Compositions having pesticide-like effects, and related processes

Abstract

To provide an agrochemical composition having pesticidal utility against pests in Phyla Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Nematoda.SOLUTION: There is provided a composition containing: a molecule of Formula 1 (F1); and a second active ingredient selected from the group consisting of Tetraniliprole, β-Cyfluthrin, and Deltamethrin.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] Cross-reference of related applications This application claims priority under U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 134734, filed on 7 January 2021; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 090467, filed on 12 October 2020; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 969829, filed on 4 February 2020. All of these applications are incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] This disclosure relates to molecules having pesticide efficacy against pests of the phyla Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Nematoda; processes for producing such molecules; pesticide compositions containing such molecules; and processes for using such pesticide compositions against such pests. These pesticide compositions can be used, for example, as mite control agents, insecticides, acaricides, mollusk control agents, and nematode control agents. [Background technology]

[0003] "Many of the most dangerous diseases for humans are transmitted by insect vectors" (Rivero et al.). "Historically, malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, plague, filariasis, lice-borne typhus, trypanomiasis, leishmaniasis, and other animal-borne diseases were more numerous in the 17th and early 20th centuries than all other causes of disease and death combined" (Gubler). Bioborne diseases account for approximately 17% of all parasitic diseases and infections worldwide. Malaria alone is the cause of more than 800,000 deaths annually, 85% of which occur in children under the age of five. There are approximately 50 to 100 million cases of dengue fever each year. In addition, there are 250,000 to 500,000 cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever each year (Matthews). Controlling the vectors plays a significant role in the prevention and control of infectious diseases. However, resistance to insecticides (including multidrug resistance) is developing in all insect species that are major vectors of human diseases (Rivero et al.). In recent years, more than 550 arthropod species have acquired resistance to at least one pesticide (Whalon et al.). Furthermore, the number of insect resistances continues to far exceed the number of herbicide and fungicide resistances (Sparks et al.).

[0004] Every year, insects, plant pathogens, and weeds destroy more than 40% of total food production. This loss persists despite the use of pesticides and a variety of non-chemical control methods, including crop rotation and biological control. Saving even a fraction of this food could feed more than 3 billion malnourished people worldwide (Pimental).

[0005] Plant-parasitic nematodes are among the most widespread pests, and often the most difficult and costly to eradicate. Nematode-related losses are estimated to be around 9% (developed countries) to 15% (developing countries). However, a study of various crops across 35 states in the United States showed that nematode-related losses could reach as high as 25% (Nicol et al.).

[0006] Although gastropods (slugs and snails) are generally considered less economically important pests than other arthropods or nematodes, it should be noted that in some areas they can substantially reduce yields, negatively impact crop quality, and transmit diseases to humans, animals, and plants. While only a few dozen gastropod species are considered pests regionally, hundreds of species are significant pests worldwide. In particular, gastropods affect a wide range of agricultural and horticultural crops, such as cultivated crops, pastoral crops, and fiber crops; vegetables; shrubs and fruit trees; medicinal plants; and ornamental plants (Speiser).

[0007] Termites damage all types of private and public buildings, as well as agricultural and forest resources. In 2005, it was estimated that termites cause more than US$50 billion in damage worldwide every year (Korb).

[0008] Therefore, for many reasons, including those mentioned above, the continuous development of new pesticides is necessary, which is costly (estimated at approximately US$256 million per pesticide in 2010), time-consuming (on average about 10 years per pesticide), and difficult (CropLife America).

[0009] Specific references cited in this disclosure CropLife America,The Cost of New Agrochemical Product Discovery,Development&Registration,and Research&Development predictions for the Future,2010. Drewes,M.,Tietjen,K.,Sparks,T.C.,High-Throughput Screening in Agrochemical Research,Modern Methods in Crop Protection Research,Part I,Methods for the Design and Optimization of New Active Ingredients,Edited by Jeschke,P.,Kramer,W.,Schirmer,U.,and Matthias W.,p.1-20,2012. Gubler,D.,Resurgent Vector-Borne Diseases as a Global Health Problem,Emerging Infectious Diseases,Vol.4,No.3,p.442-450,1998. Korb,J.,Termites,Current Biology,Vol.17,No.23,2007. Matthews,G.,Integrated Vector Management:Controlling Vectors of Malaria and Other Insect Vector Borne Diseases,Ch.1,p.1,2011. Nicol,J.,Turner S.,Coyne,L.,den Nijs,L.,Hocksland,L.,Tahna-Maafi,Z.,Current Nematode Threats to World Agriculture,Genomic and Molecular Genetics of Plant - Nematode Interactions,p.21-43,2011. Pimental,D.,Pest Control in World Agriculture,Agricultural Sciences - Vol.II,2009. Rivero, A., Vezilier, J., Weill, M., Read, A., Gandon, S., Insect Control of Vector-Borne Diseases: When is Insect Resistance a Problem?Public Library of Science Pathogens,Vol.6,No.8,p.1-9,2010. Sparks TC, Nauen R., IRAC:Mode of action classification and insecticide resistance management, Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology(2014) available online 4 December 2014. Speiser, B., Molluscicides, Encyclopedia of Pest Management, Ch. 219, p. 506-508, 2002. Whalon, M., Mota-Sanchez, D., Hollingworth, R., Analysis of Global Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods, Global Pesticide Resistance in Arthropods, Ch. 1, p. 5-33, 2008. [Overview of the project] [Means for solving the problem]

