated by the manipulation source 60 are modified and / or controlled by the signal manipulation element (e.g., the state of the dynamically controllable optical effect of the signal manipulation element). For example, Figure 6 illustrates an embodiment in which a VCSEL 630 is formed on and / or in a first substrate, and a signal manipulation element 220 is positioned on the emission aperture of the VCSEL 630 such that the signal and / or beam emitted by the VCSEL is modified, regulated and / or controlled by the signal manipulation element 220. For example, the signal manipulation element 220 can control the collimation, focusing, frequency, phase, pointing, and / or similar properties of the signal and / or beam emitted by the VCSEL 630. For example, the signal manipulation element 220 can be a metasurface lens coupled to the emission aperture of the VCSEL.

[0137] Generally, a VCSEL includes a first reflector, a second reflector, and an active region, the active region comprising a plurality of quantum well layers configured for generating light. The first and second reflectors define the cavity of the VCSEL. In exemplary embodiments, one of the first or second reflectors is a signal manipulation element configured to control the collimation and / or focusing of the emitted signal and / or beam, the direction of propagation of the emitted signal and / or beam, and / or the like, when emissions are emitted from the VCSEL (for example, through controllable changes in the transmittance / reflectance of the signal manipulation element).

[0138] Figure 5 illustrates an exemplary embodiment on which the VECSEL 550 is at least partially formed and / or disposed within a second substrate 500, which is fixed and / or mounted in a controllable manner to a first substrate 205 on which a confinement assembly 200 is formed and / or disposed. The VECSEL includes a gain material 530. For example, the gain material may include a semiconductor material configured to generate light through a recombination effect when a voltage difference is applied across the gain material. The VECSEL further includes an external cavity 540, which is at least partially defined by a signal manipulation element 520, which is formed and / or disposed on and / or within the second substrate 500 in close proximity to and / or adjacent to the gain material 530. The external cavity 540 is also at least partially defined by a signal manipulation element 220, which is formed and / or disposed on the first substrate 205.

[0139] In an exemplary embodiment, a voltage is applied to the gain material 530 via a voltage control line 535 that extends through a via 510 passing through at least a portion of the second substrate 500.

[0140] For example, signal manipulation elements 520, 220 define the external cavity 540 using a photonic crystal or similar effect. In various embodiments, the frequency of the signal and / or beam provided by VECSEL 550 is determined and / or controlled based on the frequency of the light generated by the gain material 530 and the chromatic filtering performed by the external cavity 540 (e.g., a Fabry-Perot cavity).

[0141] In exemplary embodiments, injection locking and / or seeding are used to further control the frequency and linewidth of the signal and / or beam provided by the VECSEL. In various embodiments, the frequency and / or narrow linewidth requirements of the functions to be performed by the quantum computer 110 and / or other trapped particle systems are strict and / or difficult to achieve using physically small cavities. In such embodiments, an incident laser beam characterized by the desired frequency and / or narrow linewidth characteristics, but at a low power, can be injected into the external cavity 540 and / or used to seed the external cavity 540. The incident laser beam used to injection lock and / or seed the external cavity 540 can be at an optical power substantially lower than the optical power required for the performance of the corresponding function. Seeding the external cavity 540 can be used to cause the external cavity 540 and / or VECSEL 550 to generate an optical signal and / or beam having the desired frequency and / or narrow linewidth characteristics.

[0142] Due to the signal and / or beam direction control provided through the use of signal manipulation elements 520, 220 to define the external cavity 540, the external cavity 540 does not need to be aligned with the emission axis of the gain material 530. For example, as shown in Figure 5, the external cavity 540 can be angled with respect to the direction of the voltage difference across the gain material 530. For example, the beam direction capability of the signal manipulation elements 220, 520 used to define the external cavity 540 allows for the definition and / or formation of an angled external cavity. In an exemplary embodiment, the gain material 530 is configured to emit light into the external cavity 540 at an angle that matches and / or aligns with the angle of the external cavity 540. For example, the surface normal 532 of the second substrate forms a non-zero angle φ with the external cavity 540.

[0143] In various embodiments, the external cavities 540 are angled with respect to the surface normal (for example, the angle φ is not equal to 0° or 180°), so that multiple VECSELs 550 can be associated with the particle position 250. For example, each of the multiple external cavities 540 corresponds to a VECSEL 550 formed at least partially on / in the first substrate 205 and at least partially on / in the second substrate 500, and in exemplary embodiments, the multiple external cavities 540 are formed to intersect each other at the particle position. This allows VECSELs 500 formed around the particle position 250 (for example, the particle position is located in the corresponding angled external cavity 540) to be activated to perform different functions at the particle position 250, where the different functions have requirements for different frequencies, polarizations, and / or the like.

