Control systems used in critical power applications

Abstract

The method includes receiving (251) temperature measurements from a plurality of temperature sensors in a power supply system (200) including a plurality of coils (212-214) arranged in series downstream of a turbine (203), each coil configured to receive thermal energy from an airflow (204) exiting the turbine as the airflow moves toward a data center (216), each coil associated with at least one fluid loop. The method also includes using (253) a first subset of the temperature measurements in determining a mixture ratio of a mixed fluid from a primary fluid path and a heated fluid reservoir (208) to obtain a predetermined exit fluid temperature in a first coil (212) of the plurality of coils. The method further includes controlling (254) a position of one or more valves associated with the primary fluid path and the heated fluid reservoir to achieve the predetermined mixed fluid mixture ratio.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to critical power supply applications, and more particularly to control systems and methods used in critical power supply systems.

Background Art

[0002] In facilities that operate applications with high power requirements, a constant or nearly constant power supply is required to ensure that the high-power applications can always be operated. Usually, these facilities use the public power grid as the primary power supply source, and when a power loss occurs in the primary public power grid, the power supply to the application depends on one or more uninterruptible (or nearly uninterruptible) power supply systems or power generation systems. The power generation in such facilities involves multiple components (such as heaters, turbines, fans, pumps, etc.), and the operation must be carefully adjusted and controlled to ensure the proper operation of the entire system.

Summary of the Invention

[0003] The present disclosure provides a control system and method used in a critical power supply system.

[0004] In a first embodiment, the method includes receiving temperature measurements from a plurality of temperature sensors in a power supply system that includes a plurality of coils arranged in series downstream of a turbine. Each coil is configured to receive thermal energy from the air flow when the air flow discharged from the turbine moves towards the data center, and each coil is associated with at least one fluid loop. The method also includes using a first subset of the temperature measurements to determine a mixing ratio of the primary fluid path and the mixed fluid from the heated fluid reservoir to obtain a predetermined outlet fluid temperature in a first coil of the plurality of coils. The method further includes controlling the position of one or more valves associated with the primary fluid path and the heated fluid reservoir to achieve a predetermined mixed fluid mixing ratio.

[0005] In a second embodiment, the apparatus includes a memory configured to store instructions and a processor operably connected to that memory. The processor is configured to receive temperature readings from a plurality of temperature sensors in a power supply system including a plurality of coils arranged in series downstream of a turbine when executing the instructions. Here, each coil is configured to receive thermal energy from the airflow discharged from the turbine as the airflow flows toward the data center, and each coil is associated with at least one fluid loop. The processor is also configured to use a first subset of temperature readings to determine the mixing ratio of a mixed fluid from a primary fluid path and a heating fluid reservoir in order to obtain a predetermined outflow fluid temperature in a first coil of the plurality of coils, and is also configured to control the position of one or more valves associated with the primary fluid path and the heating fluid reservoir in order to achieve the predetermined mixed fluid mixing ratio.

[0006] In a third embodiment, a non-transient computer-readable medium containing a plurality of instructions, when executed by at least one processor, is configured to cause at least one processor to receive temperature measurements from a plurality of temperature sensors in a power supply system including a plurality of coils arranged in series downstream of a turbine. Here, each coil is configured to receive thermal energy from the airflow as the airflow discharged from the turbine flows toward the data center, and each coil is associated with at least one fluid loop. Furthermore, a first subset of temperature measurements is configured to be used to determine the mixing ratio of a mixed fluid from a primary fluid path and a heating fluid reservoir in order to obtain a predetermined outflow fluid temperature in a first coil of the plurality of coils, and is configured to control the position of one or more valves associated with the primary fluid path and the heating fluid reservoir in order to achieve a predetermined mixed fluid mixing ratio.

[0007] Other technical features will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following figures, description, and claims. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0008] [Figure 1A] This disclosure illustrates exemplary power supply and cooling systems that may employ one or more control systems according to various embodiments of this disclosure. [Figure 1B] Examples of power supply systems used in power supply and cooling systems according to various embodiments of this disclosure are shown. [Figure 2A] Examples of heat transfer systems used in power supply and cooling systems according to various embodiments of this disclosure are shown. [Figure 2B] The following are exemplary portions of a compressed air depressurization heating cycle for use in the heat transfer system of Figure 2A, according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 2C] This disclosure illustrates exemplary methods for performing control operations in power supply and cooling systems according to various embodiments of this disclosure. [Figure 2D] This disclosure illustrates exemplary methods for performing control operations in power supply and cooling systems according to various embodiments of this disclosure. [Figure 2E] This disclosure illustrates exemplary methods for performing control operations in power supply and cooling systems according to various embodiments of this disclosure. [Figure 2F] This disclosure illustrates exemplary methods for performing control operations in power supply and cooling systems according to various embodiments of this disclosure. [Figure 3A] Another example of a heat transfer system used in power supply and cooling systems, according to various embodiments of this disclosure, is shown. [Figure 3B] This disclosure illustrates exemplary methods for performing control operations in power supply and cooling systems according to various embodiments of this disclosure. [Figure 3C] This disclosure illustrates exemplary methods for performing control operations in power supply and cooling systems according to various embodiments of this disclosure. [Figure 3D] This disclosure illustrates exemplary methods for performing control operations in power supply and cooling systems according to various embodiments of this disclosure. [Figure 4A] Examples of hybrid compressed air / liquid air power supply and / or cooling systems according to various embodiments of this disclosure are shown. [Figure 4B]This disclosure illustrates exemplary methods for performing control operations of power supply and cooling systems according to various embodiments of this disclosure. [Figure 5] This disclosure illustrates exemplary systems for power generation using turbine exhaust, according to various embodiments of this disclosure. [Figure 6A] This disclosure illustrates exemplary systems that use air induction for engine exhaust regulation according to various embodiments of this disclosure. [Figure 6B] This disclosure illustrates exemplary methods for performing control operations in power supply and cooling systems according to various embodiments of this disclosure. [Figure 7] Examples of computing devices in power supply and cooling systems according to various embodiments of this disclosure are shown. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0009] The drawings discussed below and the various embodiments used in this patent document to illustrate the principles of the disclosure are for illustrative purposes only and should not be construed in any way as limiting the scope of the disclosure. Those skilled in the art will understand that the principles of the disclosure can be implemented in any appropriately configured system or apparatus.

[0010] For simplicity and clarity, some features and components are not necessarily explicitly shown in all figures, including those shown in reference to other figures. It will be understood that all features shown in the figures may be used in any of the embodiments described. The omission of features or components in certain figures is for simplicity and clarity and does not mean that those features or components cannot be used in the embodiments described with respect to that figure. It will be understood that embodiments of this disclosure may include one, more, or all of the features described herein. Furthermore, embodiments of this disclosure may include additional or alternative features not listed herein.

[0011] As described above, uninterruptible power supply systems are often used to provide power to equipment that operates power-critical applications in the event of a power outage in the public power grid. These facilities typically use the public power grid as their primary power source and rely on one or more uninterruptible or near-uninterruptible power supply or generation systems to provide power to their applications in the event of a power outage in the primary public power grid. The power generation used in such facilities involves multiple components (e.g., heaters, turbines, fans, pumps, etc.), and their operation must be carefully coordinated and controlled to ensure proper operation of the entire system.

[0012] To address these and other issues, embodiments of the present disclosure provide control systems and control methods for controlling multiple components operating in an uninterruptible power supply system, a near-uninterruptible power supply system, or a power generation system. Such control systems and methods ensure that the overall system operates in a manner that ensures the transmission of power to critical applications effectively. Other advantages will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

[0013] Figure 1A shows an exemplary power supply and cooling system 100 in which one or more control systems according to various embodiments of the present disclosure can be used. The embodiment of system 100 shown in Figure 1A is for illustrative purposes only. Other embodiments of system 100 can also be used without diverting from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0014] System 100 may include a power source 101 that generates or receives electrical energy. Power source 101 can generate or receive electrical energy from renewable energy sources. Power source 101 can generate or receive electrical energy from wind, solar, tidal / wave, or any other renewable energy source (the public power grid can also be powered by similar inputs). System 100 can also receive electrical energy from the public power grid. The public power grid and power source 101 can supply electrical energy to system 100 through the same input to system 100.

[0015] System 100 can include a metering device 103. The metering device 103 can receive electrical energy generated or received by the power supply 101, for example, during a period when the electrical energy is readily available or cost - effective, and distribute that energy to another location within the system 100. For example, the system 100 includes a computing device for controlling the overall operation of the system 100. The computing device 104 can be connected to the metering device 103 and / or the power supply 101 for monitoring the availability, reliability, and / or price of electrical energy. For example, based on a comparison of the availability, reliability, and / or price of electrical energy with one or more reference values or threshold levels, the computing device 104 determines to convert the electrical energy to be stored as potential mechanical energy. In some embodiments, the computing device 104 may be a service operated by a third party such as an individual or a corporation. The computing device 104 may be housed and operated at a location different from where the other parts of the system 100 are located. That is, the computing device 104 is not restricted to a specific location.

[0016] The metering device 103 can supply power to an electrical load 120. The electrical load 120 will be discussed in detail later. The metering device 103 can supply electrical energy to an electrical - mechanical energy conversion device 105. The metering device 103 can also be connected to an electrical grid, and the metering device 103 can provide the electrical energy generated by the power supply 101 thereto, or receive electrical energy for supplying to the electrical load 120 or the electrical - mechanical energy conversion device 105.

[0017] The electrical energy - mechanical energy conversion device 105 can receive electrical energy from the metering device 103 and convert the electrical energy into mechanical energy. For example, the electrical energy - mechanical energy conversion device 105 may include a gas - liquid conversion system. The gas - liquid conversion system can be configured to use electrical energy to convert a gas into a liquid. The gas - liquid conversion system can incorporate any known gas liquefaction system. For example, the gas - liquid conversion system can operate a Linde - Hampson cycle for the conversion of a gas into a liquid. The gas - liquid conversion system can repeatedly execute a cycle of gas compression, cooling, and expansion to lower the gas temperature and convert the gas into a liquid. Therefore, the gas - liquid conversion system can include a compressor, a cooler, a heat exchanger, a separator, an expander, and other equipment necessary to convert the gas into a liquid. The gas - liquid conversion system can be used to convert any of a number of gases into a liquid. In various embodiments, the gas - liquid conversion system is used to convert the ambient air of the system 100 into liquid air.

[0018] In other embodiments, the electrical energy - mechanical energy conversion device 105 can include a pneumatic compressor that is configured to use electrical energy to compress air to have a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure.

[0019] The electrical energy - mechanical energy conversion device 105 is not limited to a gas - liquid conversion system or a pneumatic compressor. Other embodiments of the electrical energy - mechanical energy conversion device 105 can be used without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0020] For example, the energy produced or stored in the electrical energy-to-mechanical energy converter 105 can be distributed to the upstream public power grid or other energy distribution infrastructure via the metering device 103 as an independent energy source that can be bought and sold in the energy market. In certain scenarios, it may be advantageous for system 100 to sell energy back to the public power grid based on the energy price from the grid. For example, when the energy price from the public power grid is high, it may be advantageous to sell and / or supply the energy produced or stored in the electrical energy-to-mechanical energy converter 105 to the power grid.

