Components for manipulating input shock waves
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- JP · JP
- Patent Type
- Patents
- Current Assignee / Owner
- FIRST LIGHT FUSION LTD
- Filing Date
- 2023-07-27
- Publication Date
- 2026-08-05
Smart Images
Figure 0007901239000001 
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Abstract
Description
Technical Field
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[0001] The present invention relates to components for manipulating an input shock wave, and more particularly, to a method and apparatus for generating a highly energetic local concentration.
Background Art
[0002] Patent Document 1 shows that by the interaction between shock waves of a non-gaseous medium and a gaseous medium, a high-speed transverse jet of the non-gaseous medium moving through the gaseous medium can be generated. This results in, for example, a jet that collides with a predetermined volume of gaseous medium and captures it, causing a strong concentration of energy within the gas.
Prior Art Documents
Patent Documents
[0003]
Patent Document 1
Summary of the Invention
[0004] An object of the present invention is to provide an alternative technique for generating a local energy concentration.
[0005] <Accordingly, the present invention provides a component for manipulating a shock wave when the shock wave is input to the component. The component has a body formed to define a cavity. The cavity has an input section (e.g., an aperture) designed to receive an input shock wave incident on the input section of the cavity. The cavity is designed (e.g., formed) to manipulate the shock wave as it passes through the cavity. The cavity also has an output section (e.g., an aperture) designed to output the manipulated shock wave.
[0007] The body may have any appropriate and desired dimensions, for example, determined by the specific application of the components. In one embodiment, the body (e.g., its cavity) may have a thickness, diameter, and / or maximum dimensions of 0.1 mm to 100 mm, for example, 1 mm to 50 mm, for example, 2 mm to 10 mm, for example, about 3 mm, 5 mm, or 8 mm.
[0008] The body, made of the first material, defines a cavity within the body. Therefore, the cavity, for example, the volume defined within the body by the body, is preferably surrounded by the body (e.g., parts other than the input and output sections).
[0009] The body is composed of a first material (equipped with the first material, for example, consisting of the first material). The cavity houses a second material (for example, at least partially filled with the second material). The second material has an impact impedance lower than that of the first material. Thus, the shape of the cavity is defined by the body (e.g., its inner wall) (composed of the first material), and the second material is located within the volume of the cavity. Preferably, the second material is located between the input and output portions of the cavity. Thus, the body comprises a material having an impact impedance higher than the (second) material of the cavity (e.g., at least a portion thereof) or the (second) material housed in the cavity (e.g., at least a portion thereof).
[0010] Therefore, in the embodiment, it should be seen that the components can be used to manipulate the input shock wave (e.g., modify its shape and / or intensity) due to the cavity (e.g., its shape) and the difference in shock impedance between the first and second materials. In this way, the shock wave transmitted from the output of the cavity may have a greater intensity (e.g., energy) than the input shock wave received at the input of the cavity.
[0011] Furthermore, depending on the components, the input shock wave can be made more manipulable to help prevent or delay material jetting that occurs in the apparatus and methods disclosed in International Publication No. 2011 / 138622 due to, for example, the shape of the cavity and / or the presence of a second material within the cavity. This makes it easier to amplify the input shock wave before it is used, for example, to cause a collision with a target, thus potentially increasing the concentration of energy generated by the collision.
[0012] Therefore, the components may be used in the apparatus and method disclosed in International Publication No. 2011 / 138622, for example, to amplify the input shock wave (e.g., concentrate its intensity) before the amplified shock wave is used as the input shock wave for the apparatus and method disclosed in International Publication No. 2011 / 138622.
[0013] The body may have any suitable and desired shape (e.g., an inner wall having that shape) that defines the cavity. Preferably, the body has dimensions (e.g., substantially, e.g., significantly) larger than (e.g., lateral) the dimensions of the cavity (e.g., lateral dimensions) (e.g., lateral dimensions in a direction substantially perpendicular to the direction between the input and output sections). Therefore, preferably, the walls of the body are thicker than one or more (e.g., all) of the dimensions of the cavity (e.g., greater than the width (e.g., diameter) of the input section, greater than the width (e.g., diameter) of the output section, greater than the maximum dimension). This makes it easier to control the boundary conditions of the shock wave as it passes through the cavity.
[0014] In embodiments, the body (and therefore the cavity) is formed such that the input section has a larger cross-sectional area than the output section (for example, the corresponding cross-sectional area). The cross-sectional regions of the input section and / or output section may be defined in a plane substantially perpendicular to a predetermined direction between the input section and the output section, for example, such that the cross-sectional region of the input section is substantially parallel to the cross-sectional region of the output section, and for example, the plane of the input opening is substantially parallel to the plane of the output opening. In embodiments of the present invention, the direction between the input section and the output section may be substantially parallel to the direction in which the input shock wave is arranged to propagate and incident on the components.
[0015] In embodiments, the body (and therefore the cavity) may be formed such that the cross-sectional area of the cavity in a plane substantially perpendicular to the direction between the input and output sections decreases linearly or nonlinearly. In embodiments, the cross-sectional area of the cavity may initially increase and then decrease as it moves from the input to the output section. In embodiments, the cross-sectional area of the output section may be larger than the cross-sectional area of the input section (for example, the cavity may have a flared output section). Thus, for example, the cross-sectional area of the cavity may initially decrease and then increase as it moves from the input to the output section.
[0016] In the embodiment, the cavity (for example, a portion thereof) has a frustum, and for example, the body is formed to define the frustum-shaped cavity. Therefore, preferably the cross-section of the cavity (for example, in a plane parallel to the direction between the input and output sections) has straight sides (walls), and for example, the cross-section is symmetrical (in that plane).
[0017] The frustum may comprise any appropriate and desired type of frustum. In embodiments, the cavity comprises a frustum of a cone. Therefore, preferably, the cavity is rotationally symmetric about an axis passing through the cavity. Preferably, the axis of the body or cavity is parallel to the direction between the input and output sections.
[0018] In the embodiment, the cavity (or its cross-section and / or walls) comprises two or more portions (e.g., subcavities) at different angles with respect to the cavity's axis (e.g., an axis parallel to the direction between the input and output sections, such that the cavity is rotationally symmetrical around it). Thus, for example, the cavity may comprise two or more frustums (e.g., for each pair of continuous frustums, the output section of one frustum coincides with the input section of the other), and the two or more frustums have side walls at different angles with respect to the cavity's axis. Providing different angles with respect to the cavity portions makes it easier to manipulate the input shock wave in a particular manner, for example, to accelerate the input shock wave from the input section to the output section.
