Control of On-Site Electrochemical Generation of Hydrogen Peroxide for UV-Promoted Oxidation Process Control

Abstract

To provide a method for treating water in a water treatment system that does not use expensive reactants / oxides and does not require high energy demand for radical formation.SOLUTION: A method for treating water in a water treatment system includes: introducing target water from a water source to a conduit fluidly coupled to an exit of an electrochemical cell; adding hydrogen peroxide generated by the electrochemical cell to target water so as to form an aqueous solution containing hydrogen peroxide; introducing the aqueous solution to an entry of a chemical ray radiation reactor; exposing the aqueous solution to sufficient chemical ray in the chemical ray radiation reactor so as to generate a free radical in the aqueous solution and react pollution substances in the aqueous solution to form a treated aqueous solution; and introducing the treated aqueous solution to a use point from an exit of the chemical ray radiation reactor via a second conduit.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1A

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] (1. Technical field of the invention) The embodiments and models disclosed herein generally relate to in-situ electrochemical peracids. Towards an accelerated oxidation system including a hydrogen ion generator, and a method for operating or constructing the same. That is the case. [Background technology]

[0002] (2. Considerations regarding related technologies) In recent years, numerous studies have shown that accelerated oxidation processes (AOPs) have many applications, particularly in water treatment. It has been shown to be suitable (Legrini, O., Oliveros, E., Braun, AM (1993). "Photo Chemical Processes for Water Treatment.” Chm. Rev. 1093,93,671-698; Bolton et al. (1 996). “Figures of Merit for the technical development and application of Advanc. ed Oxidation Processes.” J. of Advanced Oxidation Technologies, 1,113-17).

[0003] Accelerated oxidation processes (AOPs) in water treatment include, for example, hydroxyl radicals (·OH). ) Using highly reactive radical species such as, toxic or low biodegradability or It oxidizes harmful water pollutants (such as industrial pollutants) that are not present in the water.

[0004] Due to the high oxidizing power and low selectivity of hydroxyl radicals, almost all organic compounds Because it reacts with, AOP is a contaminant, namely pesticides, industrial solvents, PFAS, pharmaceuticals, Remove hormones, medications, personal care products, or X-ray contrast agent residues from (contaminated) water. It can be used to remove something.

[0005] Furthermore, because there are various methods for generating hydroxyl radicals, AOP is highly versatile and particularly... It can be made to meet specific processing requirements.

[0006] Malato et al. (2002). “Photocatalysis with solar energy at a pilot-plant scale: a n overview. In Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 37 1-15, hydroxyl radicals This review examines the use of sunlight to generate [something].

[0007] In UV-driven AOP (UVAOP), ultraviolet light is used to photodegrade hydroxylase. It generates dical. Conventional UV-driven AOPs for water treatment photodecompose H2O2 using ultraviolet light. Since it generates hydroxyl radicals, it can be called UV / H2O2.

[0008] Existing AOPs use expensive reactants / oxides, such as H2O2, and also, The generation of CAL requires a high energy demand, such as radical generation by UV AOP. This requires high UV irradiation energy. A considerable number of radicals are involved in the oxidation of pollutants. Therefore, rather than the organic background of the water matrix, for example, humic acid, Alternatively, it is consumed through a side reaction with citric acid. [Overview of the project]

[0009] According to one aspect of the present invention, a water treatment system is provided. This system uses chemical radiation A reactor, configured to produce hydrogen peroxide, between an electrolyte source and a chemiluminescent reactor An electrochemical cell having an outlet in fluid communication therewith, and an acid source in communication with an inlet of the electrochemical cell Including.

[0010] In some embodiments, the system fluidly couples an electrolyte source to an inlet of the electrochemical cell A first conduit, and a second conduit fluidly coupling an outlet of the electrochemical cell to an inlet of the chemiluminescent reactor Further include.

[0011] In some embodiments, the outlet of the electrochemical cell is fluidly coupled to an introduction point of a conduit that fluidly couples the electrolyte source to the inlet of the electrochemical cell In some embodiments, the chemiluminescent reactor is an ultraviolet - promoted oxidation process reactor

[0012] In some embodiments, the electrolyte includes water Including.

[0013] In some embodiments, the system further includes a storage tank coupled to the outlet of the electrochemical cell

[0014] In some embodiments, the system further includes a conduit fluidly coupled to the outlet of the chemiluminescent reactor, and a second electrochemical cell having an outlet in fluid communication with the conduit downstream of the outlet of the chemiluminescent reactor The second electrochemical cell may be configured to generate a chemical agent that quenches hydrogen peroxide present in the treated aqueous solution in the conduit

[0015] In some embodiments, the system further includes a storage tank coupled to the outlet of the second electrochemical cell And a second electrochemical cell having an outlet in fluid communication with the conduit downstream of the outlet of the chemiluminescent reactor The second electrochemical cell may be configured to generate a chemical agent that quenches hydrogen peroxide present in the treated aqueous solution in the conduit Including.

[0016] In some embodiments, the system further includes a storage tank coupled to the outlet of the second electrochemical cell Including.

[0017] In some embodiments, the chemical agent includes sodium hypochlorite.

[0018] In some embodiments, the conduit leads the outlet of the chemical radiation reactor to the second electrochemical cell. It connects to the inlet fluidly.

[0019] In some embodiments, the outlet of the second electrochemical cell is below the outlet of the chemical radiation reactor. It is fluidly coupled to the inlet point within the conduit in the flow.

[0020] In some embodiments, the system measures the concentration of one or more contaminants in an aqueous solution. The system further includes a sensor configured to be located upstream of a chemical radiation reactor or chemical It is located somewhere downstream of the radiation reactor.

[0021] In some embodiments, the system communicates with sensors to measure one or more contaminants. A system configured to adjust one or more operating parameters of the system in response to the concentration. It also includes controllers.

[0022] In some embodiments, one or more operating parameters are the electrical currents applied to the electrochemical cell. Force, power applied to the second electrochemical cell, power applied to the chemical ray emission reactor, and , passing through one of the following: an electrochemical cell, a second electrochemical cell, or a chemical ray emission reactor, This includes one of the following: the flow rate of the solution or aqueous solution.

[0023] In some embodiments, the oxygen source introduces oxygen into the electrolyte upstream of the electrochemical cell. It is composed of sea urchin.

[0024] In some embodiments, the controller responds to the measured concentration of one or more contaminants. In response, it is further configured to regulate the rate at which oxygen is introduced into the electrolyte.

[0025] In some embodiments, the system measures one or more of the electrolyte from the electrolyte source. Characteristics, or one or more measured values ​​of the treated aqueous solution produced in a chemical radiation reactor. Based on the characteristics, adjust the flow rate of hydrogen peroxide from the storage tank to the chemical radiation reactor. It further includes controllers configured as follows.

[0026] In some embodiments, the system measures one or more of the electrolyte from the electrolyte source. Characteristics, or one or more measured values ​​of the treated aqueous solution produced in a chemical radiation reactor. Based on the characteristics, sodium hypochlorite is supplied from the storage tank to the conduit downstream of the outlet of the chemical radiation reactor. The system further includes a controller configured to adjust the flow rate of thorium.

[0027] In some embodiments, the system processes peracid in an aqueous solution downstream of a chemical radiation reactor. The system further includes a sensor configured to measure the concentration of hydrogen citrate.

[0028] In some embodiments, the system communicates with a sensor and measures the concentration of hydrogen peroxide. Based on this, it is configured to adjust one or more operating parameters of the second electrochemical cell. It also includes a controller.

[0029] In some embodiments, one or more operating parameters of the second electrochemical cell are the second Power applied to the electrochemical cell, flow rate of electrolyte to the second electrochemical cell, second electrochemical Flow rate of sodium hypochlorite from the cell, or the hypochlorite produced in the second electrochemical cell Contains one or more concentrations of sodium phosphate.

[0030] In some embodiments, the electrolyte source includes an oxygen source, and the system contains a solution containing hydrogen peroxide. The liquid is returned from the outlet of the electrochemical cell to the inlet of the electrochemical cell, forming a recirculated solution. The recirculation conduit is in fluid communication with the inlet of the chemical radiation reactor via the first conduit. From the water source to be treated, and from the recirculation conduit to the inlet point in the first conduit upstream of the inlet of the chemical radiation reactor. The system further includes a second conduit that is selectively in fluid communication with the first conduit.

[0031] In some embodiments, the system transitions from a closed state to at least a partially open state. In response to the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the recirculating solution reaching a predetermined level, the recirculating solution The system further includes a valve configured to guide the water into the water to be treated via an inlet.

[0032] In some embodiments, the system has one or more sensors operably connected to a controller The system further includes a trowel, and one or more sensors detect the flow rate of the water to be treated and the amount of contaminants in the water to be treated. Concentration, concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the treated water, purity of the generated water coming out of the chemical radiation reactor, chemical radiation Measure one or more of the following: the flow rate of the generated water leaving the injection reactor, or the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the recirculated solution. It is configured to be fixed.

[0033] In some embodiments, the controller receives one or more sensors from one or more sensors. It is configured to adjust one or more operating parameters of the system based on a signal, and one or more The above operating parameters are the valve state, the power applied to the electrochemical cell, and the chemical radiation reaction. The power applied to the device, the flow rate of the electrolyte through the electrochemical cell, and the material being treated through the chemical radiation reactor. One of the following: the water flow rate, or the amount of radiation irradiated onto the water to be treated in the chemical radiation reactor. Includes one or more.

[0034] In some embodiments, one or more sensors measure the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the recirculating solution. The controller is configured to determine the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the recirculating solution from the sensor. Upon receiving instructions, and in response that the hydrogen peroxide concentration is above a predetermined level, a small amount of hydrogen peroxide is released from the valve. At the very least, it is configured to send a signal to partially open the device.

[0035] In some embodiments, the controller measures the concentration of contaminants in the treated water or the generated water. It is further configured to set a predetermined level based on one or both of the desired purity levels. It can be done.

[0036] In some embodiments, the controller irradiates the water to be treated in a chemical radiation reactor. It is further configured to set a predetermined level based on the desired amount of ultraviolet radiation being irradiated. ru.

[0037] In some embodiments, the controller detects the concentration of contaminants in the treated water at a predetermined level. Based on one or more of the following: the temperature, the flow rate of the water to be treated, or the desired purity of the generated water, chemical radiation The injection reactor is further configured to set the amount of ultraviolet radiation applied to the water to be treated. .

[0038] In some embodiments, the controller measures the concentration of contaminants in the treated water or the generated water. The power applied to the electrochemical cell is set based on the desired purity, either or both. It is further configured in this way.

[0039] In some embodiments, the controller controls the concentration of contaminants in the treated water and the generated water. Based on the desired purity, ultraviolet radiation is irradiated onto the water to be treated in a chemical radiation reactor. It is further configured to set the quantity.

[0040] In some embodiments, the controller is introduced into the electrolyte based on a predetermined level. It is further configured to set the amount of oxygen.

[0041] In some embodiments, the controller determines the amount of hydrogen peroxide in the solution within the recirculation conduit. The power applied to the electrochemical cell is determined based on the desired amount of time required to achieve the desired concentration level. It is further configured to set the quantity.

[0042] In some embodiments, the controller is based on the power applied to the electrochemical cell. Furthermore, in a chemical radiation reactor, the amount of ultraviolet radiation irradiated onto the water to be treated is set. It is composed of the following.

[0043] In another embodiment, a method for treating water in a water treatment system is provided. This involves guiding the water to be treated from the water source to a conduit that is fluidly coupled to the outlet of the electrochemical cell, and Hydrogen peroxide generated in a gas-chemical cell is added to the water to be treated to form an aqueous solution containing hydrogen peroxide. The process involves introducing the aqueous solution to the inlet of a chemical radiation reactor and reacting it with the contaminants in the aqueous solution. To generate free radicals in the aqueous solution and form a treated aqueous solution, the aqueous solution is treated with chemical radiation. The radiation reactor is fully exposed to chemical radiation, and the second conduit is connected to the outlet of the chemical radiation reactor. This includes guiding the treated aqueous solution to the point of use via a medium.

[0044] In some embodiments, a conduit is fluidly coupled from the water source to the outlet of the electrochemical cell. Introducing treated water includes introducing the water to be treated into the inlet of the electrochemical cell.

[0045] In some embodiments, the method involves applying power between the electrodes of an electrochemical cell. The process involves converting oxygen in the treated water into hydrogen peroxide within the device, thereby forming an aqueous solution containing hydrogen peroxide. This further includes guiding an aqueous solution from the outlet of the electrochemical cell to the inlet of the chemical radiation reactor. nothing.

[0046] In some embodiments, exposing an aqueous solution to chemical rays in a chemical radiation reactor is performed This includes exposing an aqueous solution to ultraviolet light in a chemical radiation reactor.

[0047] In some embodiments, guiding the treated aqueous solution to the point of use is equivalent to guiding the treated aqueous solution to the water source. This includes the act of doing something.

[0048] In some embodiments, the method involves adding oxygen to the water to be treated upstream of the inlet of the electrochemical cell. This further includes adding.

[0049] In some embodiments, the method is used for additional processing in an electrochemical cell. The aqueous solution is recirculated through a recirculation conduit from the cell outlet to the electrochemical cell inlet. This further includes the following. This additional treatment increases the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the aqueous solution. The method is as follows: The water to be treated is guided from the second water source to the inlet of the chemical radiation reactor through the first conduit. Then, selective flow from the recirculation conduit to the inlet point in the first conduit upstream of the inlet of the chemical radiation reactor. This further includes providing physical communication.

[0050] In some embodiments, the method involves measuring the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the recirculation conduit with a sensor. This further includes the act of doing so.

[0051] In some embodiments, the method involves the controller controlling the recirculation conduit from the sensor. Receiving instructions on the hydrogen peroxide concentration and instructions on the hydrogen peroxide concentration in the recirculation conduit In response to the instruction that it is above a certain level, it will open at least partially. To send a signal to a valve that provides selective fluid communication between the recirculation conduit and the first conduit. And, furthermore, it includes.

[0052] In some embodiments, the method is operably connected to the system controller. Using one or more sensors, the flow rate of the water to be treated, the concentration of contaminants in the water to be treated, and the peroxide levels in the water to be treated are all monitored. Hydrogen concentration, purity of the generated water leaving the chemical radiation reactor, flow rate of the generated water leaving the chemical radiation reactor Measuring one or more of the following: the quantity, or the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the recirculated solution, It is included in.