[0144] In an exemplary embodiment, one state of one of the signal manipulation elements 520, 220 is used to control when and how much (e.g., amplitude and / or power) of the signal and / or beam generated by the VECSEL 550 is directed toward the particle position 250 so that it is incident on one or more particles 5. For example, by changing the state of the dynamically controllable optical effect of the signal manipulation element 220, it is possible to direct, for example, a portion of the light in the external cavity toward the particle position 250.

[0145] In various embodiments, the state of the signal manipulation elements 520, 220 is controlled through control lines 515, 215, respectively. The control lines 515, 215 extend through their respective vias 510, 210 and across their respective substrates. In exemplary embodiments, the first or second substrates 205, 500 may include one or more traces on their surface, and one or more of the voltage control lines 535, control lines 515, 215 may be embodied, at least partially, as traces on the surface of their respective substrates. For example, some embodiments do not include vias 210, 510.

[0146] In exemplary embodiments, signal manipulation elements 220, 520 can also be used to control the polarization of light in the external cavity 540 and the polarization of the manipulation signal directed from the external cavity 540 toward the particle position 250.

[0147] Figure 6A illustrates an exemplary embodiment in which the VCSEL 630 is formed in the first substrate 205. The VCSEL 630 is controlled by applying a voltage to the VCSEL 630 via a VCSEL control line 635 that extends at least partially through the first substrate 205 via a via 210.

[0148] The signal manipulation element 620 is positioned and / or formed such that light exiting the emission aperture of the VCSEL 630 is incident on the signal manipulation element 620. Thus, the signal manipulation element 620 can be used to control the direction of propagation of the signal and / or beam emitted by the VCSEL 630; collimation and / or focusing; and / or phase, frequency, polarization, and / or amplitude modulation.

[0149] For example, when the dynamically controllable optical effect state of the signal manipulation element 620 is in a first state, the signal and / or beam emitted by the VCSEL 630 is directed toward a first particle position 250A, as shown by the dashed line in Figure 6. When the dynamically controllable optical effect state of the manipulated signal 620 is in a second state, the signal and / or beam emitted by the VCSEL 630 is directed toward a second particle position 250B, as shown by the dotted line in Figure 6A. Various other states of the dynamically controllable optical effect of the signal manipulation element 620 can be defined such that the signal and / or beam can be independently supplied to additional particle positions and / or various combinations of particle positions. In various embodiments, the signal manipulation element 620 is also used to control the phase, polarization, and / or similar of signals and / or beams provided to a first particle position 250A (for example, in a first state), a second particle position 250B (for example, in a second state), and / or other particle positions and / or combinations of particle positions.

[0150] Various other coherent light sources can be incorporated in various embodiments as at least a portion of the manipulation source 60 formed on a first or second substrate. In various embodiments, at least a portion of the manipulation source 60 formed on a first or second substrate includes a cavity or resonant structure, the cavity or resonant structure is configured such that the cavity or resonant structure confines resonant modes or cavity modes of light within an array of nanophotonic structures. For example, an exemplary manipulation source 60 according to an exemplary embodiment includes an array of nanophotonic structures that circulate light within each individual nanophotonic structure of the array. As should be understood, a nanophotonic structure is a physical structure configured to interact with and / or control an optical beam / pulse and / or photon, and is characterized by at least one dimension having a scale equal to or smaller than the wavelength of the interacting light. For example, nanophotonic structures can include lattice or crystalline structures that have nanometer-scale separation (e.g., separation similar to or smaller than the wavelength of interacting light) between the ions, atoms, and / or particles of the lattice or crystal. For example, the ions, atoms, and / or particles of the lattice or crystal can be used together with Fano resonances and / or quasi-bonded states in a continuum to provide high-quality coefficient resonances.

[0151] Another example of a coherent light source that can be incorporated as at least a portion of a manipulation source 60 formed on a first or second substrate is a laser comprising a nanophotonic structure defining a lateral cavity. For example, the lateral cavity can be a crystal or lattice formed by an array of nanophotonic structures. In various embodiments, the lateral cavity is a cavity or resonant structure formed by an array of nanophotonic structures extending in a direction substantially parallel to a plane defined by the surface of a substrate (e.g., a first substrate 205) on which a confinement assembly 200 is formed. In various embodiments, the nanophotonic structure is a photonic crystal cavity defined by a photonic crystal structure. An example of such a laser is a nanocrystalline surface-emitting laser (NCSEL). In various embodiments, a laser comprising a lateral cavity and / or a photonic crystal cavity can be formed in a first substrate, as in the VCSEL 630, or in a second substrate, as in the gain material 530 of the VECSEL 550. In exemplary embodiments, the laser's lateral cavity and / or photonic crystal cavity are transverse and / or orthogonal to the direction from which the manipulation signal is emitted (for example, parallel to the surface of the first substrate 205 on which the confinement assembly 200 is formed).

