Method for providing raw materials for industrial processes

Abstract

The present invention discloses a method for providing a feedstock for an industrial process, in particular for steel production, comprising the steps of torrefying a torrefied material comprising biomass by thermochemical treatment in a reactor at 200°C to 600°C to obtain biochar, extracting the biochar from the reactor at a first temperature up to 600°C, providing a bulk material at a second temperature between 0°C and 100°C, mixing the biochar with the bulk material, thereby cooling the biochar with the bulk material, and obtaining a mixture of the bulk material and biochar at a third temperature below the autoignition temperature of the mixture, and using the mixture to provide a feedstock for an industrial process.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a method for providing a raw material for industrial processes.

Background Art

[0002] Reducing CO₂ emissions has become a major issue in industry, particularly in the steel industry and power plants. One interesting possibility is the use of biomass. However, the production of charcoal from biomass is very expensive compared to fossil fuels, which has been found to be not economically viable.

[0003] Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method capable of improving the technical and economic feasibility of producing and utilizing biomass by integrating the method into another process, particularly a steelmaking process.

[0004] According to the WHO, a carbon footprint (total usage) is a measure of the impact that an activity (in this case, steel production) has on the amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) generated by the combustion of fossil fuels, expressed in tons as the weight of the generated CO₂ emissions.

[0005] The use of biomass in steelmaking processes is very difficult because biomass contains large and varying amounts of volatile matter. As a result, the direct application of biomass to steelmaking processes is counterproductive. a When injected into a blast furnace, the conditions at the tuyeres normally require >2000°C, which demands a large amount of oxygen to maintain the required temperature. This requires additional combustion of coal and / or coke. In addition to the negative economic impact this brings, the achievable CO₂ reduction effect from biomass utilization is also greatly reduced. b. In the case of sintering plants, the use of highly volatile solid fuels such as biomass in the sintering bed is also not recommended. In fact, volatile substances accumulate in the off-gas and can cause fires in the gas cleaning equipment of sintering plants, so highly volatile contents should be avoided from a safety standpoint. c. In the case of a pellet plant, it is also not recommended to use highly volatile solid fuels with iron ore pellets. Highly volatile components can accumulate in the off-gas, potentially causing fires in the pellet plant's gas scrubbing equipment. d. In the case of an electric arc furnace, for example, when replacing petroleum coke (PET coke) within the electric arc furnace, the biomass must have very low volatile content. The challenge in this case is to gasify the carbon and foam the slag. This requires a certain residence time, which cannot be achieved if the volatile content is high.

[0006] Furthermore, highly volatile solid fuels can degrade the quality of products in sintering and pelletizing plants, and therefore can negatively impact the plant's productivity.

[0007] Therefore, before biomass can be used in steelmaking processes, it needs to be treated to reduce its volatile components. This is already a fundamentally known and practiced method, whether in blast furnaces (BF) or as fuel in sintering and pelletizing plants.

[0008] However, this is often still insufficient to make the use of biomass economically viable. [Overview of the Initiative] [Problems that the invention aims to solve]

[0009] The object of the present invention is to propose a method for reducing the CO2 footprint of industrial processes while simultaneously making the use of biomass economically viable. This object is achieved by the method described in claim 1. [Means for solving the problem]

[0010] The present invention a Bio stone To obtain charcoal, torrefaction material containing biomass is roasted by thermochemical treatment in a reactor at temperatures ranging from 200°C to 600°C. b. At a first temperature of up to 600°C, the bio from the reactor stone Extract charcoal, c provides bulk material at a second temperature between 0°C and 100°C. d Bio stone By mixing charcoal with bulk material, bio stone The charcoal is cooled with bulk material, and the bulk material and bio are mixed at a third temperature below the autoignition temperature of the mixture. stone To obtain a mixture of charcoal, and e. This mixture is used to provide raw materials for industrial processes. We propose a method for providing raw materials for industrial processes, particularly for steel manufacturing, including the above.

[0011] Therefore, this method is suitable for high-temperature bio stone This technology enables the rapid and efficient cooling of charcoal (also known as roasted biomass, biochar, or coal), while simultaneously making it more useful in industrial production and power generation, particularly in steelmaking processes.

