Conductor system for suspension transmission lines or underground transmission lines

Abstract

A conductor assembly for transmitting electrical power includes a coil former defining a shape, a superconductor material disposed around the coil former, and a thermally insulating jacket (TIJ) disposed around the superconductor material and spaced apart from the superconductor material. An outer surface of the superconductor material and an inner surface of the TIJ can define an annulus through which a coolant can flow. The conductor assembly can also include an outer layer disposed around the outer surface of the TIJ to provide structural support to the conductor assembly. The conductor assembly can also include an electrical insulation layer disposed around the outer surface of the TIJ or around the superconductor material.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] Related Applications

[0001] This application claims the priority and benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 115,348, filed on November 18, 2020, and titled "Conductor Systems for Suspended or Underground Transmission Lines", the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0002]

[0002] The present disclosure relates to the field of power transmission, and more particularly, to a conductor assembly comprising at least one element containing a superconducting material.

Background Art

[0003]

[0003] Electric power is typically moved from its point of generation to consumer loads using an electric power grid (the "grid"). The electric power grid includes components such as generators, transformers, switches, transmission lines and distribution lines, as well as control devices and protection devices.

Summary of the Invention

[0004]

[0004] The embodiments described herein relate to conductor assemblies for transmitting power. In some embodiments, the conductor assembly may include a winding that defines the shape, a superconducting material disposed around the winding (e.g., wound), and a thermally insulating jacket (also referred to herein as an insulating jacket) ("TIJ") disposed spaced apart from the superconducting material. The outer surface of the superconducting material and the inner surface of the TIJ may define a ring through which a coolant can flow. In some embodiments, the conductor assembly may include an outer layer disposed around the outer surface of the TIJ. In some embodiments, the outer layer may provide structural support to the conductor assembly. In some embodiments, the conductor assembly may include an electrical insulating layer disposed around the outer surface of the TIJ. In some embodiments, the electrical insulating layer may be disposed around the superconducting material. In some embodiments, a coolant tube may be disposed in space. In some embodiments, the coolant tube may transport the coolant. In some embodiments, the coolant tube may include a flow orifice that transports coolant from the coolant tube into space. In some embodiments, the flow orifice may include a series of pores or openings. In some embodiments, the flow orifice may include a flow impedance that regulates the fluid flow through the flow orifice. In some embodiments, a header tube may be fluidly connected to the coolant tube. In some embodiments, the conductor assembly may include a sensor and a valve may regulate the flow of coolant between the header tube and the coolant tube. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0005] [Figure 1]

[0005] This is a block diagram showing the components of an example of a conductor system for cooled superconducting power lines, such as an overhead suspension type superconducting power line, according to one embodiment. [Figure 2]

[0006] This shows a section of a conductor assembly for a superconducting power transmission line / system according to one embodiment. [Figure 3]

[0007] One embodiment shows a conductor assembly for a superconducting power transmission line / system, which includes an electrical insulating material disposed within a TIJ adjacent to one or more superconductors (e.g., superconducting wires or tapes). [Figure 4]

[0008] This shows a conductor assembly for a superconducting power transmission line / system, including an electrical insulating material disposed outside the TIJ, according to one embodiment. [Figure 5]

[0009] This shows a conductor assembly used in a superconducting power transmission line / system, including a coolant tube, according to one embodiment. [Figure 6A]

[0010] This shows a section of a conductor assembly used in a superconducting power transmission line / system, including a coolant tube and a header tube, according to one embodiment. [Figure 6B]

[0010] A section of a conductor assembly used in a superconducting power transmission line / system, including a coolant tube and a header tube, according to one embodiment is shown. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0006]

[0011] The embodiments described herein relate to conductor assemblies for power transmission and methods of manufacturing and operating them. Superconducting cables used in power transmission systems described herein can operate at up to 10 times the current of conventional wires while maintaining superconductivity. Higher currents allow for lower voltages and smaller right-of-way. In addition, energy can be transported through power transmission systems at higher speeds, through narrower right-of-way, and with reduced energy loss, in contrast to known systems. Furthermore, by incorporating an active cooling mechanism into the superconductor-equipped power transmission system, the overhead power transmission lines of this disclosure can exhibit reduced sag and creep and / or more consistent sag and creep over time, in contrast to known systems, and the underground power transmission lines of this disclosure can exhibit more consistent performance. In other words, the power transmission lines of this disclosure can exhibit sag and / or creep that is not variable or substantially constant over time, taking into account the actively controlled temperature of the power transmission line.

[0007]

[0012] Known power transmission systems interconnect power plants with consumer loads using continuous electrical conductors. Power plants such as thermal (e.g., steam-driven), nuclear, hydroelectric, natural gas, solar, and wind power plants typically generate electrical energy at AC voltages ranging from 15kV to 25kV. To transport energy over long distances, the relevant voltage is increased at the power plant, for example, via step-up transformers. Ultra-high voltage (EHV) power transmission lines can transport energy at voltages of 230kV or higher to geographically distant substations. At intermediate substations, the voltage may be reduced to high voltage (HV) levels via step-down transformers, and energy is transported to HV substations via power transmission lines operating at voltages ranging from 220kV to 110kV. At HV substations closer to the load, the voltage is further reduced to 69kV, and sub-transmission lines connect the HV substations to numerous distribution points. At distribution substations, the voltage is reduced to values ​​ranging from 35kV to 12kV, and then distributed to the load at 4160 / 480 / 240 / 120V via pole-mounted or pad-mounted step-down transformers. The exact voltages used for transmission and distribution vary slightly depending on the region and country.

[0008]

[0013] In the United States, EHV power transmission lines have nominal voltages from 230kV to 800kV, and HV power transmission lines have nominal voltages from 115kV to 230kV. Voltages between 69kV and 115kV are considered sub-transmission levels, and below 60kV are considered distribution levels. The voltage values ​​that distinguish these designations are somewhat arbitrary and may vary depending on the competent authority and / or location. Known EHV power transmission lines can transport energy up to 400-500 miles, HV power transmission lines up to 200 miles, and sub-transmission lines up to 50-60 miles. High-voltage DC (HVDC) power transmission lines are used to transmit energy over long distances or underwater. In HVDC systems, the AC voltage generated by a generator is rectified, and the energy is transmitted via DC cables to a substation, where an inverter is used to convert the DC voltage back to AC.

[0009]

[0014] As described above, known electrical conductors are used to form continuous connections between generators and consumer loads ("loads"). Electrical conductors may, as appropriate, include busbars, underground cables, and / or overhead (i.e., physically suspended) lines (both transmission and distribution). Overhead ("OH") power transmission lines are primarily used in open corridors or along wide roads, while underground cables may be used in congested areas of densely populated cities. An OH transmission system includes a system of support structures, such as towers or columns (also called "pylons") that support the electrical conductors above ground. An OH power transmission system also includes dielectric insulators that mechanically connect the conductors to the towers while keeping the conductors electrically insulated from each other, as well as elements that provide electrical grounding and mechanical integrity. Elements that provide electrical grounding and mechanical integrity may include structural foundations, grounding electrodes, and shield conductors.

[0010]

[0015] In the overhead power transmission lines of this disclosure, each support structure may be one of the following types: (A) through / continuous type (i.e., providing continuity of coolant flow and continuity of power transmission without auxiliary coolant inlets or outlets and without performing coolant recooling, repressurization, or flow control); (B) flow replenishment type (i.e., providing continuity of coolant flow and continuity of power transmission, including auxiliary coolant inlets and / or outlets, but without performing coolant recooling, repressurization, or flow control); (C) coolant processing type (i.e., providing continuity of coolant flow and continuity of power transmission, performing coolant recooling, repressurization, or flow control, but without auxiliary coolant inlets or outlets); or (D) combination type (i.e., providing continuity of coolant flow and continuity of power transmission, including auxiliary coolant inlets or outlets, and performing coolant recooling, repressurization, or flow control). The overhead transmission systems described herein may include support structures A, B, C, and D, or any combination of subsets thereof. The support structure may have one of several designs, depending on the voltage of the power transmission line, location, and / or the requirements of local authorities or other regulatory bodies. Exemplary designs include lattice or tubular towers, cantilevered or guyed columns and masts, and skeletal structures. Materials used to fabricate such support structures may include, for example, galvanized steel, concrete, wood, plastic, and / or one or more fiberglass composite materials.

[0011]

[0016] Conductors for OH power transmission lines may be bare metal (e.g., copper, aluminum, or an aluminum-steel matrix) or covered or wrapped in an electro-dielectric insulator. Bare metal conductors are less expensive than insulated conductors and are therefore generally preferred in OH power transmission lines. Aluminum has lower conductivity than copper, but is more commonly used in OH power transmission lines due to its lower cost and lighter weight. To increase the mechanical strength of aluminum conductors, stranded steel may be introduced into the conductor core, thereby forming a composite conductor. This aluminum-conductor-steel reinforced (ACSR) conductor is currently the most common conductor used in OH power transmission lines. More recently, "high-temperature low-sag" conductors with a matrix of aluminum and / or other metals have also been deployed in grids. In grid distribution areas and at lower voltages (e.g., below 25kV), dielectrically insulated OH conductors are far more common. Underground conductors are typically covered with an electro-insulator to prevent electrical contact with other conductors or the ground / soil.

[0012]

[0017] Bare OH conductors, when used in OH power transmission systems, are typically suspended from poles or towers, supported by insulators, and designed to maintain a predetermined minimum clearance from the ground / soil, vegetation, and other structures. Typically, ambient air is the electrical insulating medium used in bare OH conductor systems. In other words, there are no additional structures fixed to the bare OH conductor system. Insulators can be attached to poles or towers in various different configurations depending on the type and location of the poles / towers. Insulators can be made from a variety of different materials, including ceramics, porcelain, glass, and composites. Insulators are designed and selected to withstand electrical, mechanical, and environmental stresses. Over the lifespan of the power transmission line, electrical stress can occur within the insulator due to continuous operation and associated transient overvoltages generated by switching, faults, and lightning strikes. Mechanical stress can also occur within the insulator as a result of the conductor's own weight, ice formation, and wind loads. Environmental stresses can affect both the electrical and mechanical properties of an insulator and can be caused by variations in ambient temperature, UV radiation, rain, icing, contamination, and altitude.

[0013]

[0018] When suspended by a support structure, a conductor typically exhibits a curved shape and has a minimum clearance to the ground, occurring at a point between the two closest suspension posts or towers. The minimum clearance to the ground, or to other energized parts, is typically determined by the technical standards adopted for that location (e.g., state or federal) and depends on the voltage of the transmission line. Higher voltage lines typically have a larger, predetermined minimum clearance to the ground, resulting in the use of taller suspension posts or towers.

[0014]

[0019] Known OH conductors have a non-zero electrical resistivity. When a conductor carries power, the current generates heat, and the conductor temperature rises above the ambient temperature. The electrical resistance of a conductor increases linearly with increasing temperature, and therefore the associated resistive loss (I 2R) can become significant at high power levels. Such losses can also limit the power that a conductor can carry, because a conductor has a maximum operating temperature determined by the properties of its constituent materials. Operating at excessively high temperatures can degrade the material properties of the conductor over time.