[0019] In embodiments where the cavity has three or more frustum-shaped portions, each portion may be at a different angle to each of the other portions. However, two or more portions may be at the same angle, and one or more intermediate portions of the cavity may be at different angles.
[0020] In embodiments, instead of or in addition to a cavity having one or more straight lateral portions (in cross-section), the cavity may have a cross-section having one or more portions with curved walls. For example, the cavity may have a flared (e.g., conical) frustum, and the cavity walls may be curved (e.g., elliptical). These types of shapes can facilitate greater uniformity of the shock wavefront and / or shock shape in the output section.
[0021] In the embodiment, the component comprises one or more impedance matching layers. The impedance matching layers facilitate energy coupling between different layers of material. The impedance matching layers may also comprise an intermediate layer of material between two other (different) materials, and the impedance matching layer is composed of a material having an impact impedance between the impact impedances of the two other materials.
[0022] For example, a copper layer may be provided between an aluminum layer and a tantalum layer. In an embodiment, the impedance matching layer may include a plurality of materials arranged within a layer (e.g., parallel) such that the impact impedance changes (e.g., incrementally) between layers.
[0023] In an embodiment, a component includes an input impedance matching layer adjacent to (e.g., extending across) an input portion (e.g., its opening) of a cavity. The input impedance matching layer facilitates the transmission of energy (e.g., from an incident projectile) into the second material, for example, by reducing the reflection component of an input shock wave from the surface of the second material. Thus, the input impedance matching layer can facilitate the coupling of the input shock wave into the cavity.
[0024] In an embodiment, the input impedance matching layer includes a planar layer. The input impedance matching layer can include (e.g., consist of) a material having an impact impedance greater than that of the second material, a material having an impact impedance lower than that of the first material, or a material having an impact impedance between the impact impedance of the first material and the impact impedance of the second material.
[0025] In an embodiment, the impact impedance of the input impedance matching layer is between the impact impedance of a collision projectile (of the material) configured to generate an input shock wave (e.g., upon impact with the component) and the impact impedance of the second material.
[0026] In an embodiment, the component includes an output impedance matching layer adjacent to (e.g., extending across) the output portion (e.g., its aperture) of the cavity. The output impedance matching layer makes it easier for the reflected component of the shock wave to decrease when, for example, a shock wave is output from the output surface of the second material from the cavity, thereby making it easier to improve the energy transfer from the cavity (e.g., its second material). Thus, the output impedance matching layer can make it easier for the input shock wave to couple outside the cavity.
[0027] In an embodiment, the output impedance matching layer includes a planar layer. The output impedance matching layer can include (e.g., be made of) a material having a shock impedance less than that of the second material, for example, a material having a shock impedance greater than the material (e.g., fuel or target) on which the output shock wave is incident, for example, a material having a shock impedance between the shock impedance of the second material and the shock impedance of the material (e.g., fuel or target) on which the output shock wave is incident. In an embodiment, the output impedance matching layer includes polymethylpentene, for example, TPX (RTM).
[0028] In an embodiment, the cavity is partially filled with the second material, that is, the second material does not (completely) fill the cavity. Thus, in an embodiment, the cavity includes a space between the input portion of the cavity and the input surface of the second material. Depending on the size and / or shape of the incident projectile that can be used to generate the input shock wave, by providing a gap in the cavity between the input portion (e.g., aperture) and the second material, the projectile can, for example, collide directly with the main body of the component (e.g., the wall portion of its cavity) before colliding with the second material. This generates a lateral shock wave inside the projectile, and then the lateral shock wave can be transmitted into the cavity.
[0029] The transverse shock wave within the projectile can facilitate transverse focusing within the projectile. This also has the effect of focusing the shock wave transmitted into the cavity more toward the central axis of the cavity.
[0030] This is considered novel and inventive in its own right, and therefore, in view of a further aspect, the present invention provides a component for manipulating an input shock wave, the component comprising a body made of a first material, The main body defines a cavity for manipulating the input shock wave and generates a manipulated shock wave. The aforementioned cavity is An input unit that receives the input shock wave incident on the aforementioned component, An output unit that outputs the operating shock wave from the cavity, Equipped with, The cavity houses a second material having an impact impedance lower than that of the first material. The cavity has a space between the input portion of the cavity and the input surface of the second material.
[0031] It should be seen that this embodiment may (and preferably) include one or more (e.g., all) of the preferred and optional features disclosed herein, for example, as applicable to other embodiments and models of the present invention.
[0032] The space between the cavity's input and the second material (input surface) can be filled with any suitable and desired material. In one embodiment, the space is a vacuum. In one embodiment, the space is filled with a gas. The gas can consist of any suitable and desired gas.
[0033] In the embodiment, the cavity accommodates a plurality of (e.g., parallel) layers, one or more of which comprise a second material (e.g., consisting of a second material). Preferably, the layers are parallel to the input and / or output portions of the cavity (e.g., openings) and perpendicular to the direction between the input and output portions, for example. Thus, the layers are preferably perpendicular to the direction in which the input shock wave is propagated so as to incident upon the components.
[0034] By incorporating multiple layers, it becomes easier to superimpose the components of the input shock wave reflected from the boundaries between layers. This makes it easier to amplify the intensity of the shock wave between the input and output sections of the cavity.
[0035] This is considered novel and inventive in its own right, and therefore, in view of a further aspect, the present invention provides a component for manipulating an input shock wave, the component comprising a body made of a first material, The main body defines a cavity for manipulating the input shock wave and generates a manipulated shock wave. The aforementioned cavity is An input unit that receives the input shock wave incident on the aforementioned component, An output unit that outputs the operating shock wave from the cavity, Multiple layers between the input unit and the output unit, Equipped with, The plurality of layers comprises one or more layers comprising a second material having an impact impedance lower than that of the first material.
[0036] It should be seen that this embodiment may include (and preferably include) one or more (e.g., all) of the preferred and optional features disclosed herein, for example, as applicable to other embodiments and models of the invention. For example, preferably, the layer is parallel to the input and / or output sections (e.g., openings) of the cavity and perpendicular to the direction between the input and output sections. Preferably, the body is formed such that the cross-sectional area of the input section is larger than the cross-sectional area of the output section.
[0037] In the embodiment, the layers comprise at least one first layer and at least one second layer. Preferably, at least one first layer comprises a third material (e.g., made of a third material), and at least one second layer comprises a second material (e.g., made of a second material). In the embodiment, the third material has an impact impedance higher than that of the second material.