[0053] In some embodiments, the method involves the controller receiving from one or more sensors. This further includes adjusting one or more operating parameters of the system based on more than one signal. One or more operating parameters include the valve state, the power applied to the electrochemical cell, and the chemical The power applied to the radiation reactor, the flow rate of the electrolyte through the electrochemical cell, and the chemical radiation reactor The flow rate of the water to be treated, or the amount of radiation irradiated onto the water to be treated by the chemical radiation reactor, Includes one or more of the following.

[0054] In some embodiments, the method involves detecting peracid in the aqueous solution in the recirculation conduit using one or more sensors. The concentration of hydrogen is measured, and the controller recirculates the hydrogen from one or more sensors. Receiving instructions on the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the aqueous solution inside the pipe, and between the recirculation conduit and the conduit. A signal is sent to a valve that provides selective fluid communication, and when the hydrogen peroxide concentration reaches a predetermined level... This further includes opening up at least partially in response to being above.

[0055] In some embodiments, the method determines the concentration of pollutants in the treated water or the desired concentration of the generated water. This further includes setting a predetermined level based on one or both of the purity levels.

[0056] In some embodiments, the method involves irradiating the water to be treated with purple light in a chemical radiation reactor. The further includes setting a predetermined level based on a desired dose of external radiation.

[0057] In some embodiments, the method involves a predetermined level, the concentration of pollutants in the water to be treated, and the treatment Based on one or more of the flow rate of the treated water or the desired purity of the generated water, a chemical radiation reaction is performed. This further includes setting the amount of ultraviolet light irradiated onto the water to be treated in the container.

[0058] In some embodiments, the method determines the concentration of pollutants in the treated water or the desired concentration of the generated water. Setting the power applied to the electrochemical cell based on one or both of the purity levels. It also includes.

[0059] In some embodiments, the method involves determining the concentration of pollutants in the treated water and the desired concentration of the generated water. Based on purity, the amount of ultraviolet radiation irradiated onto the water to be treated in the chemical radiation reactor is set. It further includes doing.

[0060] In some embodiments, the method involves introducing oxygen into the electrolyte based on a predetermined level. This further includes setting the quantity.

[0061] In some embodiments, the method involves a predetermined concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the aqueous solution within the recirculation conduit. The amount of power applied to the electrochemical cell is determined based on the desired amount of time required to achieve the level. It further includes determining.

[0062] In some embodiments, the method uses a chemical beam based on the power applied to the electrochemical cell. This further includes setting the amount of ultraviolet radiation irradiated onto the water to be treated in the radioactive reactor. .

[0063] In some embodiments, the method involves a second conduit having an outlet that is fluidly coupled to the second conduit. In the electrochemical cell, a chemical agent that quenches hydrogen peroxide is electrochemically generated. And, furthermore, it includes.

[0064] In some embodiments, the method is based on the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the treated aqueous solution, second This further includes controlling the amount of chemical agents introduced into the conduit.

[0065] In some embodiments, controlling the amount of chemical agent introduced into the second conduit is possible. Controlling the flow rate of chemical agents from the second electrochemical cell to the second conduit, the second electrochemical cell Controlling the power supplied to the second electrochemical cell, or establishing fluid communication with the outlet of the second electrochemical cell. This includes one or more of the following: controlling the flow rate of chemical agents from a storage tank.

[0066] In some embodiments, the method involves flowing the treatment aqueous solution through a second electrochemical cell, and The method further includes generating chemical agents from dissolved species in a physiological solution.

[0067] In another embodiment, a water treatment plant including an accelerated oxidation process reactor that is in fluid communication with the water source to be treated. A method for modifying the treatment system is provided. The method involves the water source to be treated and the process of promoting oxidation. Install an electrochemical cell with an outlet for fluid communication between the receiving devices, and the oxygen in the water to be treated This includes providing instructions for operating an electrochemical cell to convert to hydrogen peroxide.

[0068] In some embodiments, the method measures the concentration of one or more pollutants in water. The configured sensor is either upstream or downstream of the chemical beam reactor. This further includes providing to [the organization / company].

[0069] In some embodiments, the method communicates with a sensor and measures one or more contaminants A controller configured to adjust one or more operating parameters of the system in response to concentration. This further includes providing rollers.

[0070] In some embodiments, one or more operating parameters are the electrical currents applied to the electrochemical cell. Force, the power applied to the chemical radiation reactor, and the electrochemical cell or chemical radiation reactor This includes the flow rate of the electrolyte or aqueous solution passing through one of them.

[0071] In some embodiments, the method involves discharging an aqueous solution from the outlet of the electrochemical cell to the inlet of the electrochemical cell. To provide a recirculation conduit configured to return liquid and form a recirculation solution, further include.

[0072] In some embodiments, the method involves a controller operably connected to one or more sensors. The further includes providing a sensor that detects the flow rate of the water to be treated and the current state of the water to be treated. Concentration of pollutants, concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the treated water, and the generated water exiting the accelerated oxidation process reactor. The purity of the product, the flow rate of the product water leaving the accelerated oxidation process reactor, or the amount of product in the recirculated brine solution. It is configured to measure one or more of the concentrations of hydrogen oxide.

[0073] In some embodiments, the method is based on one or more signals received from one or more sensors The controller is then configured to adjust one or more of the system's operating parameters. And, further including, one or more operating parameters are the power applied to the electrochemical cell, and the acceleration. The power applied to the oxidation process reactor, the flow rate of the electrolyte through the electrochemical cell, and the accelerated oxidation process. The flow rate of the water to be treated passing through the Seth reactor, or the irradiation of the water to be treated in the accelerated oxidation process reactor. The radiation dose, including one or more of the following.

[0074] In some embodiments, the method involves an outlet that is in fluid communication with the outlet of the accelerated oxidation process reactor. A chemical agent having been configured to electrochemically generate a hydrogen peroxide quenching agent. The further includes installing a second electrochemical cell.

[0075] In some embodiments, the method involves the treated aqueous solution exiting the outlet of the accelerated oxidation process reactor. Based on the concentration of hydrogen peroxide, a fluid-coupled lead is connected to the outlet of the accelerated oxidation process reactor. This further includes controlling the rate at which chemical agents are introduced into the pipe. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0076] The attached drawings are not intended to be drawn to scale. In the drawings, various figures are used. Each identical or nearly identical component shown is represented by a similar number. Therefore, not all components may be shown in all drawings. It is as shown below. [Figure 1A]Figure 1A is a schematic diagram of an electrolytic cell configured to produce hydrogen peroxide from water, oxygen, and related reactions. [Figure 1B] Figure 1B is a schematic diagram of an electrolytic cell configured to produce chlorine from seawater, oxygen, and related reactions. [Figure 2A] Figure 2A is a cathode voltammetry plot of the velocity and water production in dissolved air at 6.9 bar. [Figure 2B] Figure 2B is a cathode voltammetry plot of the rate and water production at 6.9 bar of dissolved O2. [Figure 3] Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view of an example of a concentric tube electrode electrochemical cell for generating hydrogen peroxide. [Figure 4] Figure 4 shows the calculations used to determine the amount of energy required to produce hydrogen peroxide in an example of an electrochemical cell. [Figure 5A] Figure 5A is an isometric view of one embodiment of a concentric tube electrochemical cell. [Figure 5B] Figure 5B is a cross-sectional view of the concentric tube electrochemical cell shown in Figure 5A. [Figure 6A] Figure 6A shows the flow of current through one embodiment of a concentric tube electrochemical cell. [Figure 6B] Figure 6B shows the flow of current through another embodiment of a concentric tube electrochemical cell. [Figure 6C] Figure 6C shows the flow of current through another embodiment of a concentric tube electrochemical cell. [Figure 7] Figure 7 is an isometric view of one embodiment of a single-pass helical electrochemical cell. [Figure 8] Figure 8 is an isometric view of another embodiment of a single-pass helical electrochemical cell. [Figure 9] Figure 9 is a partial cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a three-tube concentric electrochemical cell. [Figure 10] Figure 10 is a partial cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a four-tube concentric electrochemical cell. [Figure 11]Figure 11 is a partial cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a five-tube concentric electrochemical cell. [Figure 12A] Figure 12A shows the emission spectrum of a typical low-pressure gas discharge ultraviolet lamp. [Figure 12B] Figure 12B shows the emission spectrum of a typical medium-pressure gas discharge ultraviolet lamp. [Figure 12C] Figure 12C shows the activation percentage of hydrogen peroxide in accelerated oxidation process reactors using low-pressure or medium-pressure ultraviolet lamps at different applied ultraviolet energy doses. [Figure 13] Figure 13 is a schematic diagram illustrating a chemical radiation reaction vessel according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 14] Figure 14A is a schematic diagram illustrating a portion of the interior of the container of Figure 13 according to one or more embodiments. Figure 14B is a schematic diagram illustrating another portion of the interior of the container of Figure 13 according to one or more embodiments. [Figure 15] Figure 15 shows one embodiment of a system including a chemical beam radiation reaction vessel and an electrolytic cell located upstream of the chemical beam radiation reaction vessel. [Figure 16] Figure 16 shows another embodiment of the system, which includes a chemical beam emission reaction vessel and an electrolytic cell located upstream of the chemical beam emission reaction vessel. [Figure 17] Figure 17 shows another embodiment of the system, which includes a chemical beam emission reaction vessel and an electrolytic cell located upstream of the chemical beam emission reaction vessel. [Figure 18] Figure 18 shows another embodiment of the system, which includes a chemical beam radiation reactor, an electrolytic cell upstream of the chemical beam radiation reactor, and a quenching agent supply source connected to the fluid downstream of the chemical beam radiation reactor. [Figure 19] Figure 19 shows the piping and instrumentation diagrams for the potential feed and bleed systems. [Figure 20] Figure 20 shows a control system that may be used in embodiments of the water treatment system disclosed herein. [Figure 21] Figure 21 shows the memory system for the control system shown in Figure 20. [Figure 22] Figure 22 shows the results of one test of an electrochemical cell for the production of hydrogen peroxide. [Figure 23] Figure 23 shows the results of a current-to-voltage test across electrolytic cells arranged with solutions containing different concentrations of oxygen flowing through the cells at different flow rates. [Figure 24] Figure 24 shows the test results of the effect of pH on contaminant destruction in a UVAOP reactor with H2O2 in the solution. [Figure 25] Figure 25 shows the test results of the effect of pH on the activation of H2O2 in a UVAOP reactor. [Figure 26] Figure 26 shows the test results of the effects of UV irradiation dose and H2O2 concentration on 1,4-dioxane breakdown in a UVAOP reactor, and, [Figure 27] Figure 27 shows the test results of the effects of UV irradiation dose and H2O2 concentration on humic acid breakdown in a UVAOP reactor. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0077] The embodiments and models disclosed herein are those set forth in the following description or shown in the drawings. This is not limited to the details of the structure and the arrangement of its components. The embodiments and embodiments disclosed herein are not limited to these. The implementation method can be practiced in various ways, or (can be carried out). Also, the expressions used herein and Terms are for illustrative purposes only and should not be considered limiting. "to include", "to include", "to have" aving), containing, involving The use of, and their modified forms, is prohibited in accordance with the items and their equivalents described thereafter, as well as additional It is intended to include additional items.

[0078] One or more embodiments disclosed herein relate to methods for treating contaminated wastewater. According to one embodiment, the method involves contaminated wastewater having an initial concentration of recalcitrant organic pollutants to be treated. To provide a solution that introduces hydrogen peroxide into contaminated wastewater and generates an aqueous solution containing hydrogen peroxide. The process includes exposing an aqueous solution to ultraviolet light to produce a treated aqueous solution, and the treated aqueous solution is The concentration of persistent organic pollutants is at least 50% lower than the initial concentration of persistent organic pollutants. It has a degree. In this specification, the treated aqueous solution may also be referred to as the generated water or simply the product. .

[0079] In some embodiments, the treatment aqueous solution is, for example, a chemical that decomposes hydrogen peroxide. The addition further processes the solution to remove any remaining hydrogen peroxide. One suitable chemical for quenching is sodium hypochlorite. The reaction between sodium and hydrogen peroxide produces salt, water, and oxygen according to the following equation. It can be done. NaOCl + H2O2 → NaCl + H2O + O2

[0080] In addition to or as an alternative to gaseous chlorine, chloramines, or other chemicals such as thiosulfates It can be used to quench any remaining hydrogen peroxide. In a further embodiment, the treated aqueous solution The liquid can be passed through an activated carbon bed to quench or decompose any residual hydrogen peroxide.

[0081] According to a particular embodiment, the method measures the total organic carbon (TOC) value of the contaminated wastewater to be treated. The method may further include the following. The method is based on the measured TOC value, and hydrogen peroxide is Further adjustments are made to at least one of the rate at which the contaminated wastewater is introduced and the amount of ultraviolet radiation. This may include. In a further embodiment, adjusting the amount of ultraviolet irradiation can affect the intensity of ultraviolet radiation. Adjusting and adjusting the exposure time of ultraviolet light to the first treatment aqueous solution It includes at least one. In another embodiment, adjusting the exposure time to ultraviolet light is used for aqueous solutions. This includes adjusting the flow rate. In yet another embodiment, this includes adjusting the exposure time to ultraviolet light. This includes adjusting the residence time of the aqueous solution in the reactor.

[0082] According to at least one embodiment, the method involves measuring the TOC value of the treated aqueous solution. It can also include. According to at least one embodiment, the method is to use at least the treated aqueous solution Also, based on the measured TOC value of the treated aqueous solution, the area upstream of the introduction of hydrogen peroxide This may further include recirculating to a point. According to some embodiments, the method is Based on the measured TOC value of the treated aqueous solution, the rate at which hydrogen peroxide is introduced into the contaminated wastewater is determined. This further includes adjusting at least one of the ultraviolet radiation dose.

[0083] The methods and systems disclosed herein include, for example, a method of exposing a UV reactor to ultraviolet light downstream. This may also include measuring the concentration of residual hydrogen peroxide in the treated aqueous solution after exposure. The concentration can be determined, for example, from the measured oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of the treated aqueous solution. It is possible. ORP measurements in water samples with different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide are different from those of other samples. The hydrogen peroxide concentration in a water sample is determined by a method, such as titration, and compared to that value. A calibration curve of ORP versus hydrogen peroxide concentration can be generated. In another embodiment, a sample of the treated aqueous solution The sample is taken periodically, and the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the sample is directly determined, for example, by titration. Obtain the proportion or concentration of hydrogen peroxide introduced into contaminated wastewater, and the irradiation of an aqueous solution with ultraviolet light. The amount, or the rate at which the agent is added to the treated aqueous solution to quench the residual hydrogen peroxide. The concentration of one or more of the following is less than the amount or concentration of residual hydrogen peroxide in the treated aqueous solution. It can also be adjusted based on some of the factors.