[0015]

[0020] An increased conductor temperature, due to thermal expansion, can increase the length of the conductor, thereby reducing the clearance to the ground (i.e., increasing the "sag"). Conductors can also stretch or "creep" over time due to tension, resulting in a permanently increased sag. This increased sag can be taken into consideration when determining the minimum clearance to the ground during the installation of the conductor. The maximum current or power that causes the conductor to reach the maximum allowable sag is known as the "thermal limit."

[0016]

[0021] Many high-temperature (OH) conductors have a manufacturer-imposed operating temperature limit of 75°C. The maximum rated current for a given operating temperature limit under specified ambient temperature and wind conditions is known as the current capacity. OH conductors are typically available with rated current capacities up to 2,000 amperes (2,000 A) at 75°C. Some "high-temperature" conductors can safely operate up to temperatures of 225°C without permanent damage or excessive sag. However, the energy losses of maintaining a transmission line at 225°C over hundreds of miles are significant.

[0017]

[0022] The "physical thermal limit" of an overhead transmission line refers to the amount of power that the transmission line can transport before it reaches its maximum operating temperature. This physical thermal limit can depend on ambient conditions such as ambient temperature, sunlight, wind, and time of day (sun's angle). Because it is difficult for overhead transmission line operators to know the conditions at every point along the line in real time, thermal limits are often set conservatively, which in some cases can lead to significant underutilization of the transmission line compared to scenarios where "dynamic" limits may be used.

[0018]

[0023] In view of the above, it is desirable to increase the current capacity to increase the power carried at a specific voltage. Also, in order to avoid the use of more expensive and higher operating temperature materials, it is desirable to reduce the overall energy loss when transmitting power. Further, in order to enable maximum utilization, it is desirable to remove the environmental impact on the capacity limit of the transmission line. The acquisition and permission of the right-of-way for the power transmission line is one of the major obstacles to installing a new power line or increasing the capacity of an existing line. Therefore, when designing a new transmission line, ensuring compatibility with the existing system voltage specifications (such as an existing transmission line) facilitates the reuse of the existing right-of-way and thereby reduces costs. The width of the right-of-way depends on the height of the tower and thus the operating voltage. Operating at a lower voltage for a given power facilitates the use of lower towers or poles, thereby reducing the environmental impact and potentially enhancing social acceptability.

[0019]

[0024] In some applications, it is desirable to electrically insulate the conductor to reduce the likelihood of ignition. Surrounding the conductor with an electrical insulator can also thermally insulate the conductor, thereby increasing the temperature of the conductor for a given power dissipation. This reduces the current capacity of the thermally limited conductor and thus the power for a given voltage.

[0020]

[0025] Some electrically insulated conductors include a second conductor layer at ground potential (or a negative system voltage) outside the insulator. If this outer "shield" conductor has the same current capacity as the inner ("core") conductor and the circuit is configured to always carry a current with the same magnitude but opposite polarity as the core, the external magnetic and electric fields are always zero. The current-carrying shield can also act to reduce the self-inductance of the conductor, with potential system benefits. However, a shield with non-zero electrical resistance generates heat when carrying current, thus reducing the thermal limit of the system.

[0021]

[0026] In view of the above, there is a need for a transmission line system that can carry AC power and / or DC power at a current higher than that of the known systems described above and / or at a voltage level lower than that of the known systems, can be suspended from poles or towers, whose power capacity is substantially independent of environmental conditions, has lower power / energy losses with respect to heat, has a reduced visual impact, and uses a narrower right-of-way for a given power rating. The conductors of such a transmission line system may be electrically insulated and optionally may include a shield layer that does not significantly reduce the current-carrying capacity. Such a transmission line system is the subject of the present disclosure. Examples of transmission line systems with superconductors can be found in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 115,140, filed on November 18, 2020, titled "Suspended Superconducting Transmission Lines" ("the '140 application"), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Examples of cooling systems for superconducting power transmission lines compatible with embodiments of the present disclosure can be found in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 115,226, filed on November 18, 2020, titled "Systems and Methods for Cooling of Superconducting Power Transmission Lines" ("the '226 application"), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0022]

[0027] Some embodiments described herein include a conductor assembly comprising a superconducting material for transporting AC power or DC power. A conductor assembly comprising a superconducting material can exhibit reduced energy losses. A flow of coolant through the conductor assembly can maintain the superconducting material of the conductor assembly at a specific operating temperature. Preparing the coolant to be used can consume a significant amount of energy, thus the coolant can be prepared for use prior to the time of use (i.e., at a time earlier than the time of use). In this way, the energy losses of the conductor system are effectively "time-shifted".

[0023]

[0028] In some embodiments, the conductor assembly may include a conductive element having a plurality of wires or tapes. The plurality of wires may include at least one superconductor. In some embodiments, the plurality of wires may be wound around a winding to conform to the shape of the winding. The conductor assembly may also include a TIJ to minimize the amount of heat reaching the conductive element from its surroundings. The TIJ may be maintained at the system voltage level or electrically grounded. In some embodiments, the conductor assembly may include a tension support system disposed within the TIJ. In some embodiments, the tension support system may support the conductor and suspend the conductor to the ground. In some embodiments, an electrical insulation layer may be disposed around the outside of the plurality of wires and inside the TIJ. In some embodiments, the electrical insulation layer may be disposed around the outside of the TIJ. In some embodiments, a coolant tube may be disposed within the TIJ. In some embodiments, the coolant tube may transport coolant through the conductor assembly. In some embodiments, the coolant tube may be designed to structurally support the conductor assembly and to absorb / hold tension on the suspended transmission line. In some embodiments, the coolant tube may be designed to accommodate or withstand a large pressure difference between the inside and outside of the coolant tube. In some embodiments, the coolant inside the coolant tube may be kept under high pressure, while the outside is kept at or near atmospheric pressure. In some embodiments, the coolant tube may be designed to withstand a high pressure difference between the inside and outside of the coolant tube such that the TIJ (Turn-in Joint) arranged around the outside of the coolant tube does not need to be designed for high-pressure flow or provide significant structural support to the conductor assembly. In some embodiments, the coolant tube may include a plurality of pores or openings for the transfer of coolant around the conductive element.

[0024]

[0029] In some embodiments, a separate tension cable or tension wire is included in the TIJ of the conductor system and is configured to structurally support the conductor assembly and absorb / retain tension on the suspended transmission line. Alternatively or additionally, the winding of the conductor system may be configured to structurally support the conductor assembly and absorb / retain tension on the suspended transmission line. Alternatively or additionally, one or more walls of the TIJ itself may be thick enough to structurally support the conductor assembly and absorb / retain tension on the suspended transmission line.

[0025]

[0030] Although functional elements are listed separately in this specification, it may be advantageous to combine two or more functions into a single element. For example, a mechanical tensile support may be formed from a portion of the TIJ. Implementations of the embodiments described herein can support high-current power transmission over long distances with relatively low loss.

[0026]

[0031] Figure 1 is a block diagram showing the components of a conductor system 100 according to one embodiment. The conductor system 100 includes a winding 110 comprising a superconducting wire or tape 120 disposed around it (e.g., wound around it, arranged along it), and a TIJ 130 disposed around the outside of the superconducting wire or tape 120 and defining a coolant flow space 140. In some embodiments, the conductor system 100 may include an outer layer 150 disposed around the outside of the TIJ 130.

[0027]

[0032] In some embodiments, the winding 110 may include a solid wire. In some embodiments, the winding 110 may include a braided wire rope. In some embodiments, the winding 110 may have a hollowed-out interior, so that the winding 110 can transport a gaseous, vapor, and / or liquid coolant fluid through it to assist in cooling the conductor assembly 100. In some embodiments, the winding 110 may be porous to allow the inflow and outflow of liquid, vapor, and / or gaseous coolant. In some embodiments, the winding 110 may bear or hold some or all of the tensile forces acting on the conductor assembly 100 (for example, as part of a suspended conductor assembly). Alternatively or additionally, TIJ130 may bear or hold some or all of the tensile forces acting on the conductor assembly 100 (for example, as part of a suspended conductor assembly).

[0028]

[0033] In some embodiments, the winding 110 may be made of a conductive material. In some embodiments, the winding 110 may be made of aluminum, copper, steel, aluminum conductor steel reinforced (ASCR), niobium, lanthanum, niobium tin, yttrium, bismuth, graphene, strontium, indium, tantalum, gallium, technetium, ruthenium, rhenium, hafnium, osmium, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the winding 110 may be made of an electrically insulating material. In some embodiments, the winding 110 may be made of fiberglass, silicon dioxide, polyethylene, polypropylene, polymer, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the winding 110 may be made of a composite conductive-insulative material.

[0029]

[0034] In some embodiments, the winding mold 110 may have a cylindrical shape (i.e., the winding mold 110 may have a circular axial cross-section). In some embodiments, the winding mold 110 may have an elliptical axial cross-section. In some embodiments, the winding mold 110 may have a square or rectangular axial cross-section. In some embodiments, the winding mold 110 may have a cross-sectional diameter of at least about 1 mm, at least about 2 mm, at least about 3 mm, at least about 4 mm, at least about 5 mm, at least about 6 mm, at least about 7 mm, at least about 8 mm, at least about 9 mm, at least about 1 cm, at least about 2 cm, at least about 3 cm, at least about 4 cm, at least about 5 cm, at least about 6 cm, at least about 7 cm, at least about 8 cm, at least about 9 cm, at least about 10 cm, at least about 20 cm, at least about 30 cm, or at least about 40 cm. In some embodiments, the winding mold 110 may have a cross-sectional diameter of about 50 cm or less, about 40 cm or less, about 30 cm or less, about 20 cm or less, about 10 cm or less, about 9 cm or less, about 8 cm or less, about 7 cm or less, about 6 cm or less, about 5 cm or less, about 4 cm or less, about 3 cm or less, about 2 cm or less, about 1 cm or less, about 9 mm or less, about 8 mm or less, about 7 mm or less, about 6 mm or less, about 5 mm or less, about 4 mm or less, about 3 mm or less, about 2 mm or less, or about 1 mm or less. The combinations of cross-sectional diameters of the winding mold 110 referenced above (for example, at least about 1 mm and about 50 cm or less or at least about 5 mm and about 10 cm or less) are also possible, including all values ​​and ranges in between. In some embodiments, the winding mold 110 may have a cross-sectional diameter of approximately 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, 6 mm, 7 mm, 8 mm, 9 mm, 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm, 6 cm, 7 cm, 8 cm, 9 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm, 40 cm, or 50 cm.

[0030]

[0035] In some embodiments, the superconducting wire or tape 120 may be wound around a winding mold 110. In some embodiments, the superconducting wire or tape 120 may be wound around the winding mold 110 in a helical pattern. In some embodiments, the superconducting wire or tape 120 may be wound around the winding mold 110 in a non-helical pattern. In some embodiments, the superconducting wire or tape 120 may be wound around the winding mold 110 in a single layer. In some embodiments, the number of layers of the superconducting wire or tape 120, the width of the superconducting wire or tape 120, the winding angle and direction may be selected or adjusted based on the desired application. For example, these parameters may be adjusted to minimize AC losses and / or the self-inductance of the conductor assembly 100. Similarly, the number of layers with a desired winding angle may be selected to produce the desired mechanical and / or electrical properties of the conductor assembly 100. In some embodiments, the superconducting wire or tape 120 may be wound around the winding mold 110 in about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 layers, including all values ​​and ranges in between.