[0038] In the embodiment, the plurality of layers comprises at least one third layer, and at least one third layer comprises a fourth material (for example, consisting of a fourth material). In the embodiment, the fourth material has a higher impact impedance than the third material, which has a higher impact impedance than the second material.
[0039] In the embodiment, the plurality of layers comprises a plurality of first, second, and third layers. In the embodiment, the plurality of layers comprises a repeating pattern of the first, second, and third layers.
[0040] In these embodiments, the third material is the same material as the first material. Thus, in these embodiments, the layers comprise at least one first layer and at least one second layer, where the at least one first layer comprises the first material (e.g., made of the first material) and the at least one second layer comprises the second material (e.g., made of the second material).
[0041] In the embodiment, the second material may be a solid, liquid, or gas. In the embodiment, one or more of the second layers are vacuum.
[0042] In the embodiment, the plurality of layers comprises a plurality of first layers and / or a plurality of second layers. Preferably, the plurality of layers alternate between first and second layers, for example, one or more first layers are adjacent to (sandwiched between) two second layers and / or one or more second layers are adjacent to (sandwiched between) two first layers.
[0043] In embodiments where the multiple layers comprise multiple first layers and / or multiple second layers, each of the first layers may comprise the same (e.g., third) material (e.g., made of that material) and / or each of the second layers may comprise the same (e.g., second) layer (e.g., made of that material). However, in some embodiments, one or more of the multiple first layers may comprise a material different from the third material (e.g., made of that material) and / or one or more of the multiple second layers may comprise a material different from the second material (e.g., made of that material).
[0044] In the embodiment, one or more of the first layers and / or one or more of the second layers comprise a compound layer, i.e., each of the layers comprises a plurality of sublayers. The sublayers may be composed of different materials (e.g., different materials from the other sublayers and / or different materials from the second and / or third materials).
[0045] The layers may have any appropriate and desired thickness (a dimension perpendicular to the planes on which the layers extend and are parallel). For example, each of the layers may have the same thickness. In embodiments, each of the layers may have different thicknesses. In embodiments in which the layers comprise at least one first layer and at least one second layer, preferably one or more (e.g., all) (e.g., each) of the at least one second layer has a thickness greater than the thickness of one or more (e.g., all) (e.g., each) of the at least one first layer.
[0046] In embodiments where the layers comprise a plurality of first layers and / or a plurality of second layers, each of the plurality of first layers may have the same thickness and / or each of the plurality of second layers may have the same thickness, preferably, each of the plurality of second layers has a greater thickness than each of the plurality of first layers. In embodiments, the thicknesses of the plurality of first layers differ among the first layers. In embodiments, the thicknesses of the plurality of second layers differ among the second layers. In embodiments, the thicknesses of the plurality of first layers decrease (e.g., progressively) from the input to the output. In embodiments, the thicknesses of the plurality of second layers decrease (e.g., progressively) from the input to the output.
[0047] In the embodiment, the second material may extend across the width of the cavity, i.e., in a direction perpendicular to the direction from the input to the output.
[0048] In embodiments, if the cavity accommodates multiple layers, one or more (e.g., all) of these layers extend across the width of the cavity (i.e., in the plane of the layers, perpendicular to the direction from the input to the output). For example, one or more (e.g., all) of the first layers and / or one or more (e.g., all) of the second layers may extend across the cavity.
[0049] In the embodiment, the cavity has a gap between the second material and the body of the component, that is, between the second material of the cavity and the wall portion. Thus, the second material can be separated from the body of the component, that is, from the wall portion of the cavity.
[0050] In embodiments, when the cavity accommodates multiple layers, one or more of these layers (e.g., all of them) are separated from the body of the component, i.e., from the walls of the cavity. In embodiments, the cavity has a gap between the multiple layers and the body of the component, i.e., between the multiple layers and the walls of the cavity. Therefore, in these embodiments, all of the multiple layers are separated from the body of the component.
[0051] If the cavity has a gap adjacent to the wall of the cavity, the gap may be filled with a vacuum (e.g., it is or may consist of a vacuum). In embodiments, the gap has a buffer layer adjacent to the wall of the cavity (e.g., comprising a fourth material (e.g., consisting of a fourth material)). Thus, the cavity (wall) may be juxtaposed with the buffer layer. Similarly, the fourth material may be located between the second material and the body of the component and / or between one or more of the layers and the body of the component.
[0052] The gap and / or buffer layer makes it easier for shock waves to be reflected from the cavity walls, reducing the coupling of shock waves to the main body of the components, and instead, for example, the shock waves may concentrate toward the output portion of the cavity.
[0053] Preferably, the fourth material has an impact impedance lower than that of the first material. In the embodiment, the fourth material has an impact impedance between that of the first material and that of the second material.
[0054] In some embodiments, the gap or buffer layer has a constant thickness (perpendicular to the cavity walls). In other embodiments, the gap or buffer layer has a variable thickness. For example, the thickness of the buffer layer may vary (e.g., increase or decrease) from the input to the output of the cavity.
[0055] The various materials described herein (i.e., the first and second materials, etc.) may comprise any appropriate and desired materials. In embodiments, the first material is a solid (e.g., consisting of a solid). In embodiments, the first material is a heavy (e.g., transition) metal, such as tantalum, platinum, steel, copper, or tungsten (e.g., consisting of these heavy metals).
[0056] In embodiments, the second material is a solid (e.g., consisting of a solid). In embodiments, the second material is a polymer, such as a thermopolymer, such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) (e.g., consisting of these polymers). In embodiments, the second material is a liquid, such as water, ethanol, or oil (e.g., consisting of these). In embodiments in which multiple layers comprise multiple second layers, one or more of the multiple second layers may be a gas or a vacuum (e.g., consisting of a gas or a vacuum).
[0057] In one embodiment, the cavity comprises a first subcavity and a second subcavity, each positioned between the cavity's input and output sections, the first subcavity having an input and an output section, the second subcavity having an input and an output section, and the output section of the first subcavity being coupled to the input section of the second subcavity. Thus, the cavity may be formed to have two (or more) subcavities, the first subcavity being positioned near the cavity's input section, and the second subcavity being positioned near the cavity's output section.