[0152] In exemplary embodiments, a nanophotonic structure defining a lateral cavity (e.g., a photonic crystal structure defining a photonic crystal cavity) is configured to be a surface that is a signal manipulation element, and / or is configured to have one. For example, the nanophotonic structure (e.g., a photonic crystal structure) includes a metasurface in exemplary embodiments. In exemplary embodiments, the emitting surface of the nanophotonic structure (e.g., the surface of the nanophotonic structure through which light is emitted) has a diffraction effect, and / or includes a metasurface (e.g., a metasurface lens). In various embodiments, the signal manipulation element forming a portion of the nanophotonic structure (e.g., the emitting surface) is configured to direct and / or control the emission it emits (e.g., in terms of direction, focus, collimation, polarization, and / or similar). In exemplary embodiments, the nanophotonic structure also controls the mode of the emitted light.

[0153] In various embodiments, a lateral cavity (e.g., a photonic crystal cavity) is injection-locked and / or seeded to control the frequency, linewidth, and / or polarization of the signal and / or beam emitted from the lateral cavity. In various embodiments, the frequency, narrow linewidth, and / or polarization requirements of the functions to be performed by the quantum computer 110 and / or other trapped particle systems are strict and / or difficult to achieve using physically small cavities. In such embodiments, an incident laser beam, characterized by a desired frequency, narrow linewidth, and / or polarization characteristics but at a low power, can be injected into and / or used to seed the lateral cavity. The incident laser beam used to injection-lock and / or seed the lateral cavity can be at an optical power substantially lower than the optical power required for the performance of the corresponding function. Seeding of lateral cavities can be used to cause a laser containing lateral cavities to generate optical signals and / or beams having desired frequencies, narrow line widths, and / or polarization characteristics.

[0154] For example, Figure 6B illustrates a manipulation source 60 formed on a first substrate 205 (and partially on a second substrate 405), which is a laser 650 including a nanophotonic structure 640 (e.g., a photonic crystal) defining a lateral cavity (e.g., a photonic crystal cavity). For example, the lateral cavity of the laser is transverse and / or perpendicular to the direction from which the manipulation signal is emitted (e.g., parallel to the surface of the first substrate 205 on which the confinement assembly 200 is formed), as indicated by arrow 642. In the illustrated embodiment, the lateral cavity of the nanophotonic structure 640 is seeded by seed photons provided by an external cavity 646. In the illustrated embodiment, the external cavity 646 is defined at least partially by a signal manipulation element and / or retroreflector 644 disposed on the second substrate 405. For example, a portion of the power generated by the laser 650 (e.g., less than 50%) is supplied to an external cavity 646 that is larger than the lateral cavity defined by the nanophotonic structure 640. Thus, the external cavity 646 can be configured to generate a beam and / or pulses (of lower power compared to the output of the laser 650), which is then used to seed the lateral cavity defined by the nanophotonic structure 640. For example, the external cavity 646 can be configured to generate a beam and / or pulses (of lower power compared to the output of the laser 650), which is then used to control the frequency, linewidth, and / or polarization of the signal and / or beam emitted from the lateral cavity defined by the nanophotonic structure 640.

[0155] In various embodiments, the laser 650 is controlled by applying a voltage to the laser 650 via a laser control line 645 that extends at least partially through the first substrate 205 via 210. The signal manipulation element 620 is arranged and / or formed such that light emanating from the emission aperture of a lateral cavity defined by the nanophotonic structure 640 (for example, from the emission aperture of a photonic crystal cavity defined by the photonic crystal embodying the nanophotonic structure 640) is incident on the signal manipulation element 648. Thus, the signal manipulation element 648 can be used, in exemplary embodiments, to control the direction of propagation of the signal and / or beam emitted by the laser; collimation and / or focusing; and / or phase, frequency, polarization, and / or amplitude modulation. In various embodiments, the signal manipulation element is a passive diffraction element (e.g., a lens or lens assembly), a passive or active nanophotonic element, and / or similar.

[0156] In various embodiments, various other forms of manipulation sources 60 can be formed and / or disposed on the first substrate 205 and / or on a second substrate fixed to and / or in a controllable relationship with the first substrate 205. In exemplary embodiments, at least one manipulation signal formed and / or disposed on the first substrate 205 and / or on the second substrate fixed to and / or in a controllable relationship with the first substrate 205 is an incoherent manipulation source. For example, an incoherent manipulation source is configured to emit, generate, and / or provide incoherent light.

[0157] In an exemplary embodiment, the incoherent manipulation source includes a signal manipulation element containing an integrated fluorescent material. The photonic crystal effect of the signal manipulation element can be used to direct and / or focus light generated through the fluorescence of the fluorescent material toward one or more particle locations. In an exemplary embodiment, the signal manipulation element is further configured to control the polarization of light generated through the fluorescence of the fluorescent material and directed toward one or more particle locations.