[0084] In various embodiments, the aqueous solution is the first treatment flow, and the treated aqueous solution is the second treatment flow. Hydrogen peroxide is introduced into the contaminated wastewater upstream of the exposure of the first treatment stream to ultraviolet light. According to one embodiment, the concentration of the persistent organic pollutant in the second treated aqueous solution is the initial concentration of the pollutant. It is less than 99% of the degree. According to at least one aspect, the method is to contaminate This may further include pretreatment of wastewater. In a further embodiment, contaminated wastewater may be pretreated. The treatment involves introducing contaminated wastewater into a medium filter before introducing hydrogen peroxide. Includes.

[0085] According to a particular embodiment, hydrogen peroxide is introduced into contaminated wastewater or wastewater containing hydrogen peroxide. The wastewater (aqueous solution) is exposed to ultraviolet light in a single pass.

[0086] According to at least one embodiment, the treated aqueous solution is drinking water. According to another embodiment, the method This may further include extracting contaminated wastewater or groundwater from the remediation site.

[0087] One or more embodiments disclosed herein relate to a system for treating contaminated wastewater. The terms “contaminated water” and “treated water” are deemed to be synonymous in this specification. It should be done. In some embodiments, the system has an initial concentration of persistent organic pollutants. A contaminated wastewater source having a TOC concentration sensor that is in fluid communication with the contaminated wastewater, and the contaminated wastewater source To create a fluid connection and generate an aqueous solution containing hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen peroxide is introduced into the contaminated wastewater. A hydrogen peroxide supply source is configured in such a way that it is fluidly connected to a contaminated wastewater source and irradiates the aqueous solution. A chemical radiation source configured in such a way communicates with a TOC concentration sensor, and the TOC concentration sensor Based at least partially on the output signal, the rate and type of hydrogen peroxide introduced into the contaminated wastewater are determined. A control configured to control at least one of the radiation doses irradiated by a radiation source. Includes Trolla.

[0088] In a particular embodiment, the system is fluidly connected to a contaminated wastewater source and a hydrogen peroxide supply source. The present invention further includes a reactor configured to accommodate a chemical radiation source. According to the controller, the irradiation dose is controlled by controlling the residence time of the aqueous solution in the reactor. It is configured to control the contaminated wastewater and It is configured to control the irradiation dose by controlling the flow rate of the aqueous solution. According to the embodiment, the chemical radiation source is located downstream from the hydrogen peroxide supply source. In one embodiment, the TOC concentration sensor is positioned upstream of the hydrogen peroxide supply source. According to this embodiment, the TOC concentration sensor is a first TOC concentration sensor, and the system is a con A second TOC concentration sensor that communicates with the TOROA and is located downstream from the chemical radiation source, This further includes: According to a particular embodiment, the controller is configured such that hydrogen peroxide is introduced into the contaminated wastewater. The rate at which the signal is generated, and at least partially based on the output signal from the second TOC concentration sensor. , configured to control at least one of the irradiation doses applied by a chemical radiation source .

[0089] According to a particular embodiment, the system is located downstream of the chemical radiation source or reactor, and the residual in the treated water Includes a sensor for measuring residual hydrogen peroxide. The system quenches residual hydrogen peroxide. Further introducing the chemical into the treated water downstream of the chemical radiation source or reactor It may include. The controller receives a small amount of output signals from the sensor for measuring residual hydrogen peroxide in the treated water. Even if not entirely based on the rate or concentration of hydrogen peroxide introduced into contaminated wastewater, in an aqueous solution The amount of ultraviolet light used for irradiation, or the addition of chemicals to quench residual hydrogen peroxide in the treated water. It may be configured to further control one or more of the acceleration or concentration.

[0090] One or more embodiments can be directed to wastewater treatment systems and technologies. The technology utilizes a hydrogen peroxide administration system in combination with an ultraviolet (UV) light source to decompose difficult-to-decompose substances. It is possible to treat wastewater contaminated with organic pollutants. According to some embodiments, the wastewater is The concentration of persistent organic pollutants has reached a level where wastewater can be pumped back into the ground. To reduce the levels of persistent organic pollutants, they are treated, i.e., the levels of persistent organic pollutants are controlled by the governing authorities. It is processed so that it falls below one or more criteria set by the system. The concentration of persistent organic pollutants is reduced so that the treated wastewater can be characterized as drinking water. For example, according to some embodiments, the methods and systems disclosed herein The water treatment plant can treat contaminated wastewater to produce drinking water. Drinking water is provided by local governments. It may meet the established standards. The term “persistent organic” as used herein refers to contamination. When used in relation to substances, organic compounds that are resistant to microbial degradation or not easily biodegradable are used. This refers to compounds. In certain cases, persistent organic pollutants are those that are not biologically broken down. Furthermore, purification methods may not be able to remove sufficient amounts of substances to meet environmental regulations. Non-exclusive examples of degradable organic pollutants include 1,4-dioxane and trichloroethylene. (TCE), perchloroethylene (PCE), urea, isopropanol, chloroform, Examples include atrazine, tryptophan, and formic acid. Tables 1A to 1D below are from Honmei. The wastewater that may be present in the wastewater treated by the systems and technologies disclosed in this document, and wastewater It can be removed from water or decomposed by the systems and technologies disclosed herein. Or, list non-exclusive examples of persistent organic pollutants that can be oxidized.

[0091] Tables 1A and 1B below show the results of processing by the systems and methods disclosed herein. This lists various types of organic pollutants that can be decomposed or oxidized, and examples thereof.

[0092] [Table 1A-1] [Table 1A-2] [Table 1A-3]

[0093] [Table 1B-1] [Table 1B-2] [Table 1B-3] [Table 1B-4]

[0094] Table 1C shows the results of treatment or decomposition or acid treatment by the methods and systems disclosed herein. Listing here are various persistent organic pollutants that can be decomposed, and additional examples of each category thereof. One or more of these compounds may be endocrine disruptors. Endocrine disruptors are substances that disrupt the body's natural processes. Homeostasis, and the synthesis, storage, and secretion of various hormones in the body that are involved in reproduction, development, and behavior. Inhibits or promotes various processes such as internal transport, receptor binding, hormone activity, and excretion. It may refer to exogenous chemical substances, such as exogenous endocrine disruptors, endocrine disruptors, and endocrine These terms are sometimes also called disruptive chemicals, endocrine-disrupting substances, or environmental hormones. ru.

[0095] [Table 1C-1] [Table 1C-2]

[0096] Table 1D shows the treatment, decomposition, or acid treatment by the systems and methods disclosed herein. This includes non-limiting examples of pharmaceutical and personal care product compounds that may be transformed. One or more of these may be endocrine disruptors.

[0097] [Table 1D-1] [Table 1D-2]

[0098] According to at least one aspect, some embodiments provide a method for treating contaminated wastewater. This includes the law. Furthermore, this process can be used to remediate contaminated groundwater. As used herein, the term “groundwater” means water recoverable from underground sources, as well as This can refer to water recovered from surface water bodies such as streams, ponds, swamps, and other similar bodies of water. If wastewater or groundwater is contaminated with persistent organic pollutants as described above... There are. Wastewater is used in industrial processes, agricultural processes such as the spraying of pesticides and herbicides, or Other processes, such as disinfection processes that produce undesirable by-products like rehalomethanes. It could be contaminated from one of several different sources.

[0099] According to at least one embodiment, the methods and systems disclosed herein are difficult This may include providing contaminated wastewater having an initial concentration of degradable organic pollutants. According to embodiments, the methods and systems disclosed herein extract contaminated wastewater. And, or, otherwise, may include removal. For example, contaminated wastewater is purified. As part of the work, one or more pumps or other extraction devices are used to extract from the ground or other soil It can be pumped up from the -. Once treated, the wastewater is then discharged or It may be sent for further processing. According to some embodiments, contaminated wastewater , sent by pump, or otherwise at ground level (the surf It is removed down to the CE grade level, and therein the process discussed herein and can be processed according to the method. For example, according to some embodiments, open to the foregoing. The methods and systems described may include extracting contaminated wastewater from a treatment site. In at least one embodiment, one or more extraction wells and an extraction device such as a pump It can be used to pump contaminated wastewater to the surface for treatment. Once treated, the pump Or other distribution systems may reinject treated wastewater or groundwater into the ground, or Otherwise, it can be used to reintroduce treated wastewater into the environment. In certain embodiments, The contaminated wastewater may be stored in a holding tank or container before treatment, and in some cases, The treated water produced by the process disclosed in the specification is added to the contaminated wastewater, or Otherwise, they can be mixed.

[0100] According to one or more embodiments, the contaminated wastewater ranges from approximately 100 mg / L to approximately 5000 mg / L. The total dissolved solids (TDS) level may be within the range of about 20 in some embodiments. The range may be from 0 mg / L to approximately 2000 mg / L, but these values ​​depend on the geographical location. It can vary due to other factors as well. For comparison, the TDS level is 1000 to 15 Water with 00 mg / L is considered potable, and some standards specify the TDS limit for domestic water. The concentration is 500 mg / L.

[0101] In another aspect, the methods and systems disclosed herein are connected to a contaminated wastewater source. Either they can be treated, or they can be connected to fluids. For example, contaminated wastewater can be treated For the purposes of this disclosure, it is pumped to the system or otherwise supplied. obtain.

[0102] According to various standards, the concentration of persistent organic pollutants in wastewater is set by government agencies. It is so high that it exceeds the set limit. According to some embodiments, the disclosure herein The system and method treat wastewater to reduce the concentration levels of persistent organic pollutants. In some embodiments, the systems and methods disclosed herein are based on government standards. Reduce the concentration of persistent organic pollutants to a level that conforms to the standard or guideline. According to one embodiment, the concentration of persistent organic pollutants is such that treated wastewater can be reintroduced into the environment. It is reduced to such a level. For example, the E of the concentration of 1,4-dixoane in drinking water. The standard for PA is 1 μg / L (1 ppb). The methods and systems disclosed herein M is designed to treat substantially all concentrations of persistent organic pollutants that may be present in wastewater. The scale can be increased. For example, according to some embodiments, dioxa in wastewater The initial concentration of persistent organic pollutants such as ethanol is in the range of approximately 5 ppb to approximately 800 ppb. It's okay to have it.

[0103] The embodiments and models disclosed herein are peroxides that can be used in accelerated oxidation processes. This may include proprietary designs and process streams for on-site hydrogen production.

[0104] The accelerated oxidation process (AOP) is a series of processes used to remove organic matter from wastewater. This is a logical procedure. In many applications, these processes involve ultraviolet light and hydrogen peroxide. Usage is included, specifically as shown in the following formula. H2O2 + UV → 2·OH (The homogeneous cleavage of the OO bond in H2O2 generates a 2·OH radical.)

[0105] For the generation of hydrogen peroxide for AOP, the latest electrification using gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) There are scientific devices. However, such GDE-based devices are particularly problematic under high pressure conditions. Due to the robustness of the materials used, performance limitations caused by water hardness, and the distribution / supply of pressurized gas, This approach has been proven to have many flaws.

[0106] The embodiments and models disclosed herein are on-site that can be combined with AOP. The device includes a device for electrochemical hydrogen peroxide generation, and this device supplies chemicals. This eliminates the need for storage and reduces the cost of supplying hydrogen peroxide. The embodiments and examples disclosed herein involve the treatment of an aqueous solution containing hydrogen peroxide in a UVAOP system. The following can be used to quench residual hydrogen peroxide in the treatment solution resulting from the treatment process. The device may further include an on-site electrochemical generation device for sodium chlorite. In several embodiments, the same electrochemical cell or device is used to combine hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite. It can be used in the production of both lium and other materials.

[0107] Consider the electrochemical reactions listed in Figures 1A and 1B. Aqueous process stream An electrochemical cell having a suitable catalyst (Ir, Pt, Ru, mixed metal oxide) at the anode. When using MMOs (and combinations thereof), the O2 production reaction becomes overpotency. It can promote the chlorine production (and, if desired, co-generate sodium hypochlorite). (or without it). Similarly, a suitable catalyst (Ir, Pt, Ru, mixed metal oxide) for the cathode. Using (MMO) and combinations thereof, to supply high concentrations of dissolved oxygen under pressure. Therefore, it is possible to improve the overpotential of the H2O2 reaction. This is shown in Figure 1A. In some embodiments, H2O2 is used without a catalyst. For example, in electrochemical devices having a cathode formed of a corrosion-resistant material such as titanium. And it can be produced. The cathode is an ano in the electrochemical cell for the production of H2O2. It may have an active surface area smaller than that of D.

[0108] Electrochemical cells for on-site generation of electrochemical reaction products are in the art. It is well known. In some embodiments, these devices are used in brine-based processes. Inlet for receiving the stream, catalytically active anode for generating sodium hypochlorite, and includes a catalytically active cathode for reducing O2 to form water (Figure 1B). The device utilizes high pressure (above 1 ATM) and turbulent flow velocity (above 2 m / s) to increase the reaction rate. Using both pressurized air (6.9 bar) and oxygen (6.9 bar), the water cathode High current density required for generation (approximately 600 A / m³ each) 2 and approximately 2200 A / m 2 (and) achieved ( (Figures 2A and 2B).

[0109] Figures 2A and 2B show water flowing at different rates through the anode and cathode of an electrolytic cell. Cathode voltammetry plots the voltage and current between the node and cathode. In these plots, the "1ATM" curve represents a peak velocity of 3.1 m / s. This represents the standard 1 atmosphere of pressure. The inflection points of the curves in these plots are This shows the change in the type of reaction occurring. In Figure 2A, the top of approximately 0.125 volts The point to the right of the inflection point of the curve is where hydrogen peroxide is generated according to the reaction shown in Figure 1A. This is the voltage / current region. The inflection point of the top curve is between approximately 0.125 volts and approximately 0.8 volts. In between, oxygen in the water combines with hydrogen to produce more water. The uppermost curve is approximately 0 To the left of the 0.8-volt inflection point, water is decomposing to produce oxygen and hydrogen.