[0021] As a specific example, real-time monitoring of closing electricity prices may be performed periodically (e.g., every 5 minutes or at any other appropriate interval). Such monitoring can be performed automatically by the computing device 104 or with the assistance of one or more system operators, engineers, or analysts. A sudden or significant increase in electricity costs may indicate that the public power grid may need additional power. In such cases, energy from the electrical energy-mechanical energy converter 105 can be sold and transmitted to the upstream power grid via the metering device 103. In some embodiments, the metering device 103 can function as a bidirectional metering device, and the system 100 as a whole operates as a mechanical and / or thermal battery to the public power grid.

[0022] In some embodiments, the air liquefaction step may include a separation step that separates the air into at least oxygen and carbon dioxide (CO2) components. The oxygen produced in the air separation step can be used as an oxidizing agent in a chemical element (e.g., iron (Fe) bed) to generate thermal energy available for heating in system 100. The sequestration of carbon in the oxidation step can cause an exothermic chemical reaction within the rapidly oxidizing chemical element bed. In some embodiments, the thermal energy from oxidation can be used instead of natural gas or other carbon-dependent heat sources.

[0023] In some embodiments, the air separation process may include multiple phases. In one phase, air is filtered, compressed, and passed through a molecular sieve. This removes water vapor and separates CO. In another phase, CO2 is captured, and the compressed air is sent into a compression system. This process is nearly energy-neutral and can capture CO2 and operate the compression system. The waste flow from CO2 capture removes the energy required for the compression system to reach the second compression stage. This allows for a reduction in the total operating cost of system 100, a reduction in carbon capture costs, or both.

[0024] In some embodiments, the air compression process may include multiple stages. In one stage, air is filtered, compressed, and passed through molecular sieves to remove water vapor and separate CO. In another stage, CO2 is captured and the compressed air is sent into the compression system. This process is nearly energetically neutral and can capture CO2 and operate the compression system. The waste flow from CO2 capture removes the energy required for the compression system to reach the second stage of compression. This also allows for a reduction in the total operating cost of system 100, a reduction in carbon capture costs, or both.

[0025] System 100 further includes a thermal cell 107 (or energy storage device). The thermal cell 107 is capable of storing energy generated by the electrical energy-mechanical energy converter 105. For example, if the electrical energy-mechanical energy converter 105 comprises a gas-liquid conversion system, the thermal cell 107 may be an insulated container capable of containing the liquid gas generated by the gas-liquid conversion system. The container may be any container suitable for containing liquefied gas. The thermal cell 107 may be an insulated and cooled storage tank to maintain the liquefied gas generated by the gas-liquid conversion system at a desired temperature. In embodiments where the electrical energy-mechanical energy converter 105 is an air compressor, the thermal cell 107 may be a storage tank configured to contain pressurized air. In some embodiments, the thermal cell 107 may be a storage tank configured to contain both liquefied air and compressed air. In some embodiments, the thermal cell 107 may include one or more liquid or solid materials (e.g., liquid CO2, dry ice, zeolite crystals, etc.) capable of thermochemically storing (thermal or refrigerated) thermal energy from (or for use by) the electrical energy-mechanical energy converter 105. Other embodiments of the thermal cell 107 can also be used without departing from the scope of this disclosure.

[0026] System 100 may include a heater or heat exchanger 108 (hereinafter simply referred to as "heater"). Heater 108 can heat the air delivered from the thermal cell 107 to the heater 108. For example, in an embodiment where the thermal cell 107 stores liquefied air, the heater 108 can heat the liquefied air from the thermal cell 107 to vaporize it and return the liquefied air to a gaseous state. Heater 108 is configured to make system 100 more efficient by improving the vaporization of the liquefied air from the thermal cell 107 before the air enters the power supply system 109. In various embodiments, the heater 108 may not be required for vaporizing the liquefied air stored in the thermal cell 107. In these embodiments, the ambient heat acting on the liquefied air as it moves from the thermal cell 107 to the power supply system 109 may be sufficient to convert the liquefied air to a gaseous state. For example, liquefied air can be stored in the thermal cell 107 at a temperature below the temperature at which it converts to a gaseous state (e.g., approximately -320 degrees Fahrenheit (F) at or near atmospheric pressure). Heat from the surrounding atmosphere can convert the liquefied air to a gaseous state. In this example, the heater 108 is configured to accelerate the conversion of the liquefied gas from liquid to gaseous. Therefore, a person skilled in the art will understand that the heater 108 is not essential to system 100, but is configured to make system 100 operate more efficiently.

[0027] The heater 108 can heat air using any of several different heat sources. The heater 108 is capable of generating heat specifically for heating air. In some embodiments, the heater 108 may be a gas combustion heater or an electric heater configured to heat air from a thermal cell 107. In other embodiments, the heater 108 may be supplied with heat from a heat source 122 of system 100. The heat source 122 of system 100 will be discussed in more detail later. When the heater 108 uses heat generated by the heat source 122, the heater utilizes energy that would otherwise be wasted. As will be discussed in more detail later, the heat source 122 may be a data center server, computer system, and other electronic device that emits heat during operation. The heat output from such a heat source is typically lost during the operation of the data center. The heater 108 can use the heat generated by the heat source 122 to heat liquefied air to convert it to a gaseous state, or to heat compressed air under reduced pressure. In this way, the heater 108 is configured to make the system 100 more efficient by effectively utilizing the system's energy that would otherwise be lost (for example, the heat generated by the power supply system 109).

[0028] In an embodiment where the thermal cell 107 stores liquefied air, the vaporization of the liquefied air results in a pressure increase in the gaseous air as the liquid expands into a gaseous state. The air released from the thermal cell 107 is released as liquefied air at approximately atmospheric pressure. The liquefied air is then heated to convert it to a gaseous state using only atmospheric heat or by using a heater 108. During this heating process, the liquefied air changes to a gaseous state and is pressurized above atmospheric pressure. The pressurized or compressed gaseous air is then supplied to the power supply system 109.

[0029] The power supply system 109 can receive mechanical energy from the thermal battery 107 and convert that mechanical energy into electrical energy. In various embodiments, the power supply system 109 provides an uninterrupted or near-uninterrupted power supply to the electrical load 120. As used herein, the terms uninterrupted or near-uninterrupted, and their derivatives, refer to a power source that is required for backup power and / or provides a constant level of power for a period of time on the order of milliseconds after being started. In various embodiments, the power supply system 109 provides consistent power to the load 120 and includes a mechanical energy storage mechanism, such as a flywheel or chemical battery, in combination with or alone, as a near-instantaneous power backup example to provide an uninterrupted or near-uninterrupted power supply or generation in the event of a power loss. In some embodiments, during periods when electrical energy is not readily available and / or cost-inefficient, or in the event of a failure of the primary energy source, the computing device 104 can decide to release the mechanical energy stored in the thermal battery 107 and convert it into electrical energy to power (and, in some embodiments, cool) the electrical load 120. For example, the computing device 104 can determine whether to convert stored potential mechanical energy into electrical energy and supply power to the load 120 based on a comparison of availability, reliability, and / or price of electrical energy against one or more reference values ​​or threshold levels. For example, the computing device 104 can be connected to a power supply system 109 to discharge the power supply system 109 and convert mechanical energy into electrical energy to supply to the load 120.

[0030] In various embodiments, the power supply system 109 includes a compressed air-powered power generation unit configured to generate electrical energy using compressed air. In various embodiments, the power supply system 109 includes a turbo expander or expansion turbine coupled to a generator that converts the mechanical energy of compressed air into electrical energy. The power supply system 109 is not limited to the embodiments described above. Other embodiments of the power supply system 109 (including gas combustion or carbon-based fuels) can be used without departing from the scope of this disclosure.

[0031] The electrical load 120 may be supplied with electrical energy from the power supply system 109. As previously stated, the electrical load 120 may also be supplied with electrical energy directly generated by the power source 101 from the metering device 103 or from the public power grid. The electrical load 120 may be any component that consumes electrical energy. The electrical load 120 may be a building housing electronic equipment, such as a data center. Other embodiments of the electrical load 120 may be used without departing from the scope of this disclosure.

[0032] The heat source 122 may be a power-density environment that generates heat. The power-density environment may be part of the electrical load 120. For example, if the electrical load 120 is a data center, as described above, the heat source 122 may be a server, computer system, and other electronic equipment in the data center that generates heat during operation and may require cooling to ensure proper operation. Other embodiments of the heat source 122 can be used without departing from the scope of this disclosure.

[0033] The heat source 122 can be cooled by the exhaust of the power supply system 109. For example, if the power supply system 109 is a compressed air-powered turbine as described above, the turbine converts compressed air from the thermal cell 107 into electrical energy. In the process of converting compressed air into electrical energy, the turbine discharges cold air. The cold air discharged by the turbine can be supplied to the heat source 122 to cool it. Cooling can be performed directly or indirectly. An example of direct cooling is simply injecting the turbine exhaust air into the data center through one or more air ducts. An example of indirect cooling is cooling a fluid pumped into the data center's cooling system via coils. This cools the data center using existing fans by cooling the fluid circulating from the turbine exhaust air to a liquid heat exchanger. In some embodiments, the fluid is, for example, antifreeze at a temperature of -220° to -6°F. Thermal energy from the warm passage air of the data center can be transferred to the antifreeze. Thus, the fluid can be used as a heat conduit. Further details of the heat transfer system for cooling the heat source 122 are described below.

[0034] Figure 1B shows an example of a power supply system 150 used in power supply and cooling systems according to various embodiments of this disclosure. Power supply system 150 is one exemplary implementation of power supply system 109 in Figure 1A. The embodiment of power supply system 150 shown in Figure 1B is for illustrative purposes only. Other embodiments of power supply system 150 may be used without departing from the scope of this disclosure.

[0035] As shown in Figure 1B, the power supply system 150 includes a turbine 152, a generator or alternator 154 (hereinafter simply referred to as "generator"), and a flywheel 156 to supply power to the data center. Compressed air from a storage tank 168 or liquid air from a storage tank 164 can be supplied to the turbine 152 through supply piping, as will be discussed in more detail below. The turbine 152 is powered by the compressed or liquid air to rotate a shaft 158 ​​coupled to the generator 154. The generator 154 is configured to convert the mechanical energy generated by the turbine 152 into electrical energy. Specifically, the rotor of the generator 154 is coupled to the shaft 158 ​​of the turbine 152 and is capable of generating electrical energy. The mechanical energy supplied to the turbine 152 can be stored as momentum in the rotating flywheel 156.

[0036] In various embodiments, the rotating elements of the turbine 152, generator 154, and flywheel 156 can be rotatably supported by magnetic bearings or other low-friction bearings. Compared to conventional bearings, magnetic bearings improve the efficiency of the components and reduce the maintenance required for the components. For example, whether or not the power supply system 150 is being used as a power source for the data center, the turbine 152 and flywheel 156 (and in some embodiments, the generator 154 as well) can continue to rotate to provide instantaneous or near-instantaneous backup power in the event of a primary power supply failure (e.g., power supply 101) or during a switchover from there. In these embodiments, the use of magnetic bearings makes it possible to achieve this constant rotation with reduced maintenance costs.

