Detection of leakage error in ultrafine qubits

Abstract

Various embodiments relate to detecting leakage errors in a quantum system. A controller of the quantum system causes a first manipulation source to provide a first manipulation signal to a specific region of an apparatus of the quantum system having one or more atomic objects. The first manipulation signal is adjusted to excite one or more atomic objects in a specific region in a qubit space of a ground state manifold to a shelving manifold and to suppress excitation of atomic objects in the specific region that have leaked out of the qubit space into a leaky state. The controller causes a second manipulation source to provide a second manipulation signal to perform a detection operation on the one or more atomic objects. The controller determines whether a leakage error has occurred based on a signal generated as part of the detection operation.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] Cross-reference of related applications This application claims priority to U.S. Application No. 18 / 514,279, filed on November 20, 2023, which in turn claims priority to U.S. Application No. 63 / 476,418, filed on December 21, 2022, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0002] Various embodiments relate to the detection of leak errors in a trapped atomic object quantum computer. For example, various embodiments relate to the detection of leak errors in a hyperfine qubit. [Background technology]

[0003] In trapped atomic object quantum computers, trapped atomic objects (e.g., atoms, ions, etc.) are used as qubits in the quantum computer. Like classical bits, qubits can be in one of two states (e.g., 0 or 1). However, atomic objects in a trap can be in more than two states. When an atomic object goes outside the defined two-state qubit space, it is said to have leaked. This leak leads to a leak error. Through considerable effort, ingenuity, and technological innovation, many shortcomings of such systems have been overcome by developing solutions for detecting leak errors configured according to embodiments of the present invention, many examples of which are described in detail herein. [Overview of the project] [Means for solving the problem]

[0004] Exemplary embodiments provide quantum computers, systems, apparatus, etc., and corresponding methods for performing leak error detection operations. In various embodiments, leak error detection operations may be performed to reduce shelving errors and maintain high fidelity of the quantum computer while qubit levels are shelved and protected. Various embodiments provide quantum computers, systems, apparatus, etc., and corresponding methods for performing qubit reading and / or detection operations that result in a determination that the quantum state of a qubit is a leak state, a first qubit state, or one of a second qubit state.

[0005] In various embodiments, a two-state qubit space is defined. In various embodiments, a qubit is an atomic object that is contained within, trapped, and / or otherwise present in, the apparatus of a quantum computer. An atomic object contained within, trapped, and / or otherwise present in, the apparatus 50 may have access to more states than the states in qubit space. For example, when the atomic object is an atomic object with nuclear spin 3 / 2, the ground state manifold of the atomic object may contain eight states (e.g., two states in qubit space and six leak states). Thus, as the quantum computer performs various operations, one or more atomic objects trapped within the apparatus may leak and enter a leak state. When an atomic object leaks and enters a leak state, an error occurs in the calculation performed by the quantum computer. Various embodiments provide techniques for detecting leak errors while shelving and protecting qubit levels, as well as corresponding apparatuses and / or systems. In particular, both hyperfine qubit levels of the ground state may be excited and shelved to a long-lived metastable state of the shelving manifold that does not participate in the detection cycle, while the group of non-qubit levels remains unaffected by shelving. In various embodiments, a laser beam is turned on to fluoresce an atomic object in a leak state, and the presence of fluorescence indicates that a leak error has occurred. In various embodiments, the shelved qubit state may be deshelved and coupled to a ground state manifold or an intermediate state manifold. A detection operation may be performed to determine the qubit state of the atomic object. Thus, leak error detection can be achieved without affecting the ability to determine the qubit state. In addition, by using multiple shelving and deshelving pulses, shelving errors are minimized and high fidelity is achieved.

[0006] One aspect of the present disclosure provides a method for detecting a leak error in a quantum system. In an exemplary embodiment, the method includes the step of having a controller of the quantum system cause a first operation source to supply a first operation signal to a specific region of the apparatus of the quantum system having one or more atomic objects. The first operation signal is tuned to excite one or more atomic objects in a specific region of the apparatus in the qubit space of the ground state manifold to a shelving manifold and to suppress the excitation of atomic objects in a specific region of the apparatus that leak out of qubit space and form a leak state. The method further includes the step of having a controller of the quantum system cause a second operation source to supply a second operation signal to perform a detection operation on one or more atomic objects, and the step of having the controller of the quantum system determine, based on the signal of the detection operation, whether a leak error has occurred.

[0007] In an exemplary embodiment, the first operating signal includes at least two shelving pulses for exciting one or more atomic objects in a specific region of the apparatus in qubit space into a shelving manifold.

[0008] In one exemplary embodiment, the first operating signal further includes microwave pulses for coupling qubit states in qubit space.

[0009] In one exemplary embodiment, the cubit space of the ground state manifold includes a first cubit state and a second cubit state.

[0010] In one exemplary embodiment, in response to the absence of detected leakage errors, the method further includes the step of having a controller of the quantum system cause a third operating source to supply a third operating signal to a specific area of ​​the apparatus, wherein the third operating signal is tuned to deshelve a first qubit state from a shelving manifold to a ground state manifold or an intermediate state manifold.

[0011] In one exemplary embodiment, the controller of the quantum system is further configured to determine, based on the signals of the detection operation, whether one or more atomic objects are in a first qubit state in the ground state manifold or the intermediate state manifold.

[0012] In one exemplary embodiment, the controller of the quantum system is further configured to determine, based on the detection operation signal, whether one or more atomic objects are in a second qubit state in the shelving manifold.

[0013] In one exemplary embodiment, one or more atomic objects are nuclear spin 3 / 2 atomic objects, and the ground state manifold is 2 P 1 / 2 It is a manifold, and the intermediate state manifold is 2 D 3 / 2 It is a manifold, and a shelving manifold 2 D 5 / 2 It's a manifold.

[0014] In one exemplary embodiment, the qubit space is defined based on the hyperfine structure of the ground state manifold of one or more atomic objects.

[0015] In one exemplary embodiment, each of one or more atomic objects has a nucleus with spin 3 / 2.

[0016] In another embodiment, a quantum system is provided for performing a leak error detection operation. In an exemplary embodiment, the quantum system comprises a device having one or more atomic objects, a first operation source configured to supply a first operation signal, a second operation source configured to supply a second operation signal, and a controller. The controller is configured to cause the first operation source to supply a first operation signal to a specific region of the device of the quantum system having one or more atomic objects. The first operation signal is tuned to excite one or more atomic objects in a specific region of the device in the qubit space of the ground state manifold to a shelving manifold and to suppress the excitation of atomic objects in a specific region of the device that leak out of qubit space to form a leak state. The controller is further configured to cause the second operation source to supply a second operation signal for performing a detection operation on one or more atomic objects, and to determine, based on the signal of the detection operation, whether a leak error has occurred.

[0017] In an exemplary embodiment, the first operating signal includes at least two shelving pulses for exciting one or more atomic objects in a specific region of the apparatus in qubit space into a shelving manifold.

[0018] In one exemplary embodiment, the first operating signal further includes microwave pulses for coupling qubit states in qubit space.

[0019] In one exemplary embodiment, the cubit space of the ground state manifold includes a first cubit state and a second cubit state.

[0020] In one exemplary embodiment, in response to the absence of a leak error, the controller is further configured to cause a third operating source to supply a third operating signal to a specific area of ​​the apparatus, the third operating signal being adjusted to deshelve a first cubit state from a shelving manifold to a ground state manifold or an intermediate state manifold.