[0010] Definitions used in this disclosure The examples given in these definitions are generally not exhaustive and should not be construed as limiting this disclosure. It should be understood that substituents should be subject to chemical bonding rules and steric compatibility restrictions in relation to the specific molecule to which they are bonded. These definitions are for use solely for the purposes of this disclosure.

[0011] The term “active ingredient” (sometimes referred to as “AI”) means a substance that has useful activity in controlling pests, and / or a substance that is useful in helping other substances have better activity in controlling pests. Examples of such substances include, but are not limited to, acaricides, algicides, feeding inhibitors, avianicides, fungicides, bird repellents, chemical sterilizers, fungicides, herbicide antidotes, herbicides, insecticides, insecticides, mammal repellents, mating inhibitors, mollusk repellents, nematicides, plant activators, plant growth regulators, rodenticides, synergists, and virucidates (see alanwood.net). Specific examples of such substances include, but are not limited to, those listed in Active Ingredient Group α.

[0012] The term "Active Ingredient Group Alpha" (hereinafter referred to as "AIGA") collectively refers to the following substances: (3-ethoxypropyl)mercury bromide, 1,2-dibromoethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, 1,3-D, 1,3-dichloropropene, 1-methylcyclopropene, 1-naphthol, 2-(octylthio)ethanol, 2,2,3-TPA, 2,3,3-TPA, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, 2,3,6-TBA, 2,4,5-T, 2,4,5-TB, 2,4,5-TP, 2,4-D, 2, 4-DB, 2,4-DEB, 2,4-DEP, 2,4-DES, 2,4-DP, 2,4-MCPA, 2,4-MCPB, 2iP, 2-methoxyethylmercury chloride, 2-phenylphenol, 3,4-DA, 3,4-DB, 3,4-DP, 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid, 4-aminopyridine, 4-CPA, 4-CPB, 4-CPP, 4-hydroxyphenoxy alcohol, 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate, 8-phenylmercurioxyquinoline, abamectin, abamectin-aminomethyl, abscis Diacin, ACC, acephate, acequinosyl, acetamiprid, acetylone, acetochlor, acetophenate, acetophos, acetoprol, acibenzol, acifluorphen, acronifen, ACN, Aclep, acrinatrin, acrolein, acrylonitrile, acinonapil, acipetax, afidopiropen, afoxolaner, alachlor, aranap, aranicarb, albendazole, ardicarb, ardicarb sulfone, ardimorph, aldoxycarb, aldrin, allethrin, allicin, aridoclor, alosa Midine, alloxidim, allyl alcohol, alixicarb, allorac, alpha-bromadiolon, alpha-cypermethrin, alpha-endosulfan, alpha-methrin, altoretamine, aluminum phosphide, aluminum phosphide, ametoctrazine, ametridione, ametrine, ametrine, amitrine, amivudine, amicarbazone, amikulthiazole, amidithione, amidochlor, amidoflumet, amidosulfuron, aminocarb, aminocyclopyrachlor, aminopyralide, aminopyrifene,Aminotriazole, Amiprophos-methyl, Amiprophos, Amiprophos-methyl, Amisulbrom, Amiton, Amitraz, Amitrol, Ammonium sulfamate, Amobam, Amorphous silica gel, Amorphous silicon dioxide, Ampropylphos, AMS, Anabacin, Ancimidol, Anilazine, Anilofos, Anistron, Anthraquinone, Potassium antimony tartrate, Ants, Apholate, Aramite, Alprocarb, Arsenous acid, Asomate, Aspirin, Aslam, Atidathion, Atlaton, Atrazine, Aureofungin, Abe Lumectin B1, AVG, Abiglycin, Azaconazole, Azadirachtin, Azaphenidine, Azamethiphos, Azidithion, Azimsulfuron, Azinphos-ethyl, Azinphos-ethyl, Azinphos-methyl, Azinphos-methyl, Aziprothrin, Aziprothrin (aziprotryn), Aziprothrin (aziprotryne), Azithiram, Azobenzene, Azocyclotin, Azothoate, Azoxystrobin, Bakmedesh, Barban, Barbanate, Barium hexafluorosilicate, Barium polysulfide, Barium fluoride silice, Bartholin, Basic carbon Copper oxide, basic copper chloride, basic copper sulfate, BCPC, beflubutamide, beflubutamide-M, venalaxyl, venalaxyl-M, benazoline, bencarbazone, benkrothiaz, bendaqingbingzhi, bendicarb, bendiooxide, benefin, benfluralin, benfuracarb, benfresate, benmihuangcaoan, benodanil, benomyl, benoxacol, benoxaphos, benquinox, bensulfuron, benslid, bensultap, bentalon, bentazon (b Bentazone, Bentiavaricarb, Bentazole, Bentocarb, Bentolanil, Benzadox, Benzalkonium chloride, Benzamacryl, Benzamizole, Benzamorph, Benzenhexachloride, Benzufenzizone, Benzimine, Benzipram, Benzobicyclon, Benzoepin, Benzofenap, Benzofluor, Benzohydroxamic acid, Benzomate, Benzophosphate, Benzothiadiazole, Benzovindiflupir, Benzoximate, Benzoylprop, Benzpyrimoxane,Benzociazulon, benzucaotong, benzyl benzoate, benzyladenine, berberine, beta-cyfluthrin, beta-cypermethrin, bethoxazine, BHC, bialafos, bicyclopyrone, bifenazate, bifenox, bifenthrin, bifujunzhi, biranafos, binapacril, binghuanzuo, bingqingxiao, bioarethrin, bioetanomethrin, biopermethrin, biorethmetrin, biphenyl, bipi Lazon, Bisadil, Bismelthiazole, Bismelthiazole-Copper, Methylenedi(x-naphthalene-y-sulfonate)bisphenylmercury, Bispiribac, Bistriflulon, Bislutap, Vitertanol, Bitisafen, Bixrozone, Blasticidin-S, Borax, Bordeaux mixture, Boric acid, Boscalid, BPCMS, BPPS, Brassinolide, Brassinolide-Ethyl, Brevicomin, Brodifacum, Brofenprox, Brofenvalerate, Broflanilide, Broflutrinate, Bromasil, Bromadiolon, Bro Mukurofos, bromethaline, bromethrin, bromufenbinfos, bromoacetamide, bromobonyl, bromobutide, bromociclen, bromocyclen, bromo-DDT, bromophenoxime, bromophos, bromomethane, bromophos, bromophos-ethyl, bromopropylate, bromotalonil, bromoxynil, brompyrazone, bromconazole, bronopol, bropropdiphacomum, BRP, BTH, bucarbolate, bufencarb, buminaphos, bupirimate, buprofed , Burgundy liquid, busulfan, busulfan, butacarb, butachlor, butaphenacil, butam, butamiphos, butane-fipronil, butathiophos, butenachlor, buten-fipronil, butetrin, butidazole, butthiobate, butiurone, butiphos, butocarboxime, butonate, butopyronoxyl, butoxycarboxime, buttraline, butrizole, butroxidium, buturone, butylamine, butyrate, butylchlorophos, butylene-fipronil, cacodylic acid, cazusaphos,Cafenstrol, calciferol, calcium arsenate, calcium chlorate, calcium cyanamide, calcium cyanide, calcium polysulfide, carvinphos, cambendichlor, campechlor, camphor, captahol, captan, carbam, carbamorph, carbanolate, carbaryl, carbaslam, carbatiin, carbathion, carbendazim, carbendazole, carbetamide, carbophenothion, carbofuran, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, carbonyl sulfide Carbophenothione, Carbophos, Carbosulfan, Carboxazole, Carboxide, Carboxone, Carfentrazone, Carpropamide, Cartap, Carvacrol, Carvon, CAVP, CDAA, CDEA, CDEC, Celocidine, CEPC, Ceralua, Selenox, Sabajira, Chesshunt Solution, Quinalphos, Quinalphos-methyl, Quinomethionato, Quinomethionate, Kiraraxyl, Chitosan, Clobentiazon, Clomethoxyfen, Chloralose, Chloramben, Chloraminephosphorus, Chloramizole, Chloramphenicol