[0110] Unlike Figure 2A, Figure 2B shows that more oxygen was added to the water used to generate the curve. This is the dissolved substance. Adding oxygen increases the kinetics of the electrochemical reaction, as shown in Figure 2A. A higher current was obtained than that shown by the curve.

[0111] The H2O2 production reaction is more energetically favorable than the H2O production reaction (+0.6 (82V vs +0.4V), shifting the applied potential can also shift the reaction chemistry. This should allow us to utilize existing electrochemical cell designs. (See Figure 3 for details.) Let us consider a typical embodiment. In this bipolar electrochemical cell, water and dissolved oxygen are cyclic The current is flowing through the gap at high speed (over 2 m / s). The current flows from the first anode to the first cathode. It flows to the center tube, and then from the last anode to the last cathode. The reaction chemistry is as described above.

[0112] The calculation of the required current per unit mass generation rate is shown in Figure 4, specifically for 1 kg The current is 1.57 kA / h per unit (assuming 100% Faraday efficiency). The electrode area is equal to the applied current. Since it depends on density, the production rate of 1 kg / h is based on the parameters shown in Figure 2B. In contrast, in the embodiment shown in Figure 3, 0.71m 2 If the area is expected to be (1.57kA / (2.2kA / m 2 ))

[0113] According to at least one aspect, some embodiments thereof provide a desirable water flow It may include a system for purifying or reducing the concentration of harmful components (pollutants). This system consists of one or more water molecules fluidly connected to at least one chemical radiation reactor. It may include a source. At least one reactor is configured to irradiate water from a water source. The system may further include one or more sources of an oxidizing agent, such as hydrogen peroxide. This is possible. One or more sources of oxidizing agents can supply one or more oxidizing agents to water from one or more water sources. It can be arranged to be implemented.

[0114] When a chemical radiation reactor is absorbed by one or more oxidizing agents, it is released from one or more oxidizing agents. One or more ultraviolet (UV) rays generate free radicals, for example, ·OH. The reactor may include a lamp. Free radicals are dissolved organic carbon species in water, for example , trichloromethane or urea, a chemical species with less undesirability, for example, carbon dioxide And it can be oxidized to water. Undesirable species, such as organic carbon species, can be removed from the fluid, for example. Embodiments of the treatment process for removing from water are described herein as an accelerated oxidation process. This is sometimes called AOP or free radical scavenging process. These terms are used synonymously in specifications.

[0115] The embodiments and models disclosed herein generally relate to UV reactors and UV reactions. To promote the oxidation of contaminants in the vessel, hydrogen peroxide and other oxidizing agents are introduced into the UV reactor. AOP system including an electrochemical device for generating an agent, and the use of such system It is directed towards the method.

[0116] The terms "electrochemical device," "electrochemical cell," "electrolytic cell," and their grammatical variations are: This includes "electrochlorination devices" and "electrochlorination cells" and their grammatical variations. It should be understood that the embodiments and models disclosed herein include one or more electrodes. It is described as such. The term "metallic electrode" or its grammatical variations as used herein is The term "metallic electrode" does not exclude electrodes made of other metals or alloys. For example, formed from one or more metals such as titanium, aluminum, or nickel. It should be understood as encompassing electrodes that include or consist of such electrodes. In embodiments, the "metal electrode" may include multiple layers of different metals. Disclosed herein The metal electrode used in one or more of the embodiments described herein is subjected to chemical attack by an electrolyte solution. Metals or metal oxides with high resistance to impact, such as titanium, platinum, and mixed metal acids. Monsters (MMOs), magnetite, ferrite, cobalt spinel, tantalum, palladium Highly conductive metals coated with a layer of iridium, silver, gold, or other coating material. , for example, it may include a copper or aluminum core. "Metal electrode" is, for example, platinum, Mixed metal oxides (MMOs), magnetite, ferrite, cobalt spinel, tantalum, Oxidation-resistant coatings such as palladium, iridium, silver, gold, or other coating materials It may be covered with a coating, but is not limited to these. The mixed metal oxides used in this application are ruthenium, rhodium, tantalum (and optionally antimony). Titanium, iridium, zinc, tin, antimony (and / or alloyed with manganese), iridium, zinc, tin, antimony tin, titanium-nickel alloy, titanium-copper alloy, titanium-iron alloy, titanium-cobalt alloy, or one or more oxides of other suitable metals or alloys, may be included. The anodes utilized in the embodiments disclosed herein are, platinum, and / or one or more oxides of iridium, ruthenium, tin, rhodium, or tantalum (optionally alloyed with antimony and / or manganese) may be coated. In the embodiments disclosed herein the cathodes utilized may be coated with platinum, and / or one or more oxides of iridium, ruthenium, and titanium . The electrodes utilized in the embodiments disclosed herein may include one or more substrates of titanium, tantalum, zirconium, niobium, tungsten, and / or silicon. The electrodes for any of the electrochemical cells disclosed herein may be in the form of plates, sheets, screens, foils, extrusions, and / or sintered compacts, or formed from these.

[0117] The term "tube" as used herein includes cylindrical conduits, but does not exclude conduits having other cross-sectional shapes, e.g., conduits having a square, rectangular, elliptical, or obround shape, or conduits formed as any regular polygon or irregular polygon having a cross-sectional shape.

[0118] The terms "concentric tubes" or "concentric spirals" as used herein include tubes or interleaved spirals that share a common central axis, but in a set of concentric tubes or interleaved spirals The tubes surrounding a common axis, which is not necessarily the center, of each concentric tube or interleaved spiral. or interleaved helices, or tubes or interleaved helices with offset axes. This does not exclude the Reeve spiral.

[0119] The embodiments and models disclosed herein include the number of electrodes, the space between electrodes, the electrode material, and the electricity. The material of any spacer between electrodes, the number of passes in the electrochlorination cell, or the coating material of the electrodes. Not limited to the price.

[0120] This disclosure describes the use of a UV reactor in combination with an accelerated AOP process to perform an accelerated AOP process. Various embodiments of possible electrochlorination cells and electrochlorination devices are described.

[0121] Figures 5A and 5B show concentric tubes 102 and 1 from Electrocatalytic. This is an example of an electrochlorination cell 100 having 04. The inner surface of the outer tube 102 and the inner tube 104 The outer surface is the active electrode portion. The gap between the electrodes is approximately 3.5 mm. Liquid in the axial gap... The body velocity reaches the order of 2.1 m / s, generating high turbulence and causing fouling on the electrode surface. and the possibility of scaling can be reduced. Concentric as disclosed herein The high flow rate and turbulence of the electrolyte through an electrochlorination cell with a circular tube are different from other electrochemical cell configurations. For example, compared to an electrochemical cell with parallel plate electrodes, scale formation due to hardness This offers a significant advantage in preventing [the problem].

[0122] Figures 6A to 6C show several possible electrode configurations in a concentric tube electrode (CTE) electrochemical cell. This diagram shows a possible configuration. Figure 6A shows a configuration in which current flows from the anode to the cathode in one pass. This shows that both electrodes are usually made from titanium, and the anode is made of platinum or a mixed metal oxide (M They are coated with MO (monopolar) material. These electrodes are called "monopolar."

[0123] Figure 6B shows a device having two outer electrodes and one inner electrode, through which current flows in two passes. The arrangement is shown. One of the outer electrodes has an inner surface coated so that it functions as an anode. One is coated, and the other is not. Part of the outer surface of the inner electrode is ano It is coated in a way that makes it look like a dot, while the rest of the part is not coated. The current flows through the electrolyte from the coated outer electrode to the uncoated portion of the inner electrode. , along the inner electrode to the coated area, and finally across the electrolyte to the uncoated area. The current flows to the outer electrode. The inner electrode is also called a "bipolar electrode."

[0124] Figure 6C shows a device with multiple outer electrodes and one inner electrode, through which current flows in multiple paths. This shows the arrangement. The outer electrodes are alternately coated and uncoated, and the inner By coating the side electrodes at regular intervals, the current can circulate back and forth through the electrolyte multiple times. can.

[0125] The rationale for multiple passes is the total surface area of ​​the electrodes available for electrochemical reactions on the surface, i.e., the oxidizing agent ( The overall production rate of hydrogen peroxide, etc., can be increased without proportionally increasing the applied current. This is the point. To increase the current, a larger wire from the DC power supply to the electrochlorination cell is needed. Ya or busbar, larger electrical connector on the cell (on the outer surface of the outer electrode in the example in Figure 1A) Thicker titanium is needed for the lugs (101A and 101B) and electrodes.

[0126] For the same current, the multi-pass device has a higher production rate than the single-pass cell. However, the overall voltage drop increases (approximately proportional to the number of paths). For the same production rate, the multi- pass cell requires a lower current (approximately inversely proportional to the number of passes). For the same output (k W), since the power supply cost is more sensitive to the output current than to the output voltage, the multi-pass cell can be advantageous.

[0127] In practice, the multi-pass cell has some inefficiencies. For example, a part of the current called "bypass current" can flow directly from the anode to the cathode without crossing the electrolyte in the gap between the outer electrode and the inner electrode (see FIGS. 6B and 6C). The bypass current consumes power but has a lower production efficiency of the oxidant compared to the non-bypass current. Also, the multi- pass cell is more complex to manufacture and assemble. For example, a part of the outer surface of the inner electrode needs to be masked before the remaining part is coated. The aspects and embodiments disclosed herein can include an electrochemical cell having a wound electrode, which is a non-limiting example shown in FIGS. 7 and 8. In the wound configuration, two wound electrodes of the anode 205 and the cathode 210 forming the anode-cathode pair are arranged to form a gap 215 between the anode 205 and the cathode 210. The angle difference between the start and / or end of the helix, labeled θ in FIG. 7, can be in the range from 0° to 180°. The supplied electrolyte solution flows through the gap 215 in a direction substantially parallel to the axis of the helix. A DC voltage, constant or variable, or some

[0128] In this embodiment, an alternating current is applied across the electrode through the electrolyte solution. Tab 220 and cathode tab 225 are anode 205 and cathode 210, respectively. Connected to or integrally formed with the anode 205 and cathode 210, and powered to the anode 205 and cathode 210. It provides an air connection. Current flows in a single pass from anode 205 to cathode 210. Electrochemical and chemical reactions occur on the surface of electrodes within an electrochemical cell and in the bulk electrolyte solution. This occurs, and the resulting solution is produced.

[0129] The spiral-wound electrodes 205 and 210 electrically insulate the electrodes from the external environment and pass through the electrochemical cell. It is housed in a housing 235 (see Figure 8) designed to withstand the hydraulic pressure of the electrolyte. It may be acceptable. The housing 235 may be nonconductive and chemically resistant to the electrolyte solution. It may be non-reactive and may have sufficient strength to withstand system pressure. In this embodiment, a solid core prevents the fluid from flowing through the center and bypassing the gap, center A core element or fluid flow director may be provided.

[0130] The embodiments and models disclosed herein include an electric field including concentrically arranged tubular electrodes. It may also be applied to gaseous chemical cells, and non-limiting examples are shown in Figures 9 to 11. At least some of the concentric tube electrodes may be monopolar or bipolar. A first embodiment including concentric tubes is illustrated in Figure 9, generally indicated by 300. The tube electrode 305 is designed to make full use of the surface area of ​​the intermediate tube electrode 305, with an inner surface and an outer surface The anode has an oxidation-resistant coating on both sides, for example, platinum or MMO. Electrode 310 and outer tube electrode 315 are uncoated, and the inner cathode and outer electrodes are uncoated, respectively. It functions as a side cathode. The electrodes are arranged so that the electrolyte is passed through once per electrode. It is a monopolar. Each of electrodes 305, 310, and 315 may contain a titanium tube. The anode electrical connection part 330 is electrically connected to the intermediate tube electrode 305. The connection portion 335 is electrically connected to the inner tube electrode 310 and the outer tube electrode 315. In this embodiment, the intermediate tube electrode 305 is the cathode, and the inner tube electrode 310 and the outer tube electrode Pole 315 may be the anode. Electrochlorination cell 300 and concentric as disclosed herein. Other electrochemical cells, including cylindrical electrodes, are, for example, the housing 235 shown in Figure 8. This could be included in a non-conductive housing.

[0131] Embodiments disclosed herein include a plurality of anode or cathode electrodes. Furthermore, multiple anode tube electrodes are collectively referred to as anodes or anode tubes, and multiple cathode tube electrodes The electrodes are sometimes collectively referred to as cathodes or cathode tubes. Multiple anode tube electrodes and / or Or, in embodiments including multiple cathode tube electrodes, in this specification, multiple anode tube electrodes A single electrode and / or multiple cathode tube electrodes are sometimes collectively referred to as an anode-cathode pair. ru.

[0132] The inner tube electrode 310 and the outer tube electrode 315 are connected by one or more conductive bridges 340. They may be electrically connected, and this conductive bridge connects the inner tube electrode 310 and the outer tube It can be formed from the same material as electrode 315, for example, titanium. Electrochemical reactions and chemical reactions are This occurs on the electrode surface and in the bulk solution, for example, in the oxidation of free cells in a UVAOP reactor. Hydrogen peroxide as a dikal source, or residual peroxide in the treated aqueous solution exiting the UVAOP reactor A solution containing sodium hypochlorite or similar is generated to quench hydrogen.

[0133] According to another embodiment, the concentric tube electrochemical cell or concentric tube electrochlorination cell is four It includes concentric tube electrodes. An example of a four-tube electrochlorination cell is shown in Figure 10, generally indicated by 400. The four-tube electrochlorination cell 400 acts as the anode, and the anode electrical connector Includes an inner tube electrode 405 and an intermediate tube electrode 410 that can be electrically connected to 425. Electrode 405 and intermediate tube electrode 410 are also connected to each other via one or more conductive bridges 450 They can be electrically connected. The outer tube electrode 420 and the intermediate tube electrode 415 are connected to the cathode electrical circuit. It functions as a cathode that can be electrically connected to the connector 430. The outer tube electrode 420 and the middle The inter-tube electrodes 415 can also be electrically connected to each other via one or more conductive bridges 455. The outer tube electrode 420 and the intermediate tube electrode 415 are positioned opposite the intermediate anode tube electrode 410. It is placed. The four-tube electrochlorination cell 400 has three formed in the four-tube electrochlorination cell 400 Except for the supply electrolyte solution flowing through the cyclic gaps 435, 440, and 445, the three-tube electrolytic salt It operates similarly to the ionization cell 300. In another embodiment, the outer tube electrode 420 and the intermediate tube electrode Electrode 415 may be an anode, and the inner tube electrode 405 and the intermediate tube electrode 410 are cathodes. It could be.