[0021] In an exemplary embodiment, the controller of the quantum system is further configured to determine, based on the signal of the detection operation, whether one or more atomic objects are in a first qubit state in the ground state manifold or the intermediate state manifold.

[0022] In an exemplary embodiment, the controller of the quantum system is further configured to determine, based on the signal of the detection operation, whether one or more atomic objects are in a second qubit state in the shelving manifold.

[0023] In an exemplary embodiment, one or more atomic objects are nuclear spin 3 / 2 atomic objects, and the ground state manifold is 2 P 1 / 2 manifold, and the intermediate state manifold is 2 D 3 / 2 manifold, and the shelving manifold is 2 D 5 / 2 manifold.

[0024] In an exemplary embodiment, the qubit space is defined based on the hyperfine structure of the ground state manifold of one or more atomic objects.

[0025] In an exemplary embodiment, each of the one or more atomic objects has a nucleus with spin 3 / 2.

[0026] According to another aspect, a method is provided. In an exemplary embodiment, the method includes performing a detection operation on an atomic object and determining the detected state of the atomic object, wherein the detected state of the atomic object is determined by processing one or more photon detector signals generated during the execution of the detection operation, and the detected state of the atomic object is determined from a group consisting of a leak state, a first qubit state, and a second qubit state.

[0027] In one exemplary embodiment, the method further includes the step of providing instructions for the detected state (for example, to a (classical) computing entity).

[0028] In another embodiment, a controller is provided comprising a classical processing device and a classical memory for storing executable instructions. The executable instructions, when executed by the classical processing device, are configured to cause the controller to control one or more components of a system comprising a confinement device for confining one or more atomic objects to perform a detection operation on one of the atomic objects, and to determine whether the atomic object is in a leak state, a first qubit state, or a second qubit state by processing one or more photon detector signals generated during the execution of the detection operation.

[0029] In another embodiment, a system is provided. The system comprises a confinement device configured to confine one or more atomic objects, an optical collection system equipped with a photon detector, and a controller configured to receive photon detector signals generated by the photon detector. The controller comprises a classical processing device and a classical memory for storing executable instructions, and is configured such that when an executable instruction is executed by the classical processing device, the controller causes one or more components of the system comprising the confinement device for confine one or more atomic objects to perform a detection operation on one of the atomic objects, and to process one or more photon detector signals generated during the execution of the detection operation to determine whether the atomic object is in a leak state, a first qubit state, or a second qubit state.

[0030] Having explained the present invention in general terms up to this point, next we will refer to the attached drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0031] [Figure 1] This is a block diagram of an exemplary atomic object quantum computer according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 2A] This is a schematic diagram of the steps involved in performing a shelving operation according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 2B] This is a schematic diagram of the steps involved in performing a shelving operation according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 3] This is a schematic diagram of the steps for performing a detection operation according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 4A] This is a schematic diagram of the steps for performing a deshelving operation according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 4B] This is a schematic diagram of the steps for performing a deshelving operation according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 5] This is a schematic diagram of the steps for performing another detection operation according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 6] A flowchart shows various processes and / or procedures of a detection operation according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 7] This is a schematic diagram of an exemplary controller for a quantum computer equipped with an atomic object, according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 8] This is a schematic diagram of an exemplary computing entity of a quantum computer system that may be used, according to an exemplary embodiment. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0032] Next, the present invention will be described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, which illustrate some, but not all, embodiments of the invention. In fact, the present invention can be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments described herein, but rather these embodiments are provided to satisfy the legal requirements to which this disclosure is applicable. In this specification, unless otherwise specified, the terms “or” (also written as “ / ”) are used in both an alternative and a conjunctive sense. The terms “illustrative” and “exemplary” are used as examples without indicating a level of quality. The terms “generally” and “approximately” refer, unless otherwise specified, to engineering and / or manufacturing limits and / or within the user’s measurement capabilities. Similar numbers refer to similar elements throughout.

[0033] A qubit is a quantum bit, which in quantum computing is equivalent to a binary number or bit in classical computing. Just as a bit is the basic unit of information in classical computers, a qubit is the basic unit of information in quantum computers. A qubit is a two-state (or two-level) quantum mechanical system and is one of the simplest quantum systems that represent the singularity of quantum mechanics. Examples of two-state quantum mechanical systems that have been used as qubits include the spin of an electron or atomic nucleus, whose two levels can be described as spin-up and spin-down, and the polarization of a single photon, whose two states can be described as vertically polarized and horizontally polarized.

[0034] In various embodiments, hyperfine fission is the fission of the energy levels of an atomic object resulting from the interaction between the state of the atomic nucleus and the state of the electron cloud of the atomic object. In various embodiments, the atomic object may be an atom or an ion. In one exemplary embodiment, the atomic object is one or more atoms or ions of one or more elements and / or species. As used herein, the term manifold refers to a set of states corresponding to a particular primary quantum number and angular momentum quantum number.

[0035] In various quantum mechanical systems, a two-state qubit space can be defined. For example, a two-state qubit space can be defined as two hyperfine levels of an atomic object. For example, in an atomic object with a spin 3 / 2 nucleus such as 137Ba+, the two hyperfine levels can be defined as a two-state qubit space 215, as shown in Figure 2. For example, the two states are F=1, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 If a state (for example, |0>state) is occupied, or if F=2, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 This can correspond to whether a state (e.g., |1> state) is occupied, where F represents the total angular momentum of the atomic object (e.g., F is the sum of the nuclear spin and electron angular momentum of the atomic object). However, when m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 The state is the ground level. 2 S 1 / 2 It is not the only state of the manifold. Therefore, atomic objects can leak from qubit space 215. For example, atomic objects are in the first qubit state (e.g., F=2, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 State 214, |1>State) or second qubit state (for example, F=1, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 Not in state 212, |0>state), but F=1, m=-1 or 1, 2 S 1 / 2 The state, or F=2, m=-2, -1, 1 or 2, 2 S 1 / 2This state may exist. In this specification, the quantum number m refers, for example, to the z component of total angular momentum.

[0036] Various embodiments provide techniques and corresponding apparatus and / or systems for detecting leak errors caused by these leaked atomic objects. Various embodiments provide techniques and corresponding apparatus and / or systems for performing qubit reading and / or detection operations that result in a determination that the quantum state of a qubit is one of the leak state, a first qubit state, or a second qubit state. For example, various embodiments provide techniques and corresponding apparatus and / or systems for detecting leak errors while shelving and protecting qubit levels. In particular, both hyperfine qubit levels of the ground state may be excited and shelved to long-lived metastable states of a shelving manifold that do not participate in the detection cycle, and the population of non-qubit levels is unaffected by shelving. In various embodiments, a laser beam is turned on to make the atomic object in the leak state fluorescent. For example, a laser beam is turned on to transition the atomic object in the leak state to an excited state, and a photon is emitted when the atomic object decays from the excited state. The fluorescence can be detected by a photon detector. In various embodiments, the presence of fluorescence indicates that a leak error has occurred. In various embodiments, a shelved qubit state can be deshelved, for example, by combining the shelved qubit state with one or more states in a ground state manifold or an intermediate state manifold. A detection operation may be performed to determine the qubit state of an atomic object.