[0037] In some embodiments, the rotation of the turbine 152, generator 154, and flywheel 156 can be maintained with a small amount of electrical energy or a small amount of compressed or liquid air. This is referred to herein as rotational reserve. As will be described in more detail later, if the turbine 152 stops supplying mechanical energy to the generator 154, or if an alternative power source such as power supply 101 fails or is desired to be disconnected, the mechanical energy stored in the momentum of the rotating flywheel 156 is used to power the generator 154, allowing the generator 154 to continue generating electrical energy even when the turbine 152 is not operating, or is operating at a reduced speed, for example, during starting or switching. In other words, the flywheel 156 continues to rotate the shaft 158 ​​long enough to restart the turbine 152, so that the turbine 152 can once again supply power and rotate the shaft 158. As an addition or alternative, in some embodiments, the system 150 includes a rotary auxiliary motor 160 which rotates the shaft 158 ​​even during non-production periods, allowing for a soft start of rotation at a minimum rotational speed, as will be described in more detail later.

[0038] Rotational reserve can be maintained by high-pressure air or gas, a rotational reserve motor 160, or a combination thereof. The rotational reserve motor 160 is a belt-driven or gear-driven electric motor coupled to shaft 158 ​​downstream of the blades of the turbine 152. During operation, the rotational reserve motor 160 ensures that the turbine 152 rotates at a minimum rotational speed (e.g., 1000 RPM) 24 hours / day. As an addition or alternative, system 150 includes a high-pressure storage tank 170 for rotational reserve. The storage tank 170 stores dry compressed air, compressed nitrogen gas, liquid air, or a combination thereof at high pressure (e.g., 3000 psi). To maintain rotational reserve, the storage tank 170 constantly releases air, which is delivered to the turbine 152 to rotate it at a minimum speed (e.g., 1000 RPM) 24 hours / day. Of course, at maximum speed, the turbine 152 rotates at approximately 10,000 RPM to 30,000 RPM. In some embodiments, the storage tank 170 is a large-capacity, separated storage tank for compressed air or compressed gas, having independent delivery routes and storage capacity to the turbine 152 and generator 154, and enabling the starting and operation of the turbine 152 for a predetermined time required for the delivery system to bring a specific fuel to the turbine inlet, along with the upstream storage tank 164, the liquid air flow valve 162, or the compressed air control valve 166 or a combination of valves in the upstream storage tank 168.

[0039] The system 150 includes several sensors, including a speed sensor 172 for measuring the rotational speed (in RPM) of the shaft 158, a temperature sensor 174 for measuring the temperature of the lubricating oil in the turbine 152, a pressure sensor 176 for measuring the pressure in the lubrication system of the turbine 152, a pressure sensor 178 for measuring the pressure of the air or gas entering the turbo expander of the turbine 152, and a pressure sensor 180 for measuring the pressure of the air in the storage tank 168.

[0040] In some embodiments, the system 150 includes at least one computing device 190 provided for controlling the operation of one or more components of the system 150. For example, the computing device 190 can perform any of the operations described below. In some embodiments, the computing device 190 may be a service operated by a third party, such as an individual or legal entity. The computing device 190 may be housed and operated in a different location from where the other parts of the system 150 are located. In other words, the computing device 190 is not bound to a specific location or configuration. Although only one computing device 190 is shown in Figure 1B, the system 150 may actually include multiple computing devices 190, each providing control to a separate part of the system 150.

[0041] In one mode of operation, sensors 172-180 and a computing device 190 communicate and cooperate to ensure that rotational reserve is maintained and that the turbine 152 can receive critical loads within a predetermined time. In some embodiments, sensors 172-180 and the computing device 190 are programmed to maintain a predetermined RPM of shaft 158 ​​by monitoring and adjusting the liquid-air flow valve 162 or by monitoring and adjusting the rotational reserve motor 160 via a variable frequency drive (VFD) from the sensor array. Hereinafter, the predetermined RPM is the rotational speed at which the generator 154 rotates and the flywheel 156 rotates at a predetermined speed, provided that the lubricating oil of the turbine 152 is at operating temperature.

[0042] In some embodiments, the critical parameters are the lubricating oil temperature and the lubricating oil system pressure (such as those measured by sensors 174 and 176). One or more pre-programmed algorithms executed by the computing device 190 can correlate the rotational speed of shaft 158 ​​(in RPM) with the airflow through the liquid-air flow valve 162 (in air pounds / second), and use the lubricating oil temperature and lubricating oil system pressure as substitutes to ensure the operation of other parts of the system 150. Additionally or alternatively, one or more algorithms executed by the computing device 190 can correlate the rotational speed of shaft 158 ​​(in RPM) with the rotational speed of the rotary auxiliary motor 160 (in RPM), and use the lubricating oil temperature and lubricating oil system pressure as substitutes to ensure the operation of other parts of the system 150.

[0043] In one mode of operation, when an input power fault is detected upstream (for example, by one or more power sensing meters or other devices), the computing device 190 signals the generator 154 to operate at full speed and full capacity. This initiates a programmed series of events.

[0044] Firstly, the rotary auxiliary motor 160 is disconnected and / or the storage tank 170 is closed so that a small amount of airflow is no longer delivered to the turbine 152. This is done before the turbine 152's speed increases. The flywheel 156 receives the critical electrical load. Next, the compressed air valve 166 (which may also be an air release valve) is fully opened to increase the turbine 152 and generator 154 lines to full speed. Once the turbine 152 and generator 154 reach the appropriate speed and frequency, the critical electrical load is transmitted to the generator 154.

[0045] Figure 2A shows an example of a heat transfer system 200 used in a power supply and cooling system according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. For simplicity of explanation, the heat transfer system 200 is described as being used in conjunction with the power supply and cooling system 100 of Figure 1A. Of course, this is merely an example. The heat transfer system 200 may be used with any other suitable system. Also, the embodiment of the heat transfer system 200 shown in Figure 2A is for illustrative purposes only. Other embodiments of the heat transfer system 200 may be used without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0046] As shown in Figure 2A, the heat transfer system 200 includes a cool exhaust airflow 204 from a turbine 203 of a power generation system, such as the power supply system 109 in Figure 1A. For example, if the power supply system 109 is part of a compressed air energy system, the airflow 204 may have a temperature of approximately +320° to -150°F. However, higher or lower temperatures are also within the scope of this disclosure. Multiple coils, including coils 212-214, are arranged in series within the airflow 204. Coils 212-214 can be placed within a large air duct through which this airflow 204 passes. In some embodiments, the duct has a span of 8-10 feet. However, larger or smaller duct dimensions are also within the scope of this disclosure. Each of the coils 212-214 passes through a fluid that is hotter than the airflow 204. Therefore, coils 212-214 act as heat exchangers, adding thermal energy from the fluid passing through them to the airflow 204, thereby warming the airflow 204 in each coil 212-214. The warmed airflow 204 is then supplied to the data center 216 as cooling air. The data center 216 can represent the electrical load in Figure 1A (or be shown as electrical load 120). This heat exchange process is described in detail here.

[0047] Coil 212 is the first coil that the airflow 204 encounters. Therefore, coil 212 receives the airflow 204 at its lowest temperature, which indicates the inflow temperature (EAT) of the airflow 204, for example, -150 degrees Fahrenheit. The fluid that penetrates coil 212 is output from a tight-contact cooling (CCC) coil 222. In some embodiments, the fluid includes a glycol mixture or other suitable fluid. The CCC coil 222 represents a wound coil inside the data center 216. In some embodiments, the temperature of the fluid flowing into coil 212 (i.e., the inflow fluid temperature (EFT)) is about 120 degrees Fahrenheit. As a relatively warm fluid penetrates coil 212, thermal energy from that fluid is transferred to the airflow 204 (e.g., by conduction, convection, or a combination thereof), thereby making the airflow 204 warmer and the fluid colder. In some embodiments, the temperature of the fluid leaving coil 212 (i.e., the outflow fluid temperature (LFT)) is approximately 80 degrees Fahrenheit. In some embodiments, the fluid is output to a fluid storage unit 210, which acts as a fluid storage tank. As will be discussed below, the fluid in the fluid storage unit 210 can be delivered to (and through) coil 213. Due to the heating of the air in coil 212, the outflow air temperature (LAT) of airflow 204 is significantly higher than the EAT of -150 degrees Fahrenheit. For example, the LAT of airflow 204 leaving coil 212 can be approximately -50 degrees Fahrenheit.

[0048] Coil 213 is the next coil that the airflow 204 encounters. That is, the airflow 204 reaches coil 213 after passing through or penetrating coil 212. The EAT of the airflow 204 in coil 213 is approximately the same as the LAT of the airflow 204 in coil 212, for example, about -50 degrees Fahrenheit. The fluid passing through coil 213 is the fluid that came out of the fluid reservoir 210. The EFT of the fluid in coil 213 is about 80 degrees Fahrenheit. As the relatively warm fluid penetrates coil 213, the thermal energy from the fluid is transferred to the airflow 204, thereby warming the airflow 204 further and cooling the fluid further. In some embodiments, the LFT of the fluid coming out of coil 213 is about 40 to 60 degrees Fahrenheit. Therefore, the fluid coming out of coil 213 is considered cooled fluid and can be used to cool the data center 216. In some embodiments, the cooled fluid is output to a cooling fluid storage unit 218 (e.g., a storage tank), which acts as a cooling fluid storage tank. Due to the heating of the air in the coil 213, the LAT of the airflow 204 is significantly higher than the EAT of -50 degrees Fahrenheit. For example, the LAT of the airflow 204 leaving the coil 213 may be about 10 degrees Fahrenheit.

[0049] Coil 214 is the next coil that the airflow 204 encounters after passing through or penetrating coil 213. The EAT of the airflow 204 in coil 214 is approximately the same as the LAT of the airflow 204 in coil 213, for example, about 10 degrees Fahrenheit. The fluid penetrating coil 214 is the fluid coming out of the heated fluid reservoir 208. The EFT of the fluid in coil 214 is much warmer than the ambient temperature (for example, about 200 degrees Fahrenheit). As the relatively warm fluid penetrates coil 214, the thermal energy from the fluid is transferred to the airflow 204, thereby further warming the airflow 204 and making the fluid cooler. In some embodiments, the LFT of the fluid coming out of coil 214 is about 130 degrees Fahrenheit. In some embodiments, the fluid is output to one or more heaters 206, which reheat the fluid. Due to the heating of the air in coil 214, the LAT of the airflow 204 is significantly higher than the EAT of 10 degrees Fahrenheit. For example, the LAT of the airflow 204 exiting coil 214 is approximately 70 to 104 degrees Fahrenheit, which is a suitable temperature range for delivery to the data center 216. After entering the data center 216, the airflow 204 can be provided for direct cooling of the data center 216. For example, the airflow 204 can circulate around one or more heat-generating components (e.g., servers) within the data center 216.