[0031]

[0036] In some embodiments, the superconducting wire or tape 120 may have a width of at least about 500 μm, at least about 600 μm, at least about 700 μm, at least about 800 μm, at least about 900 μm, at least about 1 mm, at least about 2 mm, at least about 3 mm, at least about 4 mm, at least about 5 mm, at least about 6 mm, at least about 7 mm, at least about 8 mm, at least about 9 mm, at least about 1 cm, at least about 2 cm, at least about 3 cm, at least about 4 cm, at least about 5 cm, at least about 6 cm, at least about 7 cm, at least about 8 cm, or at least about 9 cm (i.e., a dimension perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the superconducting wire or tape 120). In some embodiments, the superconducting wire or tape 120 may have widths of about 10 cm or less, about 9 cm or less, about 8 cm or less, about 7 cm or less, about 6 cm or less, about 5 cm or less, about 4 cm or less, about 3 cm or less, about 2 cm or less, about 1 cm or less, about 9 mm or less, about 8 mm or less, about 7 mm or less, about 6 mm or less, about 5 mm or less, about 4 mm or less, about 3 mm or less, about 2 mm or less, about 1 mm or less, about 900 μm or less, about 800 μm or less, or about 700 μm or less, or about 600 μm or less. Combinations of widths of the superconducting wire or tape 120 referenced above (for example, at least about 500 μm and about 10 cm or less or at least about 1 mm and about 1 cm or less) are also possible, including all values ​​and ranges in between. In some embodiments, the superconducting wire or tape 120 may have a width of about 500 μm, about 600 μm, about 700 μm, about 800 μm, about 900 μm, about 1 mm, about 2 mm, about 3 mm, about 4 mm, about 5 mm, about 6 mm, about 7 mm, about 8 mm, about 9 mm, about 1 cm, about 2 cm, about 3 cm, about 4 cm, about 5 cm, about 6 cm, about 7 cm, about 8 cm, about 9 cm, or about 10 cm.

[0032]

[0037] In some embodiments, the superconducting wire or tape 120 may be arranged (e.g., wound) around the winding mold 110 at winding angles of at least 0 degrees, at least about 5 degrees, at least about 10 degrees, at least about 15 degrees, at least about 20 degrees, at least about 25 degrees, at least about 30 degrees, at least about 35 degrees, at least about 40 degrees, at least about 45 degrees, at least about 50 degrees, at least about 55 degrees, at least about 60 degrees, at least about 65 degrees, at least about 70 degrees, at least about 75 degrees, at least about 80 degrees, or at least about 85 degrees (i.e., angles formed between the direction in which the superconducting wire or tape 120 is wound and the longitudinal direction of the winding mold 110). In some embodiments, the superconducting wire or tape 120 may be wound around the winding mold 110 at winding angles of about 90 degrees or less, about 85 degrees or less, about 80 degrees or less, about 75 degrees or less, about 70 degrees or less, about 65 degrees or less, about 60 degrees or less, about 55 degrees or less, about 50 degrees or less, about 45 degrees or less, about 40 degrees or less, about 35 degrees or less, about 30 degrees or less, about 25 degrees or less, about 20 degrees or less, about 15 degrees or less, about 10 degrees or less, or about 5 degrees or less. The combinations of winding angles referenced above (e.g., at least 0 degrees and about 90 degrees or less or at least about 20 degrees and about 40 degrees or less) are also possible, including all values ​​and ranges in between. In some embodiments, the superconducting wire or tape 120 may be wound around the winding mold 110 at winding angles of about 5 degrees, about 10 degrees, about 15 degrees, about 20 degrees, about 25 degrees, about 30 degrees, about 35 degrees, about 40 degrees, about 45 degrees, about 50 degrees, about 55 degrees, about 60 degrees, about 65 degrees, about 70 degrees, about 75 degrees, about 80 degrees, about 85 degrees, or about 90 degrees.

[0033]

[0038] In some embodiments, the superconducting wire or tape 120 may consist of multiple wires wound around a winding mold 110, layer by layer. In other words, multiple superconducting wires or tapes 120 may be laid side by side and wound around a winding mold 110. In some embodiments, each layer of the superconducting wire or tape 120 may consist of about one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or more superconducting wires or tapes 120 wound around the winding mold 110. In some embodiments, the superconducting wires or tapes 120 and the winding mold 110 may be collectively referred to as a conductive core.

[0034]

[0039] The TIJ130 surrounds the superconducting wire or tape 120 and defines a coolant flow space 140. In some embodiments, the TIJ130 may be formed to minimize the amount of heat from the surrounding environment reaching the superconducting wire or tape 120. During use, a temperature gradient exists across the thickness of the TIJ130, so that the inner surface of the TIJ130 is at the coolant temperature, while the outer surface of the TIJ130 is at the ambient temperature. In some embodiments, the TIJ130 may be load-bearing, thereby providing mechanical support for the conductor system 100. In some embodiments, an additional tube (not shown) may be installed inside the TIJ to provide mechanical support. Alternatively or additionally, a cable, metal rope, solid rod, or any combination thereof may be installed inside the TIJ to provide mechanical support.

[0035]

[0040] In some embodiments, TIJ130 may comprise multiple layers of material. In some embodiments, TIJ130 may comprise about one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or more layers of material. In some embodiments, TIJ130 may comprise multiple corrugated or non-corrugated pipes spaced apart from each other with a vacuum or inert gas interposed between them. In some embodiments, TIJ130 may be thermally insulating. In some embodiments, TIJ130 may be electrically insulating. In some embodiments, TIJ130 may be both thermally and electrically insulating. In some embodiments, TIJ130 is not dielectrically insulating using a solid insulating material. Instead, air outside the conductor assembly 100 may be used as an insulating material, similar to the technique in which air can be used to dielectrically insulate known transmission conductors when the system is designed so that one or more insulating members operate at the same voltage as one or more conductors. A minimum gap can be maintained between the conductor assembly 100 and other structures and the ground.

[0036]

[0041] In some embodiments, one or more solid dielectric layers are disposed on the outer surface of the conductor assembly 100 of the overhead suspension power transmission line. In some embodiments, the TIJ 130 may include a dielectric insulator disposed between two concentric walls. The inclusion of a dielectric insulator can reduce the risk of fire. In some embodiments, the dielectric insulator may be disposed between the superconducting wire or tape 120 and the TIJ 130. In some embodiments, the dielectric insulator may include a solid dielectric material (e.g., XLPE or PPLP).

[0037]

[0042] In some embodiments, TIJ130 may include one or more metal layers. In some embodiments, TIJ may include one or more layers composed of foam, fiberglass, polyurethane, wood, cork, cardboard, corrugated material, paper, porcelain, ceramic, polymer, polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, silicon dioxide, quartz, glass, or any combination thereof.

[0038]

[0043] In some embodiments, TIJ130 may have a thickness of at least about 500 μm, at least about 600 μm, at least about 700 μm, at least about 800 μm, at least about 900 μm, at least about 1 mm, at least about 2 mm, at least about 3 mm, at least about 4 mm, at least about 5 mm, at least about 6 mm, at least about 7 mm, at least about 8 mm, at least about 9 mm, at least about 1 cm, at least about 2 cm, at least about 3 cm, at least about 4 cm, at least about 5 cm, at least about 6 cm, at least about 7 cm, at least about 8 cm, or at least about 9 cm. In some embodiments, TIJ130 may have a thickness of about 10 cm or less, about 9 cm or less, about 8 cm or less, about 7 cm or less, about 6 cm or less, about 5 cm or less, about 4 cm or less, about 3 cm or less, about 2 cm or less, about 1 cm or less, about 9 mm or less, about 8 mm or less, about 7 mm or less, about 6 mm or less, about 5 mm or less, about 4 mm or less, about 3 mm or less, about 2 mm or less, about 1 mm or less, about 900 μm or less, about 800 μm or less, or about 700 μm or less, or about 600 μm or less. Combinations of TIJ130 thicknesses referenced above (for example, at least about 500 μm and about 10 cm or less or at least about 1 mm and about 1 cm or less) are also possible, including all values ​​and ranges in between. In some embodiments, TIJ130 may have a thickness of about 500 μm, about 600 μm, about 700 μm, about 800 μm, about 900 μm, about 1 mm, about 2 mm, about 3 mm, about 4 mm, about 5 mm, about 6 mm, about 7 mm, about 8 mm, about 9 mm, about 1 cm, about 2 cm, about 3 cm, about 4 cm, about 5 cm, about 6 cm, about 7 cm, about 8 cm, about 9 cm, or about 10 cm.

[0039]

[0044] In some embodiments, the coolant flow space 140 may be filled with a flowing liquid coolant. If the superconducting wire or tape 120 contains one or more cryogenically cooled superconductors, the coolant fluid may be a liquid cryogen (e.g., liquid nitrogen, liquid helium, liquid hydrogen, liquid neon, liquid natural gas, or liquid air). In cryogenic embodiments, to minimize cooling requirements, the thermal energy entering the conductor assembly 100 from the surroundings should be minimized. This can be achieved, for example, by using a double-walled vacuum-insulated pipeline TIJ 130.

[0040]

[0045] In some embodiments, the outer layer 150 may be disposed around the outside of the TIJ 130. In some embodiments, the outer layer 150 may be a conductive layer. In some embodiments, the outer layer 150 may be a solid dielectric layer to reduce the risk of fire. In some embodiments, the outer layer 150 may provide additional structural reinforcement for the conductor assembly 100. In some embodiments, the outer layer 150 may help prevent damage to the conductor assembly 100 by projectiles. In some embodiments, the outer layer 150 may be made of metal. In some embodiments, the outer layer 150 may be made of aluminum. In some embodiments, the outer layer 150 may have a thickness of at least about 500 μm, at least about 600 μm, at least about 700 μm, at least about 800 μm, at least about 900 μm, at least about 1 mm, at least about 2 mm, at least about 3 mm, at least about 4 mm, at least about 5 mm, at least about 6 mm, at least about 7 mm, at least about 8 mm, or at least about 9 mm. In some embodiments, the outer layer 150 may have a thickness of about 10 mm or less, about 9 mm or less, about 8 mm or less, about 7 mm or less, about 6 mm or less, about 5 mm or less, about 4 mm or less, about 3 mm or less, about 2 mm or less, about 1 mm or less, about 900 μm or less, about 800 μm or less, about 700 μm or less, or about 600 μm or less. Combinations of the thicknesses of the outer layer 150 referenced above (for example, at least about 500 μm and about 10 mm or less or at least about 1 mm and about 5 mm or less) are also possible, including all values ​​and ranges in between. In some embodiments, the outer layer 150 may have a thickness of about 500 μm, about 600 μm, about 700 μm, about 800 μm, about 900 μm, about 1 mm, about 2 mm, about 3 mm, about 4 mm, about 5 mm, about 6 mm, about 7 mm, about 8 mm, about 9 mm, or about 10 mm.