[0158] In an exemplary embodiment, the fluorescent material is directly integrated into the metasurface of the signal manipulation element. For example, the fluorescent material can be quantum dots or another light-emitting medium fabricated onto the structure forming the metasurface. In another exemplary embodiment, the fluorescent material is indirectly integrated into the metasurface of the signal manipulation element. For example, the metasurface can be formed on a fluorescent film.

[0159] In an exemplary embodiment, the incoherent manipulation source includes one or more light-emitting diodes (LEDs). A signal manipulation element can be used to direct and / or focus the light generated by the LEDs toward one or more particle locations. In an exemplary embodiment, the signal manipulation element is further configured to control the polarization of the light generated by the LEDs and directed toward one or more particle locations.

[0160] In an exemplary embodiment, a manipulation signal generated by an incoherent manipulation source is used to perform photoionization of particles loaded into a confinement assembly. For example, when the confinement assembly 200 is an ion trap, neutral atoms can be loaded into the ion trap and then photoionized to generate trapped ions that are used as particles in the system.

[0161] As described above, signal manipulation elements can be used to perform frequency modulation of signals and / or beams. In various embodiments, signal manipulation elements are used to perform frequency conversion of signals and / or beams. Such frequency conversion effects can be combined with focusing and / or directing and / or pointing of the frequency-converted signals and / or beams.

[0162] For example, in various embodiments, the signal manipulation element is configured to generate second or higher harmonics of the incident beam and / or signal. For instance, the frequency of the induced beam can be characterized by second or higher harmonics of the incident beam or signal, and / or the frequency profile of the induced beam can include second or higher harmonics of the incident beam or signal.

[0163] In various embodiments, the frequency transformation performed by the signal manipulation element of the incident beam and / or signal changes over time. For example, the signal manipulation element may include a metasurface that changes over time and is configured to modify the frequency of the induced signal and / or beam as the physical parameters of the metasurface change rapidly with respect to the interaction time between the incident signal and / or beam and the signal manipulation element. The interaction time of the incident signal and / or beam interacting with the signal manipulation element is extended in exemplary embodiments through the use of high-Q (e.g., under-attenuated and / or low-loss) resonances. For example, the physical parameters of the metasurface can be the refractive index of the metasurface, the effective phase response of the metasurface, and / or similar.

[0164] In various embodiments, the execution of different functions of the quantum computer 110 and / or other trapped particle systems requires signals and / or beams of different frequencies. Conventionally, these different frequencies are generated by different manipulation sources 60 and supplied to their respective particle positions 250 along corresponding optical paths. In various embodiments, a signal manipulation element is used to convert an incident beam or signal (e.g., generated by a manipulation source 60) into an induced signal and / or beam of a selected frequency, where the selected frequency is controlled by the state of a dynamically controllable optical effect of the signal manipulation signal.

[0165] For example, a signal or beam characterized by a specific frequency can be incident on a signal manipulation element. The resulting induced signal or beam is characterized by a first frequency when the state of the dynamically controllable optical effect is in a first state, and the resulting induced signal or beam is characterized by a second frequency when the state of the dynamically controllable optical effect is in a second state. The first frequency is different from the second frequency and may or may not be different from a specific frequency of the incident signal or beam.

[0166] In exemplary embodiments, a time-varying conversion effect is used and / or controlled to enable one or more signal manipulation elements to control the frequency of a guiding signal and / or beam provided to one or more particle positions. For example, an incident signal or beam having a specific frequency incident on a signal manipulation element can result in a guiding signal of a selected frequency being provided to the particle positions, where the selected frequency is selected, controlled, and / or determined based on the state of the dynamically controllable optical effect of the signal manipulation element.

[0167] In an exemplary embodiment, the manipulation source 60 is configured to provide a manipulation signal having an infrared wavelength, a near-infrared wavelength, or a visible wavelength. When such a manipulation signal is incident on a signal manipulation element, the signal manipulation element is guided to emit a stimulating signal characterized by a selected wavelength shorter than the wavelength of the provided manipulation signal (e.g., visible and / or UV). For example, the manipulation source 60 is configured to generate a manipulation signal that is off-resonant and / or more off-resonant with respect to various particle interactions of trapped particles in the quantum computer 110 and / or other trapped particle systems. In other words, the manipulation source 60 is configured to generate a manipulation signal that does not interact with particles or only weakly interacts with particles in the quantum computer 110 and / or other trapped particle systems. Subsequently, the signal manipulation element of the confinement assembly can be used to convert the frequency of the manipulation signal to a selected frequency corresponding to a desired function of the quantum computer 110 and / or the trapped particle system, so that the resulting induced signal and / or beam causes and / or mediates the desired function and / or interaction. In various embodiments, by providing the manipulation signal to a signal manipulation element configured not to interact with and / or weakly interact with particles of the quantum computer 110 and / or other trapped particle system, crosstalk between various particle locations (e.g., caused by light scattered from surfaces 208, 408 and / or input optics) is reduced.