[0058] This is considered novel and inventive in its own right, and therefore, in view of a further aspect, the present invention provides a component for manipulating an input shock wave, the component comprising a body made of a first material, The main body defines a cavity for manipulating the input shock wave and generates a manipulated shock wave. The aforementioned cavity is An input unit that receives the input shock wave incident on the aforementioned component, An output unit that outputs the operating shock wave from the cavity, A first sub-cavity and a second sub-cavity are disposed between the input section and the output section of the cavity, Equipped with, The first sub-cavity comprises an input section and an output section, and the second sub-cavity comprises an input section and an output section. The output section of the first subcavity is coupled to the input section of the second subcavity.
[0059] It should be seen that this embodiment may (and preferably) include one or more (e.g., all) of the preferred and optional features disclosed herein, for example, as applicable to other embodiments and models of the present invention.
[0060] In this embodiment, the main body is formed such that the cross-sectional area of the output section of the first subcavity may differ from (become different in size from) the cross-sectional area of the input section of the second subcavity. For example, the cross-sectional area of the output section of the first subcavity may be larger than the cross-sectional area of the input section of the second subcavity.
[0061] On the other hand, in a preferred embodiment, the body is formed such that the cross-sectional area of the output section of the first subcavity is less than the cross-sectional area of the input section of the second subcavity. By forming the cavity in this manner and providing multiple subcavities, it becomes easier to at least partially recapture the operating shock wave output from one (e.g., the first) subcavity by the input section of a subsequent (e.g., the second) subcavity. This can then allow the shock wave to be further manipulated (e.g., focused) by the subsequent subcavity. This makes it easier to reduce the energy of the input shock wave that dissipates within the body of the component, and therefore easier to increase the energy transmitted in the operating shock wave output from the cavity.
[0062] Preferably, the input section of the first subcavity has a larger cross-sectional area than the output section of the first subcavity. Preferably, the input section of the second subcavity has a larger cross-sectional area than the output section of the second subcavity. In this way, both subcavities have a cross-sectional area that decreases from their respective input sections to their output sections, and the cross-sectional area increases from the output section of the first subcavity to the input section of the second subcavity.
[0063] In this embodiment, the cavity comprises a plurality of subcavities, each subcavity comprising an input section and an output section, the output section of each subcavity (away from the output section of the subcavity closest to the cavity output section) is coupled to the input section of a subsequent subcavity (in the direction from the input section to the output section of the cavity), and the body is formed such that the cross-sectional area of the output section of each subcavity (away from the output section of the subcavity closest to the cavity output section) is less than the cross-sectional area of the input section of a subsequent subcavity.
[0064] Therefore, preferably, the cavity has a plurality of connected subcavities along the direction from the input to the output of the cavity. Preferably, the output of each (e.g., first) subcavity completely overlaps (enters into) the input of a subsequent (e.g., second) subcavity. Therefore, in the embodiment, the walls of the cavity have portions that project inward to define the subcavities (input and output).
[0065] In embodiments, the cavity comprises a (e.g., first) layer between a first subcavity and a second subcavity, for example, the (e.g., first) layer extending across the output portion of the first subcavity. If there are multiple subcavities, the cavity may comprise the first layer between adjacent subcavities (e.g., each of them). Separating the subcavities with the first layer can facilitate shock wave coupling between the subcavities.
[0066] The features outlined herein with respect to cavities may also apply to subcavities (e.g., each of them) where applicable. In particular, one or more (e.g., all) subcavities may contain (e.g., be at least partially filled with) a material (e.g., a second material) having a lower impact impedance than the first material. A (e.g., first) layer, if provided, may consist of (e.g., a first or third material) a material having a higher impact impedance than the (e.g., adjacent) subcavity (e.g., a second material).
[0067] In a further aspect, the present invention provides a component for manipulating an input shock wave, the component being, An input surface for receiving the input shock wave incident on the aforementioned component, The above-mentioned components include an output surface for outputting the operating shock wave, A plurality of layers between the input surface and the output surface, It is equipped with.
[0068] It should be seen that this aspect may include (and preferably include) one or more (e.g., all) of the preferred and optional features disclosed herein, for example, as applicable to other aspects and embodiments of the present invention. For example, one or more (e.g., all) of the preferred and optional features outlined herein with respect to multiple layers may also apply equally to this aspect of the present invention.
[0069] In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method for manipulating a shock wave, comprising the step of generating at least one shock wave incident on a component according to any one of the embodiments or models described herein.
[0070] It should be seen that this embodiment may (preferably) include, where applicable, one or more (e.g., all) preferred and optional features disclosed herein with respect to other embodiments and models of the present invention. For example, preferably, the shock wave is positioned to be incident on (e.g., generated therein) the input of the component. Preferably, the shock wave comprises a plane shock wave. Preferably, the shock wave is positioned to propagate along a direction parallel to the direction between the input and output of the component. Thus, preferably, the shock wave is positioned to be incident on (e.g., generated therein) the input of the component in a plane parallel to the plane of the input of the component (e.g., in the plane of the input).
[0071] The components can manipulate the shock wave for any appropriate and desired use. In some embodiments, the components include components for manipulating (e.g., amplifying) the input shock wave to generate a localized concentration of energy (e.g., by outputting an manipulated shock wave) to initiate a fusion reaction.
[0072] In a further aspect, the present invention provides a system for generating localized concentrations of energy, the system is A component relating to any one of the embodiments or models described herein, A mechanism for generating at least one shock wave that propagates through the aforementioned components, It is equipped with.
[0073] It should be noted that this embodiment may, where applicable, include (preferably include) one or more (e.g., all) of the preferred and optional features disclosed herein in relation to other embodiments and models of the present invention.
[0074] In one embodiment, the mechanism for generating a shock wave includes a mechanism configured to strike a projectile into a component.
[0075] In one embodiment, the mechanism for generating the shock wave includes an explosion-driven mechanism, such as a gas gun, configured to fire a projectile into a component.
[0076] In the embodiment, the mechanism for generating shock waves includes an electromagnetic mechanism such as a plate flyer, which is magnetically driven by a pulse-power machine configured to propel projectiles into its components.
[0077] In one embodiment, the shock wave generating mechanism (e.g., electromagnetic) includes a direct drive mechanism configured to generate a Lorentz force within an electrode adjacent to a component. In such an embodiment, the Lorentz force generates a shock wave within the electrode that is transmitted to the input portion of the component.
[0078] In the embodiment, the mechanism for generating shock waves includes a laser driving mechanism. The mechanism may include an ablator layer adjacent to the input portion of a component, and one or more lasers configured to remove the ablator layer and form a shock wave in the component. In the embodiment, the laser is incident directly on the ablator layer. In the embodiment, the laser is incident on the cavity surface to form X-rays that illuminate and remove the ablator material.