[0041]

[0046] In some embodiments, the outer layer 150 may include a continuous tube. In some embodiments, the outer layer 150 may have the same or substantially similar thermal shrinkage as the winding 110. In some embodiments, the conductor assembly 100 is configured so that a fluid (including liquid, vapor, gas, or any combination thereof) flows outside the TIJ 130. In some embodiments, the fluid may flow through or be contained within an annular region between the TIJ 130 and the outer layer 150. For example, in some embodiments, the TIJ 130 may be a first TIJ, and the conductor assembly 100 may further include a second TIJ (not shown), with an annular region defined between the first and second TIJs. Alternatively or additionally, the conductor assembly 100 may further include a continuous tube disposed within the TIJ 130 but outside the superconducting wire or tape 120, thereby defining the coolant flow space entirely within the continuous tube (i.e., between the superconducting wire or tape 120 and the continuous tube), entirely outside the continuous tube (i.e., between the continuous tube and the TIJ 130), or both inside and outside the continuous tube. In some embodiments, the outer layer 150 may be disposed within the TIJ 130 and act as a mechanical tensile support element. In other words, a single component disposed around the outside of the superconducting wire or tape 120 may include both the TIJ 130 and the outer layer 150.

[0042]

[0047] Although shown in Figure 1 as being disposed on the outside of TIJ130, in other embodiments, the outer layer 150 may be disposed on the outside of the superconducting wire or tape 120 and on the inside of TIJ130 (for example, when the outer layer 150 contains a superconducting material). In some embodiments, the fluid may flow in the annular space on the inside of TIJ130 outside the outer layer 150. In some embodiments, the fluid may flow in the annular space on the outside of the superconducting wire or tape 120 inside the outer layer 150. In some embodiments, the fluid may flow in the annular space on the inside of TIJ130 outside the outer layer 150 and in the annular space on the outside of the superconducting wire or tape 120 inside the outer layer 150. In some embodiments, multiple thermally insulating jackets may be disposed around the superconducting wire or tape 120. In some embodiments, the fluid may flow on the outside of the first TIJ and on the inside of the second TIJ.

[0043]

[0048] Figure 2 shows a perspective view of a section of a conductor assembly 200 according to one embodiment. In some embodiments, the conductor assembly 200 may be included in a superconducting OH power transmission line / system. In some embodiments, the conductor assembly 200 may be included in a superconducting underground power transmission line / system. As shown in Figure 2, the conductor assembly 200 includes a winding 210, a plurality of superconducting wires or tapes 220 wound around the winding 210, a TIJ 230, and a coolant flow space 240. In some embodiments, the conductor assembly 200 may include an outer layer 250. In some embodiments, the winding 210, the plurality of superconducting wires or tapes 220, the TIJ 230, the coolant flow space 240, and the outer layer 250 may be the same as or substantially the same as the winding 110, the plurality of superconducting wires or tapes 120, the TIJ 130, the coolant flow space 140, and the outer layer 150 described above with reference to Figure 1. Therefore, specific embodiments of the winding 210, the multiple superconducting wires or tapes 220, the TIJ 230, the coolant flow space 240, and the outer layer 250 are not described in further detail herein.

[0044]

[0049] In some embodiments, the superconducting wire or tape 220 may include, for example, a non-spiral wound wire or tape (i.e., a wire or tape laid along a surface such as a wound surface, as further described below), multiple tapes arranged alternately with spacers, and combinations thereof. When the superconducting wire or tape 220 is cooled below its “critical temperature” (e.g., below -100°C), the superconducting wire or tape 220 can carry direct current or constant current (i.e., DC current) without resistance or substantially without resistance, and thus no heat is generated from the DC current in the superconducting wire or tape 220. Alternating current or time-varying current (i.e., AC current) may generate a small amount of heat in the superconducting wire or tape 220 (compared to non-superconducting materials). For example, a conductor assembly 200 may generate 0.5 W / m of heat when carrying 1,000 Arms, in contrast to a known aluminum conductor steel reinforced ("ACSR") cable, which typically generates about 68 W / m of heat during operation.

[0045]

[0050] The superconducting wire or tape 220 may be wound on the winding mold 210 in multiple layers, each layer comprising multiple superconducting wires, for example, in a helical pattern (as shown in Figure 2). Alternatively, the superconducting wire / tape may be laid out non-helically on the winding mold 210. Parameters such as the number of wires / tapes per layer, the width or diameter of the superconducting wire / tape, the winding angle and direction, and the number of layers may be selected or adjusted based on the desired application, for example, to minimize AC losses and / or the self-inductance of the conductor assembly 200. Similarly, the number of layers with a desired winding angle may be selected to produce the desired mechanical and / or electrical properties of the conductor assembly 200. The superconducting wire or tape 220 and the winding mold 210 may collectively be referred to as a conductor core.

[0046]

[0051] In some embodiments, the winding 210 is hollow so that it can transport a gas, vapor, and / or liquid coolant fluid to assist in cooling the conductor assembly 200. Alternatively or additionally, the winding 210 may be porous to allow the liquid, vapor, or gaseous coolant to enter or exit.

[0047]

[0052] In some embodiments, the winding 210 can bear or hold some or all of the tension during the suspension of the conductor assembly 200 (for example, as part of a suspended conductor assembly).

[0048]

[0053] The TIJ230 defines a coolant flow space 240 that surrounds a superconducting wire or tape 220 and is configured to minimize the amount of heat from the surroundings reaching the superconducting wire or tape 220. During operation, the inner surface of the TIJ230 may be cooled to the temperature of the coolant, while the outer surface of the TIJ230 may be at ambient temperature, and the inner surface of the TIJ230 may be load-bearing (i.e., provide mechanical support). Alternatively or additionally, a separate cable or tube placed within the TIJ230 may be load-bearing and provide mechanical support.

[0049]

[0054] TIJ230 itself may, for example, include two concentric flexible corrugated or non-corrugated metal pipes spaced apart from each other, with a vacuum or another substance (e.g., carbon dioxide (CO2), an inert gas, etc.) between the two flexible corrugated metal pipes. Another example is that TIJ230 may include two concentric rigid corrugated or non-corrugated metal pipes spaced apart from each other, with a vacuum or another substance (e.g., an inert gas) between the two rigid corrugated metal pipes. Yet another example is that TIJ230 may include two concentric semi-rigid corrugated or non-corrugated metal pipes spaced apart from each other, with a vacuum or another substance (e.g., an inert gas) between the two metal pipes. As used herein, the term “semi-rigid” may refer to the property of being able to bend slightly under mechanical load (e.g., up to a radius of curvature of 10 meters or more). Alternatively, TIJ may include another type of insulation material, such as foamed foam. TIJ230 may be manufactured in segments having lengths suitable for shipping, transport, and installation.

[0050]

[0055] In some embodiments, the inner surface of the TIJ230 is configured to thermally shrink (or have such mechanical / material properties) when cooled to the operating temperature. This shrinkage may be significant, for example, when the operating temperature is below -100°C. The outer wall of the TIJ230, along with other elements of the conductor assembly 200, may be configured (or have such mechanical / material properties) to correspond to the reduction in length of the inner surface of the TIJ230. In some embodiments, one or more elements that provide the tensile strength of the conductor assembly 200 are selected to exhibit shrinkage similar to or matching the thermal shrinkage of the inner wall of the TIJ230. In such embodiments, the conductor assembly 200 may be installed between columns or towers supporting an OH power transmission line at ambient temperature and with a specific pre-calculated tension. This tension results in an acceptable sag of the conductor assembly 200 between the columns / towers and an acceptable closest approach to ground level. During operation, when cooled to the operating temperature, the conductor assembly 200 (under tension) shrinks, increasing the mechanical tension of the conductor assembly 200 and decreasing the sag. The tension at the operating temperature is then maintained within limits acceptable for use in power transmission lines.

[0051]

[0056] In some embodiments, the coolant flow space 240 is filled with a flowing liquid coolant. If the superconducting wire or tape 220 contains one or more cryogenically cooled superconductors, the coolant fluid may be a liquid cryogen (e.g., liquid nitrogen, liquid helium, liquid neon, liquid natural gas, or liquid air). In cryogenic embodiments, to minimize cooling requirements, the thermal energy entering the conductor assembly 200 from the surroundings should be minimized. This can be achieved, for example, by using a double-walled vacuum-insulated pipeline TIJ230.

[0052]

[0057] In some embodiments, when used in the context of a superconducting OH power transmission (or / or distribution) system, the conductor core (i.e., superconducting wire or tape 220 and winding 210), coolant, and TIJ230 are maintained at the system operating voltage.

[0053]

[0058] In some embodiments, the TIJ230 is not dielectrically insulated using a solid insulating material. Instead, air outside the conductor assembly 200 can be used as a dielectric insulator, similar to the technique in which air can be used to dielectrically insulate known transmission conductors when the system is designed so that one or more insulating members operate at the same voltage as one or more conductors. Previous attempts to develop superconducting cables with "thermoelectrics" in which the insulating members operate at the line voltage were related to underground applications and required an external solid insulating material.

[0054]

[0059] As described above, in some embodiments, the suspension conductor assembly is mounted to a tower using one or more dielectric insulators. In some such embodiments, the dielectric insulators are configured to transport liquid nitrogen and / or vapor nitrogen from one or more high-voltage regions of the superconducting OH power transmission system to ground potential. To ensure that an appropriate operating temperature is maintained, heat entering the TIJ230, or heat generated by electrical energy losses and / or magnetic energy losses within the TIJ230, should be removed from the superconducting OH power transmission system. Intercoolers located in one or more towers of the superconducting OH power transmission system may be used to achieve this. If one or more intercoolers generate excess vapor by utilizing a boiling coolant, this excess can be exhausted into the atmosphere.

[0055]

[0060] In some embodiments, multiple conductor assemblies, as shown in Figure 2, are supported by columns or towers to maintain a sufficient gap between the conductor assemblies and the ground. The spacing between columns or towers and the tensile strength of the conductor assemblies can be selected so that the desired suspension can be maintained throughout the operation. The tensile force on the conductor assemblies can be supported / held by one or more components of the superconducting OH power transmission system, such as the inner walls of the winding 210, TIJ230, and / or additional force-bearing members (such as steel ropes or wires) located within the cooling area of ​​the superconducting OH power transmission system or underground power transmission system. Similarly, multiple conductor assemblies, as shown in Figure 2, may run parallel to each other underground. In some embodiments, multiple conductor assemblies, as shown in Figure 2, may run parallel to each other as part of a superconducting OH power transmission line.

[0056]

[0061] In some embodiments, the outer layer 250 may be disposed around the outside of the TIJ230. In some embodiments, the outer layer 250 may include an electrical insulating material. In some embodiments, the outer layer 250 may include one or more shielding layers of a superconducting wire or tape. In some embodiments, the outer layer 250 may be a conductive layer. In some embodiments, the outer layer 250 may provide additional structural reinforcement for the conductor assembly 200. In some embodiments, the outer layer 250 may help prevent damage to the conductor assembly 200 from projectiles. In some embodiments, the outer layer 250 may be made of metal. In some embodiments, the outer layer 250 may be made of aluminum.