[0037] Exemplary quantum computing system Figure 1 shows a block diagram of an exemplary quantum computer system 100. In various embodiments, the quantum computer system 100 comprises a computing entity 10 and a quantum computer 110. In various embodiments, the quantum computer 110 comprises a controller 30, a cryogenic and / or vacuum chamber 40 surrounding a device 50 having atomic objects, one or more manipulators 64 (e.g., 64A, 64B, 64C), and an optical collection system 68. In one exemplary embodiment, one or more manipulators 64 may comprise one or more lasers (e.g., optical lasers, microwave sources and / or masers) or another manipulator. In various embodiments, one or more manipulators 64 are configured to manipulate and / or induce a controlled quantum state evolution of one or more atomic objects in the device 50. In one exemplary embodiment, the atomic objects are one or more atoms or ions of one or more elements and / or species. In an exemplary embodiment, the apparatus 50 is an atomic object trap, an ion trap, and / or other apparatus configured to confine, contain, trap, and / or otherwise have atomic objects. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, the apparatus 50 may be a surface ion trap. In an exemplary embodiment, if one or more operating sources 64 comprise one or more lasers, the lasers can supply one or more laser beams to the apparatus 50 in a cryogenic and / or vacuum chamber 40. In various embodiments, the operating sources 64 may be used to perform gate operations, cooling operations, leak error detection operations, etc. In an exemplary embodiment, one or more operating sources 64 each supply a laser beam, etc., to the apparatus 50 via a corresponding beam path 66 (e.g., 66A, 66B, 66C). In various embodiments, at least one beam path 66 comprises a modulator configured to modulate the operating beam supplied to the apparatus 50 via the beam path 66. In various embodiments, the operating sources 64, modulators, and / or other components of the quantum computer 110 are controlled by a controller 30.

[0038] In various embodiments, the computing entity 10 is configured to allow a user to provide input to the quantum computer 110 (for example, through the user interface of the computing entity 10) and to receive, view, and otherwise access outputs from the quantum computer 110. The computing entity 10 can communicate with the controller 30 of the quantum computer 110 via one or more wired or wireless networks 20, and / or via direct wired and / or wireless communication. In one exemplary embodiment, the computing entity 10 can translate, configure, and format information / data, quantum computing algorithms, etc., into a computing language, executable instructions, command set, etc., that the controller 30 can understand and / or implement.

[0039] In various embodiments, the controller 30 is configured to control an electrical signal source and / or driver that controls the transport of the apparatus 50 and / or atomic objects within the apparatus 50, a cryogenic system and / or vacuum system that controls the temperature and pressure within the cryogenic and / or vacuum chamber 40, an operating source 60, and / or other systems that control environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity, pressure, etc.) within the cryogenic and / or vacuum chamber 40, and / or is configured to manipulate and / or induce a controlled evolution of the quantum state of one or more atomic objects within the apparatus 50. In various embodiments, atomic objects trapped within the apparatus 50 are used as qubits in the quantum computer 110.

[0040] In various embodiments, the controller 30 is configured to control the photon detector of the optical collection system 68 to detect photons emitted by atomic objects and to supply the controller 30 with a corresponding photon detector signal. In various embodiments, the photon detector signal is an electrical signal having an amplitude indicating the intensity of light and / or the number of detected photons.

[0041] Overview of leak error detection operation In various embodiments, the atomic objects contained within, trapped, and / or otherwise present within the apparatus 50 have nuclei with spin 3 / 2. For example, the atomic objects may be 137Ba+ and / or other nuclear spin 3 / 2 atomic objects and / or other atomic objects that exhibit a state suitable for defining qubit space. Various atomic objects with various nuclear spins can be used in various embodiments. Figures 2A and 2B show an exemplary nuclear spin 3 / 2 atomic object with a hyperfine structure. 1 / 2 and D 5 / 2 Schematic diagrams of manifolds 210 and 230 are shown. The cubit space 215 is the ground state or S 1 / 2 The manifold 210 includes the m=0 state, which is primarily less sensitive to small magnetic fields and, naturally, gives the state a relatively long coherence time. In various embodiments, the shelving operation may be performed on one and / or both qubit states using direct single-photon transitions and / or other transitions excited by shelving signals 201, 202, 203, or 204, which couple two qubit states to one or more shelving states 230 in order to perform the operation.

[0042] Various embodiments provide leak error detection operations that use shelving and deshelving methods to detect leak errors while protecting qubit levels in qubit space 215. For example, a leak error detection operation can couple one or more atomic objects in a specific region of the device in the qubit space of the ground state manifold to a shelved manifold, thereby suppressing the excitation of atomic objects in a specific region of the device that leak from qubit space and form a leak state. In one exemplary embodiment, atomic objects in a first qubit state in qubit space are coupled to and / or excited in a first shelved manifold, and atomic objects in a second qubit state in qubit space are coupled to and / or excited in a second shelved manifold.

[0043] For example, a first operating beam, pulse, and / or set of pulses (e.g., a laser beam, pulse, and / or set of pulses, referred to herein as the first operating beam) may be supplied to incident on one or more atomic objects in the apparatus 50 and to address one or more atomic objects in a specific region of the apparatus in the cubit space of the ground state manifold. In one exemplary embodiment, the first operating beam is a laser. The first operating beam targets one or more atomic objects in a specific region of the apparatus in the cubit space of the ground state manifold (e.g., F=1, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 State or F=2, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 Addressing atomic objects in the state qubit space, while addressing atomic objects in a leaky state (for example, F=1, m=-1 or 1, 2 S 1 / 2 State or F=2, m=-2, -1, 1 or 2, 2 S 1 / 2 It may be configured not to address atomic objects in a given state. For example, the first operation beam may include one or more shelving signals 201, 202, 203, 204 configured to excite transitions from the qubit space of the ground state manifold 210 to the respective states of the shelving manifold 230. For example, the first operation beam may include the qubit space of the ground state manifold (e.g., F=1, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 State or F=2, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 It can be adjusted to resonate with the transition from the atomic object (in the qubit space of the state) to the shelving manifold 230.

[0044] In various embodiments, the first operating beam may include multiple laser pulses to stimulate the transition from the cubit space of the ground state manifold to the shelving manifold (e.g., via shelving signals 201, 202, 203, or 204). The first operating beam is F=1, m=0, as shown in Figure 2A. 2 S 1 / 2 State 212 (for example, |0>state) with F=3, m=2, 2 D 5 / 2 State or F=3, m=-2, 2 D 5 / 2 It can be adjusted to excite to a state. The first operating beam is F=2, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 State 214 (for example, |1>state) F=2, m=2, 2 D 5 / 2 State or F=2, m=-2, 2 D 5 / 2 It can be further tuned to excite to a state. In various embodiments, the first operating beam may include a laser beam having a wavelength of 1762 nm, and the laser beam may span the ultrafine S state. For example, two qubit states in qubit space 215 are separated by an energy difference corresponding to a frequency difference of 12 GHz in one exemplary embodiment and 8 GHz in another exemplary embodiment. In various embodiments, the frequency difference between two qubit states in qubit space 215 is in the range of 5 to 20 GHz.