[0079] Furthermore, it should be apparent that one or more (for example, all) of the embodiments described herein can be combined with each other (in any appropriate combination) where applicable to provide further embodiments.
[0080] When used in this context, the term “shock impedance” should be understood to mean “the pressure that must be applied to a medium to impart a unit particle velocity to a portion of the medium” (Henderson, “On the refraction of shock waves,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 198, January 1989, pp. 365–386). This is equal to the product of the shock velocity and the density of the non-shock material.
[0081] The input shock wave may be formed outside the cavity and propagate into the cavity's input, but it should be understood that it may also be generated within the component, for example, by the component being struck (e.g., by a projectile). Both alternative examples are encompassed within the term "input shock wave." [Brief explanation of the drawing]
[0082] [Figure 1] The components related to Embodiment of Ethnography are shown. [Figure 2] The system incorporating the components shown in Figure 1 is shown. [Figure 3a] A modified example of the embodiment of Figure 1, which includes an impedance matching layer, is shown. [Figure 3b] A modified example of the embodiment of Figure 1, which includes an impedance matching layer, is shown. [Figure 4a] Figure 3a shows one of the six consecutive stages of the interaction between the constituent elements and the shock wave. [Figure 4b] Figure 3a shows one of the six consecutive stages of interaction between the constituent elements and the shock wave. [Figure 4c] Figure 3a shows one of the six consecutive stages of interaction between the constituent elements and the shock wave. [Figure 4d] Figure 3a shows one of the six consecutive stages of the interaction between the constituent elements and the shock wave. [Figure 4e] Figure 3a shows one of the six consecutive stages of the interaction between the constituent elements and the shock wave. [Figure 4f] Figure 3a shows one of the six consecutive stages of the interaction between the constituent elements and the shock wave. [Figure 5] A modified example of the embodiment shown in Figure 1 is presented. [Figure 6] The components of another embodiment of the present invention are shown. [Figure 7] The following are embodiments of components having the features of the embodiments shown in Figure 1 and Figure 6. [Figure 8] Figure 7 shows a perspective view of a modified example of the embodiment. [Figure 9] A modified example of the embodiment shown in Figure 7, which includes a vacuum layer, is also shown. [Figure 10] A modified example of the embodiment shown in Figure 7 is presented. [Figure 11] A modified example of the embodiment shown in Figure 1 is presented. [Figure 12] A modified example of the embodiment shown in Figure 7 is presented. [Figure 13] A modified example of the embodiment shown in Figure 1 is presented. [Modes for carrying out the invention]
[0083] Specific embodiments of the present invention are described herein by reference only to the accompanying drawings.
[0084] Here, we will describe the components for generating localized energy concentration from an input shock wave.
[0085] Figure 1 shows a cross-section through a component 1 according to one embodiment of the present invention. Component 1 comprises a body 3 defining a hollow frustum-shaped cavity 5. The body 3 is made of a material having high impact impedance. In an exemplary embodiment, the body 3 is made of a frustum. The body may be made of other materials, for example, other heavy metals, such as tungsten, steel, copper, or platinum.
[0086] The cavity 5 houses a material (cavity filler) 7 having a low impact impedance. The cavity filler 7 has a lower impact impedance than the body 3. In an exemplary embodiment, the cavity filler 7 is polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA).
[0087] Cavity 5 has an input aperture 9 configured to receive shock waves, and an output aperture 11 configured to output shock waves after they have propagated through component 1. The cross-sectional area of the input aperture 9 is larger than the cross-sectional area of the output aperture 11.
[0088] Figure 1 shows a cross-section of a component in a plane containing the component's longitudinal axis. The longitudinal axis extends perpendicularly between the plane of the input opening 9 and the plane of the output opening 11. In the illustrated embodiment, component 1 is rotationally symmetric with respect to the longitudinal axis. It should be understood that the cavity 5 of component 1 is formed as a frustum of a cone with an input radius larger than the output radius. Component 1 has an input surface 10 proximal to the input portion 9 of the cavity 5 and an output surface 12 proximal to the output portion (output opening) 11 of the cavity 5.
[0089] The operation of component 1 will now be described with reference to Figure 2. The input section 9 is configured to receive a shock wave. In the embodiment shown in Figure 2, this shock wave is generated by the disk-shaped projectile 13 striking the input surface 10 of component 1. This strike generates a planar shock wave within component 1 that is focused towards the target 15, causing a localized concentration of energy at the location of the target 15.
[0090] Figure 3a shows an embodiment of component 1 having an impedance matching layer 17 provided on the input surface 10 of component 1. The impedance matching layer 17 is a planar layer of material having an impact impedance between the impact impedance of the projectile 13 and the impact impedance of the cavity filler 7. The impedance matching layer 17 improves the coupling efficiency into component 1 so that a larger proportion of the energy input to component 1 by the projectile 13 is transferred to the cavity filler 7.
[0091] In this embodiment, the impedance matching layer 17 may be composed of a material having a variable impact impedance, such as a high-impedance foam. The foam is compressed so that the initial impact hits the relatively low-impedance material, but the aftershock then hits the high-impedance material due to the compression. Since low-impedance projectiles can be effectively bonded to the foam, such an impedance matching layer 17 can enable the use of low-impedance projectiles 13.
[0092] Figure 3b shows an embodiment of component 1 having both a first impedance matching layer 17 provided on the input surface 10 of component 1 and a second impedance matching layer 19 provided on the output surface 12 of component 1. The second impedance matching layer 19 is a planar layer of material having an impact impedance between the impact impedance of the cavity filler 7 and the impact impedance of the target 15. In this embodiment, the second impedance matching layer 19 is made of polymethylpentene, for example, TPX(RTM).
[0093] The operation of component 1 will now be further explained with reference to Figures 4a-4e. Figures 4a-4e show the projectile 13 striking component 1 as shown in Figure 4a. Figure 4a shows the projectile 13 striking the impedance matching layer 17. In Figures 4b and 4c, the resulting shock wave 20 passes through the impedance matching layer 17 and enters the cavity filler 7. The pressure increases in component 1 through shock wave reflection and superposition within the cavity 5.