[0012] As fossil fuels are replaced by biomass, the CO2 footprint of industrial production and power generation, particularly steelmaking processes, will be reduced.

[0013] Preferably, 5% v / v and 95% v / v bio stone The charcoal is mixed with bulk materials between 95% v / v and 5% v / v. As is the case with most particulate and / or bulk materials, a certain volume of bio is added. stone Charcoal or bulk materials typically contain spaces or voids between particles. For example, 1 m 3 Bio stone Charcoal is usually bio stoneThe charcoal can only be filled up to a certain level determined by the charcoal itself, and the bio stone spaces between charcoal particles are filled with a gas, for example air. To determine the volume percentage of each component, individual components (bio stone charcoal or bulk material) can be filled into a measuring container where the surface level of the component corresponds to a specific volume. Due to the inter-particle voids, the volume of the mixture can be reduced; for example, when 1 m 3 of bio stone charcoal and 1 m 3 of bulk material are mixed, it will be appreciated that a mixture of less than 2 m stone can be obtained, because some of the bulk material particles fit into the voids between the bio 3 charcoal particles, or vice versa.

[0014] The term "bulk material" refers not only to a single material having a homogeneous composition, but also to a mixture or other combination of several bulk materials. The bulk material may be dry. Alternatively, it may contain residual moisture.

[0015] In an embodiment, a cooling fluid is added in the cooling step, and the cooling fluid may be selected from water and an inert gas such as nitrogen.

[0016] In an embodiment, the method comprises grinding and / or crushing the bio stone charcoal before mixing it with the bulk material.

[0017] In one embodiment, the grinding and / or crushing of bio stone charcoal, and / or the mixing of bio stone charcoal and the bulk material may be carried out under an inert atmosphere. This inert atmosphere can be obtained by reducing the oxygen content of the atmosphere, for example by adding water that evaporates when it comes into contact with nitrogen and water vapor and / or high-temperature bio stone charcoal to generate water vapor.

[0018] Preferably, the bio stoneThe char is extracted from the reactor at a first temperature of 500°C or less, more preferably between 200 and 450°C.

[0019] The bulk material preferably has a second temperature of 50°C or less, more preferably between 15 and 35°C.

[0020] This method involves bulk materials and bio stone This may also include grinding and / or pulverizing the charcoal mixture.

[0021] The products of this roasting process can be mixed with iron (Fe)-containing materials and then integrated, for example, in a sintering and / or pelletizing process, or added as fuel to an EAF and / or blast furnace. Such iron (Fe)-containing materials can typically be selected from iron ore, magnetite (Fe3O4), or iron oxides such as hematite (Fe2O3), along with gangue minerals, waste or residual materials, and sintering and / or pellet feed.

[0022] In this embodiment, bulk material and bio stone The cooled mixture with charcoal can be mixed with other materials, such as coke or other solid fuels, and can be easily used in any industrial production and power generation.

[0023] One unexpected benefit of this method is that it is 100% bio stone Compared to handling charcoal, this method yields a safer product that is easier to transport and store. In fact, the mixture of the two materials is a safe product and will not spontaneously ignite during transport or storage. The product does not need to be stored in an inert atmosphere, making it easy and cost-effective to handle.

[0024] Biotechnology is the second stream of bulk materials. stone Cooling the charcoal and transporting and storing it as a mixture eliminates the need for inactivation and ensures that spontaneous ignition is always avoided.

[0025] A further advantage is the high-temperature bio-processing of the second flow of bulk material. stone Cooling the charcoal requires a special high-temperature bio stone This leads to reduced investment and operating costs compared to facilities equipped with a coal cooling system.

[0026] Typical roasted bio stone Charcoal tends to reignite easily during storage and transport, and therefore requires higher precautions, such as nitrogen inactivation, compared to mineral charcoal. stone Biotechnology during and after operation of cooling systems traditionally used in charcoal production stone This is especially true for charcoal production facilities. stone The above method of mixing charcoal with a second stream of bulk material and transporting and storing it as a mixture has the advantage of not requiring inactivation and always avoiding spontaneous ignition.