[0057]

[0062] In some embodiments, the outer layer 250 may have a thickness of at least about 500 μm, at least about 600 μm, at least about 700 μm, at least about 800 μm, at least about 900 μm, at least about 1 mm, at least about 2 mm, at least about 3 mm, at least about 4 mm, at least about 5 mm, at least about 6 mm, at least about 7 mm, at least about 8 mm, or at least about 9 mm. In some embodiments, the outer layer 250 may have a thickness of about 10 mm or less, about 9 mm or less, about 8 mm or less, about 7 mm or less, about 6 mm or less, about 5 mm or less, about 4 mm or less, about 3 mm or less, about 2 mm or less, about 1 mm or less, about 900 μm or less, about 800 μm or less, about 700 μm or less, or about 600 μm or less. Combinations of the thicknesses of the outer layer 250 referenced above (e.g., at least about 900 μm and about 10 mm or less or at least about 1 mm and about 5 mm or less) are also possible, including all values ​​and ranges in between. In some embodiments, the outer layer 250 may have a thickness of about 500 μm, about 600 μm, about 700 μm, about 800 μm, about 900 μm, about 1 mm, about 2 mm, about 3 mm, about 4 mm, about 5 mm, about 6 mm, about 7 mm, about 8 mm, about 9 mm, or about 10 mm.

[0058]

[0063] Each conductor assembly 200 can be installed between a pair of columns in an uncooled (i.e., ambient temperature) state and exhibits a first curvature (e.g., a catenary) when suspended. The first curvature can be described as a first sag, which depends on the tension applied to the columns. As the coolant begins to flow through the conductor assembly 200, the internal temperature of the conductor assembly 200 decreases, and due to thermal contraction, one or more elements of the conductor assembly 200 supporting the tensile force contract or shorten. This contraction causes a decrease in sag, resulting in a second curvature that is different from (and shallower than) the first curvature, and the tension increases. The reduction in length of one or more elements may be, for example, about 0.5% in the case of a conductor assembly cooled using, for example, liquid nitrogen. As described above, in some embodiments, all components disposed within the cooling region of a superconducting OH power transmission system or underground power transmission system are configured to contract in length similarly (or have such mechanical or material properties). In other words, the difference in thermal contraction between the ambient temperature and the operating temperature is smaller than the difference in thermal contraction that would result in permanent deformation of one or more of the components. For example, if one of the components is subjected to tensile stress due to the difference in contraction, that stress may be less than one-quarter of the yield stress (assuming an engineering safety factor of 4 is appropriate for the application). In stark contrast to known systems, the superconducting OH power transmission lines of this disclosure exhibit the same sag (or substantially the same sag), and thus the same clearance to the ground (or substantially the same clearance to the ground), under all electrical loads and ambient temperatures (excluding the effect of the presence of ice on the superconducting OH power transmission lines).

[0059]

[0064] In some embodiments, all components (other than the superconducting wires or tapes 220) located within the cooling region of the superconducting OH power transmission system are made from the same type of material.

[0060]

[0065] The capacitance of a power transmission line is one of the parameters that determines the operating characteristics of a power transmission line in an AC grid and affects the surge impedance load (i.e., the ratio of the amplitudes of a single wave of voltage and current propagating along the power transmission line). The capacitance of a power transmission line can be determined by integrating the electric field from the outer envelope of the power transmission line to an upper limit distance determined by the other phases of the circuit and / or the arrangement of the ground. The electric field near the conductor varies as 1 / r (where r is the distance from the center of the conductor), and consequently, the radius of the envelope "at voltage" significantly determines the capacitance. The assembly in Figure 2, with the outer wall of the TIJ230 maintained at the system operating voltage, has a capacitance lower than that of known power transmission lines, which provides an operational advantage.

[0061]

[0066] Figure 3 shows a perspective view of a section of a conductor assembly 300 for a superconducting OH power transmission line / system or underground power transmission line / system according to one embodiment. As shown, the conductor assembly 300 includes a winding 310, a plurality of superconducting wires or tapes 320 wound around the winding 310, a TIJ 330, a coolant flow space 340, an outer layer 350, and an electrical insulating material 360 adjacent to one or more superconductors (superconducting wires or tapes 320). In some embodiments, the winding 310, superconducting wires or tapes 320, TIJ 330, coolant flow space 340, and outer layer 350 may be the same as or substantially the same as the winding 210, superconducting wires or tapes 220, TIJ 230, coolant flow space 240, and outer layer 250 described above with reference to Figure 2. Therefore, specific embodiments of the winding 310, superconducting wire or tape 320, TIJ 330, coolant flow space 340, and outer layer 350 are not described in further detail herein.

[0062]

[0067] As shown in Figure 3, the electrical insulator 360 is disposed entirely within the TIJ 330 so that the electrical insulator 360 cools to the superconductor operating temperature during operation of the superconducting OH power transmission line / system or underground power transmission line / system. The embodiment in Figure 3 may be referred to as a “cold dielectric design”. The thickness of the electrical insulator 360 may be selected to ensure that all other components within the TIJ 330 are maintained at ground potential without the risk of short circuits. In the embodiment of Figure 3, there is no electric field away from the conductor assembly 300 (i.e., the magnitude of the electric field vector is zero regardless of the direction of the electric field vector). In some embodiments, the electrical insulator 360 may include a dielectric material (e.g., cross-linked polyethylene ("XLPE") or polypropylene laminated paper ("PPLP")). A superconducting OH power transmission line using one or more conductor assemblies of Figure 3 may be referred to as a “minimum fire risk” power line in that any object (e.g., tree branches, vegetation) in contact with the power line does not form a short circuit to ground and does not ignite fuel. In other embodiments, the thickness of the electrical insulation material 360 may be selected to achieve partial electrical insulation (i.e., partial electrical insulation), in which case the electrical insulation material 360 presents a high-resistance barrier against electrical short circuits and reduces abnormal current flow. A superconducting OH power transmission line using one or more such conductor assemblies may be referred to as a "fire-reduced" power line.

[0063]

[0068] In some embodiments, a conductive outer layer 350 is applied to at least a portion (e.g., the entire outer surface) of the electrical insulating material 360 in the embodiment of Figure 3. The conductive outer layer 350 may include, for example, a non-superconducting winding. The conductive outer layer 350 may be connected to ground potential or to one or more external devices such that it carries a current equal to (or substantially equal to) the current in the conductor core (including the superconducting wire or tape 320 and winding 310) but of the opposite polarity (e.g., instantaneous AC or DC) compared to it. Then the net current in the conductor assembly 300 becomes zero, and in this case, the magnetic field away from the conductor assembly 300 is also zero. If the conductive outer layer 350 is electrically grounded as described above, the operation of the conductor assembly 300 does not produce an electric or magnetic field outside the TIJ 330. A superconducting OH power transmission line using one or more such conductor assemblies of Figure 3 may be referred to as a “zero external electromagnetic field (”EMF”)” power line.

[0064]

[0069] In some embodiments, a conductive layer (also referred to herein as a “shielding layer”) may be applied to at least a portion of the electrical insulating material 360 in the embodiment of Figure 3 (for example, extending over the entire outer surface). The shielding layer may include, for example, superconducting windings or non-superconducting windings. Alternatively or additionally, the shielding layer may be applied to the outer layer 350 and may include, for example, a non-superconducting material. In some embodiments, the shielding layer is superconducting when it is disposed inside the TIJ 330 (for example, on or adjacent to the surface of the electrical insulating material 360), and non-superconducting when it is disposed outside the TIJ 330 (for example, as the outer layer 350 or on top of the outer layer 350).

[0065]

[0070] During the operation of a power line including the conductor assembly 300, the current flowing through the shield layer can be controlled to control the self-inductance of the AC power line. For example, if the shield layer carries a current equal in magnitude to the current in the conductor core but with opposite polarity, there is no magnetic field outside the power line, and the self-inductance of the power line is minimized. Conversely, reducing the shield current using external means can increase the self-inductance of the power line. Thus, the power flow in the grid and / or power line can be advantageously controlled. The shield layer may be installed along the entire length of the power line or a portion of the length of the power line.

[0066]

[0071] In some embodiments, a shielding layer (including, for example, a superconducting material) is applied to at least a portion of the electrical insulation material 360 (i.e., disposed inside the TIJ 330), and a magnetic layer is applied to at least a portion of the outer surface of the shielding layer. Alternatively or additionally, a shielding layer (including, for example, a non-superconducting material) is applied to at least a portion of the outer layer 350 (i.e., disposed outside the TIJ 330), and a magnetic layer is applied to at least a portion of the outer surface of the shielding layer. The magnetic layer may include a material having a relative permeability greater than 1. When the shielding layer carries a current equal in magnitude and opposite in polarity to the current in the conductor core, the magnetic field does not collide with the magnetic layer, and the self-inductance of the power line is minimized. Conversely, reducing the shielding current using external means allows the magnetic field to interact with the magnetic material, thereby significantly increasing the self-inductance of the power line. Thus, the power flow in the grid and / or power line can be favorably controlled. The shielding layer and / or magnetic material may be installed along the entire length of the power line or a portion of the length of the power line.

[0067]

[0072] Although Figure 3 illustrates and describes a conductor assembly 300 containing a single conductor core, the conductor assembly 300 can alternatively contain multiple (e.g., two, three, four, five, or five to ten) conductor cores within the same TIJ330. For example, two conductor cores may be contained within the TIJ330 of the conductor assembly 300, for example, as two poles in a DC bipolar system. Another example is that three conductor cores may be contained within the TIJ330 of the conductor assembly 300, for example, as three phases in a three-phase AC power transmission system.

[0068]

[0073] Figure 4 shows a perspective view of a section of a conductor assembly 400 for a superconducting OH power transmission line / system or underground power transmission line / system according to one embodiment. As shown, the conductor assembly 400 includes a winding 410, a plurality of superconducting wires or tapes 420 wound around the winding 410, a TIJ 430, a coolant flow space 440, and an electrical insulating material 460 disposed outside the TIJ 430. In some embodiments, the conductor assembly 400 may include an outer layer 450. In some embodiments, the winding 410, the plurality of superconducting wires or tapes 420, the TIJ 430, the coolant flow space 440, and the electrical insulating material 460 may be the same as or substantially the same as the winding 310, the plurality of superconducting wires or tapes 320, the TIJ 330, the coolant flow space 340, and the electrical insulating material 360 described above with reference to Figure 3. Therefore, specific embodiments of the winding 410, the plurality of superconducting wires or tapes 420, the TIJ 430, the coolant flow space 440, and the electrical insulating material 460 are not described in further detail herein.

[0069]

[0074] Since the electrical insulator 460 is located outside the TIJ430, the electrical insulator 460 is not cooled to the superconductor operating temperature during operation of the superconducting OH power transmission line / system or underground power transmission line / system. Thus, the embodiment in Figure 4 may be referred to as a “thermoelectric” design. The thickness of the electrical insulator 460 may be selected so that the conductor assembly 400 can contact the ground potential without the risk of short circuit. A superconducting OH power transmission line using one or more conductor assemblies of Figure 4 may be referred to as a “minimum fire risk” power line, in that any object (e.g., tree branches, vegetation) in contact with the power line does not form a short circuit to ground and does not ignite fuel. In some implementations, a grounded conductive outer layer is included in one or more conductor assemblies of Figure 4 to reduce or eliminate the presence of an electric field outside the electrical insulator 460 / conductor assembly 400.

[0070]

[0075] In some embodiments, the coolant flow space 440 may be maintained near local atmospheric pressure by allowing the vapor coolant to be exhausted into the atmosphere. In some embodiments, the coolant flow space 440 may be maintained below local atmospheric pressure by pumping the vapor coolant out of the coolant flow space 440.