Chloraniformethane, Chloranil, Chloranocril, Chlorantraniliprole, Chlorajifop, Chlorazine, Chlorbenside, Chlorbenzuron, Chlorbicurene, Chlorbromulone, Chlorbufame, Chlordane, Chlordecone, Chloridimeform, Chlorempenthrin, Chloretazate, Chloretephon, Chlorethoxyphos, Chloreturone, Chlorfenac, Chlorfenapyr, Chlorphenazole, Chlorphenetol, Chlorphenidium, Chlorfenprop, Chlorfensone, Chlorfensulfide, Chlorfenbinpho Chlorphenbinphos-methyl, chlorfluazuron, chlorflurazole, chlorflurecol, chlorflurenol, chlorflulenol, chloridazone, chlorimuron, chlorinate, chlor-IPC, chlormephos, chlormecoat, chlormesron, chlormethoxynyl, chlornidine, chlornitrofen, chloroacetic acid, chlorobenzylate, chlorodinitronaphthalene, chlorophenisone, chloroform, chloromebform, chloromethiuron, chloroneb, chlorofacinone, chlorophos, chlorophthalim, chloropicrin, chloropon,Chloroprarethrin, chloropropylate, chlorothalonil, chlorotolurone, chloroxphenidium, chloroxurone, chloroxynyl, chlorphonium, chlorphoxime, chlorphthalim, chlorprazophos, chlorprocarb, chlorprofam, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, chlorquinox, chlorsulfuron, chlortal, chlorthiamide, chlorthiophos, chlortolurone, clozolinate, chltosan, cholecalciferol, colinchloride, chromafenozide, cycloheximide, symectac Lub, Synerin I, Synerin II, Synerins, Synidone-ethyl, Synmethilin, Synosulfuron, Syntofen, Cyobutide, Cisanilide, Sysmethrin, Clasiphos, Crefoxidim, Clenpirin, Clenpyrin, Cretodim, Crimbazole, Cliodinate, Clodinafop, Chloetocarb, Clofenset, Clofenotan, Clofentezin, Clofenvinphos, Clofibric acid, Clohop, Chromazon, Clomeprop, Clonitralide, Cloprop, Cloproxidim, C Lopyralide, Croquintoset, Chloranslam, Closantel, Clothianidin, Clotrimazole, Cloxifonac, Cloxylacone, Clojilacone, CMA, CMMP, CMP, CMU, Chodrelua, Cholecalciferol, Colofonate, Copper 8-Quinolinolate, Copper Acetate, Copper Arsenite, Copper Arsenate, Copper Carbonate (Basic), Copper Hydroxide, Copper Naphthenate, Copper Oleate, Copper Oxychloride, Copper Silicate, Copper Sulfate, Copper Sulfate (Basic), Zinc Copper Chromate, Coumafen, Coumaphos, Coumafuryl, Coumaphos, Coumatetralyl, Coomethoxystrobin, Coumito Eth, chemoxystrobin, CPMC, CPMF, CPPC, credazine, cresol, cresolic acid, crimidine, crotamiton, clotoxyphos, clotoxyphos, curuhomate, cryolite, culura, cufraneb, cumirelon, cumirolon, cuprobum, cuprous oxide, curcumenol, CVMP, cyanamide, cyanatrin, cyanazine, cyanofenphos, cyanogen, cyanomethyl 4-amino-3-chloro-5-fluoro-6-(7-fluoro-1H-indole-6-yl)pyridine-2-carboxylate, cyanophos, cyanthoate,Cyantraniliprole, cyanuric acid, cyazofamide, sibutrin, cyclafamide, cyclanilide, cyclaniliprole, ciclethrin, cycloate, cyclobutriflurum, cycloheximide, cycloplate, cycloprothrin, cyclopyranil, cyclopyrimo, Rate, cyclosulfamurone, cycloxapride, cycloxidim, cyclurone, cyenopyrafen, cyetopyrafen, cyflufenamide, cyflumetofen, cyfluthrin, cyhalodiamid, cyhalophop, cyhalophop-butyl, cyhalothrin, cyhexatine, simazole, cymoxanil, siometrinil, cypendazole, cypermethrin, cyperquat, cyphenothrin, cyprazine, cyprazole, cyproconazole, cyprodinil, cyproflam, cypromid, cyprosulfamide, cypirafluon, cyromazine, cythioate, citrex, dimuron, darapon, daminodi D, dayoutong, dazomet, DBCP, d-camphor, DCB, DCD, DCIP, DCPA (Japan), DCPA (USA), DCPTA, DCU, DDD, DDPP, DDT, DDVP, debacarb, decapentin, decametrin, decarbofuran, DEET, dehydroacetate, diquat, delacrol, delnab, deltamethrin, demefion, demefion-O, demefion-S, demeton, demeton-methyl, demeton-O, demeton-O-methyl, demeton-S, demeton-S-methyl, demeton-S-methylsulfone