[0045] In various embodiments, the first operating beam is configured to drive transitions where |△m|=2 and suppress transitions where |△m|=0 or 1. For example, the wave vector (e.g., k-vector or propagation direction) and polarization (e.g., electrical oscillation) of the first operating beam (e.g., when the first operating beam interacts with an atomic object) may be set to be perpendicular to the magnetic field at the location where the first operating beam interacts with the atomic object. For example, in one exemplary embodiment, the wave vector of the first operating beam is in a first direction, the polarization of the first operating beam is in a second direction, and the magnetic field at the location of the atomic object is in a third direction. The first operating beam may be configured such that both the first and second directions are perpendicular to the third direction. Thus, the first operating beam may be used to pump cubit states in the cubit space of the ground state manifold into the shelving manifold 230, while leak states are not pumped out of the ground state manifold.

[0046] In various embodiments, the laser beam of the first operating beam cannot span the ultrafine S state (for example, in various embodiments, a frequency range of 5 to 20 GHz), and the first operating beam may include microwave pulses configured to couple qubit levels in qubit space, laser-induced Raman transitions, etc. As shown in Figure 2B, the microwave pulses may stimulate transitions 206 that couple one or more atomic objects in a specific region of the apparatus in the qubit space of the ground state manifold. For example, the first qubit state (e.g., F=2, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 An atomic object in a state is in a first qubit state (for example, F=2, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 From state) to second qubit state (for example, F=1, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 To return to the first state, the second qubit state (for example, F=1, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2The state can be coupled to and / or excited. In particular, the microwave pulse may take the form of a high-fidelity rectangular π pulse. The first operating beam may further include several laser pulses to stimulate the transition from the second qubit state of the ground state manifold to the shelving manifold (e.g., via shelving signals 203, 204, 205, or 206). The first operating beam has F=2, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 State 214 (for example, |1>state) is defined as F=2, m=2, 2 D 5 / 2 State, F=2, m=-2, 2 D 5 / 2 State, F=3, m=2, 2 D 5 / 2 State, or F=3, m=-2, 2 D 5 / 2 It can be tuned to excite the state.

[0047] In various embodiments, a second operating beam, pulse, and / or set of pulses (e.g., a laser beam, pulse, and / or set of pulses, referred to herein as the second operating beam) may be supplied to incident on one or more atomic objects within the apparatus 50 and to address atomic objects in the ground state manifold. In one exemplary embodiment, the second operating beam includes a first detection signal 301. In various embodiments, the first detection signal 301 is a laser beam. Figure 3 shows a schematic diagram of applying a laser beam to atomic objects in a specific area of ​​the apparatus 50 to perform a detection operation. For example, as shown in Figure 3, the detection operation can excite one or more atomic objects in a specific area of ​​the apparatus that leak from qubit space and form a leak state to a state in the first intermediate manifold 220, the first intermediate manifold 220 is 2 P 1 / 2 This is a manifold. The second operating beam leaks from cubit space to one or more atomic objects (e.g., F=1, m=1) within a specific region of the apparatus that forms a leak state. 2 S 1 / 2 State, F=1, m=-1, 2 S1 / 2 State, F = 2, m = 2, 2 S 1 / 2 State, F = 2, m = 1, 2 S 1 / 2 State, F = 2, m = -1, 2 S 1 / 2 State, or F = 2, m = -2, 2 S 1 / 2 It may be configured to address an atomic object in a leakage state of the state), while the qubit state (e.g., F = 1, m = 0, 2 S 1 / 2 State or F = 2, m = 0, 2 S 1 / 2 The atomic object) in the qubit space of the state is shelved in the shelving manifold 230.

[0048] For example, the second operation beam can include a first detection signal 301 configured to excite an atomic object from a leakage state of the ground state manifold 210 to the first intermediate manifold 220. In an exemplary embodiment, the second operation beam is configured to cause single-photon excitation of an atomic object in a leakage state (e.g., an atomic object remaining in the ground state manifold 210 (or the second intermediate manifold 240) after the shelving procedure is performed). For example, the second operation beam can be tuned to resonate with the transition from the leakage state of the ground state manifold 210 to the first intermediate manifold 220.

[0049] In an exemplary embodiment, the second operation beam further includes a second detection signal 305. In various embodiments, the second detection signal is configured to excite an atomic object from the second intermediate manifold 240 (e.g., manifold D in the illustrated example) to the first intermediate manifold 220. For example, by using the second detection signal 305, an atomic object leaking into a state within the second intermediate manifold 240 can be identified. 3 / 2 State, or F = 2, m = -2,

[0050] In various embodiments, atomic objects in the first intermediate manifold 220 are permitted to decay into the ground state manifold 210. In various embodiments, the excited state lifetime of the first intermediate manifold 220 is relatively short (e.g., in the range of 1 to 100 ns). When an atomic object decays from any one of the states of the first intermediate manifold 220 to the ground state manifold 210, one or more photons are emitted, producing fluorescence 302. The photon-induced fluorescence 302 can be detected by a photon detector. In various embodiments, the presence of fluorescence indicates that a leak error has occurred.

[0051] Next, a third operational beam, pulse, and / or set of pulses (e.g., a laser beam, pulse, and / or set of pulses, referred to herein as the third operational beam) may be supplied to inject into one or more atomic objects in the apparatus 50 and address the atomic objects in the shelving manifold 230. Figures 4A and 4B show portions of the energy level diagrams of exemplary atomic objects that may be used as qubits in a quantum computing system in exemplary embodiments. Once shelved, the qubit transitions to a stable state in the shelving manifold 230. A deshelving procedure is performed to deshelve one of the qubit states and return that qubit state to the ground state manifold 210.

[0052] In various embodiments, the third operating beam includes a laser beam having a wavelength of 1762 nm, and the laser beam spans the hyperfine frequency / energy difference of the S state (for example, has a linewidth wide enough to span the frequency difference between the states of the ground state manifold 210 caused by hyperfine splitting). In various embodiments, as shown in Figure 4A, the third operating beam is incident on the atomic object and the first shelved state (for example, F=2, m=-2, 2 D 5 / 2It may include two pulses 401 and 402 configured to couple the (state) to the ground state manifold, whereby the quantum state of the atomic object is the first shelved state (e.g., F = 2, m = -2, 2 D 5 / 2 state) to the ground state manifold 210 (e.g., F = 1, m = 0, 2 S 1 / 2 state or F = 1, m = -1, 2 S 1 / 2 state) and evolves back to the ground state manifold 210. The third manipulation beam may further include a third pulse 403 incident on the first shelved state (e.g., F = 2, m = 2, 2 D 5 / 2 state), and the first shelved state (e.g., F = 2, m = 2, 2 D 5 / 2 state) is coupled to the ground state manifold 210 (e.g., F = 1, m = 1, 2 S 1 / 2 state), whereby the quantum state of the atomic object is the first shelved state (e.g., F = 2, m = 2, 2 D 5 / 2 state) to the ground state manifold 210 (e.g., F = 1, m = 1, 2 S 1 / 2 state) and evolves back to the ground state manifold 210.

[0053] In various embodiments, as shown in FIG. 4B, the third manipulation beam may include a pulse 402 incident on the first shelved state (e.g., F = 2, m = -2, 2 D 5 / 2 state), and the first shelved state (e.g., F = 2, m = -2, 2 D 5 / 2 state) is coupled to the ground state manifold 210 (e.g., F = 1, m = 0, 2 S 1 / 2It can be coupled with the state. In various embodiments, the third operating beam may further include a secondary excitation signal 410. For example, in various embodiments, the secondary excitation signal 410 removes the deshelled atomic objects from the ground state manifold 210 (for example, transfers them to a second intermediate manifold 240) so that atomic objects deshelled by a previous application of the deshelling pulse 402 do not revert to the shelved state again by repeated application of the deshelling pulse 402.