[0071]

[0076] In some embodiments, the conductive outer layer 450 is applied to at least a portion (e.g., the entire outer surface) of the electrical insulating material 460 in the embodiment of Figure 4. The conductive outer layer 450 may include, for example, a non-superconducting winding. The conductive outer layer 450 may be connected to ground potential or to one or more external devices such that it carries a current equal to (or substantially equal to) the current in the conductor core (including the superconducting wire or tape 420 and winding 410) but of the opposite polarity (e.g., instantaneous AC or DC) compared to it. Then the net current in the conductor assembly 300 becomes zero, and in this case, the magnetic field away from the conductor assembly 300 is also zero. If the conductive outer layer 350 is electrically grounded as described above, the operation of the conductor assembly 300 does not produce an electric or magnetic field outside the TIJ 330. A superconducting OH power transmission line using one or more such conductor assemblies of Figure 3 may be referred to as a “zero external electromagnetic field (”EMF”)” power line.

[0072]

[0077] In some embodiments, a conductive layer (also referred to herein as a “shielding layer”) may be applied to at least a portion of the electrical insulating material 460 in the embodiment of Figure 4 (for example, extending over the entire outer surface). The shielding layer may include, for example, a non-superconducting winding. Alternatively or additionally, the shielding layer may be applied to at least a portion of the outer layer 450 and may also include, for example, a non-superconducting winding.

[0073]

[0078] During the operation of a power line including the conductor assembly 400, the current flowing through the shield layer can be controlled to control the self-inductance of the AC power line. For example, if the shield layer carries a current equal in magnitude to the current in the conductor core but with opposite polarity, there is no magnetic field outside the power line, and the self-inductance of the power line is minimized. Conversely, reducing the shield current using external means can increase the self-inductance of the power line. Thus, the power flow in the grid and / or power line can be advantageously controlled. The shield layer may be installed along the entire length of the power line or a portion of the length of the power line.

[0074]

[0079] In some embodiments, the shielding layer (e.g., as described above) is applied to at least a portion of the electrical insulating material 460 or at least a portion of the outer layer 450, and the magnetic layer is applied to at least a portion of the outer surface of the shielding layer. The magnetic layer may include a material having a relative permeability greater than 1. When the shielding layer carries a current equal in magnitude and opposite in polarity to the current in the conductor core, the magnetic field does not collide with the magnetic layer, and the self-inductance of the power line is minimized. Conversely, reducing the shielding current using external means allows the magnetic field to interact with the magnetic material, thereby significantly increasing the self-inductance of the power line. Thus, the power flow in the grid and / or power line can be favorably controlled. The shielding layer and / or magnetic material may be installed along the entire length of the power line or a portion of the length of the power line.

[0075]

[0080] In some embodiments, the outer layer 450 may include a material having a relative permeability greater than 1.

[0076]

[0081] Figure 5 shows a short section perspective view of a conductor assembly 500 used in a superconducting OH power transmission line / system or underground power transmission line / system using a “distributed cooling” approach. As shown, the conductor assembly 500 includes a winding 510, a plurality of superconducting wires or tapes 520 wound around the winding 510, a TIJ 530, a coolant flow space 540, and a spray tube 570 with a coolant flow orifice 575. In some embodiments, the conductor assembly 500 may include an outer layer 550 disposed around the outside of the TIJ 530. In some embodiments, the winding 510, superconducting wires or tapes 520, TIJ 530, coolant flow space 540, and outer layer 550 may be the same as or substantially the same as the winding 210, superconducting wires or tapes 220, TIJ 230, coolant flow space 240, and outer layer 250 described above with reference to Figure 2. Therefore, specific embodiments of the winding 510, the superconducting wire or tape 520, the TIJ 530, the coolant flow space 540, and the outer layer 550 are not described in further detail herein.

[0077]

[0082] The spray pipe 570 transports a liquid coolant (e.g., liquid nitrogen) at a pressure greater than the pressure in the coolant flow space 540. In some embodiments, the flow orifice 575 may include a plurality of pores or openings present at specific intervals along the length of the spray pipe 570 (and extending through the thickness of the wall of the spray pipe 570). In some embodiments, the flow orifice 575 may include an impeder (e.g., a valve) configured to regulate the flow of fluid through the flow orifice 575. The flow orifice 575 is configured to maintain a pressure difference between the spray pipe 570 and the coolant flow space 540 (e.g., such that the pressure in the spray pipe 570 is maintained substantially higher than the pressure in the coolant flow space 540), and the stability of this pressure difference may help ensure consistent and stable coolant transfer between the spray pipe 570 and the coolant flow space 540. The flow rate of coolant in the spray pipe 570 may be relatively low, and optionally lower than the flow rate of coolant in the coolant flow space 540. For example, the flow rate of the coolant in the spray pipe 570 may be at least about 0.1 L / min, at least about 0.2 L / min, at least about 0.3 L / min, at least about 0.4 L / min, at least about 0.5 L / min, at least about 0.6 L / min, at least about 0.7 L / min, at least about 0.8 L / min, at least about 0.9 L / min, at least about 1 L / min, at least about 2 L / min, at least about 3 L / min, at least about 4 L / min, at least about 5 L / min, at least about 6 L / min, at least about 7 L / min, at least about 8 L / min, at least about 9 L / min, or at least about 10 L / min. In some embodiments, the coolant 10 can be maintained in the spray pipe 570 as a subcooled single-phase liquid by maintaining a pressure difference between the spray pipe 570 and the coolant flow space 540. As a subcooled single-phase liquid, the coolant 10 in the spray tube 570 has a temperature below its boiling point at the relatively high pressure of the spray tube 570. When it enters the relatively low-pressure coolant flow space 540 through the flow orifice 575, the coolant 10 can boil (i.e., the temperature of the coolant entering the coolant flow space 540 is above the boiling point of the low-pressure coolant in the coolant flow space 540).Heat can also be transferred from the coolant 10 in the spray tube 570 to the coolant 10 in the coolant flow space 540 via the walls of the spray tube 570, in which case the spray tube 570 can be considered to self-subcool. When boiling, the coolant can become a two-phase fluid containing liquid and vapor. The operation of the conductor assembly 500 can be controlled to balance (e.g., between pressure, temperature, flow rate, etc.) such that the outflow of coolant through the flow orifice 575 is sufficient to ensure that the fluid in the coolant flow space 540 contains only single-phase vapor or substantially only single-phase vapor, while having a minimal liquid content (avoiding liquid waste).

[0078]

[0083] In some embodiments, the flow orifice 575 and the impedance can be adjusted so that the coolant 10 is present in the flow space 540 as entirely or substantially as a gas, and in the spray tube 570 as entirely or substantially as a subcooled single-phase liquid. In other words, the coolant 10 can be present as a single phase in both the spray tube 570 and the flow space 540. Since single-phase materials may be more suitable for pumping than multi-phase materials, this can help facilitate the pumping and flow of the coolant 10 through the spray tube 570. In some embodiments, the conductor assembly 500 may include pores or vents at periodic intervals on the outer layer 550 and / or TIJ 530 to allow the coolant 10 to flow out of the conductor assembly 500, thereby keeping the coolant 10 in the flow space 540 as entirely or substantially as a gas.

[0079]

[0084] In some embodiments, the flow orifice 575 may include a series of pores (or openings) arranged at regular or irregular intervals along the length of the spray tube 570 (and extending through the thickness of the wall of the spray tube 570). In one embodiment, the spray tube 570 is a steel pipe (e.g., having an inner diameter of 6 mm, an outer diameter of 8 mm, and a wall thickness of 1 mm), and the flow orifice 575 includes a plurality of circular holes arranged periodically (e.g., at 30 cm intervals) along the length of the conductor assembly 500 to be cooled. Each of the circular holes may have a diameter of, for example, 50 μm and may extend through the thickness of the wall of the spray tube 570. In some embodiments, the aspect ratio of the pores (i.e., the ratio of the depth through which the wall of the spray tube 570 penetrates to the diameter of the pore) may help maintain a pressure difference between the spray tube 570 and the flow space 540. In some embodiments, the pore aspect ratio may be at least about 2:1, at least about 5:1, at least about 10:1, at least about 15:1, at least about 20:1, at least about 25:1, at least about 30:1, at least about 35:1, at least about 40:1, at least about 45:1, or at least about 50:1, including all values ​​and ranges in between. In some embodiments, the pore aspect ratio may vary along the length of the spray tube 570 and / or the linear spacing of the pores along the length of the spray tube 570 to accommodate a reduction in coolant pressure while maintaining a constant degree of cooling. In some embodiments, the pore aspect ratio may increase or decrease along the length of the spray tube 570 and / or the linear spacing of the pores along the length of the spray tube 570 may increase or decrease.

[0080]

[0085] In some embodiments, the pores may have a constant diameter. In some embodiments, the pores may have a variable diameter. In some embodiments, the pores may have a diameter of at least about 10 μm, at least about 20 μm, at least about 30 μm, at least about 40 μm, at least about 50 μm, at least about 60 μm, at least about 70 μm, at least about 80 μm, at least about 90 μm, at least about 100 μm, at least about 200 μm, at least about 300 μm, at least about 400 μm, at least about 500 μm, at least about 600 μm, at least about 700 μm, at least about 800 μm, at least about 900 μm, at least about 1 mm, at least about 2 mm, at least about 3 mm, at least about 4 mm, at least about 5 mm, at least about 6 mm, at least about 7 mm, at least about 8 mm, or at least about 9 mm. In some embodiments, the pores may have diameters of approximately 10 mm or less, approximately 9 mm or less, approximately 8 mm or less, approximately 7 mm or less, approximately 6 mm or less, approximately 5 mm or less, approximately 4 mm or less, approximately 3 mm or less, approximately 2 mm or less, approximately 1 mm or less, approximately 900 μm or less, approximately 800 μm or less, approximately 700 μm or less, approximately 600 μm or less, approximately 500 μm or less, approximately 400 μm or less, approximately 300 μm or less, approximately 200 μm or less, approximately 100 μm or less, approximately 90 μm or less, approximately 80 μm or less, approximately 70 μm or less, approximately 60 μm or less, approximately 50 μm or less, approximately 40 μm or less, approximately 30 μm or less, or approximately 20 μm or less. The combinations of pore diameters referenced above (e.g., at least approximately 10 μm and approximately 10 mm or less or at least approximately 50 μm and approximately 1 mm or less) are also possible, including all values ​​and ranges in between. In some embodiments, the pores may have diameters of approximately 10 μm, 20 μm, 30 μm, 40 μm, 50 μm, 60 μm, 70 μm, 80 μm, 90 μm, 100 μm, 200 μm, 300 μm, 400 μm, 500 μm, 600 μm, 700 μm, 800 μm, 900 μm, 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, 6 mm, 7 mm, 8 mm, 9 mm, or 10 mm.

[0081]

[0086] In some embodiments, the pores may have a diameter of at least about 1 mm or at least about 2 mm and may be spaced apart (e.g., every 50 cm) along the length of the spray tube 570. Each of the pores may be mechanically connected (e.g., via welding or thread engagement) to a nozzle attachment having a nozzle with a desired impedance.