[0050] The fluid passing through coil 214 is part of a heating fluid loop that includes coil 214, heating fluid reservoir 208, and heater 206. In some embodiments, heater 206 is a solar fluid heater that uses thermal energy received from the sun to heat the fluid (for example, to about 200 degrees Fahrenheit). Such a solar fluid heater may include one or more solar panels, a heat exchanger, etc. In some embodiments, the operation of heater 206 can be enhanced with a concentrating mirror, a reflective surface, or a reflective well to increase the fluid temperature. Of course, other heating methods (other than sunlight), such as a hydrogen fuel heater, can be used in heater 206. The fluid is first stored in heating fluid reservoir 208 and then delivered to coil 214. The fluid is then cooled by the airflow 204 as it passes through coil 214. After leaving coil 214, the fluid is returned to heater 206. Heater 206 may include any number and configuration of solar heaters suitable for heating the fluid. In some embodiments, the fluid in the heated fluid reservoir 208 can be circulated through the heater 206 as needed or periodically to raise or maintain the fluid temperature.

[0051] In some embodiments, if the fluid flowing into coil 212 is not yet properly heated, it is also possible to use a portion of the fluid from the heating fluid reservoir 208 to heat the fluid flowing into coil 212. For example, if the fluid leaving CCC coil 222 is only 110 degrees Fahrenheit and the desired EFT in coil 212 is 120 degrees Fahrenheit, it is possible to use the heating fluid from the heating fluid reservoir 208 to heat the fluid from CCC coil 222 to the desired 120 degrees Fahrenheit EFT before it enters coil 212.

[0052] The fluid flowing through coils 212 and 213 is part of another fluid loop including coils 212 and 213, fluid reservoir 210, fluid reservoir 218, and one or more air handlers 220 associated with the data center 216. As previously mentioned, the fluid is cooled to approximately 80 degrees Fahrenheit (LFT) in coil 212 and temporarily stored in fluid reservoir 210 because the flow rate in different parts of the fluid loop may not be consistent. Some of the fluid is later fed into coil 213 and cooled to become a cooling fluid of 40 to 60 degrees Fahrenheit. The cooling fluid is temporarily stored in fluid reservoir 218 and can be output to the air handler 220. This operates to directly air-cool the data center 216 or to supply liquid to direct air cooling. In the air handler 220, the cooling fluid acts to cool the warm air flowing through the air handler 220. This then heats the cooling fluid to a higher temperature (e.g., 100 to 120 degrees Fahrenheit). The fluid is then mixed with the fluid from the CCC coil 222, and the mixed fluid is delivered to the coil 212.

[0053] The fluid flowing through the CCC coil 222 is part of an additional fluid loop that includes the coil 212, the fluid reservoir 210, and the CCC coil 222. As previously mentioned, the fluid is cooled to approximately 80 degrees Fahrenheit LFT in the coil 212 and temporarily stored in the fluid reservoir 210. A portion of the fluid in the fluid reservoir 210 is then delivered to the CCC coil 222, where the fluid is used to cool the data center 216. Due to the heat transfer process in the CCC coil 222, the LFT of the fluid exiting the CCC coil 222 is higher (e.g., 100-120 degrees Fahrenheit). The heated fluid then returns to the coil 212.

[0054] Any suitable method or process for heating an airflow can be applied to the delivery path of the compressed air stored before it enters the turbine 203. For example, Figure 2B shows a portion of an exemplary compressed air depressurization heating cycle 235 for use with a heat transfer system 200, according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the heating cycle 235 can be used to improve the efficiency of the mass flow rate of the heat transfer system 200 to the turbine 203.

[0055] As shown in Figure 2B, the heating cycle 235 includes a heat exchanger 236 that receives compressed air from a compressed air storage unit 237 and thermal energy (heat) from a heat source 238. The compressed air storage unit 237 represents (or is represented by) a mechanical battery 107 (in the form of a storage tank configured to contain pressurized air or pressurized gas) in Figures 1A and 1B. The heat source 238 may include any suitable thermal energy source, such as a hydrogen combustion heater, a solar heater, another combustible fuel heater, or heat transfer from an internal combustion engine exhaust and / or cooling system. In some embodiments, the heat source 238 may represent (or be represented by) the heater 108 in Figures 1A and 1B. The heat exchanger 236 uses the thermal energy from the heat source 238 to raise the temperature of the reduced-pressure air from the compressed air storage unit 237 before supplying the heated air to the turbine 203. This makes it possible to operate the turbine 203 more efficiently using air hotter than 32 degrees Fahrenheit.

[0056] In some embodiments, the heat transfer system 200 also includes a district heating and cooling system 202. The district heating and cooling system 202 includes public hot and / or chilled water that can be supplied to water-using equipment (e.g., power generation equipment), and conditioned water returned from the equipment. In some embodiments, the district heating and cooling system 202 includes district water for domestic use 231, which may be at ambient temperature (e.g., about 60 degrees Fahrenheit), district chilled water 232, which may be about 40 to 50 degrees Fahrenheit, district heat supply water 233, which may be about 180 degrees Fahrenheit, and district heat return water 234, which may be about 90 to 120 degrees Fahrenheit. Of course, these temperatures are merely examples, and higher or lower temperatures may be included in other embodiments.

[0057] In some embodiments, the district heating and cooling system 202 can be used as a heat sink or heat source within the heat transfer system 200. For example, thermal energy from the fluid from the CCC coil 222 can be transferred to the district heat return water 234 using a heat exchanger 224. As shown in Figure 2A, one side of the heat exchanger 224 includes a fluid loop between the district heat return water 234 and the heat exchanger 224. The other side of the heat exchanger 224 includes a fluid loop between the heat exchanger 224 and the fluid piping between the CCC coil 222 and the coil 212. Since the fluid from the CCC coil 222 is at a higher temperature than the district heat return water 234 (e.g., about 120°F compared to about 90° to 120°F), the heat exchanger 224 can operate to transfer thermal energy from the fluid from the CCC coil 222 to the district heat return water 234.

[0058] In some embodiments, the input and output heat quantities of the heat exchanger 224 are calculated by inputting sensor data into a computer algorithm. The heat exchanger 224 can be monitored using one or more sensors of the district heating and cooling system 202 and / or the heat exchanger 224, enabling accurate heat delivery to the district heating and cooling system 202 via automatic computer control of one or more valves and actuators.

[0059] In some embodiments, the system 200 includes at least one computing device 230 provided to control the operation of one or more components of the system 200. For example, the computing device 230 can determine EAT, EFT, air flow rate and fluid flow rate in one or more coils 212-214, determine a desired LAT, LFT, calculate one or more flow rate changes to achieve a desired LAT or LFT, and / or control one or more valves, three-way valves, actuators, dampers, manifolds, etc., to change the flow rate. In some embodiments, the computing device 230 may be a service operated by a third party, such as an individual or legal entity. The computing device 230 may be housed and operated in a different location from where the other parts of the system 200 are located. In other words, the computing device 230 is not bound to a specific location or configuration. Although only one computing device 230 is shown in Figure 2A, the system 200 may actually include multiple computing devices 230, each providing control to a separate part of the system 200.

[0060] Figure 2C shows an exemplary method 240 for performing control operations of a power supply and cooling system according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. For simplicity of explanation, this method 240 is described as being performed using systems 100 and 200 of Figures 1A and 2A. However, this method 240 can be used with any other suitable device or system. The embodiments shown in Figure 2C are for illustrative purposes only. Other embodiments of this method 240 can be used without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0061] In operation 241, the computing device 230 receives temperature readings from sensors T1 and T3 and determines whether the fluid temperature at sensor T3 (i.e., the fluid temperature before entering coil 212) is at least 5 degrees Fahrenheit higher than the temperature of the regional heat return water 234 at sensor T1.

[0062] In operation 242, if T3 is at least 5 degrees Fahrenheit higher than the temperature of T1, the computing device 230 controls valve V1 (which includes a three-way valve) to open, thereby enabling heat transfer through the heat exchanger 224. This moves the fluid toward the regional heat return water 234. The fluid is directed toward the heat exchanger 224 in a closed-loop configuration between the return of the primary fluid path (which includes the output from the air handler 220, the CCC coil 222, or both) and the heat exchanger 224. In some embodiments, the computing device 230 receives a signal from one or more upstream systems indicating that the prime mover is running.

[0063] In operation 243, the computing device 230 determines whether any of the following conditions are met: (1) the upstream prime mover is not operating, (2) the temperature readings of the T1 and T3 sensors are less than 5 degrees Fahrenheit, or (3) the user-defined conditions are not met.

[0064] In operation 244, if one of the conditions of operation 243 is met, the computing device 230 controls valve V1 to close, thereby blocking the fluid flow to the heat exchanger 224.

[0065] In operation 245, the computing device 230 provides one or more notifications to the relevant parties or the monitoring system.

[0066] Figure 2D shows an exemplary method 250 for performing control operations of a power supply and cooling system according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. For simplicity of explanation, this method 250 is described as being performed using systems 100 and 200 of Figures 1A and 2A. However, this method 250 can be used with any other suitable device or system. The embodiments shown in Figure 2D are for illustrative purposes only. Other embodiments of this method 250 can be used without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0067] In operation 251, the computing device 230 receives temperature measurements from temperature sensors T3, T4, T5, T8, and T9.

[0068] In operation 252, the computing device 230 uses the temperature measurement to perform calculations and determine whether the mixed fluid from the primary fluid path and the heating fluid reservoir 208 is necessary to satisfy the LFT of 80 degrees Fahrenheit in the coil 212.

[0069] In operation 253, the computing device 230 determines an appropriate mixed fluid. In some embodiments, the mixed fluid may be fluid from the primary fluid path only (i.e., 100% primary fluid path). In some embodiments, the mixed fluid may be fluid from the heating fluid reservoir 208 only (i.e., 100% heating fluid reservoir). In some embodiments, the mixed fluid may be xx% fluid from the primary fluid path and yy% fluid from the heating fluid reservoir 208, where xx and yy are numbers between 0 and 100 and can be determined in real time.

[0070] In operation 254, the computing device 230 controls the control valves V1 and V2 (which may be three-way valves) to open to the appropriate positions so that the mixed fluid determined in operation 253 can be achieved.

[0071] In some embodiments, operations 251 to 254 are repeated to adjust a predetermined mixed fluid.

[0072] Figure 2E shows an exemplary method 260 for performing control operations of power supply and cooling systems according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. For simplicity of explanation, this method 260 is described as being performed using systems 100 and 200 of Figures 1A and 2A. However, this method 260 can be used with any other suitable device or system. The embodiments shown in Figure 2E are for illustrative purposes only. Other embodiments of this method 260 can be used without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0073] In operation 261, the computing device 230 receives temperature measurements from temperature sensors T5, T6, T10, and T11.

[0074] In operation 262, the computing device 230 uses its temperature measurements to perform calculations and determine the updated flow rate from the primary fluid path and the heating fluid reservoir 213 to satisfy the LFT between 40 and 60 degrees Fahrenheit in the coil 213.

[0075] In operation 263, the computing device 230 controls one or more pump or valve positions associated with coil 213 to change the current fluid flow rate to the updated fluid flow rate determined in operation 262.

[0076] In some embodiments, operations 261 to 263 can be repeated to adjust to a predetermined amount of mixed fluid.

[0077] Figure 2F shows an exemplary method 270 for performing control operations of power supply and cooling systems according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. For simplicity of explanation, this method 270 is described as being performed using systems 100 and 200 of Figures 1A and 2A. However, this method 270 can be used with any other suitable device or system. The embodiments shown in Figure 2F are for illustrative purposes only. Other embodiments of this method 270 can be used without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0078] In operation 271, the computing device 230 receives temperature measurements from temperature sensors T6, T7, and T12. In some embodiments, temperature sensor T7 is a control input to the data center 216.