[0054] For example, the third operating beam includes a first beam of a first wavelength (in one exemplary embodiment, substantially equal to 1762 nm), such as a de-shelving pulse 402. The de-shelving pulse 402 is configured to transition atomic objects in the shelving state of the shelving manifold 230 to the state of the ground state manifold 210. The third operating signal further includes a second beam of a second wavelength (in one exemplary embodiment, substantially equal to 493 nm) configured to transition any group in the ground state manifold 210 to the second intermediate manifold 240.

[0055] In various embodiments, the first and second beams can be applied simultaneously and / or at the same time, overlapping in duration and / or alternately. In one exemplary embodiment, the first beam is applied, and then, after the first beam has completed its incidence onto the atomic object, the second beam is applied. In various embodiments, the first beam is applied to a cubit state in the ground state manifold 210 (for example, F=1, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 State or F=1, m=-1, 2 S 1 / 2 State) to the first intermediate manifold 220 (for example, P 1 / 2 The second beam is coupled to the first intermediate manifold 220 (for example, P). In various embodiments, the second beam is coupled to the first intermediate manifold 220 (for example, P 1 / 2 The cubit state within the manifold is moved to the second intermediate manifold 240 (for example, D3 / 2 Bonding to a manifold. In various embodiments, atomic objects are placed in a first shelved state (for example, F=2, m=-2, 2 D 5 / 2 The process of transitioning from the state to the ground state manifold 210 and applying a third operation beam to transition the atomic objects in the ground state manifold 210 to the second intermediate manifold 240 may be repeated over multiple cycles. For example, this process may be repeated over two cycles. For example, to improve the fidelity of deshelving, this process may be repeated over more cycles.

[0056] In various embodiments, the process of applying a third operating beam is to bring the atomic object into a first shelved state (for example, F=2, m=2, 2 D 5 / 2 This may be further performed to transition from the state to the ground state manifold 210, and to transition the atomic objects in the ground state manifold 210 to the second intermediate manifold 240.

[0057] Next, a second operational beam, pulse, and / or set of pulses (e.g., a laser beam, pulse, and / or set of pulses, referred to herein as the second operational beam) may be supplied to incident on one or more atomic objects in the apparatus 50 to detect the cubit state of atomic objects in the ground state manifold 210 or the second intermediate manifold 240. As shown in Figure 5, the detection operation is performed by applying the second operational beam to atomic objects in a particular area of ​​the apparatus 50.

[0058] For example, in one exemplary embodiment, the second operation beam includes a first detection signal 301 configured to excite an atomic object from the ground state manifold 210 to the first intermediate manifold 220. In one exemplary embodiment, the second operation beam is configured to cause a single-photon excitation of an atomic object in the ground state manifold 210 (or the second intermediate manifold 240) after a shelving procedure has been performed. For example, the second operation beam may be tuned to resonate with the transition from the state of the ground state manifold 210 to the first intermediate manifold 220.

[0059] In exemplary embodiments, the second operating beam further includes a second detection signal 305. In various embodiments, the second detection signal is transmitted to a second intermediate manifold 240 (for example, D in the illustrated example). 3 / 2 The system is configured to excite atomic objects from the manifold to the first intermediate manifold 220. For example, by using a second detection signal 305, it is possible to identify atomic objects that have been deshelled into a state within the second intermediate manifold 240.

[0060] In one exemplary embodiment, the second operating beam includes a first detection signal 301. In various embodiments, the first detection signal 301 is a laser beam with a wavelength substantially equal to 493 nm for detecting a cubit state in the ground state manifold 210. In an exemplary embodiment, the second operating beam further includes a second detection signal 305. In various embodiments, the second detection signal 305 is a laser beam with a wavelength substantially equal to 650 nm for detecting a cubit state in the second intermediate manifold 240.

[0061] In various embodiments, a shelved qubit state is deshelved by rejoining the shelved state to one or more states of a ground state manifold or intermediate state manifold. A detection operation may be performed to determine the qubit state of an atomic object.

[0062] Example of leak error detection operation Figure 6 shows a flowchart illustrating the processes, procedures, and operations performed to detect a hyperfine qubit leak error by shelving and protecting the qubit levels. For example, both hyperfine qubit levels of the ground state may be excited and shelved to a long-lived metastable state of a shelving manifold that does not participate in the detection cycle, and the collection of non-qubit levels is unaffected by the shelving. In various embodiments, the quantum computer 110 may include a plurality of atomic objects (e.g., trapped within the apparatus 50). The hyperfine levels of the atomic objects may be used to define the qubit space 215. For example, the atomic objects may be nuclear spin 3 / 2 atomic objects, and their ground state hyperfine structure (e.g., 2 S 1 / 2 Using a manifold, qubit space 215 (for example, F=1, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 State and F=2, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 A state (including the state) can be defined. In various scenarios, an atomic object may leak from qubit space 215. For example, an atomic object may experience a spontaneous emission event or other excitation event and enter a leak state (e.g., F=1, m=-1 or 1, 2 S 1 / 2 State or F=2, m=-2, -1, 1 or 2, 2 S 1 / 2 It may be in any of the following states. Leak error detection behavior can be used to detect atomic objects that are in a leak state.

[0063] Starting from step / operation 602, a leak error detection operation trigger is identified. In various embodiments, the trigger may be the execution of a computing operation, the execution of a particular type of computing operation, or a predetermined amount of time elapsed since the last leak error detection operation was performed. For example, types of computing operations may include gate operations, cooling operations, transport operations, qubit interaction operations, qubit measurement operations, etc. For example, the controller 30 may schedule one or more computing operations based on a received quantum algorithm or quantum circuit (for example, provided by the computing entity 10). Based on the scheduling of the operation identified as a trigger, the controller 30 may schedule the execution of a leak error detection operation. For example, scheduling a read / detect operation in a particular area of ​​the device 50 according to a quantum algorithm and / or quantum circuit that is being executed and / or is scheduled to be executed by the quantum computer 110 may be identified as a trigger. For example, scheduling and / or execution of a gate operation in a particular area of ​​the device 50 according to a quantum algorithm and / or quantum circuit that is being executed and / or is scheduled to be executed by the quantum computer 110 may be identified as a trigger.

[0064] In response to identifying the scheduling and / or execution of gate operations in a specific region of the device 50, the controller 30 may schedule and / or execute leak error detection operations to be performed in that specific region of the device 50. For example, the operation that triggered the scheduling / execution of the leak error detection operation may address one or more atomic objects located in a specific region of the device 50, and the leak error detection operation may be configured to address one or more atomic objects located in a specific region of the device 50.

[0065] In an exemplary embodiment, the computing entity 10 may provide a quantum algorithm and / or quantum circuit. The controller 30 may receive the quantum algorithm and / or quantum circuit and schedule and / or execute one or more operations (e.g., computing operations such as gate operations, cooling operations, transport operations, qubit interaction operations, qubit measurement operations, etc., leak error detection operations, etc.). In an exemplary embodiment, the quantum algorithm and / or quantum circuit may indicate when the leak error detection operation should be performed. In an exemplary embodiment, the controller 30 may determine when to perform the leak error detection operation based on the computing operations of the quantum algorithm and / or quantum circuit.