[0094] When an input is received into cavity 5, as can be seen in Figure 4d, the input shock is reflected from the cavity wall 6 as irregular shock reflections (Mach reflections), which propagate from the cavity wall 6 and eventually coincide with the central axis of cavity 5, as shown in Figures 4e and 4f. This superposition of radially symmetrical waves with respect to the central axis forms a high-pressure point within the cavity filler 7, which expands and interacts with the impact Mach reflections, resulting in the generation of an axial quasi-planar Mach stem that propagates toward the output section 11 of cavity 5. This wave eventually reaches the output section 11 of cavity 5 and emerges from component 1 at a pressure higher than the pressure of the original input shock wave 20.
[0095] In the simulation, the components according to the embodiment in Figure 1 achieved a pressure amplification factor of 8.5 with an input shock wave having a pressure of 74 GPa and an output shock wave having a pressure of 630 GPa.
[0096] Figure 5 shows a modified example of the embodiment shown in Figure 1, where the cavity 5 has an elliptically curved cavity wall 6 and has the shape of a flared truncated cone. Aside from the cavity shape, the structure of component 1 is as described above in relation to Figure 1. While this different shape can alter the output impact profile and impact state, the basic function of the cavity 5 is as described above in relation to Figures 4a to 4e.
[0097] Figure 6 shows a component 101 according to another embodiment of the present invention. Component 101 is composed of a series of parallel layers. body The layer comprises a low-impact impedance layer 130 composed of a low-impact impedance material such as PMMA or epoxy, and a high-impact impedance layer 132 composed of a high-impact impedance material such as tantalum, platinum, tungsten, steel, copper, or other (e.g., heavy) metals. As a minimum requirement, the high-impact impedance layer 132 is composed of a material having a higher impact impedance than the material constituting the low-impact impedance layer. In a preferred embodiment, the ratio of the impact impedance of the high-impact impedance layer to the impact impedance of the low-impact impedance layer is made high such that a large impact impedance difference exists at the boundary between the layers.
[0098] The parallel layers alternate one layer at a time, from the low-impact impedance layer 130 to the high-impact impedance layer 132. In the illustrated embodiment, the input layer 134 constituting the input surface 110 of component 101 is the low-impact impedance layer 130. This is because, if the input surface 110 is composed of the high-impact impedance layer 132, a larger portion of the shock wave will be reflected by the input surface 110 and therefore not transmitted into component 101. On the other hand, an alternative is considered in which the high-impact impedance layer may have an impact impedance closer to the impact impedance of the projectile 13 striking the component, and thus the impact may be more easily coupled into component 101 by the input surface 110 composed of the high-impact impedance layer 132.
[0099] In the illustrated embodiment, each of the high-impact impedance layers 132 has an equal thickness, while the low-impact impedance layers have a progressively decreasing thickness from the input surface 110 to the output surface 112. Alternatively, in the embodiment, the thickness of the high-impact impedance layers 132 may also progressively decrease from the input surface 110 to the output surface. While the thickness may differ between layers, it should be understood that each individual layer has a uniform thickness across its width.
[0100] Each layer is arranged such that, as a result of reflection from the boundary between the low-impact impedance layer 130 and the high-impact impedance layer 132, the shock wave generated at the input surface 110 of the laminate component 101 resonates within the laminate, creating areas of constructive and destructive interference as the shock waves pass through each other. As the shock passes from the low-impact impedance layer 130 to the high-impact impedance layer 132, some of the shock is transmitted into the high-impact impedance layer 132, while some is reflected back into the low-impact impedance layer 130.
[0101] The portion within the low-impact impedance layer 130 accelerates as it travels through the previously impacted material, and the impact portion is subsequently reflected from the boundary at the input of the low-impact impedance layer. Because the reflected portion is accelerated, it eventually catches up with the portion of the impact that was initially transmitted into the high-impact impedance layer 132. The configuration of the low-impact impedance layer 130 and the high-impact impedance layer 132 allows the component 101 to be positioned such that multiple impact portions superimpose on the output surface 112 of the component 101, resulting in a short-term high-impact pressure state that allows them to pass into a target adjacent to the component output surface 112.
[0102] In the illustrated embodiment, all of the high-impact impedance layers 132 are made of the same material, and all of the low-impact impedance layers 130 are made of the same material. In the embodiment, different low-impact impedance materials may be used for different low-impact impedance layers 130, and different high-impact impedance materials may be used for different high-impact impedance layers 132.
[0103] Figure 7 shows a component 201 according to another embodiment of the present invention, encompassing features from both the embodiment in Figure 1 and the embodiment in Figure 6. Component 201 comprises a body 203 defining a hollow frustoconical cavity 205. The body 203 is made of a material having high impact impedance. The cavity 205 houses a material (cavity filler) 207 having low impact impedance. The cavity filler 207 has a lower impact impedance than the body 203. Multiple parallel high impact impedance layers 232 are provided within the cavity 205.
[0104] In the illustrated embodiment, the high-impact impedance layer 232 is configured as a plate extending over the cross-sectional area of the component 201. Thus, the main body 203 itself is composed of layers, each layer defining a frustoconical subcavity 250. Alternatively, in the embodiment, the high-impact impedance layer 232 may extend only to the cavity 205, so that the main body 203 can be configured as a single piece. The cavity 205 has an input section 209 configured to receive shock waves, and an output section 211 configured to output shock waves after they have propagated through the component 201. The cross-sectional area of the input section 209 is larger than the cross-sectional area of the output section 211.
[0105] Figure 7 shows a longitudinal section, and in the illustrated embodiment, the component 201 is rotationally symmetric. Therefore, as can be seen more clearly from the perspective cutaway of a modified embodiment shown in Figure 8, it should be understood that the cavity 205 of the component 201 is formed as a frustum of a cone with an input radius larger than the output radius. The component 201 itself has an input surface 210 proximal to the input portion 209 of the cavity 205 and an output surface 212 proximal to the output portion 211 of the cavity 205.
[0106] The cavity 205 is filled with a low-impact impedance layer 230 composed of a cavity filler 207 with low impact impedance (PMMA in the illustrated embodiment) and a high-impact impedance layer 232 composed of a plate of a material with high impact impedance (tantalum in the illustrated embodiment). As a minimum requirement, the high-impact impedance layer 232 is composed of a material having a higher impact impedance than the material constituting the low-impact impedance layer 230.
[0107] The parallel layers alternate one layer at a time, from the low-impact impedance layer 230 to the high-impact impedance layer 232. In the illustrated embodiment, the input layer 234 that constitutes the input surface 210 of component 201 is the low-impact impedance layer 230. This is because, if the input surface 210 is composed of the high-impact impedance layer 232, a larger portion of the shock wave will be reflected by the input surface 210 and therefore will not be transmitted within component 201.