[0168] The use of longer wavelength (e.g., infrared, near-infrared, visible) manipulation signals, which are upconverted to an induced signal of a selected wavelength by the signal manipulation element, allows the portion of the optical path providing the manipulation signal to the signal manipulation element to be configured to carry longer wavelength signals. For example, integrated waveguide photonics configured for use at infrared wavelengths tend to be easier to design and fabricate, have a longer usable lifetime, and are easier to match and maintain alignment with compared to waveguide photonics configured for use at shorter wavelengths (e.g., visible and / or UV wavelengths). Thus, performing frequency conversion in a signal manipulation element offers various technical advantages in various embodiments.

[0169] In various embodiments, the manipulation source 60 includes a pulsed laser. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, the manipulation source 60 including a pulsed laser is configured to provide a pulsed signal and / or beam to a signal manipulation element configured to perform harmonic generation frequency conversion. The resulting incident signal and / or beam is, in an exemplary embodiment, a pulsed signal and / or beam having a shorter wavelength than the manipulation signal generated by the manipulation source 60.

[0170] In exemplary embodiments, a pulsed incident signal and / or beam can be used to perform a readout function. For example, to determine the quantum state of a particle, a readout beam can be incident on the particle to determine whether the particle is in a first state in which it fluoresces in response to the readout beam incident on it, or in a second state in which it does not fluoresce in response to the readout beam incident on it. In exemplary embodiments, since the readout beam is a pulsed signal or beam, a photodetector configured to capture and / or detect emission signals, stimulation signals, and / or acquisition signals is gated with a delay to eliminate noise caused by scattering of light from the readout beam (or other signals and / or beams). For example, the photodetector may only be able to receive and / or detect light when emission signals, stimulation signals, and / or acquisition signals are expected to be present in the aperture of the photodetector. For example, a pulsed readout beam can be used to provide background-free gated detection of particle fluorescence.

[0171] In exemplary embodiments, a pulsed incident signal and / or beam can be used to execute a single qubit gate or two qubit gates. In exemplary embodiments, the repetition and / or pulse rate of the pulsed incident signal and / or beam is configured and / or locked to be equivalent to and / or substantially equal to an ultrafine split of the particle's energy level. This allows, in exemplary embodiments, a single qubit gate to be driven by one manipulation source 60 (rather than the two manipulation sources conventionally required). In exemplary embodiments, the repetition and / or pulse rate of the pulsed incident signal and / or beam is configured and / or locked to be equivalent to and / or substantially equal to the axial or radial mode frequency of the particle crystal. The resulting pulsed inductive signal and / or beam can then be used to execute two qubit gates. In exemplary embodiments, the resulting pulsed inductive signal is applied to particle positions where the particle crystal is positioned at least semi-simultaneously with a second inductive signal to cause the execution of an entanglement gate configured to entangle the quantum states of at least two particles in the particle crystal.

[0172] As described above, in exemplary embodiments, a signal manipulation element is configured to receive at least a portion of an emission signal and / or stimulus signal therein, and is also configured to provide an induced collection signal to a collection location corresponding to each particle location in order to enable and / or trigger the detection of the emission signal and / or stimulus signal. In exemplary embodiments, the signal manipulation element (e.g., a collection element) comprises a photoactive material. For example, the signal manipulation element is configured to absorb a portion of the emission signal and / or stimulus signal incident therein, and is configured to generate an electrical signal indicating the intensity of the portion of the emission signal and / or stimulus signal incident to the signal manipulation element. The electrical signal can then be provided to the controller 30 (e.g., via an A / D converter 725 and / or similar).

[0173] In exemplary embodiments, a signal manipulation element comprising a photoactive material is used to perform one or more system checks, calibration processes, alignment checks, and / or similar. For example, a signal manipulation element comprising a photoactive material can be used to perform waveguide loss monitoring, alignment monitoring, and / or similar.

[0174] In exemplary embodiments, a signal manipulation element is used to perform signal and / or beam detection, optical loss monitoring, and / or alignment monitoring by collecting light and / or focusing light directly onto an integrated photodetector, or by coupling light into an optical fiber or other waveguide for routing to the photodetector. In exemplary embodiments, the signal manipulation element is configured to perform chromatic filtering of the light supplied to the photodetector and / or the light coupled into the optical fiber or other waveguide. For example, the signal manipulation element can be configured to operate in bandpass mode or bandblock mode. In exemplary embodiments, the signal manipulation element can be configured to allow dynamic control of whether the signal manipulation element is operating in bandpass mode or bandblock mode. In various embodiments, the optical coupling between the signal manipulation element and the photodetector or optical fiber or other waveguide is far-field or near-field.