[0066] In step / operation 604, a leak error detection operation may be initiated. For example, the controller 30 may initiate a leak error detection operation. For example, in response to the identification of a trigger, the controller 30 may schedule the execution of a leak error detection operation and / or cause the leak error detection operation to be performed (for example, at a specific time and / or position in a series of operations performed by the quantum computer 110).

[0067] In step / operation 606, the controller 30 may cause the first operating source 64A to supply a first operating beam, pulse, and / or set of pulses (e.g., a laser beam, pulse, and / or set of pulses, referred herein to as the first operating signal) that is incident on one or more atomic objects in the apparatus 50 and addresses one or more atomic objects in a specific region of the apparatus in the cubit space of the ground state manifold. In one exemplary embodiment, the first operating source 64A is a laser. The first operating beam addresses one or more atomic objects in a specific region of the apparatus in the cubit space of the ground state manifold (e.g., F=1, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 State or F=2, m=0, 2 S1 / 2 Addressing atomic objects in the state qubit space, while addressing atomic objects in a leaky state (for example, F=1, m=-1 or 1, 2 S 1 / 2 State or F=2, m=-2, -1, 1 or 2, 2 S 1 / 2 It may be configured not to address atomic objects in a given state. For example, the first operation beam may include one or more shelving signals 201, 202, 203, 204 configured to excite transitions from the qubit space of the ground state manifold 210 to the respective states of the shelving manifold 230. For example, the first operation beam may include the qubit space of the ground state manifold (e.g., F=1, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 State or F=2, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 It can be adjusted to resonate with the transition from the atomic object (in the qubit space of the state) to the shelving manifold 230.

[0068] In various embodiments, the first operating beam may include multiple laser pulses to stimulate the transition from the cubit space of the ground state manifold to the shelving manifold (e.g., via shelving signals 201, 202, 203, or 204). The first operating beam is F=1, m=0, as shown in Figure 2A. 2 S 1 / 2 State 212 (for example, |0>state) with F=3, m=2, 2 D 5 / 2 State or F=3, m=-2, 2 D 5 / 2 It can be adjusted to excite to a state. The first operating beam is F=2, m=0, 2 S 1 / 2 State 214 (for example, |1>state) F=2, m=2, 2 D 5 / 2 State or F=2, m=-2, 2 D 5 / 2 It can be further adjusted to excite the state.

[0069] Continuing in step / operation 608 of Figure 6, the controller 30 may cause the second operating source 64B to supply a second operating beam, pulse, and / or set of pulses (e.g., a laser beam, pulse, and / or set of pulses, referred herein to as the second operating signal) that is incident on one or more atomic objects in the apparatus 50 and detects atomic objects that are in a leak state of the ground state manifold. In one exemplary embodiment, the second operating source 64B is and / or includes a laser. For example, the detection operation may excite one or more atomic objects in a particular region of the apparatus that are leaking from qubit space and forming a leak state to a state of the first intermediate manifold 220, 2 P 1 / 2 It is a manifold. The second operating signal leaks from cubit space and forms a leak state in one or more atomic objects in a specific region of the apparatus (e.g., F=1, m=1, 2 S 1 / 2 State, F=1, m=-1, 2 S 1 / 2 State, F=2, m=2, 2 S 1 / 2 State, F=2, m=1, 2 S 1 / 2 State, F=2, m=-1, 2 S 1 / 2 State, or F=2, m=-2, 2 S 1 / 2 The second operation signal may be configured to address atomic objects that are in a state-leaking state. In one exemplary embodiment, the second operation signal is configured to address one or more atomic objects in a particular area of ​​the apparatus 50 that still exist in the ground state manifold after the execution of a shelving operation (e.g., the application of the first operation signal).

[0070] In various embodiments, atomic objects in the first intermediate manifold 220 are permitted to decay into the ground state manifold 210. In various embodiments, the excited state lifetime of the first intermediate manifold 220 is relatively short (e.g., in the range of 1 to 100 ns). When an atomic object decays from any one of the states of the first intermediate manifold 220 to the ground state manifold 210, one or more photons are emitted, producing fluorescence 302. The fluorescence 302 caused by the photons can be detected by a photon detector. In various embodiments, the presence of fluorescence indicates that a leak error has occurred. For example, a photon detector in the optical collection system 68 can detect photons emitted by the atomic object and provide a corresponding photon detector signal to the controller 30. In various embodiments, the photon detector signal is an electrical signal having an amplitude indicating the intensity of light and / or the number of detected photons. After processing the photon detector signal, the controller 30 can determine that an atomic object in a leak state has been detected. In cases where the optical collection system does not detect photons emitted by an atomic object, the controller processes the corresponding photon detector signal supplied to the controller 30 by the optical collection system and, based on that, determines that no leaky atomic object was detected.

[0071] In step / operation 610, the controller 30 determines whether a leak error has occurred. For example, the controller 30 may be configured and / or programmed to act in response to the detection of a leak error.

[0072] If the controller 30 determines in step / operation 610 that a leak error has occurred, the process proceeds to step / operation 618 and determines that a qubit has leaked. If the controller 30 determines in step / operation 610 that no leak error has occurred, the process proceeds to step / operation 612.

[0073] Continuing in step / operation 612 of Figure 6, the controller 30 may cause the third operating source 64C to supply a third operating beam, pulse, and / or set of pulses (e.g., a laser beam, pulse, and / or set of pulses, referred to herein as the third operating signal) that is incident on one or more atomic objects in the apparatus 50 and addresses the atomic objects in the shelving manifold 230. A deshelving procedure is performed to deshelve the first shelved cubit state and return the first shelved cubit state to the ground state manifold 210.

[0074] In various embodiments, the third operating beam is in the first shelved state (for example, F=2, m=2, 2 D 5 / 2 State and F=2, m=-2, 2 D 5 / 2 The state) is the base state manifold 210 (for example, F=1, m=1, 2 S 1 / 2 It can be coupled with the state. In various embodiments, the third operating beam is the ground state manifold 210 (for example, F=1, m=1, 2 S 1 / 2 (state) and through the first intermediate manifold 220, the first shelved state (for example, F=2, m=2, 2 D 5 / 2 State and F=2, m=-2, 2 D 5 / 2 The state can be connected to the second intermediate manifold 240.

[0075] Continuing in step / operation 614 of Figure 6, the controller 30 may then cause the second operating source 64B to perform a detection operation to detect the cubit state of atomic objects in the ground state manifold 210 or the second intermediate manifold 240 by supplying a second operating beam, pulse, and / or set of pulses (e.g., a laser beam, pulse, and / or set of pulses, referred to herein as the second operating signal) to incident on one or more atomic objects in the apparatus 50. The detection operation is performed by applying a laser beam to atomic objects in a particular area of ​​the apparatus 50. In an exemplary embodiment, the second operating source 64B may be a laser having a first wavelength substantially equal to 493 nm for detecting the cubit state in the ground state manifold 210. In an exemplary embodiment, the second operating source 64B may be a laser having a first wavelength substantially equal to 650 nm for detecting the cubit state in the second intermediate manifold 240.

[0076] In step / operation 616, the controller 30 determines whether a first qubit state is indicated. For example, the controller 30 may be configured and / or programmed to act in response to the detection result of the first qubit state.

[0077] If the controller 30 determines in step / operation 616 that a first qubit state has been indicated, the process proceeds to step / operation 620 and determines that the qubit is in the first qubit state. If the controller 30 determines in step / operation 616 that a first qubit state has not been indicated, the process proceeds to step / operation 622 and determines that the qubit is in the second qubit state.