[0108] In the illustrated embodiment, each of the high-impact impedance layers 232 has an equal thickness, while the low-impact impedance layer 230 has a progressively decreasing thickness from the input surface 210 to the output surface 212. Although the thickness may differ between layers, it should be understood that each individual layer has a uniform thickness across its width.
[0109] The integration of the converged shape of the frustum-shaped cavity 205, having parallel layers 230 and 232, results in a component design that has been shown to significantly increase the impact pressure on the output section compared to the individual components. Impact reflections from the walls of the cavity 205 interact with axial impact reflections from the high impact impedance layer 232, creating regions of locally high thermodynamic pressure. These high-pressure regions expand and interact with further impact reflections downstream within component 201, ultimately creating even higher impact pressure regions that pass through the output section 211 of the cavity 205.
[0110] As the shock passes from the low-impact impedance layer 230 into the high-impact impedance layer 232, a portion of the shock is transmitted into the high-impact impedance layer 232, while a portion is reflected back into the low-impact impedance layer 230. This portion in the low-impact impedance layer 230 is accelerated because it is traveling through the previously impacted material, and then the shock portion is reflected from the boundary at the input of the low-impact impedance layer 230. Because the reflected portion is accelerated, it eventually catches up with the portion of the shock that was initially transmitted into the high-impact impedance layer 232. The shock wave is also focused tangentially by the cavity wall 6.
[0111] The uniformity of the impact pressure, impact state, and shape in the output section 211 can be controlled through the material and thickness configuration of the parallel layers and the shape of the cavity 205. While the thickness may vary between layers, it should be understood that each individual layer has a uniform thickness across its width.
[0112] In addition to generating conditions for localized impact superposition and constructive interference, the parallel layers 230 and 232 also act to effectively reduce the impact transition time through the component 201. This allows more energy from the projectile 13 to be recovered and combined into a single impact state in response to its emergence from the component 201.
[0113] Figure 8 shows a cutaway perspective view of a modified embodiment of Figure 7, in which the thickness of the high-impact impedance layer 232 is also reduced from the input section 209 to the output section 211. Figure 8 clearly shows the plate structure of the component 201.
[0114] Simulations and experiments demonstrated that, for the component design according to the embodiment in Figure 8, a pressure amplification factor of at least 15 is achievable for an input radius / outlet radius ratio of approximately 8.9. For example, in the simulation, an output pressure of 1240 GPa was achieved for an input shock wave with a pressure of 83 GPa.
[0115] Figure 9 shows a modified embodiment of Figure 7, where layer 333 in the input section 309 is a vacuum. In this embodiment, layer 333 may contain gas instead of being a vacuum. The first non-vacuum packed layer 335 in the cavity 305 is preferably a low-impact impedance layer 330. This is because, in a first non-vacuum packed layer 335 composed of a high-impact impedance layer 332, a larger portion of the shock wave would be reflected by the first non-vacuum packed layer 335 and not transmitted to the remaining portion of the component 301. On the other hand, alternative examples are also conceivable.
[0116] In the embodiment shown in Figure 9, the impact projectile 13 simply strikes the main body 303 of the component 301 directly. This leads to the generation of axially focused shock reflections within the projectile 13, which pass through the cavity filler 307 as the front surface of the projectile 13 contacts the first non-vacuum packed layer 335. These transmitted reflected shocks then lead to the generation of a high-pressure state that superimposes on the central axis within the cavity 305 and expands as a Mach stem toward the output section 311. The projectile 13 is preferably smaller than the cavity input section 309 so that the edges of the projectile strike the cavity wall section 6 first. The functions of the cavity 305 and the subsequent parallel layers 330, 332 are as described above in relation to Figure 7.
[0117] In the simulation, the components according to the embodiment in Figure 9 achieved a pressure multiplier of 5 with an input shock wave having a pressure of 140 GPa and an output shock wave having a pressure of 700 GPa.
[0118] Figure 10 shows a modified example of the embodiment in Figure 7, in which the cavity 405 has a different shape. As in the embodiment in Figure 7, the main body 403 is composed of multiple layers, each layer defining a frustoconical subcavity 450 having an input section 4509 and an output section 4511. In the illustrated embodiment, each subcavity is a frustocone, but other shapes are also possible. In the embodiment of Figure 10, the cross-sectional area of the input section 4509 of each subcavity 450 is larger than the cross-sectional area of the output section 4511 of the preceding subcavity. This means that in the frustoconical embodiment, the radius of the input section 4509 of each subcavity is larger than the radius of the output section 4511 of the preceding subcavity.
[0119] The component 401 shown in Figure 10 functions in substantially the same manner as described above in relation to Figure 7, but the overlapping output section 4511 and input section 4509 allow the impact transmitted from the cavity filler 407 of the subcavity 450 into the body 403 of the component 401 to be partially recaptured by the input section 4509 of the subsequent subcavity 450 and focused back to the cavity filler 407 housed within that subcavity. This can lead to a reduction in the amount of impact loss and, consequently, higher efficiency of the component 401. Furthermore, since the subcavities 450 are independent, different subcavities 450 may have different characteristics such as different input diameters, output diameters, thicknesses, materials, and subcavity wall angles. The thickness may differ between layers, but it should be understood that each individual layer has a uniform thickness across its width.
[0120] Figure 11 shows a modified embodiment of Figure 1, in which the cavity wall 406 of component 401 is covered with a barrier 421 having an impact impedance between the impact impedance of the cavity filler 407 and the impact impedance of the body 403. In the illustrated embodiment, the barrier 421 is made of aluminum, the cavity filler 407 is PMMA, and the body 403 is made of tantalum, but other materials are also possible. The thickness of the barrier 421 decreases from the cavity input 409 to the cavity output 411, but in other embodiments, the barrier 421 may have a uniform thickness. The barrier 421 may be formed as a frustoconical insert. The barrier 421 has a thickness that is an order of magnitude smaller than the diameter of the cavity 405. Thus, the barrier 421 has a thickness of 0.1 mm to 1 mm. The barrier 421 acts as a waveguide that guides the shock wave toward the cavity output 411 rather than the cavity wall 406.
[0121] Figure 12 shows a modified embodiment of Figure 7. Component 501 includes a buffer 523 between the edges of the parallel layers 530, 532 and the cavity wall 506. The buffer 523 is made of a low-density material such as PMMA or epoxy resin, and may be made of the same material as the low-impact impedance layer 532. The buffer 523 can make it easier for impacts to be reflected from the cavity wall 506.