[0079] In operation 272, the computing device 230 uses the temperature measurement to perform calculations and determine the fluid flow rate from the heating fluid reservoir 208 through the coil 214 in order to satisfy the LAT between 70 and 104 degrees Fahrenheit in the coil 214.

[0080] In operation 273, the computing device 230 controls the position of one or more pumps or valves associated with the heated fluid reservoir 208 to change the fluid flow rate to the fluid flow rate determined in operation 272.

[0081] In some embodiments, operations 271 to 273 can be repeated to adjust to a predetermined fluid flow rate.

[0082] The methods described above in relation to Figures 2C to 2F illustrate exemplary operations that can be carried out in accordance with the principles of this disclosure. The methods described herein are subject to various modifications. For example, although shown as a series of steps, the various steps in each drawing may overlap, be performed in parallel, in different orders, or multiple times. In other examples, steps may be omitted or replaced by other steps. It should also be understood that some or all of the methods described above in relation to Figures 2C to 2F can be performed together in System 200.

[0083] Figure 3A shows an example of another heat transfer system 300 used in power supply and cooling systems according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. For simplicity of explanation, the heat transfer system 300 is described as being used in conjunction with the power supply and cooling system 100 of Figure 1A. Of course, this is merely an example. The heat transfer system 300 may be used with any other suitable system. Also, the embodiment of the heat transfer system 300 shown in Figure 3A is for illustrative purposes only. Other embodiments of the heat transfer system 300 may be used without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0084] As shown in Figure 3A, the heat transfer system 300 includes a high-temperature exhaust airflow 304 from a turbine 303 of a power generation system, such as the power supply system 109 in Figure 1A. For example, if the power supply system 109 is part of a liquid-air energy system, the airflow may be at a temperature of approximately 150 degrees Fahrenheit. However, higher or lower temperatures are also within the scope of this disclosure. Multiple coils, including coils 312-314, are arranged in series within the airflow 304. Coils 312-314 can be housed in a large air duct through which the airflow 304 passes. In some embodiments, the duct is 8-10 feet in diameter. However, larger or smaller duct dimensions are also within the scope of this disclosure. Each of the coils 312-314 is passed through a fluid that is cooler than the airflow 304. Therefore, coils 312-314 act as heat exchangers, and the thermal energy from the airflow 304 adds thermal energy to the fluid passing through coils 312-314, cooling the airflow 304 in each coil 312-314. The cooled airflow 304 can then be supplied to the data center 316 as cooling air. The data center 316 can represent the electrical load in Figure 1A (or be shown as electrical load 120). This heat exchange process is described in detail here.

[0085] Coil 312 is the first coil that the airflow 304 encounters. Therefore, coil 312 receives the airflow 304 at its highest temperature, which is the inlet temperature (EAT) of the airflow 304, for example, 150° to 320°F. The fluid passing through coil 312 is received from the fluid reservoir 320 and / or the cooler 322. In some embodiments, the EFT of the fluid entering coil 312 is approximately 120°F. As the relatively cold fluid passes through coil 312, thermal energy from the warm airflow 304 is transferred to the fluid (e.g., by conduction, convection, or a combination thereof), thereby making the airflow 304 colder and the fluid warmer. In some embodiments, the LFT of the fluid leaving coil 312 is approximately 140° to 300°F. In some embodiments, the fluid is output back to the fluid reservoir 320, which acts as a reservoir. Since the fluid in the storage tank is warmer near the top than near the bottom, the warmer fluid is drawn into the top of the fluid storage section 320, and the cooler fluid directed towards the coil 312 can be drawn out from the bottom of the fluid storage section 320. Due to the cooling of the air at the coil 312, the LAT of the airflow 304 is lower than the EAT of 150° to 320°F. For example, the LAT of the airflow 304 moving away from the coil 312 may be approximately 140°F.

[0086] Coil 313 is the next coil that the airflow 304 encounters. That is, the airflow 304 reaches coil 313 after passing through or penetrating coil 312. The EAT of the airflow 304 in coil 313 is approximately the same as the LAT of the airflow 304 in coil 312, for example, about 140 degrees Fahrenheit. The fluid passing through coil 313 is output from the heat exchanger 306. The EFT of the fluid in coil 313 is lower than the EAT of the airflow 304. In some embodiments, the EFT of the fluid may be about 90 degrees Fahrenheit. As the relatively cold fluid penetrates coil 313, thermal energy from the warmer airflow 304 is transferred to the fluid, thereby cooling the airflow 304 and warming the fluid. In some embodiments, the LFT of the fluid exiting coil 313 is about 110 degrees Fahrenheit. In some embodiments, the fluid is output to and returned to a heat exchanger 306, which is another fluid loop, as will be described in detail below. Due to the cooling of the air in coil 313, the LAT of the airflow 304 is lower than the EAT of 140 degrees Fahrenheit. For example, the LAT of the airflow 304 leaving coil 313 may be approximately 130 degrees Fahrenheit.

[0087] Coil 314 is the next coil that the airflow 304 encounters. The EAT of the airflow 304 in coil 314 is approximately the same as the LAT of the airflow 304 in coil 313, for example, about 130 degrees Fahrenheit. The fluid passing through coil 314 is the fluid coming out of the heat exchanger 308. The EFT of the fluid in coil 314 is lower than the EAT of the airflow 304. In some embodiments, the EFT of the fluid may be about 60 to 70 degrees Fahrenheit. As the relatively cold fluid passes through coil 314, thermal energy from the warmer airflow 304 is transferred to the fluid, thereby cooling the airflow 304 and warming the fluid. In some embodiments, the LFT of the fluid coming out of coil 314 is about 90 degrees Fahrenheit. In some embodiments, the fluid is output and returned to the heat exchanger 308, which is another fluid loop, as will be described in detail below. Due to the cooling of the air at coil 314, the LAT of the airflow 304 is lower than the EAT of 130 degrees Fahrenheit. For example, the LAT of the airflow 304 leaving coil 314 is approximately 70 to 104 degrees Fahrenheit, which is a suitable temperature range for delivery to the data center 316. After entering the data center 316, the airflow 304 can be provided for direct cooling of the data center 316. For example, the airflow 304 can be circulated around one or more heat-generating components (e.g., servers) within the data center 316.

[0088] In some embodiments, the heat transfer system 300 also includes a district heating and cooling system 202, which includes district water supply 231, district chilled water 232, district heat supply water 233, and district heat return water 234. In some embodiments, the district heating and cooling system 202 can be used as a heat sink or heat source within the heat transfer system 300.

[0089] For example, as shown in Figure 3A, one side of the heat exchanger 306 includes a fluid loop between the regional heat return water 234 and the heat exchanger 306. The other side of the heat exchanger 306 includes a fluid loop between the heat exchanger 306 and the coil 313. Since the fluid from the CCC coil 313 is at a higher temperature than the regional heat return water 234 (for example, about 110 degrees Fahrenheit compared to about 90 degrees Fahrenheit), the heat exchanger 306 can operate to transfer thermal energy from the fluid in the CCC coil 313 to the regional heat return water 234.

[0090] As another example, one side of heat exchanger 308 includes a fluid loop between the district water 231, heat exchanger 308, and district heat return water 234. The other side of heat exchanger 306 includes a fluid loop between heat exchanger 308 and coil 314. On the other side, heat exchanger 308 can receive relatively cool water (e.g., about 60 degrees Fahrenheit) from the district water 231. As previously mentioned, heat exchanger 308 receives relatively warm fluid (e.g., about 90 degrees Fahrenheit) from coil 314. After thermal energy is exchanged in heat exchanger 308, the water returning to the district heating and cooling system 202 is warmer than the district water 231. Thus, the warmer water can return to the district heat return water 234 or district water 231 loop at a slightly higher temperature.

[0091] In addition to, or as an alternative to, the fluid loop between the heat exchanger 308 and the district heating and cooling system 202, a fluid loop between the heat exchanger 308 and district surface water 310 can be used. The surface water 310 (which may be, for example, a river, lake, sea, or artificial pond) can provide the relatively cool water used in the heat exchanger 308. In some embodiments, a heat exchanger 326 can be used between the district heat return water 234 and the fluid loop through the coil 312.

[0092] As mentioned above, the fluid passing through coil 312 can be received at least partially from cooler 322. Cooler 322 operates to generate a cooling fluid that is delivered to one or more air handlers 324 associated with data center 316. The air handlers 324 operate to use the cooling fluid from cooler 322 to provide direct air cooling to data center 316 or to provide liquid to direct air cooling. Cooler 322 includes any suitable device or system for fluid cooling. In some embodiments, cooler 322 includes an absorption cooler, an adsorption cooler, or a combination thereof.

[0093] In some embodiments, the system 300 includes at least one computing device 330 provided to control the operation of one or more components of the system 300. For example, the computing device 330 can receive input values ​​from one or more sensors to determine the EAT, EFT, and flow rate in one or more coils 312-314, determine a desired LAT, LFT, calculate one or more flow rate changes to achieve a desired LAT or LFT, and / or control one or more valves, actuators, manifolds, etc., to change the flow rate. In some embodiments, the computing device 330 may be a service operated by a third party, such as an individual or legal entity. The computing device 330 may be housed and operated in a different location from where the other parts of the system 300 are located. In other words, the computing device 330 is not bound to a specific location or configuration. Although only one computing device 330 is shown in Figure 3A, the system 300 may actually include multiple computing devices 330, each providing control to a separate part of the system 300.

[0094] Figures 2A and 3A show examples of heat transfer systems used in power supply and cooling systems and related details, although various modifications can be made to Figures 2A and 3A. For example, the various temperatures described in Figures 2A and 3A are merely examples, and other embodiments may include different temperatures. Similarly, the number and arrangement of coils and other components are also merely examples. The various components of heat transfer systems 200 and 300 can be combined, further divided, duplicated, rearranged, or omitted, and additional components can be added as needed.

[0095] Furthermore, it is possible to use various heat sources in any combination of a single path or stage to increase the total amount of heat available to one or more parts of systems 200, 300 (e.g., one of the heat exchangers 224, 306, 308). Examples of such heat sources include compression heat from a liquefaction plant, compression heat from air compression, combustion of hydrogen or other combustible fuels, exhaust from an internal combustion engine, waste heat from an internal combustion engine cooling system, outside air vaporizer, exhaust from a combustible fuel container, and so on.

[0096] In some embodiments, waste heat from fuel cells can be captured and reused. For example, such waste heat can be applied to the air entering turbines 203 and 303, the air in one or more intermediate stages of turbines 203 and 303, or the exhaust air exiting turbines 203 and 303. Heating the air in the intermediate stages of the turbines can prevent premature equipment failure, improve equipment efficiency, or a combination of these. Such waste heat can serve as an alternative to burning carbon-based fuels.

[0097] In some embodiments, hydrogen can be used as a non-carbon combustible fuel heat source in liquid or gaseous form to heat compressed air directly or through a heat exchanger under reduced pressure. Such a process can result in highly efficient utilization of the airflow, increasing the inflow air temperature and reducing deterioration and / or damage to internal components due to thermal shock, or a combination thereof. Hydrogen can also be used to heat liquid air directly or through a heat exchanger during the turbine cycle to further increase the utilization efficiency of liquid air flowing between the turboexpander and turbine stages.