[0134] According to another embodiment, the concentric tube electrochlorination cell includes five concentric tube electrodes. An example of a tube electrochlorination cell is shown in Figure 11, generally indicated as 500. The 500 acts as an anode and can be electrically connected to the anode electrical connector 535. Includes intermediate tube electrodes 520 and 525. Intermediate tube electrodes 520, 525 also include one or more leads They can be electrically connected to each other via the electrolytic bridge 565. Inner tube electrode 505, central tube electrode 510 and the outer tube electrode 515 can be electrically connected to the cathode electrical connector 530. Functions as a cathode. Inner tube electrode 505, center tube electrode 510, and outer tube electrode 51 5 can also be electrically connected to one or more conductive bridges 560. Electrodes 520 and 525 are positioned on the opposite side of the central anode tube electrode 510. 5-tube electrochlorine The electrochlorination cell has four annular gaps 540 formed in the five-tube electrochlorination cell through which the supplied electrolyte solution is supplied. Except for flowing through 545, 550, and 555, it operates similarly to the 4-pipe electrochlorination cell 400. In other embodiments, the inner tube electrode 505, the central tube electrode 510, and the outer tube electrode 5 Electron 15 may be the anode, and intermediate tube electrodes 520 and 525 may be the cathode.

[0135] Electrochemical cells including spiral, concentric, radial, and interleaved electrodes, and Among these, the method of electrochemically generating compounds such as sodium hypochlorite is, as a whole, The PCT application PCT / US20, a joint application incorporated herein by reference Further details are provided in 16 / 018213, publication number WO2016133983. It is.

[0136] The system disclosed herein generates 1 in the electrochemical cell disclosed herein. Receiving one or more oxidizing agents, one or more contaminants in water being treated in a chemical radiation reactor This may include reactors that promote destruction, such as oxidation, such as UV reactors. It may include a container and a first arrangement of tubes inside the container. The first arrangement of tubes may be parallel tubes. It may consist of a first set of and a second set of parallel tubes. Each tube is at least one It may include ultraviolet lamps, and each of the first set of parallel tubes is of the second set of tubes The components are positioned so that their longitudinal axis is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the object.

[0137] Examples of chemical radiation reactors used in the systems disclosed herein include those used in water during treatment. The organic compound is oxidized to carbon dioxide by one or more free radical species, and one or more It can be removed in downstream unit operations. A chemical radiation reactor emits one or more precursor compounds, for example Then, one or more oxidizing agents provided by the electrochlorination device are used with one or more free radioactive materials. A CAL-capture species, for example, at least one free radical that is converted into a hydroxyl radical ·OH A chemical radiation reactor may include a CAL activation device. The chemical radiation reactor is located in one or more reaction chambers. It includes one or more lamps that irradiate water with radiation, or otherwise chemically irradiate water. It provides a line and can split the precursor compound into one or more free radical species.

[0138] The reactor can be divided into two chambers by one or more baffles between the chambers. Yes, it is possible. Baffles can either provide mixing or turbulence to the reactor, or prevent mixing. or used to facilitate laminar, parallel flow paths through the interior of a reactor, such as within a chamber. This is possible. In certain embodiments, the reactor inlet is in fluid communication with the first chamber. The reactor outlet is in fluid communication with the second chamber.

[0139] In some embodiments, the water in each chamber is water at various power levels of approximately 185°C. nm, 220 nm, and / or 254 nm, or approximately 185 nm to approximately 254 nm At least one ultraviolet gas discharge (UV) lamp positioned to irradiate with light in the range of m At least three reaction chambers, each having a piping system, are arranged in a series in the reactor 120. These wavelengths of ultraviolet light are used in processes to oxidize dissolved organic pollutants. - Sufficient photons to generate free radicals from radical precursors (e.g., H2O2) Because it has energy, in the AOP process, from 185nm to 254nm or 190 It should be understood that shorter wavelengths from nm to 200 nm are sometimes preferable. In disinfection processes that use ultraviolet light to kill or incapacitate living organisms, waves from low-pressure lamps are used. It can operate efficiently with ultraviolet light at a wavelength of 254 nm. In disinfection systems, shorter wavelengths are usually used. It can provide significant UV intensity at wavelengths of 185nm or 220nm. They would not use inexpensive medium- or high-pressure ultraviolet lamps.

[0140] Low-pressure and medium-pressure ultraviolet gas discharge lamps typically emit ultraviolet light of different spectra. Figure 12A shows the spectrum of radiation emitted by a typical low-pressure ultraviolet lamp. Figure 12B shows the spectrum of radiation emitted by a typical medium-pressure ultraviolet lamp. Low-pressure ultraviolet lamps emit most of their light at wavelengths of approximately 185 nm and 254 nm. While emitting light, medium-pressure lamps emit light over a wider range of wavelengths, including longer wavelengths, than low-pressure lamps. Because it emits [a specific type of emission], it is considered more suitable for use in AOP processes. Figure 12C For example, when a low-pressure lamp is used in contrast to a medium-pressure lamp, a lower dose of U is used. Activating hydrogen peroxide with V emission (and lower power) to form hydroxyl radicals This demonstrates that it is possible. In Figure 12C, "UVT" indicates ultraviolet light from the aqueous solution in the reactor. "TOC" refers to the total organic matter content of the aqueous solution in the reactor, as indicated by the term "transmittance." As such, aqueous solutions in UVAOP reactors may not be completely transparent to ultraviolet light. Furthermore, it may have an ultraviolet transmittance of 95% or less. Therefore, the ultraviolet lamp and reactor The fluid path length between the aqueous solution inside and outside is short, or the turbulence of the aqueous solution inside the reactor causes water The oxidizing agent in the solution may be activated more effectively.

[0141] Other ultraviolet sources, such as ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (LEDs), are also processed using the AOP or AO process. It should be understood that it can be used in, or as an alternative to, a P reactor. UV LEDs are considered monochromatic. In AOP processes or AOP reactors... It is most effectively activated and free against a specific oxidizing agent (singular) or oxidizing agent (plural). You can select the type of UV LED that emits radiation at wavelengths that form radicals. Therefore, the ultraviolet lamps referred to in the following description are gas discharge lamps or LEDs. It can include one or both.

[0142] Implementation using a UV radiation source that emits a radiation spectrum, such as a medium-pressure gas discharge lamp. In this context, a specific oxidizing agent (singular) or oxidizing agent (plural) in the AOP process or AOP reactor. The wavelength (single) or wavelength (multiple) that most effectively activates and forms free radicals against ) The radiation can be filtered so that only a small amount is emitted into the reactor.

[0143] One or more lamps are placed inside one or more sleeves or tubes within the reactor. It can be placed inside one or more chemical radiation reactors. The tube positions the lamp in a predetermined position. It can be held in place and the lamp can be protected from water in the reactor. The tube is radiant A material through which a line passes, which is substantially affected by chemical rays and water or water components in a reactor. It can be made from any material that does not deteriorate. The tube can have a circular cross-sectional area. In certain embodiments, the tube may be cylindrical and its structural material may be quartz. Yes, each pipe can be the same as or different in shape or size from one or more other pipes. Yes, it is possible. The tubes can be arranged inside the reactor in various configurations; for example, a sleeve can be used in the reaction A tube can extend across part or all of the length or width of a vessel. It can extend across its internal volume.

[0144] Commercially available UV lamps and / or quartz sleeves are available in Fairfei, New Jersey. Hanovia Specialty Lighting in Beaver, Wisconsin - Dam's Engineered Treatment Systems, LLC (ETS) , and available from Heraeus Noblelight GmbH in Hanau, Germany. It is possible. The selected quartz material is, at least in part, specially used in the process. It can be based on a single wavelength or multiple wavelengths. Quartz material is based on one or more waves The length can be selected to minimize the energy requirements of the ultraviolet lamp. Quartz set The composition provides the desired or appropriate transmittance of ultraviolet light to the water in the reactor, and and / or to maintain the desired or appropriate level of ultraviolet light transmission to water It can be selected. In certain embodiments, the transmittance is at least about 50% for a predetermined period. This can be done. For example, the transmittance can be set to approximately 80% or more for a predetermined period. In certain embodiments, the transmittance is in the range of about 80% to 90% for a period of about 6 months to about 1 year. It is possible. In certain embodiments, the transmittance is approximately 80% to 90% for a maximum of about 2 years. It can be defined as a range.

[0145] The tube can be sealed at both ends to prevent the contents of the reactor from entering the sleeve or tube. The tube can be fixed inside the reactor so that it remains in place during reactor use. In certain embodiments, the tube is fixed to the wall of the reactor. The tube can be fixed using appropriate mechanical techniques. Alternatively, it can be fixed to the wall by using other conventional techniques for fixing objects to each other. The material used to fix the pipes is preferably inert and does not interfere with the operation of the reactor. Alternatively, it does not adversely affect the purity of the water, nor does it release pollutants into the water.

[0146] The lamps can be placed inside the reactor so that they are parallel to each other. They can be arranged at various angles to each other within the reactor. For example, in a particular embodiment, The ramps form paths or angles of approximately 90 degrees, such that they are nearly perpendicular or perpendicular to each other. The lamps can be positioned to illuminate the covered area. The lamps can be positioned vertically or It can be positioned to form an angle of approximately 90 degrees on the horizontal axis or any axis in between. Cut.

[0147] In certain embodiments, the reactor is a reactor or vessel containing a first set of parallel tubes and a horizontal It may include an array of tubes consisting of a second set of tubes in a row. Each tube has at least one The set may include ultraviolet lamps, and each of the first set of parallel tubes is connected to the second set of parallel tubes. In contrast, they can be positioned to achieve a desired angle. The angle is determined in a particular embodiment. , which can be approximately 90 degrees. One or both of the tubes in the first and second arrays, The tubes of the first set and the second set extend across the internal volume of the reactor. They can be placed at almost the same height within the same space.

[0148] Further configurations include uniform leveling in each occupied or covered area within the reactor. It may include tubes and / or lamps positioned to provide strength. The configuration may include tubes arranged at equal intervals, each having one or more lamps. Cut.

[0149] The reactor may include an array of one or more tubes arranged within the reactor or vessel. The arrangement consists of a third set of parallel tubes and a fourth set of parallel tubes perpendicular to the third set of parallel tubes. The fourth parallel tube may include a set, and each tube may include at least one ultraviolet lamp. The set is orthogonal to at least one of the second set of parallel tubes and the first set of parallel tubes. It is also possible to do so.

[0150] In certain embodiments, each array within the reactor or vessel is derived from another array within the reactor. They can be placed at a distance or height. A given distance between two sets of arrays may be the same or different. It's okay if it is.

[0151] The reactor contains at least one impurity, typically an organic carbon-based impurity, an inert ion. Compounds that have been ionized or otherwise are removable, one or more compounds that can be removed from water The compound, or at least one of the impurities, is more easily removed. The number of UV lamps needed to capture, decompose, or otherwise convert something. Based on this, the size of the reactor can be determined. The number of lamps required depends on the lamp intensity. and less lamp performance characteristics, including the spectral wavelength of ultraviolet light emitted by the lamp. It can also be based on a partial basis. The number of lamps required is the expected TOC in the inlet water flow. At least one of the following: concentration or amount, and the amount of oxidizing agent added to the feed stream or reactor. For one thing, it is possible to base it on at least a part of it.

[0152] A set of reactors arranged in series can be arranged in parallel. For example, a set of reactors arranged in series The first set of reactors is arranged in parallel with the second set of reactors, which are arranged in series. Each set has three reactors, and can have a total of six reactors. One or more of the reactors may be in operation at any time. In certain embodiments, all reactors The reactor may be in operation, and in other embodiments, only one set of reactors may be in operation. .

[0153] Chemical radiation systems commercially available as components of free radical scavenging systems As a source of supply, for example, as the AQUAFINE® UV system, Irino From Quantrol in Naperville, England, and Arranger, Kentucky. One example is from Aquionics Incorporated.

[0154] Chemical radiation reaction vessels that may be used in the embodiments and models disclosed herein One non-limiting example is illustrated in Figure 13, generally shown as 600. The reaction vessel 600 is Typically, the inlet 610, outlet 620, and reaction vessel 600 are located in the upper chamber 625 and below. The reaction vessel 600 consists of a baffle 615 that divides the chamber 630 into two parts. Manifold 60 can be configured to distribute water introduced through 610 throughout the container. 5 may be included. In a particular embodiment, the manifold 605 distributes water evenly throughout the container. It can be configured to distribute to, for example, the reactor plug flow. - It can be configured to distribute water evenly throughout the container so that it can function as a reactor.

[0155] In some embodiments, the reaction vessel is divided into three or more chambers. It may include two or more baffles 615. The baffles 615 provide mixing or turbulence to the reactor. It can be used to provide the following. In a particular embodiment, as shown in Figure 13, The reactor inlet 610 is in fluid communication with the lower chamber 630, and the reactor outlet 620 is in fluid communication with the upper chamber It is in fluid communication with the B625.

[0156] In some embodiments, the water in each chamber is at a desired or varying power level. And, approximately, or within the following range, approximately 185nm to approximately 254nm, approximately 185nm to approximately 25 It is positioned to be illuminated with light in the range of 4 nm, approximately 220 nm, and / or approximately 254 nm. At least three reactors, each having at least one ultraviolet (UV) lamp The chambers are arranged in series inside reactor 120.

[0157] The reaction vessel is also located within tubes, for example, tubes 635a to c and 640a to c. Multiple ultraviolet lamps may be included. In one embodiment, as shown in Figure 13, the reaction volume The apparatus 600 consists of a first set of parallel tubes, tubes 635a-c and a second set of parallel tubes (illustrated). It consists of (not). Each set of parallel tubes in the first set is approximately perpendicular to the second set, An array 645 is formed. The second set of tubes 635a to c and parallel tubes are relative to each other. In contrast, they are at almost the same height within the reaction vessel 600.