[0122] Figure 13 shows a modified example of the embodiment shown in Figure 1. Configuration rawCavity 805 houses a frustoconical element 827 made of a plastic material such as PMMA or epoxy resin, separated from the cavity wall 806 by a vacuum gap 828. When the projectile 13 strikes the body 803 and the frustoconical element 827, the vacuum gap 828 closes due to the deformation of the body 803 and the frustoconical element 827. The closing of the vacuum gap 828 delivers an impact to the element 827. The body 803 may be pre-compressed by the impact because the impact can travel faster within the body 803 due to its higher density. This pre-compression of the body increases its impact impedance, and since the impact will be reflected from the cavity wall 806, it becomes easier to focus the impact better within the element 827 towards the cavity output section 811.
[0123] While specific examples have been provided, it should be apparent that numerous parameters exist that influence the actual results achieved.
[0124] In each of the embodiments described above, the drawings are longitudinal sections passing through the three-dimensional components, and therefore they illustrate rotationally symmetric embodiments. However, this is not essential to the present invention.
[0125] It should be understood that the embodiments expressly disclosed herein are illustrative, and that those skilled in the art will understand that, unless mutually exclusive, the features of the embodiments disclosed herein can be combined in combinations not expressly described to constitute new embodiments.
[0126] Embodiments of the present invention may be suitable for amplifying shock waves for the purpose of generating conditions suitable for nuclear fusion. However, the present invention is not limited thereto and may also be used for other applications, such as testing safety equipment such as crash helmets. In one specific example, the present invention may be used to provide impact shock waves for testing impact force attenuation and diffusion structures as described in U.S. Patent No. 1,0653,193.
[0127] Furthermore, while the specific embodiments disclosed herein are configured to achieve a flat pressure pulse output, different pulse shapes may be required depending on the application, and the components according to the present invention may be configured to provide output pressure pulses formed in different ways (depending on their geometry and the arrangement of any of the layers present).
Claims
1. A component for manipulating an input shock wave, The device comprises a body made of a first material, The main body defines a cavity for manipulating the input shock wave and generates a manipulated shock wave. The aforementioned cavity is An input unit that receives the input shock wave incident on the aforementioned component, An output unit that outputs the operating shock wave from the cavity, Multiple layers between the input unit and the output unit, Equipped with, The plurality of layers include one or more layers comprising a second material having an impact impedance lower than that of the first material. The cavity houses the second material, The plurality of layers are configured such that components of the input shock wave are reflected from the boundaries between the layers and superimposed at the output section.
2. The main body is formed such that the cross-sectional area of the input section is larger than the cross-sectional area of the output section, as described in claim 1.
3. The component according to claim 1, wherein the cavity comprises a frustum.
4. The component according to claim 1, wherein the cavity comprises a frustocone.
5. The component according to claim 1, wherein the cavity comprises two or more portions that are at different angles to the axis of the cavity.
6. The component according to claim 1, comprising one or more impedance matching layers.
7. The component according to claim 6, wherein the one or more impedance matching layers include an input impedance matching layer adjacent to the input portion of the cavity, and the input impedance matching layer includes a planar layer of a material having an impact impedance greater than the impact impedance of the second material.
8. The component according to claim 6, wherein the one or more impedance matching layers include an output impedance matching layer adjacent to the output portion of the cavity, and the output impedance matching layer includes a planar layer of a material having an impact impedance less than the impact impedance of the second material.
9. The component according to claim 1, wherein the cavity is partially filled with the second material.
10. The component according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of layers comprises at least one first layer and at least one second layer, the at least one first layer comprises a third material, and the at least one second layer comprises the second material.
11. The component according to claim 10, wherein the third material has an impact impedance higher than the impact impedance of the second material.
12. The component according to claim 10, wherein the plurality of layers alternate between the first layer of at least one layer and the second layer of at least one layer.
13. The component according to claim 1, wherein the cavity comprises a first sub-cavity and a second sub-cavity disposed between the input portion and the output portion of the cavity, the first sub-cavity comprising an input portion and an output portion, the second sub-cavity comprising an input portion and an output portion, and the output portion of the first sub-cavity being coupled to the input portion of the second sub-cavity.
14. The component according to claim 13, wherein the main body is formed such that the cross-sectional area of the output portion of the first subcavity is less than the cross-sectional area of the input portion of the second subcavity.
15. The component according to claim 14, wherein the cavity comprises a plurality of subcavities, each subcavity comprising an input section and an output section, the output section of each subcavity being coupled to the input section of a subsequent subcavity, and the main body being formed such that the cross-sectional area of the output section of each subcavity is less than the cross-sectional area of the input section of the subsequent subcavity.
16. The component according to claim 13, wherein the cavity comprises a layer between the first subcavity and the second subcavity.
17. A component for manipulating an input shock wave, The device comprises a body made of a first material, The main body defines a cavity for manipulating the input shock wave and generates a manipulated shock wave. The aforementioned cavity is An input unit that receives the input shock wave incident on the aforementioned component, An output unit that outputs the operating shock wave from the cavity, Equipped with, The cavity houses a second material having an impact impedance lower than that of the first material. The cavity is a component having a space between the input portion of the cavity and the input surface of the second material.
18. A component for manipulating an input shock wave, The device comprises a body made of a first material, The main body defines a cavity for manipulating the input shock wave and generates a manipulated shock wave. The aforementioned cavity is An input unit that receives the input shock wave incident on the aforementioned component, An output unit that outputs the operating shock wave from the cavity, A first sub-cavity and a second sub-cavity are disposed between the input section and the output section of the cavity, Equipped with, The first sub-cavity comprises an input section and an output section, and the second sub-cavity comprises an input section and an output section. The output section of the first subcavity is coupled to the input section of the second subcavity. The main body is a component formed such that the cross-sectional area of the output section of the first subcavity is less than the cross-sectional area of the input section of the second subcavity.
19. A component for manipulating an input shock wave, An input surface for receiving the input shock wave incident on the aforementioned component, The aforementioned components include an output surface for outputting an operating shock wave, A plurality of layers between the input surface and the output surface, Equipped with, The plurality of layers are components configured such that the components of the input shock wave are reflected from the boundaries between the layers and superimposed on the output surface.
20. A method for manipulating a shock wave, comprising the step of generating at least one shock wave incident on a component described in any one of claims 1 to 19.
21. A system that generates localized concentrations of energy, A component according to any one of claims 1 to 19, A mechanism for generating at least one shock wave that propagates through the aforementioned components, A system equipped with these features.