[0098] In some embodiments, including one or more existing diesel generators, the generator's remote radiator can be used as a heat source. For example, the radiator can be used as a heat source in the liquid-to-liquid conversion in a liquid-air energy system. In another example, the radiator can be used as a heat source in the liquid-to-air conversion in a compressed air energy system. The generator's exhaust can also be used in the same way. In some embodiments, carbon capture in the exhaust pipe can be used to reduce or remove carbon dioxide production.

[0099] Figure 3B shows an exemplary method 340 for performing control operations of a power supply and cooling system according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. For simplicity of explanation, method 340 is described as being performed using systems 100 and 300 of Figures 1A and 3A. However, method 340 can be used with any other suitable device or system. The embodiments shown in Figure 3B are for illustrative purposes only. Other embodiments of method 340 can be used without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0100] In operation 341, the computing device 330 receives temperature readings from sensors T1 and T3 and determines whether the LFT of sensor T3 is at least 5 degrees Fahrenheit higher than the temperature of the regional heat return water 234 at sensor T1.

[0101] In operation 342, if the T3 temperature is at least 5 degrees Fahrenheit higher than the T1 temperature, the computing device 330 controls valve V1 to open, thereby enabling heat transfer through the heat exchanger 326. This moves the fluid toward the regional heat return water 234. The fluid is directed toward the heat exchanger 326 in a closed-loop configuration between coil 312 and heat exchanger 326. In some embodiments, the computing device 330 receives a signal from one or more upstream systems indicating that the prime mover is running.

[0102] In operation 343, the computing device 330 determines whether any of the following conditions are met: (1) the upstream prime mover is not operating, (2) the difference between the temperature readings of the T1 and T3 sensors is less than 5 degrees Fahrenheit, (3) user-defined conditions are not met, or (4) there is a demand for the cooler 322.

[0103] In operation 344, if there is demand for the cooler 322 (as determined in operation 343), the computing device 330 controls the positions of valves V1 and V2 to open the loop between the coil 312 and the storage tank 320 and close the loop with the heat exchanger 326. In some embodiments, the cooler 322 is controlled and monitored by other sensors during periods of demand.

[0104] In operation 345, the computing device 330 provides one or more notifications to the relevant parties or the monitoring system.

[0105] Figure 3C shows an exemplary method 350 for performing control operations of a power supply and cooling system according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. For simplicity of explanation, this method 350 is described as being performed using systems 100 and 300 of Figures 1A and 3A. However, method 350 can be used with any other suitable device or system. The embodiments shown in Figure 3C are for illustrative purposes only. Other embodiments of method 350 can be used without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0106] In operation 351, the computing device 330 receives temperature readings from sensors T1 and T4 and determines whether the LFT of sensor T4 is at least 5 degrees Fahrenheit higher than the temperature of the regional heat return water 234 at sensor T1.

[0107] In operation 352, if the T4 temperature is at least 5 degrees Fahrenheit higher than the T1 temperature, the computing device 330 controls valve V3 to open, thereby enabling heat transfer through the heat exchanger 306. This moves the fluid toward the regional heat return water 234. The fluid is directed toward the heat exchanger 306 in a closed-loop configuration between coil 313 and the heat exchanger 306. In some embodiments, the computing device 330 receives a signal from one or more upstream systems indicating that the prime mover is operating.

[0108] In operation 353, the computing device 330 determines whether any of the following conditions are met: (1) the upstream prime mover is not operating, (2) the temperature readings of the T1 and T4 sensors are less than 5 degrees Fahrenheit, or (3) the user-defined conditions are not met.

[0109] In operation 354, the computing device 330 provides one or more notifications to the relevant parties or the monitoring system.

[0110] Figure 3D shows an exemplary method 360 for performing control operations of power supply and cooling systems according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. For simplicity of explanation, method 360 is described as being performed using systems 100 and 300 of Figures 1A and 3A. However, method 360 can be used with any other suitable device or system. The embodiments shown in Figure 3D are for illustrative purposes only. Other embodiments of method 360 can be used without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0111] In operation 361, the computing device 330 receives temperature measurements from temperature sensors T1, T2, T5, and T7. In some embodiments, temperature sensor T7 is a control input to the data center 316. The computing device 330 determines whether the LFT of sensor T5 is at least 5 degrees Fahrenheit higher than the temperature of the regional heat return water 234 at sensor T1.

[0112] In operation 362, if the T5 temperature is at least 5 degrees Fahrenheit higher than the T1 temperature, the computing device 330 controls and opens valve V5, thereby allowing movement between the heat exchanger 308 and the region. This also has the effect of cooling the air passing through coil 314 to a predetermined air temperature for the data center 316, as measured by sensor T7.

[0113] In operation 363, if the predetermined air temperature for the data center 316 is not met, the computing unit 330 controls and opens valve V6, thereby supplying cold surface water to the heat exchanger 308. This removes heat from the airflow passing through coil 314 in order to bring the air temperature of the data center 316, as measured by sensor T7, to the predetermined value.

[0114] The methods described above in relation to Figures 3B to 3D illustrate exemplary operations that can be carried out in accordance with the principles of this disclosure. The methods described herein are subject to various modifications. For example, although they are shown as a series of steps, the various steps in each figure may be repeated, performed in parallel, in a different order, or performed multiple times. In other examples, steps may be omitted or replaced by other steps. It should also be understood that some or all of the methods described above in relation to Figures 3B to 3D can be carried out together in System 300.

[0115] Figure 4A shows an example of a hybrid compressed air / liquid air power supply and cooling system 400 according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. For simplicity of explanation, system 400 is described as being used in conjunction with the power supply and cooling system 100 of Figure 1A. Of course, this is merely an example. System 400 can be used with any other suitable system. Also, the embodiment of system 400 shown in Figure 4A is for illustrative purposes only. Other embodiments of system 400 can be used without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0116] As shown in Figure 4A, the system 400 includes two prime movers (i.e., turbines) 402 and 404. Each of the turbines 402 and 404 may represent (or be represented by) the power supply system 109 in Figure 1A. Turbine 402 is part of the compressed air energy system and produces relatively cool exhaust gas with a temperature of less than 30 degrees Fahrenheit. In some embodiments, the exhaust flow from turbine 402 is at a temperature of approximately -150 degrees Fahrenheit. The cool exhaust flow first flows through a duct 406 which includes a high-pressure waste gate 410 that releases excess exhaust gas. Sensors associated with the duct 406 include a temperature sensor 414, a pressure sensor 416, and a flow sensor 418, which measure the temperature, pressure, and flow rate of the cool exhaust flow in the duct 406, respectively.

[0117] The turbine 404 is part of the liquid-air energy system and generates relatively warm exhaust gas with a temperature above 30 degrees Fahrenheit. In some embodiments, the exhaust flow from the turbine 402 is approximately 150 degrees Fahrenheit. The warm exhaust flow first flows through a duct 408, which includes a high-pressure exhaust gate 412 for releasing excess exhaust gas. Sensors associated with the duct 408 include a temperature sensor 420, a pressure sensor 422, and a flow sensor 424, which measure the temperature, pressure, and flow rate of the warm exhaust flow within the duct 408, respectively.

[0118] The paths of ducts 406 and 408 merge into a single duct 425, forming a 'Y' configuration. In duct 425, the cold exhaust flow from duct 406 and the warm exhaust flow from duct 408 mix to form a single exhaust flow. Dampers 438 located at the interfaces between duct 406 and duct 425, and between duct 408 and duct 425, can act to control the airflow entering duct 425 from ducts 406 and 408, respectively. One or more vanes 426 and baffles 428 positioned within duct 425 disturb the airflow and further mix the cold and warm exhaust flows. Sensors associated with duct 425 include: The system includes a temperature sensor 430, a pressure sensor 432, and a flow sensor 434, which measure the temperature, pressure, and flow rate of the combined exhaust flow within the duct 425, respectively. If any of the measured characteristics (i.e., temperature, pressure, or flow rate) are not within the desired range, a damper can be operated to change the ratio of warm to cold exhaust. Furthermore, a waste gate 436 can be operated to release non-specified waste exhaust from the duct 425. Exhaust air within the desired temperature, pressure, and flow rate range is output through the outlet 440 and delivered to cool the data center (e.g., electrical load 120 in Figure 1A).

[0119] In some embodiments, the system 400 includes at least one computing device 450 provided for controlling the operation of one or more components of the system 400. For example, the computing device 450 can take measurements from one or more sensors 414, 416, 418, 420, 422, 424, 430, 432, 434, determine a desired temperature and / or airflow rate, and control the operation of one or more dampers, waste gates, etc., to perform a desired change. In some embodiments, the computing device 450 may be a service operated by a third party, such as an individual or legal entity. The computing device 450 may be housed and operated in a different location from where the other parts of the system 400 are located. In other words, the computing device 450 is not bound to a specific location or configuration. Although only one computing device 450 is shown in Figure 4A, the system 400 may actually include multiple computing devices 450, each providing control of a separate part of the system 400.

[0120] In some embodiments, a solar fluid heater (similar to heater 206 in Figure 2A, for example) can be connected to one or more liquid-liquid heat exchangers of the turbine 404 to heat liquid air at each stage of the turbine 404 and / or between stages, thereby improving prime mover efficiency.

[0121] Figure 4B shows an exemplary method 460 for performing control operations of a power supply and cooling system according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. For simplicity of explanation, this method 460 is described as being performed using systems 100 and 400 of Figures 1A and 2A. However, this method 460 can be used with any other suitable device or system. The embodiments shown in Figure 4B are for illustrative purposes only. Other embodiments of this method 460 can be used without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0122] In operation 461, a power fault in the public power grid is identified by one or more energy sensors on the public power meter. This is used as a signal to start turbines 402 and 404.

[0123] In operation 462, the turbine starting process is initialized. This includes, for example, the release of the turbine rotation reserve air tank, the release of the rotating motor, or a combination thereof. The system also synchronizes and parallelizes the electrical output and transfers critical loads to the generators. Each turbine 402, 404 includes a rotating flywheel and / or a battery (not shown) which maintains the critical loads during the starting cycle of each turbine 402, 404.

[0124] In operation 463, the computing device 450 uses data received from the temperature sensor 414, the pressure sensor 416, and the flow rate sensor 418 to sense the temperature, pressure, and mass flow rate of the cold exhaust flow inside (or at the outlet of) the duct 406, respectively.

[0125] In operation 464, the computing device 450 uses data received from the temperature sensor 420, the pressure sensor 422, and the flow rate sensor 424 to sense the temperature, pressure, and mass flow rate of the warm exhaust flow inside (or at its outlet) the duct 408, respectively.

[0126] In operation 465, the computing device 450 uses data received from the temperature sensor 430, the pressure sensor 432, and the flow rate sensor 434 to sense the temperature, pressure, and mass flow rate of the mixed airflow in (or at the outlet of) the duct 425, respectively.

[0127] In operation 466, the computing device 450 calculates the appropriate mixing ratio of cold airflow to warm airflow for a given temperature in the data center, where the given temperature is between 70°F and 104°F.