[0027] Bio stone While charcoal can spontaneously reignite in certain parts of the mixture, the flames are unlikely to propagate and turn into a prolonged fire or dangerous situation. This is because the bulk material is not a bio-compound, and the second material mass is not a bio-compound. stone This is due to the fact that the mixture is blended in a ratio that allows heat to be completely dissipated from the charcoal, preventing chain reactions from occurring within the complete material mixture. The mixing ratio can be changed depending on the bulk material used in the mixture, but typically, it is bio-based compared to the bulk material. stone The volume ratio of charcoal is in the range of 5% to 95%.

[0028] Depending on the materials used, the mixture is bio stone Unlike charcoal itself, it does not fall under the ATEX Directive 2014 / 34 / EU. Therefore, the transport and handling of the mixture is bio-compliant. stone It is far safer and cheaper than handling charcoal alone.

[0029] The advantage of the proposed method is that the manufactured bio stone This involves mixing charcoal with another material that does not burn easily.

[0030] This proposed high-temperature bio stone Methods for cooling charcoal include bio stone Compared to a typical roasting plant that produces charcoal, it eliminates the need for a dedicated cooling facility.

[0031] "Roasting" or "roasting" refers to the process by which a starting material is subjected to a specific heat treatment. Roasting is a form of thermochemical treatment (see, for example, https: / / en.wikipedia.org / wiki / Thermochemical) or thermal decomposition of biomass. While a temperature range between 200°C and 320°C may be associated with the term "roasting," in the context of this invention, a broader range is used. In this regard, the temperature of the roasting process may be about 200°C to about 600°C, preferably at least 250°C, 275°C, 300°C, 325°C, 350°C, 375°C, or 400°C. The maximum temperature is preferably 600°C, 575°C, 550°C, 525°C, 500°C, 475°C, 450°C, less than 452°C, or less than 400°C. Typically, this is done under atmospheric pressure and in the absence of oxygen, i.e., without air. During the roasting process, moisture and excess volatile substances contained in the biomass are released, and biopolymers (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) partially decompose, releasing various types of volatile substances. The final product is a dried, blackened material with the remaining solid, roasted biomass or bio stone It is called charcoal. As will become clear below, roasting can be performed not only on biomass but also on other organic materials.

[0032] During the roasting process, biomass (or roasting material) typically loses up to 80% of its mass (becoming completely dry), but there is no significant change in volume. The gaseous energy (volatile substances) can be used as a heating fuel for the roasting process or for secondary processes such as hot water or electrical energy generation. After roasting, the roasting material can usually be densified into briquettes or pellets using conventional densification equipment to increase its mass and energy density and improve its hydrophobicity. The final product can repel water and, therefore, unlike the original biomass / roasting material, can be stored in humid air or rain without significant changes in moisture content or calorific value.

[0033] The roasting process is often also described as "mild pyrolysis," in which organic compounds partially decompose to form flammable gases. However, pyrolysis and carbonization processes are also included in this document under the term "roasting." More generally, roasting in the context of this invention can also be called "pyrolysis," and roasted materials can also be called "pyrolysis materials."

[0034] When roasting materials containing biomass are roasted, so-called roasted biomass (bio stone Charcoal can be obtained and possess many special properties. The first property is hydrophobicity; this material loses its natural properties related to hygroscopicity and biodegradability, and is therefore more stable during storage than burning hydrophilic, unroasted biomass (e.g., wood and straw). In addition, burning roasted biomass produces less smoke compared to burning unroasted biomass.

[0035] In fact, a large amount of gas is generated by the roasting of biomass. Depending on the fixed carbon content of the initial product, typically 20-50% of the energy from the roasting material / biomass is recovered in gaseous / liquid form. A small portion of this energy is used in the roasting process, while another portion can be used, for example, to dry the biomass.

[0036] When a high carbon fixation content is required, partial gasification of roasting material / biomass (volatile substances) increases the ratio of gaseous products to solid products, resulting in a surplus of gaseous energy. This surplus gaseous energy can be easily used to reduce the consumption of other fossil energy in industrial processes and further reduce their carbon footprint. Steam is required in many industrial activities. Therefore, the gas can be used to generate steam in dedicated boilers. The surplus gaseous energy can also be used in burner systems. In iron or steel plants, it can be introduced into the ignition hood of a sintering machine or into the combustion chamber of a pellet plant in a coal GAD (grinding and drying) plant for heating cowpers, etc.