[0082]

[0087] During the operation of the conductor assembly 500, the liquid coolant may pass through pores or orifices, exit the spray tube 570, and enter the coolant flow space 540. Thus, the coolant flow space 540 contains coolant vapor and liquid, i.e., a two-phase (two-phase) fluid. Heat leaking into the coolant flow space 540 or heat generated within the TIJ 530 raises the temperature of the two-phase fluid to the boiling point of the liquid coolant at the local pressure within the coolant flow space 540. As a result, the liquid coolant in the coolant flow space 540 boils, maintaining the cooling region at the local pressure-dependent boiling temperature (or "saturation temperature") of the coolant, provided sufficient coolant is present. For example, if the coolant is liquid nitrogen and the coolant flow space 540 is at atmospheric pressure, the saturation temperature is approximately -196°C (77K).

[0083]

[0088] In an alternative implementation of the conductor assembly 500 in Figure 5, the liquid coolant flows through the coolant flow space 540 and may enter the spray tube 570 through a plurality of pores or orifices (e.g., at specified intervals). During the operation of the conductor assembly 500, heat is transferred from the liquid coolant in the coolant flow space 540 to the spray tube 570 via conduction and / or convection, thereby boiling the liquid coolant in the spray tube 570, in which case the spray tube 570 will carry coolant vapor at saturation temperature. In such an implementation, the flow orifice 575 may be configured to maintain a pressure difference between the coolant flow space 540 and the spray tube 570 (e.g., so that the pressure in the coolant flow space 540 is kept substantially higher than the pressure in the spray tube 570), and the stability of this pressure difference may help ensure consistent and stable coolant transfer between the coolant flow space 540 and the spray tube 570.

[0084]

[0089] Although illustrated and described with reference to Figure 5 as being located within the coolant flow space 540, in other embodiments the spray tube 570 may be located within the winding mold 510 of the conductor core. In yet another embodiment, the spray tube 570 may be omitted, and the winding mold 510 may function as the coolant tube / spray tube. The spray tube 570 may be configured to support or hold all or part of the tensile force of the conductor suspension.

[0085]

[0090] In some embodiments, steam is generated along the entire length of a conductor assembly during operation, including coolant tubes (such as the spray tube 570 in Figure 5). In such embodiments, a separate on-board intermediate cooler may not be used within the associated power transmission system. In such embodiments, the on-board equipment may still be located along the power transmission line, but the role of such on-board equipment may be primarily to remove steam from the conductor assembly and prepare it for exhaust, rather than to generate steam.

[0086]

[0091] Figures 6A-6B show a section of a conductor assembly 600 used in a superconducting OH power transmission line / system or underground power transmission line / system according to one embodiment. As shown, the conductor assembly 600 includes a winding 610, a plurality of superconducting wires or tapes 620 wound around the winding 610, a TIJ 630, a coolant flow space 640, a spray tube 670 with a coolant flow orifice 675, a header tube 680, a valve 676, a sensor 690, and a vent 692. In some embodiments, the conductor assembly 600 may include an outer layer 650 disposed around the outside of the TIJ 630. In some embodiments, the winding 610, superconducting wire or tape 620, TIJ 630, coolant flow space 640, outer layer 650, spray tube 670, and flow orifice 675 may be the same as or substantially the same as the winding 510, superconducting wire or tape 520, TIJ 530, coolant flow space 540, outer layer 550, spray tube 570, and coolant flow orifice 575 described above with reference to Figure 5. Thus, specific embodiments of the winding 610, superconducting wire or tape 620, TIJ 630, coolant flow space 640, outer layer 650, spray tube 670, and coolant flow orifice 675 are not described in further detail herein. Figure 6A shows a perspective view of a short section of the conductor assembly 600, while Figure 6B shows a longitudinal section of the portion of the conductor assembly 600 as viewed along rectangle B in Figure 6A. The coolant is shown to move through the coolant flow space 640 along the coolant line C. In some embodiments, the coolant may move through the coolant flow space 640 as a liquid. In some embodiments, the coolant may move through the coolant flow space 640 as a gas. In some embodiments, the coolant may move through the coolant flow space 640 as both a liquid and a gas. In some embodiments, the coolant may move through the flow space 640 as a vapor. In some embodiments, the coolant may move through the flow space 640 as both a liquid and a vapor. In some embodiments, the coolant may move through the flow space 640 as both a vapor and a gas. In some embodiments, the coolant may move through the flow space 640 as a liquid, vapor, and a gas.

[0087]

[0092] In some embodiments, the header tube 680 may contain a flowing liquid coolant and may be connected to the spray tube 670 at intervals along the length of the conductor assembly 600. In some embodiments, the header tube 680 may allow control of the hydraulic pressure within the spray tube 670. This may allow control of the coolant flow through any of the coolant flow orifices 675. In some embodiments, a sensor 690 and a valve 676 may control the entry of liquid coolant from the header tube 680 into the spray tube 670. In some embodiments, the sensor 690 may detect an oversupply of liquid coolant in the coolant flow space 640 and / or the spray tube 670 and adjust the valve 676 as appropriate. In some embodiments, the header tube 680 and / or the spray tube 670 may be inside the mold 610. In some embodiments, the header tube 680 and / or the spray tube 670 may be part of the mold 610. In some embodiments, the header tube 680 may function as the mold 610. In other words, the superconducting wire or tape 620 can be wound around the header tube 680. In some embodiments, the spray tube 670 can function as a winding 610. In other words, the superconducting wire or tape 620 can be wound around the spray tube 670. In some embodiments, the header tube 680 and / or the spray tube 670 can support some or all of the tensile forces acting on the conductor assembly 600.

[0088]

[0093] In some embodiments, the conductor assembly 600 may include a plurality of sensors 690 and / or vents 692. In some embodiments, the sensors 690 and / or vents 692 may be installed at regular or irregular intervals along the length of the conductor assembly 600. As shown in the figure, the sensors 690 and vents 692 are located at approximately the same points along the length of the conductor assembly 600. In some embodiments, the sensors 690 may be located at different locations from the vents 692 along the length of the conductor assembly 600. In some embodiments, the sensors 690 and vents 692 may be staggered at different intervals along the length of the conductor assembly 600.

[0089]

[0094] In some embodiments, a conductor assembly for transmitting power includes a winding that defines the shape, a superconducting material wound around the winding, and a TIJ (Turn-in-Jaw) disposed around the superconducting material at a distance from it. The outer surface of the superconducting material and the inner surface of the TIJ may define a ring or other volume through which a coolant can flow.

[0090]

[0095] In some embodiments, the conductor assembly may include an outer layer disposed around the outer surface of the TIJ. In some embodiments, the outer layer may provide structural support to the conductor assembly.

[0091]

[0096] In some embodiments, an electrical insulating layer may be disposed around the superconducting material.

[0092]

[0097] In some embodiments, coolant tubes for transporting coolant may be arranged within the space. In some embodiments, the coolant tubes may include a flow orifice for transferring coolant from the coolant tubes into the space. In some embodiments, the flow orifice may include a series of pores. In some embodiments, the flow orifice may include an impedance (e.g., a valve) configured to regulate the flow of fluid through the flow orifice. In some embodiments, a header tube may be fluidly connected to the coolant tubes. In some embodiments, the conductor assembly may include sensors and valves to regulate the flow of coolant between the header tube and the coolant tubes.

[0093]

[0098] In some embodiments, the conductor assembly for transmitting power may include superconducting wires and / or superconducting tapes wound around the outer surface of the forming apparatus, thereby conforming the superconducting wires and / or superconducting tapes to the shape of the forming apparatus. The conductor assembly may further include TIJs disposed around the outer edges of the superconducting wires and / or superconducting tapes to define a coolant flow space that allows coolant to flow through the conductor assembly.

[0094]

[0099] In some embodiments, the conductor assembly may further include a layer of metallic material disposed around the outer surface of the TIJ. In some embodiments, the layer of metallic material may provide structural support for the conductor assembly.

[0095]

[0100] In some embodiments, the conductor assembly may include an electrical insulating layer disposed around the outer surface of the TIJ.

[0096]

[0101] In some embodiments, an electrical insulating layer may be disposed around a superconducting wire and / or superconducting tape.

[0097]

[0102] In some embodiments, coolant tubes may be arranged within a coolant flow space. In some embodiments, the coolant tubes may transport coolant. In some embodiments, the coolant tubes may include flow orifices configured to restrict the flow of coolant from the coolant tubes into the coolant flow space.

[0098]

[0103] In some embodiments, a conductor assembly for transmitting power may include a TIJ with an internal surface, a forming apparatus disposed inside the TIJ, and a superconducting material disposed around the outer surface of the forming apparatus, the superconducting material conforming to the shape of the forming apparatus. In some embodiments, the superconducting material and the internal surface of the TIJ may define annular regions that allow for the flow of a coolant.

[0099]

[0104] In some embodiments, the forming apparatus may be hollow to allow the passage of fluid.

[0100]

[0105] In some embodiments, a layer of metallic material may be disposed around the outer surface of the TIJ. In some embodiments, the layer of metallic material may provide structural support for the conductor assembly.

[0101]

[0106] In some embodiments, the conductor assembly may include an electrically insulating layer disposed around the superconducting material.

[0102]

[0107] In some embodiments, the coolant tubes may be arranged within an annular region. In some embodiments, the coolant tubes may transport the coolant.

[0103]

[0108] Embodiments described herein may include conductors that can be suspended on the ground. In some embodiments, the conductor may include a conductor core comprising superconducting wires or tapes and a space for coolant flow.

[0104]

[0109] In some embodiments, the conductor core may include a winding, and the superconducting wire or tape is wound or assembled onto the winding.

[0105]

[0110] In some embodiments, the winding may be hollow to allow the passage of fluid along the conductor core. In some embodiments, the fluid may include gas, liquid, vapor, or any combination thereof.

[0106]

[0111] In some embodiments, the winding can be porous to allow fluid to pass in and out of the conductor core.

[0107]

[0112] In some embodiments, the winding can be constructed to withstand the suspension mechanical forces acting on the conductor.

[0108]

[0113] In some embodiments, the TIJ may be arranged around the outside of a superconducting wire or tape. In some embodiments, the TIJ may have the same voltage as the conductor core or the connected power line. In some embodiments, the TIJ may have the same or substantially similar thermal contraction as the conductor core. In some embodiments, the TIJ may include separate semi-rigid compartments. In some embodiments, a continuous tube may be arranged around the outside of the TIJ. In some embodiments, the continuous tube may have the same voltage as the power line and the conductor core. In some embodiments, the continuous tube may contain a fluid at or above atmospheric pressure.

[0109]

[0114] In some embodiments, the continuous tube may have the same or substantially the same voltage as the power line and the conductor core. In some embodiments, the continuous tube may have the same or substantially the same thermal expansion as the conductor core. In some embodiments, the continuous tube may provide structural support for the conductor.

[0110]

[0115] In some embodiments, the conductive core may be surrounded by an electrically insulating material. In some embodiments, the electrically insulating material may be surrounded within one or more shielding layers of conductive or superconducting material. In some embodiments, the shielding layers may be electrically connected or electrically active in order to carry electric current.

[0111]

[0116] In some embodiments, the current in the shielding layer can be controlled to change the electrical impedance of the power line.

[0112]

[0117] All combinations of the aforementioned concepts and any additional concepts discussed herein (provided that such concepts are not contradictory) are assumed to be part of the subject matter disclosed herein. Terms explicitly used herein, which may also appear in any disclosure incorporated by reference, should be given meanings that most coincide with the specific concepts disclosed herein.