[0128] In operation 467, the computing device 450 controls the waste gates 410 and 412 to release excess air in order to correct the mass flow rate and temperature relative to a predetermined temperature. Initially, the air is released into the atmosphere through the waste gate 436 while the air flow rate and temperature stabilize.

[0129] In operation 468, the computing device 450 determines that the airflow and temperature have stabilized for a specified period of time. In response, the computing device 450 controls to close the waste gate 436 and to open the outlet 440. The airflow then enters the data center at a temperature and pressure appropriate to the cooling requirements. Over time, the computing device 450 continues to monitor the airflow into the data center and can adjust it as needed.

[0130] Figure 5 shows an exemplary system for power generation using turbine exhaust according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. For simplicity of explanation, system 500 is described as being used in conjunction with one or more systems shown in Figures 1A to 4A. Of course, this is merely an example. System 500 may be used with any other suitable system. Also, the embodiments of system 500 shown in the figures are for illustrative purposes only. Other embodiments of system 500 may be used without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0131] As shown in Figure 5, the system 500 includes a turbine 502. The turbine 502 may represent (or be represented by) the power supply system 109 in Figure 1A. In some embodiments, the turbine 502 is part of a compressed air energy system, similar to the turbine 402 in Figure 4A. In other embodiments, the turbine 502 is part of a liquid air energy system, similar to the turbine 404 in Figure 4A. During operation, the turbine 502 generates an exhaust flow 506, which flows through a duct 504. Depending on the type of system, the exhaust flow 506 may have a speed exceeding 50 miles per hour (MPH) and an absolute pressure exceeding 20 pounds per square inch (psia). Of course, these values ​​are merely examples, and other values ​​may be higher or lower, and these are within the scope of this disclosure.

[0132] Inside the duct 504 and along the path of the exhaust flow 506 are multiple power generation devices, including one or more wind turbine generators 508 and one or more turbine generators 510. As the exhaust flow 506 flows past each of the generators 508 and 510, the generators 508 and 510 rotate and generate a small amount of electricity. Such electricity can be used to operate control devices that require only a small amount of power, such as actuators, valves, and sensors. A further advantage is that the generators 508 and 510 can act as obstacles, reducing the velocity and pressure of the exhaust flow 506. This can be effective in changing the pressure and airflow within a desired range, such as flow passing through coils (e.g., coils 212-214, 312-314 in Figures 2A and 3A) or flow passing through one or more downstream ducts (e.g., ducts 406, 408, 425 in Figure 4A). Additionally or alternatively, the duct 504 may include one or more wheels, vanes, blades, etc., that move, vibrate, or rotate due to the motion of the exhaust flow 506. Such wheels, vanes, blades, etc., can then actuate or drive one or more shafts, gears, pumps, or other movable devices. For example, a rotating vane in the duct 504 can drive one or more hydraulic pumps that move fluids, as described in Figures 2A and 3A.

[0133] Figure 6A shows an exemplary system 600 using air induction for engine exhaust regulation according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. To achieve a suitable air temperature supply for data center cooling, it is possible to utilize air induction by the Venturi effect without heating or cooling the engine airflow by air-to-fluid heat transfer using a common fluid. As described below, a default LAT from system 600 to the data center can be generated by mixing the available data center return air with ambient air at a calculated ratio.

[0134] For the sake of simplicity, the system 600 will be described as being used in conjunction with the power supply and cooling system 100 shown in Figure 1A. Of course, this is merely an example. The system 600 may be used with any other suitable system. Also, the embodiment of the system 600 shown in Figure 6A is for illustrative purposes only. Other embodiments of the system 600 may also be used without departing from the scope of this disclosure.

[0135] As shown in Figure 6A, the system 600 includes a prime mover (i.e., a turbine) 602. The turbine 602 may represent (or be represented by) the power supply system 109 in Figure 1A. Depending on the embodiment, the turbine 602 may be part of a compressed air system or a liquid air energy system. If the turbine 602 is part of a compressed air energy system, it produces relatively cool exhaust gas at a temperature below 30 degrees Fahrenheit. In some embodiments, the exhaust flow from the turbine 602 is at a temperature of approximately -150 degrees Fahrenheit. If the turbine 602 is part of a liquid air energy system, it produces relatively warm exhaust gas at a temperature above 30 degrees Fahrenheit. In some embodiments, the exhaust flow from the turbine 602 is at a temperature of approximately 150 degrees Fahrenheit.

[0136] The exhaust flow first passes through a first duct 604, which includes a high-pressure waste gate 606 for releasing excess exhaust. In some embodiments, the waste gate 606 is biased to an open position by gravity and can be powered to close it when needed. The exhaust flow then enters a second duct 608, where the exhaust is mixed with other air as described below. One or more vanes or baffles 610 located near the inlet of the second duct 608 restrict the airflow, causing a decrease in fluid pressure and an increase in fluid velocity (i.e., the Venturi effect). Sensors located near the inlet of the second duct 608 include a temperature sensor 612, a pressure sensor 614, and a flow sensor 616, which measure the temperature, pressure, and flow rate of the exhaust flow entering the second duct 608, respectively.

[0137] Additional air is introduced into the second duct 608 via an induced flow. That is, because the exhaust flow from the turbine 602 is high pressure and high speed, it is possible to draw (i.e., induce) additional air into the second duct 608. This additional air source includes the data center's return air 618 and ambient outside air 620. In some embodiments, the respective air sources 618 and 620 flow through the corresponding ducts 622 and 624 before flowing into the second duct 608. Dampers 626 and 628 in the respective ducts 622 and 624 can be operated to control the airflow 608 from each duct 622, 624 to the second duct. Sensors placed in the airflow through each duct 622, 624 include temperature sensors 630, 636, pressure sensors 632, 638, and flow sensors 634, 640 for measuring the temperature, pressure, and flow rate of the airflow in the ducts 622, 624, respectively.

[0138] In the second duct 608, the exhaust flow from the first duct 604, the data center return air 618, and the ambient outside air 620 mix to form a single airflow. If the turbine 602 is part of a compressed air energy system, the temperature of the cold exhaust flow increases due to the mixing of the relatively warm data center return air 618 with the ambient outside air 620. Conversely, if the turbine 602 is part of a liquid air energy system, the temperature of the warm exhaust flow decreases due to the mixing of the relatively cold data center return air 618 with the ambient outside air 620. One or more vanes or baffles 648 placed in the second duct restrict or disturb the airflow, further mixing the exhaust flow with the data center return air 618 and the ambient outside air 620.

[0139] Sensors associated with the second duct 608 include a temperature sensor 642, a pressure sensor 644, and a flow sensor 646, which measure the temperature, pressure, and flow rate of the combined airflow within the second duct 608, respectively. If any of the measured characteristics (i.e., temperature, pressure, or flow rate) is not within the desired range, one or more dampers 626, 628 can be operated (e.g., as sensor-controlled dampers) to change the ratio of the airflow. Furthermore, the waste gate 650 can be operated to release out-of-specification waste air from the second duct 608. In some embodiments, the waste gate 650 is biased to the open position by gravity and can be powered to close it when needed. Exhaust air within the desired temperature, pressure, and flow rate range is discharged through the outlet 652 and delivered to cool the data center (e.g., electrical load 120 in Figure 1A).

[0140] In some embodiments, the system 600 includes at least one computing device 660 provided to control the operation of one or more components of the system 600. For example, the computing device 660 can acquire measurements from one or more sensors 612-616, 630-646, determine a desired temperature and / or airflow rate, and control the operation of one or more dampers, waste gates, etc., to perform a desired change. In some embodiments, the computing device 660 may be a service operated by a third party, such as an individual or legal entity. The computing device 660 may be housed and operated in a different location from where the other parts of the system 600 are located. In other words, the computing device 660 is not bound to a specific location or configuration. Although only one computing device 660 is shown in Figure 6A, the system 600 may actually include multiple computing devices 660, each providing control to a separate part of the system 600.

[0141] System 600 offers advantages over conventional mechanical systems that use air induction. Such conventional systems typically use high-power fans to generate the necessary high pressure and large volume of airflow to guide another air source into its airflow. In contrast, System 600 does not require high-power fans. Energy applications are primarily limited to control systems (e.g., computing unit 660) and power-driven dampers.

[0142] Figure 6B shows an exemplary method 670 for performing control operations of a power supply and cooling system according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. For simplicity of explanation, this method 670 is described as being performed using systems 100 and 600 of Figures 1A and 6A. However, this method 670 can be used with any other suitable device or system. The embodiments shown in Figure 6B are for illustrative purposes only. Other embodiments of this method 670 can be used without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0143] Method 670 is initiated with the waste gates 606 and 650 open. In operation 671, the computing device 660 receives measurements from multiple temperature, pressure, and flow sensors 612-616 and 630-646.

[0144] In operation 672, the computing device 660 performs calculations on the measurements obtained in operation 671 to determine the required airflow from the data center return and ambient air sources necessary to meet the data center's predetermined air temperature and air pressure requirements.

[0145] In operation 673, the computing device 660 controls dampers 626, 628, and the waste gate 606 to open them until a predetermined airflow rate is achieved. For example, the position of damper 626 can be determined based on whether the engine exhaust is higher, lower, or the same as the ambient temperature.

[0146] In operation 674, the computing device 660 receives measurement values ​​from sensors 642 to 646 and determines the supply air value at the waste gate 650.

[0147] In operation 675, if the computing device 660 determines that the supply air value determined in operation 674 is within a predetermined range, the computing device 660 controls the waste gate 650 to close and the exhaust port 652 to open, thereby delivering the adjusted air to the data center.

[0148] In operation 676, if the calculation device 660 determines that the supply air value determined in operation 674 is outside the specifications, the calculation device 660 recalculates and resets the positions of damper 626, damper 628, and waste gate 606.

[0149] Method 670 provides an exemplary operation that can be carried out in accordance with the principles of this disclosure. Various modifications are possible to Method 670. For example, although presented as a series of steps, the various steps may be repeated, performed in parallel, in a different order, or performed multiple times. In another example, steps may be omitted or replaced by other steps.

[0150] In some embodiments, the energy used in the power plant can be virtually purchased when it is cost-effective. The spot price of energy against the lowest short-run marginal cost (SRMC) can be monitored automatically or manually by one or more operators, technicians, or other users. Such purchases would make the operation of a power supply and cooling system, such as the power supply and cooling system 100 in Figure 1A, more economical.

[0151] One or more pressure monitoring inputs can determine whether any above-ground or underground storage container needs to be filled or emptied. If a low-pressure condition exists, the compressor starting procedure is changed to automatic starting. If the energy cost meets or exceeds the cost target requirement for each monitoring function, and if a low-pressure or target energy price point condition exists, the compressor can be automatically started (e.g., immediately or after a user-defined delay time).

[0152] In some embodiments, target conditions for low pressure and price exist, and a notification is sent (e.g., via a mobile app) to the field operator that an automatic start will occur after a predetermined time (e.g., 10 minutes). The field operator can then respond from the control console or mobile app. For example, the field operator can confirm the automatic start, which will begin the compressor and filling process. In some embodiments, the field operator can cancel the automatic start. Alternatively, the field operator can change the start time (e.g., delay it by 30 minutes or 1 hour).