[0175] Exemplary controller In various embodiments, the confinement assembly 200 is incorporated into a system (e.g., a quantum computer 110 or other trapped particle system) that includes a controller 30. In various embodiments, the controller 30 is configured to control various elements of the system (e.g., a quantum computer 110 or other trapped particle system). For example, the controller 30 can be configured to control the state of dynamically controllable optical properties of one or more signal manipulation elements 220, 420. For example, the controller 30 can be configured to control a voltage source 50, a cryostat system and / or vacuum system that controls the temperature and pressure in the cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40, a manipulation source 60, a cooling system, and / or environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity, pressure, and / or similar) in the cryostat and / or vacuum chamber 40, and / or other systems configured to manipulate and / or induce a controlled evolution of the quantum state of one or more atomic objects confined by the confinement assembly 200. In various embodiments, the controller 30 can be configured to receive signals from one or more optics acquisition systems 70.

[0176] As shown in Figure 7, in various embodiments, the controller 30 may include a variety of controller elements, including a processing device 705, memory 710, driver controller element 715, communication interface 720, analog-to-digital converter element 725, and / or similar. For example, the processing device 705 may include one or more processing elements, and / or controllers, such as a programmable logic device (CPLD), microprocessor, coprocessing entity, application-specific instruction set processor (ASIP), integrated circuit, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), field-programmable gate array (FPGA), programmable logic array (PLA), hardware accelerator, other processing devices and / or circuits, and / or similar. The term "circuit" may refer to an entirely hardware embodiment or a combination of hardware and computer program products. In an exemplary embodiment, the processing device 705 of the controller 30 includes and / or communicates with a clock.

[0177] For example, memory 710 may include non-temporary memory such as volatile and / or non-volatile memory storage, such as hard disks, ROMs, PROMs, EPROMs, EEPROMs, flash memory, MMCs, SD memory cards, memory sticks, CBRAMs, PRAMs, FeRAMs, RRAMs, SONOS, racetrack memory, RAMs, DRAMs, SRAMs, FPM DRAMs, EDO DRAMs, SDRAMs, DDR SDRAMs, DDR2 SDRAMs, DDR3 SDRAMs, RDRAMs, RIMMs, DIMMs, SIMMs, VRAMs, cache memory, register memory, and / or similar items. In various embodiments, memory 710 can store a queue of commands to be executed to cause quantum algorithms and / or circuits to be executed (e.g., an executable queue), a qubit record corresponding to the qubits of a quantum computer (e.g., in a qubit record datastore, a qubit record database, a qubit record table, and / or the like), a calibration table, computer program code (e.g., by one or more computer languages, a dedicated controller language, and / or the like), and / or the like. In an exemplary embodiment, the execution of at least a portion of the computer program code stored in memory 710 (e.g., by processing element 705) causes controller 30 to perform one or more steps, actions, processes, procedures, and / or the like described herein to provide manipulation signals to atomic object locations and / or to collect, detect, capture, and / or measure indications of emission signals emitted by atomic objects located at corresponding atomic object locations in the confinement assembly 200.

[0178] In various embodiments, the driver controller element 710 may include one or more driver and / or controller elements, each configured to control one or more drivers. In various embodiments, the driver controller element 710 may include drivers and / or driver controllers. For example, a driver controller may be configured to cause one or more corresponding drivers to operate according to executable instructions, commands, and / or similar, which are scheduled and executed by the controller 30 (for example, by the processing device 705). In various embodiments, the driver controller element 715 may enable the controller 30 to operate a voltage source 50, a manipulation source 60, a cooling system, and / or similar. In various embodiments, the driver can be a laser driver configured to operate one or more manipulation sources 60 to generate a manipulation signal; a vacuum component driver; a driver for controlling the flow of current and / or voltage applied to electrodes used to maintain and / or control the trapping potential of the confinement assembly 200 (and / or other drivers for providing a driver action sequence to the potential generating element of the atomic object confinement assembly); a cryostat and / or vacuum system component driver; a cooling system driver, and / or similar. In various embodiments, the controller 30 includes means for communicating and / or receiving signals from one or more optical receiver components (e.g., photodetectors of an optics acquisition system).For example, the controller 30 may include one or more analog-to-digital converter elements 725 configured to receive signals from one or more optical receiver components (e.g., photodetectors in an optics acquisition system), calibration sensors, and / or similar devices.

[0179] In various embodiments, the controller 30 may include a communication interface 720 for interfaceing with and / or communicating with the computing entity 10. For example, the controller 30 may include a communication interface 720 for receiving executable instructions, command sets, and / or similar from the computing entity 10, and for providing the computing entity 10 with outputs received from the quantum computer 110 (e.g., from the optical collection system 70) and / or the results of processing those outputs. In various embodiments, the computing entity 10 and the controller 30 may communicate via direct wired and / or wireless connections, and / or via one or more wired and / or wireless networks 20.