[0078] Returning to Figure 6, in step / operation 624, the controller 30 can cause the quantum computer to continue executing the rest and / or other parts of the quantum algorithm and / or circuit according to the status of the qubit state. For example, the controller 30 may provide means such as a processing device 705, memory 710, driver controller element 715, A / D converter 725, etc. (see Figure 7) to execute additional and / or rest parts of the quantum algorithm and / or circuit. For example, the controller 30 may continue executing a queue of commands to execute additional and / or rest parts of the quantum algorithm and / or circuit. For example, executing additional and / or rest parts of the quantum algorithm and / or circuit may include initializing one or more qubits (e.g., placing one or more atomic objects in qubit space 215), transporting at least a portion of one or more qubits to one or more specific locations in the atomic object confinement device 300, executing one or more 1-qubit gates and / or 2-qubit gates and / or multi-qubit gates on at least a portion of one or more qubits, detecting at least a portion of one or more qubits, etc. In one exemplary embodiment, additional and / or remaining parts of the quantum algorithm and / or circuit may be modified based on the quantum state of the qubit determined in step / operation 608.

[0079] Technical advantages In various embodiments, a two-state qubit space is defined. In various embodiments, a qubit is an atomic object that is contained within, trapped, and / or otherwise present within, the apparatus of the quantum computer. An atomic object contained within, trapped, and / or otherwise present within the apparatus 50 may have access to more quantum states than the quantum states in qubit space. For example, when the atomic object is an atomic object with nuclear spin 3 / 2, the ground state manifold of the atomic object may contain eight states (e.g., two states in qubit space and six leak states). Thus, as the quantum computer performs various operations, one or more atomic objects trapped within the apparatus may leak out of qubit space and enter a leak state. When an atomic object leaks and enters a leak state, an error occurs in the computation performed by the quantum computer 110. For example, conventionally, when an atomic object is in a leak state, it is interpreted as being in a dark or non-light state in qubit space based on detection operations that do not lead to a determination of a light state. This reduces the overall fidelity of the computation performed by the quantum computer.

[0080] Various embodiments provide technical solutions to these technical problems by providing techniques and corresponding apparatus and / or systems for detecting leak errors while shelving and protecting qubits in qubit space. In particular, both hyperfine qubit levels of the ground level may be excited and shelved to a long-lived metastable state of a shelving manifold that does not participate in the detection cycle, and the group of non-qubit levels is unaffected by shelving. In various embodiments, a laser beam is turned on to fluoresce an atomic object in a leak state, and the presence of fluorescence indicates that a leak error has occurred. In various embodiments, the shelved qubit state may be unshelved and coupled to a ground state manifold or an intermediate state manifold. A detection operation may be performed to determine the qubit state of the atomic object. Thus, leak error detection can be achieved without affecting the ability to determine the qubit state. In addition, by using multiple shelving and deshelving pulses, shelving errors are minimized and high fidelity is achieved.

[0081] Example Controller In various embodiments, the quantum computer 110 further comprises a controller 30 configured to control various elements of the quantum computer 110. In various embodiments, the controller 30 may be configured to cause the quantum computer 110 to perform various operations (e.g., computing operations such as gate operations, cooling operations, transport operations, qubit interaction operations, qubit measurement operations, etc., leak error detection operations, etc.). For example, the controller 30 may be configured to identify triggers, schedule leak error detection operations and / or cause leak error detection operations to be performed, and to control first and / or second operating sources to supply first and / or second operating signals. For example, the controller 30 may be configured to control a cryogenic system and / or vacuum system that controls the temperature and pressure in the cryogenic and / or vacuum chamber 40, an operating source 64, and / or other systems that control environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity, pressure, etc.) in the cryogenic and / or vacuum chamber 40, and / or to manipulate the quantum state of one or more atomic objects in the apparatus 50 and / or cause their controlled evolution.

[0082] As shown in Figure 7, in various embodiments, the controller 30 may comprise various controller elements, including a processing device 705, memory 710, driver controller element 715, communication interface 720, analog-to-digital converter element 725, and so on. For example, the processing device 705 may comprise a programmable logic device (CPLD), microprocessor, coprocessing entity, application-specific instruction set processor (ASIP), integrated circuit, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), field-programmable gate array (FPGA), programmable logic array (PLA), hardware accelerator, other processing devices and / or circuits, and / or a controller. The term "circuit" may refer to an entirely hardware embodiment or a combination of hardware and computer program products. In one exemplary embodiment, the processing device 705 of the controller 30 comprises and / or communicates with a clock.

[0083] For example, memory 710 may include non-temporary memory such as one or more volatile and / or non-volatile memory storage, including hard disks, ROMs, PROMs, EPROMs, EEPROMs, flash memory, MMCs, SD memory cards, memory sticks, CBRAMs, PRAMs, FeRAMs, RRAMs, SONOS, racetrack memory, RAMs, DRAMs, SRAMs, FPM DRAMs, EDO DRAMs, SDRAMs, DDR SDRAMs, DDR2 SDRAMs, DDR3 SDRAMs, RDRAMs, RIMMs, DIMMs, SIMMs, VRAMs, cache memory, register memory, etc. In various embodiments, memory 710 may store qubit records corresponding to qubits in a quantum computer (e.g., qubit record datastores, qubit record databases, qubit record tables, etc.), calibration tables, executable queues, computer program code (e.g., in one or more computer languages, dedicated controller languages, etc.). In one exemplary embodiment, the controller 30 executes one or more steps, operations, processes, procedures, etc., described herein by executing at least a portion of the computer program code stored in the memory 710 (for example, by the processing device 705).

[0084] In various embodiments, the driver controller element 715 may include one or more driver and / or controller elements, each configured to control one or more drivers. In various embodiments, the driver controller element 715 may comprise drivers and / or driver controllers. For example, a driver controller may be configured to operate one or more corresponding drivers according to executable instructions, commands, etc., scheduled and executed by the controller 30 (e.g., by the processing device 705). In various embodiments, the driver controller element 715 may enable the controller 30 to operate an operating source 64, a vacuum and / or cryogenic system, etc. In various embodiments, the drivers may be laser drivers, vacuum component drivers, cryogenic and / or vacuum system component drivers, etc. In various embodiments, the controller 30 includes means for communicating and / or receiving signals from one or more optical receiving components, such as cameras, MEM cameras, CCD cameras, photodiodes, and photomultiplier tubes. For example, the controller 30 may comprise one or more analog-to-digital converter elements 725 configured to receive signals from one or more optical receiving components, calibration sensors, etc.

[0085] In various embodiments, the controller 30 may include a communication interface 720 for interfaceing with and / or communicating with the computing entity 10. For example, the controller 30 may include a communication interface 720 for receiving executable instructions, command sets, etc., from the computing entity 10 and providing the computing entity 10 with outputs received from the quantum computer 110 (e.g., from an optical collection system) and / or the results of processing those outputs. In various embodiments, the computing entity 10 and the controller 30 may communicate via direct wired and / or wireless connections, and / or via one or more wired and / or wireless networks 20.