[0158] Furthermore, the reaction vessel may consist of a third set of parallel tubes and a fourth set of parallel tubes. Each set of parallel tubes in the first set is approximately perpendicular to the second set, for example, the second set Forms row 650. As shown exemplary, the second parallel tubes 640a to c The sets are at approximately the same height relative to each other within the reaction vessel 600, as shown in Figure 13. Thus, the first array 645 may be positioned at a predetermined distance from the second array 650. Container 6 00 may further include a third array 655 and a fourth array 660, each of which is In essence, it has the same configuration as the first sequence 640 and the second sequence 645.

[0159] In another embodiment, the first pipe 635b is positioned perpendicular to the second pipe 640b, A first arrangement can be formed. Furthermore, a set of tubes, tube 665a and tube 665 b is positioned perpendicular to another set of pipes, pipes 670a and 670b, and Two arrays can be formed. The positions of the lamps in the second array are lamps 714, 720. Figure 14A includes 722 and 724. The first sequence and the second sequence are shown in Figure 14A. The positions of the lamps are lamps 726 and 728 in the first array and the lamps in the second array. This is shown in Figure 14B, including pumps 714, 720, 722, and 724.

[0160] Lamps have various characteristics, including dimensions, strength, and the power supplied to them. Therefore, patterns can be generated. The light patterns generated by the lamp are This is the general volume of the space in which the lamp emits light. In certain embodiments, the light pattern Alternatively, the illumination volume is the area that the lamp illuminates, or otherwise provides chemical rays, in front This allows the precursor compound to be split or converted into one or more free radical species. It is defined as the area or volume between two points.

[0161] As shown in Figures 14A and 14B, the first set of pipes 710a to c are parallel to each other. Reactor 60 is arranged such that a second set of tubes 712a to c are positioned parallel to each other. A cross-sectional view of 0 is shown exemplarily. As shown, the first set of pipes 710a to c is The lamp 714 is positioned perpendicular to the second set of tubes 712a to c. Which lamps are distributed within tubes 710a to c and 712a to c, and when illuminated, Light pattern 716 can be generated.

[0162] One or more UV lamps, or a set of lamps, cast chemical rays parallel to the illumination vector. It may be characterized by emitting light. The illumination vector is the direction in which one or more lamps emit chemical rays. It can be defined as follows. In an exemplary embodiment, as shown in Figure 14A, lamp 7 The first set of lamps, including 20 and 722, has a chemical line parallel to the illumination vector 718. They are positioned to project.

[0163] The first ultraviolet lamps are positioned to project chemical rays parallel to the first illumination vector. The set can be energized. It is positioned to project chemical rays parallel to the second illumination vector. The second set of each UV lamp can also be powered. The direction of the lighting and the UV lamps The first set of lamps and the second set of UV lamps have at least one intensity of less than Another feature is that it can be adjusted. Each set of UV lamps contains one or more UV lamps. It can be composed of these.

[0164] The number of lamps being used or powered up, the power supplied to one or more lamps, and during use The lamp configuration can be selected based on the specific operating conditions or requirements of the system. For example, the number of lamps used in a particular process may indicate a characteristic of the system or a measurement. Alternatively, it can be selected and controlled based on calculated parameters. For example, the entrance The measurement parameters for water or treated water include TOC concentration, pH, and oxidizing agent (e.g., H2O2) concentration. It may include one or more of the following: degree, conductivity, oxidation-reduction potential, temperature, or flow rate. The number of energized lamps is also added to the treatment aqueous solution coming out of the system or reaction vessel. The oxidizing agent, such as hydrogen peroxide, can be selected and controlled based on its concentration or amount. For example, the flow rate of the aqueous solution to be treated may be a nominal value such as 1300 gpm. If the flow rate is below the design flow rate, 12 lamps of a specific configuration can be used, and the water to be treated If the solution flow rate rises above the threshold, more lamps can be used. If the flow rate increases from 1300 gpm to a higher threshold selected, an additional lamp will be activated. It can be energized. For example, when the flow rate of the aqueous solution to be treated reaches 1900 gpm. 24 lamps can be used. In this way, the flow rate of the aqueous solution is controlled in each reactor. Which lamps are powered, and / or how many lamps are powered? It can be partially determined.

[0165] In certain embodiments, the ultraviolet lamp can be operated at one or more illumination intensity levels. Yes, it is possible. For example, any of the dim, rated, and boost modes, for example, low, medium, Alternatively, use one or more lamps that can be adjusted to operate in multiple lighting modes, such as high mode. It can be used. The illumination intensity of one or more lamps is a characteristic of the system or a measure or These are calculated parameters, such as TOC concentration, oxidation-reduction potential, pH, and oxidizing agent (e.g., Measurement of the inlet aqueous solution or treated aqueous solution, including H2O2 concentration, temperature, and / or flow rate. It is possible to adjust and control based on fixed parameters. Also, one or more lamps The illumination intensity is determined by the residual peracid present in the treatment aqueous solution exiting the system or chemical radiation reactor. It can be adjusted and controlled based on the concentration or amount of hydrogen peroxide added to the hydrogen peroxide solution. For example, one or more lamps can reach a predetermined threshold of a system's measurement parameter, e.g., the first It can be used in dim mode up to a TOC concentration of 1. Measured or calculated TO If the C concentration reaches or exceeds a second TOC concentration which may be above the threshold, One or more lamps can be adjusted to their rated mode. One or more lamps are measured Alternatively, if the calculated TOC concentration reaches or exceeds the second threshold, the booth It can be further adjusted in the AT mode.

[0166] A chemical radiation reactor that may be used in the systems disclosed herein is, in whole, a reference to The PCT application PCT / US2016 / , which is a joint application incorporated herein by means of this specification, is a joint application. Further details are provided in 030708, publication number WO2016 / 179241. ru.

[0167] The embodiments and models disclosed herein are methods for water treatment that include the following steps. The method provides: (a) Add a peroxide species, such as hydrogen peroxide, to the water to be treated and dissolve it in the water to be treated. (b) The step of dissolving the peroxide species dissolved in the water to be treated, and the organic water components in the water to be treated. While some of the reaction occurs, the demand for peroxide species dissolved in the treated water (peroxide species demand) (c) Using the measured demand of the peroxide species dissolved in the treated water The next step is to apply AOP to the water to be treated while controlling AOP.

[0168] In a further embodiment, the treated aqueous solution may be removed from the reactor in which the AOP is carried out. The residual oxidizing agent (e.g., hydrogen peroxide) in the treated aqueous solution will cause quenching species in the treated aqueous solution. By adding (for example, NaOCl), or by contacting the treated aqueous solution with activated carbon By doing so, for example, by passing the treated aqueous solution through a granular activated carbon (GAC) column. It can be quenched by the following. The amount, concentration, or flow rate of the quenching agent added to the aqueous treatment solution is It can be controlled based on the measured or predicted concentration of residual oxidizing agent in the treated aqueous solution. .

[0169] In further embodiments, the formation of AOPs of hydroxyl radicals is controlled, for example, by adjusting the addition of peroxide species and / or the addition of alternative oxidizing agents. This regulates the formation of AOPs of hydroxyl radicals.

[0170] In further embodiments, AOP is a conventional chemical AOP, UV-driven AOP, or peroxide. This refers to a species-based AOP, or a UV-driven peroxide species-based AOP (UV / peroxide species-based AOP).

[0171] In further embodiments, AOP is a UV / peroxide species AOP. Controlling UV / peroxide species AOP formation involves adjusting the UV energy irradiated onto the treated water. This is controlled by and / or by adjusting the addition of peroxide species.

[0172] In further embodiments, AOP is UVAOP. P formation can be controlled by adjusting the intensity of ultraviolet energy irradiated onto the water to be treated. Alternatively, while adjusting the addition of alternative oxidants in the main stream of the water to be treated, peroxidation By adding a certain type of substance, and / or in the bypass flow of the water being treated, the peroxide species It can be adjusted by measuring the demand.

[0173] Generating reaction products on-site is cost-effective and overall for UVAOP applications. In terms of both process complexity and other factors, it offers significant advantages over administering large amounts of chemicals. The two main accelerators commonly used in UVAOP are hydrogen peroxide and bulk It contains hypochlorite.

[0174] In-line system for generating hydrogen peroxide via CTE cells for UVAOP process One embodiment of the system is shown in Figure 15. As shown, an electrolyte, for example, the water to be treated 8 05 is obtained from source 810, for example, an electrochemical cell not limited to a CTE electrochemical cell. Processed with RU815, the electrochemical cell converts oxygen present in the electrolyte into hydrogen peroxide. This produces an aqueous solution 820 containing hydrogen peroxide. The aqueous solution 820 is at the outlet of the electrochemical cell 815. It is led from there through a conduit to the inlet of UVAOP reactor 825. Contaminants in aqueous solution 820 It is oxidized and destroyed by exposure to UV radiation in the UVAOP reactor 825. The AOP reactor 825 produces the treated aqueous solution or the generated water 830, and the treated aqueous solution or the The generated water is directed to point 835. The treated aqueous solution 830 meets the desired purity or It may exceed. In this specification, the term refers to the treated aqueous solution exiting a chemical radiation reactor. The purity of the generated water refers to the concentration of one or more contaminants in the treated aqueous solution or the generated water. In some embodiments, for example, the system may include a swimming pool, a boiler, or other Used to treat water from a water source, and when the treated water is returned to the same source, use point 835 The source may be 810. The point of use 835 is a shipboard system, drilling platform. Systems, aquatic systems (e.g., swimming pools or fountains), drinking water systems This may include a stem or downhole in an oil drilling system. Point 835 of use is for ships. or including cooling water systems for underwater installation platforms, or ballast tanks for ships. But that's fine.

[0175] Figure 16 depicts a system similar to Figure 15, but including an additional step for oxygenation. The oxygen source 905, for example, gaseous oxygen, air, or oxygenated water, is supplied to the electrochemical cell 815. Before introduction, oxygen can be supplied to the electrolyte / water to be treated 805. Oxygen source 9 Alternatively, 05 can directly supply oxygen to source 810. This increases the concentration of oxygen in the solution. By doing so, the energy required by the electrochemical cell 815 is reduced. , and to increase the production of hydrogen peroxide to supply the downstream UVAOP reactor 825. Both of these are possible.

[0176] One or more sensors 910, for example, the electrolyte / water to be treated 805, aqueous solution 820, and / or any of the temperatures, flow rates, contaminant concentrations, pH, and oxidation rates of the treated aqueous solution 830. Original potential (ORP), total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved oxygen and / or hydrogen concentration, water peroxide It is possible to measure one or more parameters such as elemental concentration and purity. The system described below will be explained in more detail below. The controller receives readings from one or more sensors 910, and one or more sensors The desired level of the parameter (singular) or parameter (plural) read by 910 To obtain the desired result, one or more operating parameters of the system can be adjusted. Lameter is, for example, the power (current or voltage or Both), the intensity of ultraviolet light generated in the UVAOP reactor, and the irradiation of aqueous solutions in the UVAOP reactor. The amount of UV radiation irradiated, the flow rate of the electrolyte / water 805 to be treated using valve 915, The rate or amount of oxygen added to the electrolyte / water 805 to be treated using another valve 920, Alternatively, it may include other operating parameters of the system. Such sensors and controls The Troller(s) are the system shown in Figure 15 and the systems shown in Figures 17 to 19 described below. It can also exist in Mu.

[0177] Figure 17 shows a feed-and-bleed system for generating hydrogen peroxide. The electrochemical cell 815 in this system is of the CTE or parallel plate electrode (PPE) type. This may be the case. Oxygenated water 1005, or other solutions containing oxygen, are supplied by a water and oxygen source 90 5 is supplied to the electrochemical cell 815. In some embodiments, additional oxygen is supplied, for example. Then, by bubbling oxygen or air through the water, it is added to the oxygenated water 1005. Then, the oxygen concentration of the oxygenated water supply source 905 is increased to the desired level. Treatment solution 1010 With valve 1025 open and valve 1030 closed, pump 1020 is used. A recirculation loop 1015 returns from the outlet of electrochemical cell 815 to the inlet of electrochemical cell 815. It passes through and is recycled. By recirculating the treatment solution 1010, the whole hydrogen peroxide The specific concentration can be increased relative to the concentration of oxygen in the solution, and the acid passing through the electrochemical cell 815 can be increased. Higher hydrogen peroxide in treatment solution 1010 which can be produced from a single pass of water 1005 A high concentration can be achieved. For example, as measured by one of the sensors 910. When the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the processed recirculated solution 1010 reaches the desired level, or when the recirculated solution is released, The circulating solution was recirculated for a sufficient amount of time to produce the expected desired concentration of hydrogen peroxide. At that time, valve 1025 is closed and valve 1030 is opened to treat electrolyte / water. A high-concentration hydrogen peroxide solution 1035 is released to mix with 805 to form an aqueous solution 820. obtain.

[0178] A piping and instrumentation diagram of another embodiment of the UVAOP-based processing system is shown in Figure 18. The electrolyte / water to be treated from supply source 810 is supplied to system 1 through the valve. Enter 800, pass through the conduit, and use any pre-screen or filter 1805, for example. Membrane filters (for example, nanofilters, ultrafilters, depending on the desired particle reduction, The treated filtered water can be formed by passing through a reverse osmosis filter. Before entering filter 1805 Alternatively, after passing through a filter, the treated water or filtered water is one or more Sensors QIT1, FIT, and PI provide one or more of the following: conductivity, flow rate, or pressure. Any other desired parameter of the treated water or filtered water, for example, can be measured. TOC, the dissolved concentration of one or more compounds, pH, or any other parameters mentioned above, Alternatively, it can be measured.

[0179] From the H2O2 generation system 815, a metered flow rate of an oxidizing agent, such as hydrogen peroxide, is applied. It can be added to the treated filtered water. The H2O2 generation system 815 is described in the various embodiments above. As mentioned above, this may include an on-site electrolytic cell or electrochemical cell for generating H2O2. Good. Oxygenated water source 1835, for example, oxygen is bubbled through water to produce oxygenated water. The subsystem being processed is the inlet of the electrochemical cell of the H2O2 generation system 815, which receives oxygenated water. By supplying this, it may be possible to provide enough oxygen to produce H2O2 at a desired concentration or volume. The electrolytic cell or electrochemical cell is positioned in the side flow loop, for example, as shown in Figure 17. Alternatively, the treated filtered water may be transported, for example, as shown in Figure 15 or Figure 16. It may be placed in series with the conduit. The rate of introduction or generation of H2O2 is (e.g., H2O2 (By controlling the current across the electrochemical cell in the generation system 815), H2O2 Upstream of the introduction or generation point of the sensor QIT1, FIT, PI, or one of the other sensors Based on our readings, or as further explained below, downstream sensors in the system It can be controlled based on readings from the source. One or more of the treated filtered water after the addition of H2O2. The parameters, such as pressure, flow rate, temperature, and H2O2 concentration, are also related to the point of H2O2 introduction. This parameter is measured by one or more sensors located downstream of the generation point, and the parameter is the inflow being processed. To set operating parameters such as water flow rate or H2O2 introduction rate or generation rate. It can be used as an input parameter to the control system.