[0180] Exemplary computing entity Figure 8 provides a typical schematic diagram of an exemplary computing entity 10 that may be used in conjunction with embodiments of the present invention. In various embodiments, the computing entity 10 is configured to allow a user to provide input to a quantum computer 110 (for example, through the user interface of the computing entity 10), as well as to receive, display, analyze, and / or do the same from the quantum computer 110.

[0181] As shown in Figure 8, the computing entity 10 may include an antenna 812, a transmitter 804 (e.g., a radio), a receiver 806 (e.g., a radio), and a processing device 808, the processing device 808 which provides signals to the transmitter 804 and receives signals from the receiver 806. The signals provided to the transmitter 804 and the signals received from the receiver 806 may include signaling information / data in accordance with applicable wireless system air interface standards for communicating with various entities, such as a controller 30, other computing entities 10, and / or similar. In this regard, the computing entity 10 may be able to operate with one or more air interface standards, communication protocols, modulation types, and access types. For example, computing entity 10 can be configured to receive and / or provide communications using wired data transmission protocols such as Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), Ethernet, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), Frame Relay, Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS), or any other wired transmission protocol.Similarly, Computing Entity 10 supports General-Purpose Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Code Division Multiple Access 2000 (CDMA2000), CDMA2000 1X (1xRTT), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA®), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA), Long Term Evolution (LTE), Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN), Evolution-Data Optimized (EVDO), High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA), High-Speed ​​Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), Wi-Fi Direct, and 802.16. It can be configured to communicate over a wireless external communication network using any of the following protocols: WiMAX®, Ultra Wideband (UWB), Infrared (IR) protocol, Near Field Communication (NFC) protocol, Wibree, Bluetooth® protocol, Wireless Universal Serial Bus (USB) protocol, and / or any other wireless protocol.Computing entity 10 may use such protocols and standards to communicate using Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Domain Name System (DNS), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), HTTP over TLS / SSL / Secure, Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), Network Time Protocol (NTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Telnet, Transport Layer Security (TLS), Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), Internet Protocol (IP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP), Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP), HyperText Markup Language (HTML), and / or similar.

[0182] Through these communication standards and protocols, computing entity 10 can communicate with various other entities using concepts such as Unstructured Supplementary Service information / data (USSD), Short Message Service (SMS), Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency Signaling (DTMF), and / or Subscriber Identity Module Dialer (SIM dialer). Computing entity 10 can also download changes, add-ons, and updates to its firmware, software (including, for example, executable instructions, applications, and program modules), and operating system.

[0183] For example, the processing device 808 may include one or more processing elements, and / or controllers, such as programmable logic devices (CPLDs), microprocessors, coprocessing entities, application-specific instruction set processors (ASIPs), integrated circuits, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic arrays (PLAs), hardware accelerators, other processing devices and / or circuits, and / or similar. The term "circuit" may refer to an entirely hardware embodiment or a combination of hardware and computer program products.

[0184] In various embodiments, the computing entity 10 may include, for example, a network interface 820 for interfaceing with and / or communicating with the controller 30. For example, the computing entity 10 may include a network interface 820 for providing executable instructions, command sets, and / or similar for reception by the controller 30, and / or for receiving outputs and / or the results of processing outputs provided by the quantum computer 110. In various embodiments, the computing entity 10 and the controller 30 may communicate via direct wired and / or wireless connections, and / or via one or more wired and / or wireless networks 20.

[0185] Furthermore, the computing entity 10 may also include user interface devices, including one or more user input / output interfaces (for example, a display 816 and / or speaker / speaker driver coupled to the processing device 808, as well as a touchscreen, keyboard, mouse, and / or microphone coupled to the processing device 808). For example, a user output interface may be configured to provide applications, browsers, user interfaces, interfaces, dashboards, screens, web pages, pages, and / or similar words used herein to be interchangeable, which run on and / or are accessible through the computing entity 10, in order to cause the display or audible presentation of information / data, and for interaction with it via one or more user input interfaces. A user input interface may include any of several devices that enable the computing entity 10 to receive data, such as a keypad 818 (hard or soft), a touch display, a voice / speech or motion interface, a scanner, a reader, or other input device. In embodiments including a keypad 818, the keypad 818 may include (or trigger the display of) conventional numeric keys (0-9) and related keys (#,*), and other keys used to operate the computing entity 10, and may include a full set of alphabetic keys or a set of keys that can be activated to provide a full set of alphanumeric keys. In addition to providing input, the user input interface may be used to activate or deactivate certain functions, such as a screen saver and / or sleep mode.Through such inputs, computing entity 10 can collect information / data, user interactions / inputs, and / or similar.