[0113]

[0118] The drawings are primarily for illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the subject matter described herein. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, and in some cases, different aspects of the subject matter disclosed herein may be exaggerated or enlarged in the drawings to facilitate the understanding of different features. In the drawings, the same reference numerals generally refer to the same features (e.g., elements with similar functions and / or similar structures).

[0114]

[0119] The entire application (including the cover page, title, headings, background, summary, brief description of the drawings, detailed description, embodiments, abstract, figures, appendices, etc.) illustrates various embodiments in which the embodiments may be put into practice. The advantages and features of the application are merely representative examples of the embodiments and are not exhaustive and / or exclusive. Rather, they are presented to help understand the embodiments and to teach them, and do not represent all embodiments. Accordingly, certain aspects of the disclosure are not described herein. The fact that alternative embodiments may not be presented for certain parts of the innovation, or that alternative embodiments that are not further described may be available for some, should not be considered to exclude such alternative embodiments from the scope of the disclosure. It will be understood that many of those undescribed embodiments incorporate the same principles of innovation, and others are equivalent. Accordingly, it should be understood that other embodiments may be used, and that functional, logical, operational, organizational, structural, and / or topological modifications may be made without departing from the scope and / or spirit of the disclosure. Therefore, all examples and / or embodiments are considered non-limiting throughout this disclosure.

[0115]

[0120] Furthermore, with respect to embodiments described herein, no inferences should be made regarding embodiments not described herein, unless otherwise stated for the purpose of reducing space and repetition. For example, the logical and / or topological structure of any program component (component collection), other components, and / or any combination of any current feature sets described throughout the drawings and / or whole is not limited to a fixed operating order and / or arrangement; rather, any disclosed order is illustrative, and it should be understood that all equivalents are assumed by this disclosure, regardless of the order.

[0116]

[0121] The term "deciding" encompasses a wide variety of actions, and therefore, "deciding" can include calculating, calculating, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up a table, database, or other data structure), confirming, etc. It can also include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data in memory), etc. Furthermore, "deciding" can include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, etc.

[0117]

[0122] The phrase "based on" does not mean "based solely on" unless explicitly specified otherwise. In other words, the phrase "based on" can mean both "based solely on" and "based at least on."

[0118]

[0123] Various concepts can be embodied in one or more methods, and at least one example of these is provided. The actions performed as part of the method can be ordered in any suitable manner. Thus, embodiments may be constructed such that the actions are performed in a different order than those exemplified, which may include performing some actions simultaneously, even if they are shown as consecutive actions in the exemplified embodiments. Thus, some of these features may be contradictory in that they cannot exist simultaneously in a single embodiment. Similarly, some features may be applicable to some embodiments of the innovation but not to others.

[0119]

[0124] Furthermore, this disclosure may include other innovations not described herein. The applicant retains all rights relating to such innovations, including the right to embody such innovations and to file additional applications, continuation applications, partial continuation applications, divisional applications, and / or similar. Therefore, it should be understood that the merits, embodiments, examples, functional features, logical, operational, organizational, structural, topological, and / or other aspects of this disclosure should not be considered as limitations to the disclosure or to equivalents of embodiments as defined by the embodiments.

[0120]

[0125] All definitions defined and used herein should be understood to govern dictionary definitions, definitions in references incorporated by reference, and / or the ordinary meanings of the terms being defined.

[0121]

[0126] When used herein, in certain embodiments, the terms “about” or “approximately” when preceding a numerical value indicate a range of plus or minus 10% of that value. Where a range of values ​​is presented, unless the context otherwise explicitly specifies, each value up to one-tenth of the lower limit that interposes between the upper and lower limits of that range, and any other defined or interposing values ​​within that defined range, are included in this disclosure. The fact that these smaller ranges may independently include upper and lower limits is also included in this disclosure and is subject to any limits specifically excluded within the defined range. Where a defined range includes one or both of the limits, the range excluding one or both of the limits that they include is also included in this disclosure.

[0122]

[0127] As used herein and in its embodiments, the indefinite articles "a" and "an" should be understood to mean "at least one" unless otherwise explicitly stated.

[0123]

[0128] As used herein and in its embodiments, the phrase "and / or" should be understood to mean "either or both" of the elements joined thereto, i.e., elements that are sometimes connected and sometimes disconnected. Similarly, any multiple elements listed using "and / or" should be understood to mean "one or more" of the elements joined thereto. In addition to the elements specifically identified by the "and / or" clause, other elements may optionally exist, whether related to or unrelated to those specifically identified elements. Thus, as a non-restrictive example, when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as "comprising," "A and / or B" may refer to A only (optionally including elements other than B) in one embodiment, B only (optionally including elements other than A) in another embodiment, and both A and B (optionally including other elements) in yet another embodiment.

[0124]

[0129] When used herein and in embodiments, “or” should be understood to have the same meaning as “and / or” as defined above. For example, when dividing enumerated items, “or” or “and / or” should be interpreted comprehensively, that is, including at least one but more than one of several or enumerated elements, and optionally any further unenumerated items. Only terms that are explicitly not used, such as “one of” or “only one of” or, when used in embodiments, “consisting of,” refer to including only one of several or enumerated elements. In general, when used herein, the term “or” should be interpreted only as indicating an exclusive alternative (i.e., “one or the other, but not both”) when preceded by terms of exclusivity such as “either,” “one of,” “one of,” or “only one of.” When used in embodiments, “consisting essentially of” should have the usual meaning as used in the field of patent law.

[0125]

[0130] When used herein and in its embodiments, the phrase “at least one” referring to an enumeration of one or more elements means at least one element selected from any one or more elements in that enumeration, but not necessarily including at least one of each element specifically listed in that enumeration, and should be understood not to exclude any combination of elements in that enumeration. This definition allows for the optional presence of elements other than those specifically identified in the enumeration of elements referred to by the phrase “at least one,” whether or not they are related to the specifically identified elements. Therefore, as a non-restrictive example, “at least one of A and B” (or similarly “at least one of A or B” or similarly “at least one of A and / or B”) could, in one embodiment, refer to at least one, optionally more than one A, where B is absent (and optionally includes elements other than B); in another embodiment, refer to at least one, optionally more than one B, where A is absent (and optionally includes elements other than A); and in yet another embodiment, refer to at least one, optionally more than one A and at least one, optionally more than one B (and optionally include other elements).

[0126]

[0131] In embodiments and in the above-described specification, all transitional phrases such as “comprising,” “including,” “carrying,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” “holding,” and “composed of” should be understood as open-ended, meaning they include but are not limited to. As described in Section 2111.03 of the United States Patent Examination Manual, only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of” are considered closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively.

Claims

1. A winding mold configured to define the shape, A superconducting material arranged around the aforementioned winding, A thermally insulating jacket (TIJ) is disposed around the superconducting material, spaced apart from the superconducting material, such that the outer surface of the superconducting material and the inner surface of the TIJ define a ring through which a coolant can flow. A coolant tube disposed within the ring, configured to transport the coolant, comprises a coolant tube, The coolant tube has a flow orifice configured to restrict the flow of coolant from the coolant tube to the ring. A conductor assembly for transmitting electrical power.

2. The conductor assembly according to claim 1, further comprising an outer layer disposed around the TIJ, configured to provide structural support to the conductor assembly.

3. The conductor assembly according to claim 1, further comprising a cable disposed within the TIJ and configured to provide structural support to the conductor assembly.

4. The conductor assembly according to claim 1, wherein the winding is configured to provide structural support to the conductor assembly.

5. The conductor assembly according to claim 1, wherein the TIJ is configured to provide structural support to the conductor assembly.

6. The conductor assembly according to claim 1, further comprising a tube disposed within the TIJ and configured to provide structural support to the conductor assembly.

7. The conductor assembly according to claim 1, further comprising an electrical insulating layer disposed around the TIJ.

8. The conductor assembly according to claim 1, further comprising an electrically insulating layer disposed around the superconducting material.

9. The conductor assembly according to claim 1, wherein the flow orifice includes a series of pores.

10. The conductor assembly according to claim 1, further comprising a header pipe fluidly connected to the coolant pipe.

11. The conductor assembly according to claim 10, further comprising a valve configured to regulate the flow of coolant between the header pipe and the coolant pipe.

12. The conductor assembly of claim 11 further comprises a sensor configured to adjust the valve in response to detecting an oversupply of liquid coolant in either the ring or the coolant tube.

13. A superconducting material comprising at least one of a superconducting wire or a superconducting tape, which is disposed around the outer surface of a forming apparatus and thereby conforms to the shape of the forming apparatus, A TIJ disposed around the superconducting material at a distance from the superconducting material, wherein the TIJ and the superconducting material define a ring configured to contain a coolant passing through a conductor assembly, The ring comprises a coolant pipe disposed within the ring and configured to transport the coolant, The coolant tube has a flow orifice configured to restrict the flow of coolant from the coolant tube to the ring. A conductor assembly for transmitting electrical power.

14. The TIJ further comprises a layer of metallic material disposed around the TIJ, The conductor assembly according to claim 13, wherein the layer of metallic material is configured to provide structural support for the conductor assembly.

15. The conductor assembly according to claim 13, further comprising a cable disposed within the TIJ and configured to provide structural support to the conductor assembly.

16. The conductor assembly according to claim 13, wherein the forming apparatus is configured to provide structural support to the conductor assembly.

17. The conductor assembly of claim 13, wherein the TIJ is configured to provide structural support to the conductor assembly.

18. The conductor assembly according to claim 13, further comprising a tube disposed within the TIJ and configured to provide structural support to the conductor assembly.

19. The aforementioned conductor assembly has a thermal dielectric configuration, The conductor assembly according to claim 13, further comprising an electrical insulating layer disposed around the TIJ.

20. The conductor assembly according to claim 13, further comprising an electrical insulating layer disposed around the superconducting material.

21. TIJ having an internal surface, A forming apparatus is disposed inside the TIJ, spaced apart from the TIJ, The superconducting material is disposed around the outer surface of the forming apparatus and comprises a superconducting material that conforms to the shape of the forming apparatus. The superconducting material and the internal surface of the TIJ define an annular region through which a coolant can flow, The coolant pipe is further provided within the annular region, The coolant tube is configured to transport the coolant. A conductor assembly for transmitting electrical power.

22. The TIJ further comprises a layer of metallic material disposed around the TIJ, The conductor assembly according to claim 21, wherein the layer of metallic material is configured to provide structural support for the conductor assembly.

23. The conductor assembly according to claim 21, further comprising a cable disposed within the TIJ and configured to provide structural support to the conductor assembly.

24. The conductor assembly according to claim 21, wherein the forming apparatus is configured to provide structural support to the conductor assembly.

25. The conductor assembly of claim 21, wherein the TIJ is configured to provide structural support to the conductor assembly.

26. The conductor assembly according to claim 21, further comprising a tube disposed within the TIJ and configured to provide structural support to the conductor assembly.

27. The conductor assembly according to claim 21, further comprising an electrical insulating layer disposed around the TIJ.

28. The conductor assembly according to claim 21, further comprising an electrical insulating layer disposed around the superconducting material.

29. The forming apparatus is hollow to allow fluid passage, the conductor assembly according to claim 21.

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