[0180] Downstream of the H2O2 introduction or generation point, the water to be treated passes through a conduit to a static mixer. Entering at -1810, the treated water and the added H2O2 are mixed to form a substantially homogeneous solution. An aqueous solution is formed. Downstream of the static mixer 1810, additional parameters of the aqueous solution are added. For example, conductivity or TOC level can be measured by additional sensors QIT1, QIT2. It can be measured. The measurements from these sensors indicate the flow rate of the treated inflow water or H2O2 Input to the control system for setting operating parameters such as introduction speed or generation speed. It can be used as a parameter.

[0181] Further downstream from the static mixer 1810, the aqueous solution enters the UV reactor 825. In UV reactor 825, the aqueous solution is irradiated with ultraviolet light to activate H2O2, and the aqueous solution The contaminants in the liquid are oxidized, or otherwise decomposed, to form a UV-treated aqueous solution. Due to hydroxyl radicals, it is irradiated with ultraviolet light. The amount of ultraviolet light irradiated, the type of ultraviolet light used The intensity and / or residence time of the aqueous solution being treated in UV reactor 825 is determined by UV reactor 8 It can be controlled based on measurements from one or more of the 25 upstream or downstream sensors. .

[0182] The UV-treated aqueous solution exits UV reactor 825 and, downstream of the UV reactor, the UV-treated aqueous solution By adding chemical agents, the residual H2O2 in the UV-treated aqueous solution is quenched or decomposed, A solution can be formed. The agent may be, for example, sodium hypochlorite. Sodium is produced on-site using the on-site NaOCl production system 1815, and electricity is generated on-site. It can be chemically generated. The on-site NaOCl generation system 1815 is disclosed above. It may include one or more electrochemical cells such as a flat plate Nodes and / or cathodes may be included, or concentric circles as disclosed above. It may include a tube electrode. Provides Na and Cl for the electrochemical production of NaOCl. Therefore, an electrolyte solution containing NaCl is produced from the salt source 1840 to the NaOCl production system 18 15. NaOCl generation system 1815 and associated electrolytic cell(s) Alternatively, the electrochemical cell(s) may be placed in the side flow loop as illustrated in Figure 18. Often, or in series with a conduit carrying a UV-treated aqueous solution. Alternatively, the generation rate is measured by one of the sensors located upstream or downstream of the NaOCl introduction or generation point. Based on readings from (for example, the current across the electrochemical cell in source 1815) It can be controlled by controlling it. In some embodiments, H in UV-treated aqueous solution The concentration of 2O2 is measured by one or more sensors upstream or downstream of the NaOCl introduction or generation point. 910, for example, may be measured by an ORP sensor, the rate of NaOCl introduction or raw The growth rate is set by the controller based on readings from one or more of these sensors. It can be determined.

[0183] Downstream of the NaOCl introduction or generation point, the quenched aqueous solution is allowed to stand and mix 1820 It can pass through, thereby preventing contact between the quenching agent and the H2O2 in the quenched aqueous solution. This promotes catalysis and causes the decomposition of all or substantially all of the residual H2O2 in the quenched aqueous solution. This process promotes the formation of generated water 830, and the purified water is then supplied to the point of use after exiting the system 1800. It is possible.

[0184] Either the H2O2 generation system 815 or the NaOCl generation system 1815 Storage tanks 1825 and 1830 for the storage of the generated H2O2 or NaOCl. Each may have a fluid-coupled outlet. The storage tank can be filled with H2O2 or NaOCl. It may be at least partially filled during periods of low demand for H2O2 or NaO The demand for Cl is for H2O2 production system 815 or NaOCl production system 1815 If the generation capacity should be exceeded, or if one of these systems is, for example, undergoing maintenance Therefore, when offline, additional H2O2 or NaOC is added to the water being processed in the system. l can be provided.

[0185] Figure 18 illustrates the on-site NaOCl generation system 1815 and storage tank 18 25, 1830 refers to any of the other systems disclosed herein, for example, Figure 15 to 1 It should be understood that it can exist in either a 7 or 19 system.

[0186] Figure 19 shows the piping and instrumentation diagrams for a potential feed-and-bleed system. Such a system can be used for product generation, specifically for the desired process stream. While supplying a low-pressure generated flow to the system, the high operating pressure required in the recirculation loop Maintain. For the design of the H2O2 electrochemical cell, the mass production rate was determined as considered. The final output concentration of the system is then adjusted according to the requirements of the AOP application. This is possible.

[0187] To control the flow of various aqueous solutions, various additional pumps can be added to any of the above systems. It may include a plug or valve, but for clarity, it is not shown in the diagram.

[0188] In one or more embodiments, each of them may relate to one or more aspects, but this specification The systems and technologies disclosed herein are at least one unit operation or configuration of the system. At least one operating parameter, state, or condition of an element, or process story Adjusting or regulating one or more features or physical properties of a system is called adjustment or regulating. A section or at least one or more subsystems that facilitate this can be utilized. To facilitate the adjustment function, one or more embodiments include one or more components or processes A controller that provides the status, state, or condition of a controller. A calling and instruction system can be used. For example, at least one sensor may be, for example, a supply source 8 One or more electrochemical cells for the production of water from 10, or an oxidizing agent or quenching agent. Alternatively, the concentration of water entering and leaving the UVAOP reaction vessel or one or more other downstream processes. It can be used to provide a representation of specific characteristics or broad characteristics. Therefore, it is particularly advantageous. According to the embodiment, the system and technology may, for example, perform any of the unit operations of the system. A composition analyzer or conductivity analyzer that provides an expression of the state, conditions, characteristics, or quality of the water being entered. It may include one or more sensors, such as cells, or other indicating devices.

[0189] The various operating parameters of the electrochlorination systems disclosed herein are different for each system. Based on various parameters measured by various sensors placed in the relevant area, It can be controlled or regulated by a control system or controller. The controller is , the flow rate of the water to be treated, the oxygen concentration in the water to be treated, or the ratio of one or more contaminants in the water to be treated Based on at least one of the Bells, the treatment is introduced into the electrochemical cell upstream of the AOP reactor. A program to regulate the introduction of oxygen or oxygen-containing compounds, such as oxygenated water, into the aqueous solution. Alternatively, it can be configured. The controller controls the water after treatment in the UVAOP reactor. Quenching agents, such as the generation or introduction of NaOCl, the flow rate of the water to be treated, and the amount of Oxygen concentration, or the level of one or more contaminants in the water to be treated, or in the UVAOP reactor The program is based on at least one of the H2O2 concentrations in the water after processing. Alternatively, it may be configured such that the controller contains at least peroxides generated in the electrochemical cell. Based on the concentration of oxygen or oxygen-containing compounds in the aqueous solution, the oxygen-containing compounds in the treated water are... The controller may be programmed or configured to coordinate the deployment. Hydrogen peroxide is produced in an electrochemical cell based on the concentration of one or more contaminants in the treated water. The controller may be further configured to adjust the concentration of the substance. The controller controls the temperature within the electrochemical cell. or based on at least one pH of the hydrogen peroxide-containing aqueous solution produced in the electrochemical cell. Therefore, the program adjusts the introduction of oxygen or oxygen-containing compounds into the treated water. It can be composed of.

[0190] The controller controls the flow rate of the water to be treated and / or the oxygen or oxygen content of the water to be treated. Based on the rate of compound introduction, the anode-cathode of the electrochemical cell for the production of H2O2 To adjust one or more of the current flowing through the pair or the voltage across the anode-cathode pair, It can be programmed or configured. The controller controls the hydrogen peroxide-containing water that enters the AOP reactor. The flow rate of the solution or the concentration of contaminants, the temperature of the hydrogen peroxide-containing aqueous solution entering the AOP reactor, or Either pH or the hydrogen peroxide concentration of the hydrogen peroxide-containing aqueous solution entering the AOP reactor. The program adjusts one or more operating parameters of the AOP reactor based on two or more factors. It may be composed of or

[0191] Used to monitor and control the operation of various elements of the system disclosed herein. The controller may include a computerized control system. Various embodiments of this are implemented in a general-purpose computer system 1500 as shown in Figure 20. It can be implemented as dedicated software. Computer system 1500 is data Disk drives, solid-state memory, or other devices for storing data It may include a processor 1502 connected to any one or more memory devices 1504. Memory 1504 is typically used for programs during the operation of the computer system 1500. and used to store data. The components of computer system 1500 are They may also be connected by an interconnection mechanism 1506, which comprises one or more B (For example, between components integrated within the same machine) and / or network ( For example, this may include interconnection mechanisms (between components located on separate, discrete machines). 1506 communicates (e.g., data, instructions) between system components of system 1500. It allows for replacement. Also, the computer system 1500 allows one or more inputs Device 1508, for example, keyboard, mouse, trackball, microphone, touchscreen Lean, and one or more output devices 1510, for example, a printing device, a display. Includes a screen and / or speakers.

[0192] Furthermore, the output device 1510 receives oxygen or oxygen-containing compounds from the supply source 905 into the water to be treated. For introducing a substance (e.g., oxygenated water), and / or the speed of the pump or as specified herein. Used to control the state (open or closed) of valves in a system such as those disclosed. It may include valves, pumps, or switches. Also, one or more sensors 1514 These sensors can provide input to the computer system 1500. These sensors are, for example, pressure sensors. This relates to chemical concentration sensors, temperature sensors, or systems disclosed herein. Sensors 910, QIT1, and QI can be sensors for any other parameters that the sensor is capable of. These sensors may include T2, FIT, or PI. These sensors are, for example, used at point 835. Upstream, electrochlorination cell 815, upstream or downstream of AOP reactor 825, as disclosed herein. The point of generation or introduction of the oxidizing agent or quenching agent into the water passing through the system, Alternatively, it can be connected to the supply source 810 via fluid and placed in any part of the system where it is useful. Furthermore, the computer system 1500, in addition to the interconnection mechanism 1506, or As an alternative, one or more computer systems 1500 are connected to a communication network. It may include an interface (not shown).

[0193] The storage system 1512, shown in more detail in Figure 21, is typically a processor 1 Defines the program executed by 502 or the information processed by the program. A computer-readable and writable non-volatile recording medium 1602 on which the signal is stored, Includes. The medium may include, for example, a disk or flash memory. Typically, In operation, the processor is more efficient than the non-volatile recording medium 1602. The data is read into a separate memory 1604, which allows faster access to the information by the data setter. This memory 1604 is typically used for dynamic random access. Volatile random memory such as DRAM or static memory (SRAM) This is access memory. It is located in the storage system 1512 as shown in the diagram. It may be placed in the memory system 1504, or it may be placed in the processor 1502. Generally, this involves manipulating data in the integrated circuit memory 1604, and after processing is complete, the data Copy to medium 1602. Data between medium 1602 and integrated circuit memory element 1604 Various mechanisms for managing movement are publicly known, and the embodiments disclosed herein and The embodiments are not limited thereto. The embodiments and models disclosed herein are specific to Not limited to Mori System 1504 or Storage System 1512.

[0194] Computer systems use specially programmed, specialized hardware, for example, special Applied-purpose integrated circuits (ASICs) may also be included. The embodiments and practices disclosed herein The form may be software, hardware, firmware, or any combination thereof. They can be implemented together. Furthermore, such methods, actions, systems, system elements, and The components are either part of the aforementioned computer system or as independent components. It can be implemented.

[0195] The computer system 1500 is a variety of the various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein. As one type of computer system that can be put into practice, it is shown as an example, but this The embodiments and models disclosed in the specification are on a computer system as shown in Figure 20. It should be understood that the implementation is not limited to the above. Various things disclosed herein Other aspects and embodiments may have different architectures or configurations than those shown in Figure 20. This can be performed on one or more computers that have the necessary components.

[0196] Computer system 1500 uses a high-level computer programming language. It can be a programmable general-purpose computer system. The 1500 can be implemented using specially programmed, specialized hardware. In computer system 1500, processor 1502 is typically Intel A well-known Pentium available from Corporation TM or Core TM Commercially available processors such as class processors. Programmable logic Many other processors are available, including a buck controller. This is typically available from, for example, Microsoft Corporation. Windows 7, Windows 8, or Windows 10 operating system, Mac OS System X, SunM, available from Apple Computer Solaris Operating System available from icrosystems m, or an operating system that may be UNIX, available from various sources. Execute it. Many other operating systems can also be used.

[0197] Both the processor and the operating system are high-level programming languages A computer platform for writing application programs using words Definition: This invention relates to a specific computer system platform, processor, and operator. It should be understood that this is not limited to rating systems or networks. Furthermore, the embodiments and models disclosed herein are based on a specific programming language or configuration. It should be obvious to those skilled in the art that this is not limited to computer systems. In addition, other suitable programming languages ​​and other suitable computer systems are also used. It is important to understand that this is possible.

[0198] One or more parts of a computer system are connected to one or more communication networks. It can be distributed across computer systems (not shown). The system can be a general-purpose computer system. For example, various aspects of the present invention include: Configure to provide a service (e.g., a server) to one or more client computers. It may be distributed among one or more computer systems, or a distributed system One or more computer systems configured to perform the overall task as part of the overall task They may be dispersed among the m. For example, the various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are , one or more that perform various functions according to the various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein On a client-server system that includes components distributed across the server systems above This can be done. These components use a communication protocol (e.g., TCP / IP). An executable, intermediate (for example) that communicates over a communication network (for example, the internet). This may be IL or interpreted code (e.g., Java code). In some embodiments, this may be IL or interpreted code. One or more components of the computer system 1500 are, for example, a mobile phone network. It can communicate with one or more other components via a wireless network that includes the .