[0086] Exemplary Computing Entity Figure 8 shows an exemplary schematic diagram representing an exemplary computing entity 10 that can be used in combination with embodiments of the present invention. In various embodiments, the computing entity 10 is configured to allow a user to provide input to a quantum computer 110 (for example, through the user interface of the computing entity 10) and to receive, display, analyze, and so on outputs from the quantum computer 110. For example, the user can operate the computing entity 10 to generate and / or program quantum algorithms and / or quantum circuits that can be provided to a controller 30 to receive and execute the quantum algorithms and / or quantum circuits on the quantum computer 110.

[0087] As shown in Figure 8, the computing entity 10 may include an antenna 812, a transmitter 814 (e.g., a radio), a receiver 806 (e.g., a radio), and a processing device 808 that supplies signals to and receives signals from the transmitter 814 and the receiver 806, respectively. The signals supplied to and received from the transmitter 814 and the receiver 806 may include signaling information / data in accordance with applicable wireless system air interface standards for communicating with various entities such as the controller 30 and other computing entities 10. In this regard, the computing entity 10 may be able to operate with one or more air interface standards, communication protocols, modulation types, and access types. For example, the computing entity 10 may be configured to receive and / or provide communications using wired data transmission protocols such as Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), Ethernet, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), Frame Relay, Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS), or any other wired transmission protocol.Similarly, Computing Entity 10 supports General-Purpose Packet Radio Services (GPRS), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Code Division Multiple Access 2000 (CDMA2000), CDMA2000 1X (1xRTT), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA®), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), GSM Advanced High-Speed ​​Data Rate (EDGE), Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA), Long-Term Evolution (LTE), Advanced Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN), Evolution Data Optimized (EVDO), High-Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA), High-Speed ​​Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), and Wi-Fi. Computing entity 10 may be configured to communicate over a wireless external communication network using any of the following protocols: Direct, 802.16 (WiMAX), Ultra Wideband (UWB), Infrared (IR) protocol, Near Field Communication (NFC) protocol, Wibree, Bluetooth protocol, Wireless Universal Serial Bus (USB) protocol, and / or any other wireless protocol. Computing entity 10 may use such protocols and standards to communicate using Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Domain Name System (DNS), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), HTTP, HTTP over TLS / SSL / Secure, Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), Network Time Protocol (NTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Telnet, Transport Layer Security (TLS), Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), Internet Protocol (IP), Transmit Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP), Stream Controlled Transmit Protocol (SCTP), Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), etc.

[0088] Through these communication standards and protocols, the computing entity 10 can communicate with various other entities using concepts such as unstructured supplementary service information / data (USSD), short message service (SMS), multimedia messaging service (MMS), dual-tone multi-frequency signaling (DTMF), and / or subscriber identification module dialer (SIM dialer). The computing entity 10 can also download, for example, firmware, software (including executable instructions, applications, and program modules), and changes, add-ons, and updates to the operating system. In various embodiments, the computing entity 10 includes a network interface 820 configured to communicate over one or more wired and / or wireless networks 20.

[0089] The computing entity 10 may also include user interface devices, including one or more user input / output interfaces (for example, a display 816 and / or speaker / speaker driver coupled to the processing device 808, as well as a touchscreen, keyboard, mouse, and / or microphone coupled to the processing device 808). For example, a user output interface may be configured to provide applications, browsers, user interfaces, interfaces, dashboards, screens, web pages, pages, and / or similar devices used herein that run on and / or are accessible via the computing entity 10, and cause the display or audio presentation of information / data, and enable interaction with them via one or more user input interfaces. The user input interfaces may include any number of devices on which the computing entity 10 can receive data, such as a keypad 818 (hard or soft), a touch display, a voice / speech or motion interface, a scanner, a reader, or other input devices. In embodiments including a keypad 818, the keypad 818 may include (or trigger) conventional numerals (0-9) and associated keys (#, *), as well as other keys used to operate the computing entity 10, and may include a full set of alphabet keys or a set of keys that can be activated to provide a full set of alphabet keys. In addition to providing input, the user input interface may be used to activate or deactivate certain functions, such as a screen saver and / or sleep mode. Through such input, the computing entity 10 may collect information / data, user interaction / input, etc.

[0090] Furthermore, the computing entity 10 may include volatile storage or memory 822 and / or non-volatile storage or memory 824, which may be embedded and / or removable. For example, non-volatile memory may be ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash memory, MMC, SD memory card, memory stick, CBRAM, PRAM, FeRAM, RRAM, SONOS, racetrack memory, etc. Volatile memory may be RAM, DRAM, SRAM, FPM DRAM, EDO DRAM, SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3 SDRAM, RDRAM, RIMM, DIMM, SIMM, VRAM, cache memory, register memory, etc. The volatile and non-volatile storage or memory may store databases, database instances, database management system entities, data, applications, programs, program modules, scripts, source code, object code, bytecode, compiled code, interpreter code, machine code, executable instructions, etc., in order to implement the functions of the computing entity 10.

[0091] conclusion Those skilled in the art to which the invention relates, who benefit from the teachings shown in the foregoing description and the associated drawings, will likely come up with many modifications and other embodiments of the invention described herein. Therefore, it should be understood that the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed, and modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Certain terms are used herein, but they are used only in a general and descriptive sense, not for limitation. [Explanation of Symbols]

[0092] 10 Computing Entities 20 Networks 30 controllers 40 Cryogenic and / or vacuum chamber 50 equipment 60 Operation source 64 Operation source 66 Beam paths 68 Optical Acquisition System 100 Quantum Computer Systems 110 Quantum Computers 201 Shelving signal 202 Shelving signal 203 Shelving signal 204 Shelving signal 205 Shelving signal 206 Shelving signal 210 Manifold 212 Status 214 Status 215 cubic space 220 First Intermediate Manifold 230 Manifold 240 Second Intermediate Manifold 300 Atomic Object Confinement Device 301 First detection signal 302 Fluorescence 305 Second detection signal 401 pulses 402 Deshelving Pulse 403 Third pulse 410 Secondary excitation signal 705 Processing Devices 710 memory 715 Driver Controller Element 720 Communication Interfaces 725 A / D Converter 806 Receiver 808 Processing Devices 812 Antenna 814 Transmitter 816 displays 818 Keypad 820 Network Interfaces 822 Volatile storage or memory 824 Non-volatile storage or memory

Claims

1. A method for detecting leakage errors in quantum systems, The steps include: causing a controller of the quantum system to supply a first operation signal to a first operation source to a specific region of the apparatus of the quantum system in which one or more atomic objects are confined, wherein the first operation signal is adjusted to excite the one or more atomic objects in the specific region of the apparatus in the qubit space of the ground state manifold into a shelving manifold, and to suppress the excitation of the atomic objects in the specific region of the apparatus that have leaked out of the qubit space and become leaky; The steps include: causing the controller of the quantum system to supply a second operation signal to a second operation source for performing a detection operation on one or more atomic objects; The steps include: determining whether a leak error has occurred based on a signal generated as part of the detection operation by the controller of the quantum system; Methods that include...

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first operating signal includes at least two shelving pulses for exciting the shelving manifold with the one or more atomic objects in the particular region of the apparatus in the qubit space.

3. The qubit space of the ground state manifold includes a first qubit state and a second qubit state, In response to the fact that no leak error was detected, the method The steps include: causing the controller of the quantum system to supply a third operating source with a third operating signal to the specific region of the apparatus, wherein the third operating signal is adjusted to deshelve the first qubit state from the shelving manifold to the ground state manifold or the intermediate state manifold; The method according to claim 1, further comprising:

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