[0186] Furthermore, the computing entity 10 may also include volatile storage or memory 822 and / or non-volatile storage or memory 824, which may be embedded and / or removable. For example, non-volatile memory may be ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash memory, MMC, SD memory card, memory stick, CBRAM, PRAM, FeRAM, RRAM, SONOS, racetrack memory, and / or similar. Volatile memory may be RAM, DRAM, SRAM, FPM DRAM, EDO DRAM, SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3 SDRAM, RDRAM, RIMM, DIMM, SIMM, VRAM, cache memory, register memory, and / or similar. Volatile and non-volatile storage or memory can store databases, database instances, database management system entities, data, applications, programs, program modules, scripts, source code, object code, bytecode, compiled code, interpreted code, machine code, executable instructions, and / or similar, and implement the functions of computing entity 10.

[0187] conclusion Many modifications and other embodiments of the invention described herein will be conceivable to those skilled in the art who benefit from the teachings presented in the foregoing description and the relevant drawings. It should therefore be understood that the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed, and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the appended claims. Certain terms are used herein, but they are used merely in a general and descriptive sense and not for limiting purposes. [Explanation of Symbols]

[0188] 5 particles 10 Computing Entities 20. Wired or wireless network 30 controllers 40 Cryostat, Vacuum Chamber 50 Voltage supply source 60 Manipulation Sources Optical paths 66, 66A, 66B, 66C 70 Optics Acquisition System 100 Quantum Computing Systems 110 Quantum Computers 200 Confinement Assembly 205 First substrate 208 Surface 210 Beer 215 Control Line 220 Signal Manipulation Elements 250 particle position 250A First particle position 250B Second particle position 255 Collection locations 260 Arrival signal, incident signal 265 Induction signal 270 Emission signal, stimulation signal 275 Collected signals 310 Collecting Fibers 330 Collecting Lens 402 Second surface 405 Second substrate 408 First surface 410 Beer 415 signal line 420 Signal Manipulation Elements 420A, 420B Action Element 420C Collection Element 430 Collecting Optics 500 Second substrate 510 Beer 515 Control Line 520 Signal Manipulation Element 530 Gain Material 532 Surface normal of the second substrate 535 Voltage control line 540 External Cavity 550 VECSEL 620 Signal Manipulation Elements 630 VCSEL 635 VCSEL control line 640 Nanophotonic Structures 642 Arrow 644 Retroreflector 645 Laser Control Line 646 External Cavity 648 Signal Manipulation Element 650 lasers 705 Processing Devices 710 memory 715 Driver Controller Element 720 Communication Interfaces 725 Analog-to-Digital Converter Element 804 Transmitter 806 Receiver 808 Processing Devices 812 Antenna 816 displays 818 Keypad 820 Network Interfaces 822 Volatile storage or memory 824 Non-volatile storage or memory φ angle

Claims

1. A particle confinement assembly comprising a potential generating element formed on a first substrate and configured to generate a trapping potential, wherein the particle confinement assembly is configured to define a plurality of particle positions and to confine one or more particles at each of the plurality of particle positions, One or more signal manipulation elements, each of the one or more signal manipulation elements comprising (a) an active nanophotonic component associated with at least one of the plurality of particle positions and (b) having a dynamically controllable optical effect, wherein at least one of the one or more manipulation elements is (a) at least partially formed on the first substrate, or (b) formed on a second substrate fixed or mounted in a controllable manner with respect to the first substrate, Includes, Each of the one or more signal manipulation elements is configured to, in response to the incidence of an incident signal and based on the state of the dynamically controllable optical effect, cause either (a) an inductive signal to be incident on at least a portion of each of the at least one locations, or (b) an inductive signal to be incident on each collection location corresponding to each of the at least one locations. A system in which one or more characteristics of the induction signal are controlled by the state of the dynamically controllable optical effect.

2. The one or more characteristics of the induction signal include one or more of beam position, beam angle, focal length, polarization, phase, frequency, beam pattern, or power. The system according to claim 1, wherein the state of the dynamically controllable optical effect is controlled via at least one of the following: (a) application of at least one of an electrical signal, electric field, or magnetic field to each of the signal manipulation elements; (b) polarization of the incident signal; (c) mechanical adjustment or movement of each of the signal manipulation elements; (d) temperature of each of the signal manipulation elements; (e) electro-optical effect of each of the signal manipulation elements; (f) acousto-optical effect of each of the signal manipulation elements; (g) photoelastic effect of each of the signal manipulation elements; or (h) power and / or frequency of the incident signal.

3. The system according to claim 1, wherein the confinement assembly is at least partially formed on the first substrate, at least one of the one or more signal manipulation elements is formed on the second substrate which is fixed to or controllably mounted on the first substrate, and the manipulation source is at least partially formed on the first substrate or the second substrate, and / or at least partially formed in the first substrate or the second substrate.

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