[0037] The types of biomass used in this method are not limited to, but may include, dedicated energy crops, crop residues, forestry residues, algae, wood processing residues, municipal waste, biodegradable waste (wet waste), crop waste, cultivated grass, woody energy crops, industrial waste, sorted municipal solid waste [MSW], municipal timber waste, demolition wood, furniture waste and / or waste from furniture manufacturing.

[0038] The bulk material for this method is bio stone It includes all kinds of granular or powdered materials that tend to lower the ignition temperature of charcoal. More specifically, the material may include at least one iron-containing material such as iron ore, magnetite (Fe3O4), or iron oxide such as hematite (Fe2O3), usually along with gangue minerals and also waste or residual materials, sintered, and / or pellet feed. The iron-containing material contains at least 5% by weight of iron. Additionally or alternatively, the bulk material may include coal, petroleum coke, etc., sometimes along with waste or residual materials and / or additives. The bulk material may also include plastic materials. It will be understood that mixtures of any of the above materials may also be used.

[0039] In this method, stone Charcoal can preferably be mixed with the bulk material in amounts up to 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, or 30% v / v.

[0040] In this method, stone Charcoal can preferably be mixed with bulk material in amounts exceeding 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, or 80% v / v.

[0041] This method can also utilize non-biomass waste such as plastics and / or rubber. In this method, the roasting material may contain at least 5% v / v of non-biomass material. It may also contain up to 5%, 7%, 10%, 12%, 15%, 17%, 20%, 23%, 25%, 30%, 35%, or 40% v / v of non-biomass material.

[0042] According to the embodiment, the roasting material includes iron-containing by-products derived from steel production, such as oily sludge and / or mill scales. These by-products can therefore preferably replace a portion of the biomass in the manner described above. Thus, such by-products can be used in amounts of at least 5% v / v and / or up to 5%, 7%, 10%, 12%, 15%, 17%, 20%, 23%, 25%, 30%, 35%, or 40% v / v of the roasting material. Integrating such oily sludge and / or mill scales into the roasting process dramatically improves cost conditions. The oil released from the oily mill scales decomposes into gaseous form and leaves the roasting process with the roasting gas. Currently, the use of by-products is restricted in the operation of some sintering plants due to limitations in gas purification systems. Integrating such by-products into a separate process offers the advantage of eliminating the need for additional investment in the sintering plant's gas purification unit to comply with legal restrictions.

[0043] In one embodiment, waste heat from industrial facilities, power plants, steel mills, and / or industrial gases such as blast furnace gases is used in the roasting process to maximize the production of volatile substances and gases and to maximize the valorization of products from the roasting process. Integrating the roasting process in industrial facilities makes it possible to supply low-cost energy from other sources, such as waste heat from steel mills or power plants and / or other gases, to maximize the valorization of products obtained from the pyrolysis process.

[0044] Bio stone In addition to char, a gas phase is also created. When this gas phase is cooled, a condensable liquid phase is produced. Since other energy sources are readily available "free of charge" at steel mills and power plants, this liquid phase can be separated and used in other industries as another lean CO2 product to further reduce the CO2 footprint.

[0045] The mixture consists of bulk material and bio in a suitable container. stone This can be carried out in various ways, such as by actively mechanically mixing with carbon particles (plus any other components). Suitable equipment includes pin mixers, paddle mixers, or rotary drum mixers. Mixing can also be done, for example, with bulk material particles and bio stone Mixing can be carried out more or less passively by simultaneously pouring the coal particles onto a conveyor belt or into a container, which will also result in at least some degree of mixing. Other suitable mixing methods known in the art can be used in the same way. Optionally, mixing can be combined with the charging of transport containers such as trucks, containers, train cars, or ships. This may be a form of passive mixing as described above and may be combined with active mixing immediately before the particulate material is loaded into the transport container.