[0199] The embodiments and models disclosed herein may be any particular system or group of systems. It should be understood that this is not limited to the above implementation. Also, the embodiments disclosed herein And embodiments may be any particular distributed architecture, network, or communication protocol It should be understood that this is not limited to Col. Various aspects and The embodiments include SmallTalk, Java, C++, Ada, or C# (C-Sha It can be programmed using object-oriented programming languages ​​such as rp. Object-oriented programming languages ​​can also be used. Alternatively, functional programming, scripting, etc. Literal and / or logic programming languages, such as ladder logic, are used. The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for non-program environments (e.g., When viewed in a browser program window, the graphical user interface Renders the GUI (Graphical User Interface) or performs other functions, HTML, XML, etc. This may be implemented in documents created in other formats. Disclosed herein Various aspects and embodiments include programmed elements or non-programmed elements. Alternatively, it can be implemented as any combination thereof.

[0200] In some embodiments, existing UVAOP systems are electrolytic salts disclosed herein. To include elements of a chemical system, or to operate in accordance with a system disclosed herein. It can be modified or upgraded to so as to contaminants in the UVAOP system A method for modifying UVAOP system cells to increase the destruction rate is the UVAOP reaction An electrochlorination cell and / or a cell configured to introduce an oxidizing agent into the electrolyte upstream of the inlet of the device. Alternatively, it is configured to introduce a quenching agent into the UV-treated water downstream of the UVAOP reactor. This may include installing an electrochlorination cell. [Examples]

[0201] (Example 1) The anode, cathode, and cation exchange membrane placed between the anode and cathode A test was conducted to evaluate the generation of hydrogen peroxide in an electrochemical cell containing [the substance]. The results are shown in Figure 20. In this figure, the blue curve represents oxygen-free water. This was obtained from performance tests of the electrochemical cell used, and the orange curve represents the transition of water to oxygen. Obtained from tests of an electrochemical cell using water in which oxygen was bubbled at atmospheric pressure until saturated. As shown in the figure, the rate of hydrogen peroxide production first increases with increasing voltage. Furthermore, it decreased as the voltage increased further. At lower voltages, hydrogen peroxide was produced. The speed is thought to be limited by the oxygen concentration in the water. Higher voltage (closer to zero) (i) In this case, the rate of hydrogen peroxide production is thought to have been limited by the low current.

[0202] (Example 2) Each area is 10 cm² and is formed from titanium mesh. 2 Voltage-to-voltage pair of an electrolytic cell having a flat plate electrode Tests were conducted to investigate the characteristics of the flow. The tests used either unoxygenated water or water at 60 bar. One of the waters, after being exposed to oxygen under pressure, was passed into the cell at different flow rates. The results were... This is shown in the chart in Figure 23. As you can see, under each of the tested conditions, the absolute applied voltage As the value increases (becomes more negative), the current increases (becomes more negative). Current vs. Voltage Increase The lowest value was obtained under the conditions of no oxygen addition and zero flow rate (0_O2_0_flow curve). ). When the flow rate of oxygen-free water increases to 18 liters per minute (0_O2_18LPM) (Line) The current observed at a specific voltage increased compared to the conditions of no oxygen added and zero flow rate. When oxygenated water is flowed through the electrolytic cell at a rate of 16 liters per minute (O2_60bar_16LPM curve) ) showed a further increase in the current observed at a specific voltage. From these results, it was concluded that the electrolytic cell As the flowing water contains additional oxygen, the electric current used to cause the reaction between the oxygen and water is used. It was found that the capacity of the electrolytic cell to supply the material increases. From these results, the amount of material supplied to the electrolytic cell increases. It can be seen that adding oxygen to water can produce reactants such as H2O2.

[0203] (Example 3) Evaluate how the hydrogen peroxide concentration in the solution increases over time within the electrolytic cell. The following tests were conducted: a cathode formed from carbon cloth and a cathode formed from mixed metal oxides. An electrolytic cell was formed using the anode and cathode. The anode and cathode were treated with a 5 mM Na2SO4 solution. The electrodes were placed in 80 ml of water. Oxygen was bubbled through them for 30 minutes. A 5 mA current was applied to the electrodes. After 30 minutes of energization, the hydrogen peroxide concentration in the solution was 12.75 ppm. (2 hours of energization) Subsequently, the hydrogen peroxide concentration rose to 29.75 ppm. From these results, it can be concluded that hydrogen peroxide Electrolytic generation can produce higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide in the solution as the current is applied for longer periods. That's what I found out.

[0204] (Example 4) Contaminants in the UVAOP reactor (1,4-dioxane and humic acid, each at a concentration of 0.65%) A test was conducted to evaluate the effect of pH on the breakdown of (mg / L) levels. The UV irradiation dose was 65 0 mJ / cm 2 The hydrogen peroxide concentration was 2 mg / L, and the temperature was 89°F. The results of this test The results are shown in Figure 24. As can be seen from the chart in Figure 24, the rate of depletion of pollutants is The rate of destruction increased with decreasing pH, but when the pH dropped below neutral, the rate of destruction did not increase significantly. It was not added. These results suggest that to optimize the destruction of pollutants, the H2O2 oxidizing agent should be used. It may be desirable to operate the UVAOP reactor used at a neutral or acidic pH. This indicates.

[0205] (Example 5) We conducted a test to evaluate the effect of pH on the activation of H2O2 in a UVAOP reactor. The treatment was performed. The UV irradiation dose was 650 mJ / cm².2 1. The TOC of the solution in the reactor was 0.65 mg / L, the hydrogen peroxide concentration was 2 mg / L, and the temperature was 89°F. The results of this test are shown in Figure 25. As can be observed from the chart in Figure 25, the activation rate of H2O2 ( activation percentage) was approximately 10% under the test conditions, and the pH had no detectable effect . These results indicate that the change in the activation rate of H2O2 was unlikely to be the cause of the increase in the pollutant destruction rate at the lower pH levels observed in Example 4 above.

[0206] (Example 6) A test was conducted to evaluate the effects of H2O2 concentration and UV irradiation dose on the activation rate of H2O2 in a UVAOP reactor. The UV irradiation dose was either 1300 mJ / cm or 65 2 0 mJ / cm . The TOC of the solution in the reactor was 0.65 mg / L, and the temperature 2 was 89°F. The results of this test are shown in Figure 26. As can be observed from the chart in Figure 26, while the H2O2 concentration had no observable effect on the activation of the oxidant, increasing the UV irradiation dose from 650 mJ / cm to 1300 mJ / cm increased the activation rate of H2 O2 from approximately 10% to approximately 30%. These results indicate that the activation rate of H2O2 increases non-linearly with an increase in the UV irradiation dose, and increasing the UV irradiation dose by a certain percentage has a greater impact on the amount of available hydroxyl radicals than increasing the concentration of H2O2 in the solution supplied to the UVAOP reactor by the same percentage. 2 [[ID=3⑥]] 2 O2

[0207] (Example 7) In a UVAOP reactor, 1,4-dihydrogen ionization was performed using different UV irradiation doses and different H2O2 concentrations. Tests were conducted to evaluate the amount of oxane and humic acid destroyed. 1,4-dioxane was used. The results of the tests using humic acid are shown in Figure 26, and the results of the tests using humic acid are shown in Figure 27. The data suggests that increasing UV irradiation significantly increases the destruction of both pollutants. This demonstrates that it is effective. The breakdown of 1,4-dioxane increased with increasing H2O2 concentration. However, unexpectedly, the breakdown of humic acid decreased with increasing H2O2 concentration. These results This shows that the destruction of different pollutants can be optimized at different hydrogen peroxide concentrations. In contrast to UVAOP reactors that operate without H2O2 in the solution, the presence of H2O2 It was also confirmed that this increased the concentration rate of pollutants.

[0208] The expressions and terms used in this specification are for illustrative purposes only and should not be considered limiting. It should not be done. As used herein, the term "plural" means two or more items or Refers to constituent elements. The terms "comprising" and "including" are used. ) '', carrying '', having '', including '', "containing" and "involving" are not included in the written description or request Regardless of the terms being sought, it is a non-restrictive term, meaning it includes but is not limited to these. It means "not limited to (including but not limited to)". Therefore, the use of such terms is in reference to the items listed thereafter, and It is intended to include equivalents of, as well as additional items. "ting of" and "consisting essential" Only the transitional phrase "ally of)" is restrictive with respect to the claims. or is a quasi-restrictive transitional clause. In order to modify the claim elements, the first, the Using ordinal numbers such as "2" or "3" in itself implies that one claim element is relative to another element. It does not mean the temporal order in which the priority, order, or method of performing an action is performed. , simply a claim element having a certain name, other elements having the same name (but using ordinal numbers) It is used solely as a label to distinguish the claim elements from (use).

[0209] As described above, several aspects of at least one embodiment have been explained, but those skilled in the art will understand. You should understand that you will easily notice various changes, modifications, and improvements. Any feature described in any embodiment is included in any feature of any other embodiment. These may be substituted. Such changes, modifications, and improvements are part of this disclosure and the present invention. It is intended to be within the scope of [the specified range]. Therefore, the above description and drawings are merely illustrative. do not have.

Claims

1. A method for treating water in a water treatment system, The water to be treated is guided from the water source into a conduit that is fluidly coupled to the outlet of the electrochemical cell. The hydrogen peroxide generated in the electrochemical cell is added to the water to be treated to form an aqueous solution containing hydrogen peroxide. To guide the aforementioned aqueous solution to the inlet of a chemical radiation reactor, To generate free radicals in the aqueous solution and react them with contaminants in the aqueous solution to form a treated aqueous solution, the aqueous solution is exposed to sufficient chemical radiation in the chemical radiation reactor. The treated aqueous solution is guided through a second conduit from the outlet of the chemical radiation reactor to the point of use, and A method further comprising electrochemically generating a chemical agent for quenching hydrogen peroxide in a second electrochemical cell having an outlet fluidly coupled to the second conduit.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein guiding the water to be treated from the water source to the conduit fluidly coupled to the outlet of the electrochemical cell includes guiding the water to be treated to the inlet of the electrochemical cell.

3. By applying power between the electrodes of the electrochemical cell, the oxygen in the water to be treated is converted into hydrogen peroxide within the electrochemical cell, forming the aqueous solution containing hydrogen peroxide, and, The method according to claim 2, further comprising introducing the aqueous solution from the outlet of the electrochemical cell to the inlet of the chemical ray emission reactor.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein exposing the aqueous solution to chemical rays in the chemical beam reactor includes exposing the aqueous solution to ultraviolet light in the chemical beam reactor.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein guiding the treated aqueous solution to the point of use includes guiding the treated aqueous solution to the water source.

6. The aqueous solution is recirculated through a recirculation conduit from the outlet to the inlet of the electrochemical cell, and further processing is performed in the electrochemical cell, thereby increasing the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the aqueous solution. Leading the water to be treated from a second source of water to be treated through a first conduit to the inlet of the chemical radiation reactor, and The method according to claim 1, further comprising providing selective fluid communication from the recirculation conduit to the introduction point of the first conduit located upstream of the inlet of the chemical radiation reactor.

7. The method according to claim 6, further comprising measuring the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the recirculation conduit with a sensor.

8. The controller receives an instruction from the sensor regarding the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the recirculation conduit, and The method of claim 7, further comprising sending a signal to a valve that provides selective fluid communication between the recirculation conduit and the conduit to open at least partially in response to the indication of the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the recirculation conduit being an indication that the concentration is above a predetermined level.

9. The method according to claim 8, further comprising measuring one or more of the following with respect to one or more of the flow rate of the water to be treated, the concentration of contaminants in the water to be treated, the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the water to be treated, the purity of the generated water leaving the chemical radiation reactor, the flow rate of the generated water leaving the chemical radiation reactor, or the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the recirculation conduit, using one or more sensors operably connected to the controller of the water treatment system.

10. The method according to claim 9, further comprising the controller adjusting one or more operating parameters of the water treatment system based on one or more signals received from one or more sensors, wherein the one or more operating parameters include one or more of the following: the state of the valve, the power applied to the electrochemical cell, the power applied to the chemical radiation reactor, the flow rate of the electrolyte through the electrochemical cell, the flow rate of the water to be treated through the chemical radiation reactor, or the amount of radiation applied to the water to be treated by the chemical radiation reactor.

11. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the aqueous solution within the recirculation conduit is measured using one or more sensors. The controller receives from one or more sensors an indication of the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the aqueous solution in the recirculation conduit, and The method according to claim 10, further comprising sending a signal to a valve that provides selective fluid communication between the recirculation conduit and the first conduit to open at least partially in response that the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide is above the predetermined level.

12. The method according to claim 10, further comprising setting the predetermined level based on the concentration of the contaminant in the water to be treated or the desired purity of the generated water, or both.

13. The method according to claim 10, further comprising setting the predetermined level based on a desired amount of ultraviolet radiation irradiated onto the water to be treated in the chemical radiation reactor.

14. The method according to claim 10, further comprising setting the amount of ultraviolet radiation irradiated onto the water to be treated in the chemical radiation reactor based on one or more of the predetermined level, the concentration of the contaminant in the water to be treated, the flow rate of the water to be treated, or the desired purity of the generated water.

15. The method according to claim 10, further comprising setting the power applied to the electrochemical cell based on the concentration of the contaminant in the water to be treated or the desired purity of the generated water, or both.

16. The method according to claim 10, further comprising setting the amount of ultraviolet light irradiated onto the water to be treated in the chemical radiation reactor based on the concentration of the contaminants in the water to be treated and the desired purity of the generated water.

17. The method according to claim 10, further comprising setting the amount of oxygen to be introduced into the electrolyte based on the predetermined level.

18. The method according to claim 10, further comprising setting the amount of power to be applied to the electrochemical cell based on a desired amount of time to achieve a predetermined concentration level of hydrogen peroxide in the aqueous solution in the recirculation conduit.

19. The method according to claim 10, further comprising setting the amount of ultraviolet radiation irradiated onto the water to be treated in the chemical radiation reactor based on the power applied to the electrochemical cell.

20. The method according to claim 1, further comprising controlling the amount of the chemical agent introduced into the second conduit based on the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the treated aqueous solution.

21. The method according to claim 20, wherein controlling the amount of the chemical agent introduced into the second conduit includes one or more of the following: controlling the flow rate of the chemical agent from the second electrochemical cell to the second conduit; controlling the power applied to the second electrochemical cell; or controlling the flow rate of the chemical agent from a storage tank that is in fluid communication with the outlet of the second electrochemical cell.

22. The method according to claim 1, further comprising flowing the treated aqueous solution through the second electrochemical cell to generate the chemical agent from dissolved species in the treated aqueous solution.

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