[0153] The system records the operator's responses. If the operator stops, all starting systems may require manual intervention to reset. Once the operator confirms automatic start or changes the automatic start time, the system begins the filling process and fills the container to a predetermined pressure. In some embodiments, the predetermined pressure during the filling cycle is a combination of pressure and temperature. In some embodiments, readings from one or more pressure or temperature sensors can be provided as system inputs. In response, the system can adjust the final pressure based on a programmed pressure-temperature table. The system stops when the design pressure is reached or when energy costs exceed the programmed inputs. In some embodiments, the operator is notified whether the system stoppage is due to energy costs exceeding the operator's ability to continue compressor operation to meet operational or business objectives.

[0154] Figure 7 shows examples of a computing device 700 in a power supply and cooling system according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. The computing device 700 may be any of the computing devices 104, 190, 230, 330, 450, and 660 described in Figures 1A to 6A. The computing device 700 can be configured to control any of the operations described herein, including the operations in the above-described method.

[0155] As shown in Figure 7, the computing device 700 includes a bus system 705 that supports communication between the processor 710, memory device 715, communication interface (or circuit) 720, and input / output (I / O) unit 725. The processor 710 executes instructions loaded into memory 730. The processor 710 may include any number and type of processors or other devices in any appropriate configuration. Examples of types of processors 710 include microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, field-programmable gate arrays, application-specific integrated circuits, and discrete circuits.

[0156] Memory 730 and persistent storage device 735 are examples of storage device 715, which represent any structure capable of storing and facilitating the retrieval of information (such as data, program code, and / or other suitable temporary or persistent information). Memory 730 may be random-access memory or any other suitable volatile or non-volatile storage device. Persistent storage device 735 may include one or more components or devices that support long-term storage of data, such as read-only memory, hard disk, flash memory, or optical disk. For example, persistent storage device 735 may store one or more such as databases, standard data, results, data, client applications, etc.

[0157] The communication interface 720 supports communication with other systems or devices. For example, the communication interface 720 may include a network interface card or wireless transceiver to facilitate communication via system 200 or system 100. The communication interface 720 can support communication via any suitable physical or wireless communication link. The I / O unit 725 enables data input and output. For example, the I / O unit 725 can provide a connection for user input via a keyboard, mouse, keypad, touchscreen, or other suitable input device. The I / O unit 725 can also transmit output to a display, printer, or other suitable output device.

[0158] Figure 7 shows an example of a computing device 700, but various modifications can be made to Figure 7. For example, the various components of Figure 7 can be combined, further subdivided, or omitted, and additional components can be added as needed. As a specific example, although computing device 700 is shown as a single system, it may include multiple computing systems that may be remotely located. In another example, computing device 700 may be a personal electronic device such as a telephone, tablet, or laptop, or a user interface may be provided or updated to the personal electronic device, for example, via a software application or other communication interface, for control, management, information, and / or access to computing device 700 and / or any aspect of the system disclosed herein.

[0159] It should be noted that various figures and portions of this specification list exemplary temperatures or temperature ranges. These are provided for illustrative purposes only, and any suitable alternative temperatures or temperature ranges may be used in embodiments of this disclosure.

[0160] It would be beneficial to define the specific terms used throughout this invention document. The term "combine" and its derivatives refer to any direct or indirect communication between two or more elements, whether those elements are in physical contact with each other or not. The terms "transmit," "receive," and "communicate," together with their derivatives, encompass direct and indirect communication. The terms "include" and "equip," together with their derivatives, mean unrestricted inclusion. The term "or" is comprehensive and means and / or. The phrase "related," together with its derivatives, means include, contain, interconnect, enclose, be embedded, connect, combine, communicate, cooperate, sandwich, juxtapose, be close, be linked, have, possess, relate, etc. The phrase "such as," when used between terms, means that the latter term is illustrative and does not limit the former term. The phrase "at least one," when used with a list of items, means that one or more different combinations of the listed items are available, and only one item from the list may be required. For example, "at least one of A, B, and C" refers to any of the following combinations: A, B, C, A and B, A and C, B and C, and A, B, and C.

[0161] Furthermore, the various functions described herein can be implemented or supported by one or more computer programs, each of which is formed in computer-readable program code and embodied in computer-readable media. The terms “application” and “program” mean one or more computer programs, software components, instruction sets, procedures, functions, objects, classes, instances, associated data, or parts thereof, adapted for implementation in appropriate computer-readable program code. The term “computer-readable program code” includes any type of computer code, including source code, object code, and executable code. The term “computer-readable media” includes any type of media accessible by a computer, such as read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), hard disk drives, compact discs (CDs), digital video discs (DVDs), or any other type of memory. “Non-temporary” computer-readable media excludes wired, wireless, optical, or other communication links that transmit temporary electrical or other signals. Non-temporary computer-readable media include media capable of permanently storing data, and media that store data and can be later overwritten, such as rewritable optical discs or erasable memory devices.

[0162] Definitions of other specific terms are provided throughout this patent document. Those skilled in the art will understand, in many, if not many, that such definitions apply to the prior and future use of the terms thus defined. While this disclosure has been described using exemplary embodiments, various changes and modifications will be suggested to those skilled in the art. This disclosure is intended to encompass such changes and modifications as being within the scope of the appended claims. Nothing in this application should be read as implying that any particular element, step, or function is an essential element to be included in the claims. The scope of the patented subject matter is defined by the claims.

Claims

1. A step of receiving temperature readings from multiple temperature sensors in a power supply system (200) including multiple coils (212-214) arranged in series downstream of a turbine (203), each coil configured to receive thermal energy from an airflow (204) discharged from the turbine as it moves toward a data center (216), and each coil associated with at least one fluid loop, the step of receiving temperature readings (251), To obtain a predetermined outflow fluid temperature in the first coil (212) of the plurality of coils, the steps include using a first subset of temperature measurements to determine the mixing ratio of the mixed fluid from the primary fluid path and the heated fluid reservoir (208), Step (254) to control the position of one or more valves related to the primary fluid path and the heating fluid reservoir in order to achieve a predetermined mixing ratio of the mixed fluid, A method performed by a computer, including [this].

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first coil is part of a first fluid loop including a close-contact cooling (CCC) coil (222) associated with the data center.

3. To obtain a predetermined outflow fluid temperature in the second coil, the step (262) involves using a second subset of the temperature measurements to determine the updated fluid flow rate passing through the second coil (213) of the plurality of coils, A step (263) of controlling the position of one or more pumps or valves associated with the second coil in order to change the current fluid flow rate to the updated fluid flow rate, The method according to claim 1, further comprising:

4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the second coil is part of a second fluid loop including one or more air handlers (220) associated with the data center.

5. Step (272) of using a third subset of temperature measurements to determine the fluid flow rate from the heating fluid reservoir in order to obtain a predetermined outflow fluid temperature in the third coil (214) of the plurality of coils, wherein the third coil is the downstream of the turbine among the plurality of coils, (273) A step of controlling the position of one or more pumps or valves associated with the heating fluid storage in order to change the current fluid flow rate from the heating fluid storage to the predetermined fluid flow rate, The method according to claim 3, further comprising:

6. (i) a step (241) using a fourth subset of temperature measurements to determine whether the difference between the temperature of the fluid before it enters the first coil and (ii) the temperature of the regional heat return water (234) is greater than a threshold temperature difference, Step (242) of controlling the opening of one or more valves associated with the heat exchanger (224) in response to the determination that the difference is greater than the threshold temperature difference, so that at least a portion of the fluid is diverted to the heat exchanger and heat transfer is performed using the regional heat return water, The method according to claim 1, further comprising:

7. The method according to claim 6, further comprising the step (244) of controlling the one or more valves associated with the heat exchanger to close in response to a determination (243) that one or more of a predetermined set of conditions are met.

8. A memory (730) configured to store instructions, A processor (710) operably connected to the aforementioned memory, A device including, When the processor executes the instruction, A power supply system (200) comprising a plurality of coils (212-214) arranged in series downstream of a turbine (203), each of the coils configured to receive thermal energy from the airflow (204) discharged from the turbine when the airflow flows toward a data center (216), and each of the coils relating to at least one fluid loop, wherein the power supply system (200) receives temperature measurements (251) from a plurality of temperature sensors, In order to obtain a predetermined outflow fluid temperature in the first coil (212) of the plurality of coils, a first subset of temperature measurements (253) is used to determine the mixing ratio of the mixed fluid from the primary fluid path and the heated fluid reservoir (208), To achieve a predetermined mixing ratio of the mixed fluid, the positions of one or more valves related to the primary fluid path and the heating fluid reservoir are controlled (254). A device configured in such a way.

9. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the first coil is part of a first fluid loop including a close-contact cooling (CCC) coil (222) associated with the data center.

10. The aforementioned processor, To obtain a predetermined outflow fluid temperature in the second coil (213), a second subset of the temperature measurements (262) is used to determine the updated fluid flow rate passing through the second coil of the plurality of coils. To change the current fluid flow rate to the updated fluid flow rate, control (263) the position of one or more pumps or valves associated with the second coil. The apparatus according to claim 8, further configured as follows.

11. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the second coil is part of a second fluid loop including one or more air handlers (220) associated with the data center.

12. The aforementioned processor, In order to obtain a predetermined outflow fluid temperature in the third coil (214) of the plurality of coils, which is the downstream of the turbine, a third subset of the temperature measurement values ​​(272) is used to determine the fluid flow rate from the heating fluid reservoir. To change the current fluid flow rate from the heated fluid reservoir to the updated fluid flow rate, control (273) the position of one or more pumps or valves associated with the heated fluid reservoir. The apparatus according to claim 10, further configured as follows.

13. The aforementioned processor, (i) a fourth subset of the temperature measurements (241) is used to determine whether the difference between the temperature of the fluid before it enters the first coil and (ii) the temperature of the regional heat return water (234) is greater than a threshold temperature difference. In response to the determination that the difference is greater than the threshold temperature difference, control (242) to open one or more valves associated with the heat exchanger (224) in order to divert at least a portion of the fluid to the heat exchanger and perform heat transfer using the regional heat return water. The apparatus according to claim 8, further configured as follows.

14. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the processor is further configured to control (244) the one or more valves associated with the heat exchanger to close in response to a determination (243) that one or more conditions in a predetermined set of conditions are met.

15. A non-temporary computer-readable medium containing multiple instructions (715, 730, 735), When the plurality of instructions are executed by at least one processor (710), the at least one processor is given the following instructions: A power supply system (200) comprising a plurality of coils (212-214) arranged in series downstream of a turbine (203), each of the coils configured to receive thermal energy from the airflow (204) discharged from the turbine when the airflow flows toward a data center (216), and each of the coils relating to at least one fluid loop, wherein the power supply system (200) receives temperature measurements (251) from a plurality of temperature sensors, In order to obtain a predetermined outflow fluid temperature in the first coil (212) of the plurality of coils, a first subset of temperature measurements (253) is used to determine the mixing ratio of the mixed fluid from the primary fluid path and the heated fluid reservoir (208). To achieve a predetermined mixing ratio of the mixed fluid, the position of one or more valves related to the primary fluid path and the heated fluid reservoir is controlled (254). Non-temporary computer-readable media configured in such a manner (715, 730, 735).

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