[0046] Preferably, this method also involves bulk materials and bio stoneThis involves forming compound bodies from a mixture of charcoal. In particular, each compound may be solid, and may also contain particulate iron-containing material and bio-materials. stone It may contain charcoal. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0047] [Figure 1] This diagram shows different equipment used in a preferred embodiment. [Figure 2] This shows flowcharts of different operations in a preferred embodiment. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0048] As is evident in Figure 1, the roasted materials are collected at feedstock plant 1, such as forests and recycling centers, which are generally sources of pyrolytic waste. Here, the components of the roasted materials, i.e., biomass, wood, forest debris, plastics, rubber, or other types of by-products suitable for pyrolysis, are collected and stored, and then transported via conveyor belt 2 to classification unit 3, where the particle size of the feedstock materials is reduced to a size range that is easily transportable and can be further processed. The now crushed and classified feedstock materials, with a uniform size between 20 mm and 50 cm, are transported via conveyor belt 4 to drying unit 5, where the moisture content of the feedstock materials is reduced to approximately 30% w / w or less. After drying, the materials are then transported via conveyor belt 6 to roasting unit 7, where they are roasted without oxygen at a temperature of approximately 200°C to 550°C.

[0049] The roasted raw materials are then transported from the roasting unit 7 to the bio-transportation belt 8. stone It is discharged into the charcoal discharge unit 9. High-temperature bio stoneFrom here, the charcoal is transported on a conveyor belt 10 to a crushing unit 15, and after being crushed, it is further transported via a conveyor belt 16 to a mixing unit 17. This mixing unit 17 is typically a mixing drum, a paddle-type mixing unit, etc.

[0050] Inside silo 11, bulk materials such as iron ore, limestone, and dolomite are stored to be used as cooling materials. The bulk materials are transferred from silo 11 to bulk material processing unit 13 via conveyor belt 12 when needed, and then transferred to the mixing unit 17 via further conveyor belt 14, typically for grinding, drying, etc. Here, it undergoes high-temperature bio-processing. stone Mixed with charcoal, bio stone A cooled mixture of charcoal and bulk material is formed.

[0051] Further materials may be added to the mixing unit 17 to adjust the properties of the mixture. These further materials may be solid or liquid and are used to adjust the properties of the mixture but are not used for cooling purposes. One such material may be a binder, thereby bio stone The mixture of charcoal and bulk material can be more easily processed and formed into pellets. It can then be added to the mixing unit 17 via the conveyor belt 18.

[0052] Bio stone The mixture, containing charcoal, bulk material, and optionally additional material, is discharged from the mixing unit 17 via the conveyor belt 19 to the silo or for further processing before use.

[0053] Please note that steps 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 13, and 18, marked with an asterisk (*) in Figure 1, are optional steps.

[0054] Instead of a conveyor belt, other types of conveying devices such as screw conveyors, chain conveyors, or other suitable conveyors can be used in any of the above steps. Trucks or ships can be used to transport materials over long distances.

[0055] The entire process can be carried out in one location, or specific steps can be performed in different locations.

[0056] In Figure 2, flowcharts of different operations of a preferred embodiment are represented by a series of different rectangular boxes describing the steps of the process.

[0057] In the first step (process) at the top of the flowchart below the rectangular box labeled "Start," the feedstock for the process is provided. The feedstock for roasting / pyrolysis (i.e., roasting material) typically includes forest debris and other fresh wood, mixed with other waste such as SFR (Solid Fuel Recovery), as deciduous and coniferous wood chips (debarked or unbarked).

[0058] In the next step, "Drying the feedstock," the dried feedstock may be dried to a moisture content of 5% w / w or less before being fed into the roasting / pyrolysis reactor. In the next step, "Roasting / pyrolysis of the feedstock - charring," the feedstock is roasted at a temperature in the range of 200-600°C. At the end of the roasting process, the roasted feedstock (charring / bio) is processed. stone The charred material is discharged into the cooling system. At this stage, the roasted raw material is at the same temperature as the set roasting temperature (200-600°C).

[0059] A dedicated cooling system using water and air for bio stone Instead of completely cooling the charcoal, a bulk material typically having a temperature of around 20°C is provided as a coolant.

[0060] Optionally, indirect cooling by cold air supply, which involves injecting water into the mixture in addition to the bulk material, can be used to improve mixing and cooling operations.

[0061] In the step of "providing bulk material as coolant," bulk material having a temperature of approximately 20°C is provided. In this stage of the step of "mixing components and cooling of charcoal," high-temperature bio-cooling with a temperature exceeding 350°C is performed. stone Charcoal / mixed with charcoal. Bio stone A mixing volume ratio range of 1:19 to 19:1 between charcoal and low-temperature bulk material can be used. This mixing ratio can be adapted as needed. As an example, this can correspond to a mixing mass ratio of 1:9. The bulk material is heated while the charcoal is cooled. Such a mixing operation yields a mixture at a temperature below 60°C. The steps of this process can be carried out under inert conditions. The inactivating gas can be nitrogen or water vapor. If water is injected into the mixing unit, an inert state can be created by the generation of water vapor.

[0062] Finally, in the last step, "Storage of Mixed and Cooled Charcoal (Inactivation Not Required)," the mixed and cooled materials are stored until further use. [Explanation of Symbols]

[0063] 1. Supply material plant, 2. Conveyor belt, 3. Grinding and classification unit, 4. Conveyor belt, 5. Drying unit for supply material, 6. Conveyor belt, 7. Roasting unit, 8. Conveyor belt, 9. Bio stone 10. Charcoal discharge unit, 11. Conveyor belt, 12. Silo, 13. Conveyor belt, 14. Bulk material mixing unit, 15. Conveyor belt, 16. Crushing unit, 17. Conveyor belt, 18. Additional material, 19. Conveyor belt, *Optional route - optional equipment

Claims

1. To obtain biocoal, roasting material containing biomass is roasted by thermochemical treatment in a reactor at a temperature of 200°C to 600°C. Bio-coal is extracted from the reactor at a first temperature of up to 600°C. The bulk material is provided at a second temperature between 0°C and 100°C. Bio-coal is mixed with bulk material, thereby cooling the bio-coal with the bulk material, and This involves obtaining a mixture of bulk material and biocoal at a third temperature below the autoignition temperature of the mixture, and using this mixture to provide a raw material for an industrial process. A method for providing raw materials for industrial processes.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized by mixing biocoal between 5% v / v and 95% v / v with bulk material between 95% v / v and 5% v / v.

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the bulk material contains residual moisture.

4. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that a cooling fluid is added during the cooling process, and the cooling fluid is selected from water and an inert gas such as nitrogen.

5. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by comprising grinding and / or pulverizing the bio-coal before mixing it with bulk material.

6. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the grinding and / or crushing of biocoal and / or mixing of biocoal with bulk material is carried out under an inert atmosphere.

7. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the biocoal is extracted from the reactor at a first temperature of 500°C or less.

8. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the bulk material has a second temperature of 50°C or less.

9. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by comprising grinding and / or pulverizing a mixture of bulk material and bio-coal.

10. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the biomass includes dedicated energy crops, crop residues, forestry residues, algae, wood processing residues, municipal waste, biodegradable waste, crop waste, cultivated grass, woody energy crops, industrial waste, separated municipal solid waste [MSW], municipal timber waste, demolition timber, furniture waste and / or waste from furniture manufacturing.

11. Bulk materials typically include gangue minerals and waste or residual materials, sintered and / or pellet feed, along with at least one iron-containing material such as iron ore, magnetite (Fe ３ O ４ ) or hematite (Fe ２ O ３ The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that it contains iron oxide such as ), and the iron-containing material contains at least 5% by weight of iron.

12. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the bulk material sometimes includes at least one granular material such as coal, PET coke, together with waste or residual material and / or additives.

13. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the roasting material includes at least 5% v / v of non-biomass waste such as plastics and / or rubber.

14. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the roasting material contains at least 5% v / v of iron-containing by-products derived from steel production, such as oily sludge and / or mill scale.

15. Furthermore, the method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that a composite is formed from a mixture of bulk material and bio-coal.

16. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that each composite is solid and contains particulate iron-containing material and biocoal.

17. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the industrial process is steel manufacturing.

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