sulphon), demeton-S-methylsulfone, DEP, deparethrin, deris, desmetryn, desmetryne, d-fanshiluquebingjuzhi, DFDT, diafenthiurone, dialifos, dialate, dialate, diamidaphos, dianat, diatomaceous earth, diatomaceous rock, diazinon, dibrom, dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl succinate, dicanba, dicapton, dicarbusulf, dicarbusulf, diclobenyl, diclobentiazox, diclofenthion, diclofluanide, dicloron, dichloralurea, dichlorbenzuron, dichlorphenidium, dichlorflurecol, dichlorflurenol, dichlormate, dichlormid, dichloromethane, dichlorophen, dichloroprop, dichloroprop-P, dichlorobos, dichlorozoline, dichlorozoline, diclobutrazol, diclosimen, diclohop,Diclomezin, Dichloran, Dichloromesodiaz, Diclothram, Dicohol, Dicofan, Dicomarol, Dicrecyl, Diclotophos, Dicryl, Dicomarol, Dicyclanil, Dicyclonone, Dierdrin, Dienochlor, Dietamquat, Dietatyl, Diethion, Diethion, Diethion, Dietofencarb, Dietolate, Dieton, Diethyl pyrocarbonate, Diethyltoluamide, Diphenacome, Difenoconazole, Difenopentene, Diphenoxuron, Diphenzocort, Difethiaron, Diflovidadi Diflubenzuron, Diflufenican, Diflufenicanil, Diflufenzopyr, Diflumetrim, Dikeglac, Dirol, Dimatif, Dimefluthrin, Dimehox, Dimeflon, Dimehypo, Dimepiperate, Dimesulfazet, Dimethacron, Dimethane, Dimetacarb, Dimethacron, Dimetachlor, Dimethametrin, Dimetenamide, Dimetenamide-P, Dimethipine, Dimethirimol, Dimethoate, Dimethomorph, Dimetrin, Dimethylcarbate, Dimethyldisulfide, Dimethylphthalate, Dimethylvinphos, Dimethilan, Dimexa No, dimidazon, dimoxystrobin, dimpropridaz, dipirat, dimlon, dinex, dingjunezuo, diniconazole, diniconazole-M, dinitramine, dinitrophenol, dinobuton, dinocup, dinocup-4, dinocup-6, dinocton, dinophenate, dinopenton, dinoprop, dinosam, dinoseb, dinosulfone, dinotefuran, dinoterb, dinoterbone, diphenolane, dioxabenzophos, dioxacarb, dioxathion, dioxathion (d ioxation), difacin, difacinon, diphenadione, diphenamide, diphenylsulfone, diphenylamine, diphenyl sulfide, diproglucate, dipropaline, dipropetrine, dipterex, dipimethitron, dipirithione, diquat, disodium tetraborate, disosultap, disparure, disulcan, disulcan, disulfiram, disulfone, ditalimphos, dithianone, diticlophos, dithioether, dithiometone, dithiopyr, diuron,Dixantogen, d-limonene, DMDS, DMPA, DNOC, Dodemorph, Dodizine, Dozin, Dofenapine, Dogazine, Dominicalle, Doramectin DPC, Dorazoxolone, DSMA, d-trans-allethrin, d-trans-resmethrin, Sufurin, Daimuron, EBEP, EBP, Ebuphos, Ecdysterone, Eclomazole, EDB, EDC, EDDP, Edifenphos, Eglinadin, Emamectin, EMPC, Empenthrin, Enadenin, Endosulfan, Endothal, Endothal hall), endotion, endrin, enestrobrin, enilconazole, enoxastrobin, ephylsulfonate, EPN, epocoreon, epophenonane, epoxyconazole, eprinomectin, epronaz, epsilon-metofluthrin, epsilon-monfluorothrin, EPTC, ervon, ergocalciferol, erlujixiancaoan, esdeparethrin, esfenvalerate, ESP, esprocarb, etacerasil, etaconazole, etafos, etem, etaboxam, eta Chlor, Ethalfluralin, Etamethulfuron, Etaprochlor, Etephon, Ethidimron, Ethiofencarb, Ethiolate, Ethion, Ethiodin, Ethiprole, Ethyrimol, Ethoate-methyl, Etobenzanide, Etofmesate, Etohexadiol, Etoprop, Etoprophos, Ethoxyfen, Ethoxyquin, Ethoxysulfuron, Ethiclozate, Ethyl formate, Ethyl pyrophosphate, Ethilane, Ethyl-DDD, Ethylene, Ethylenedibromide, Ethylenedichloride, Ethylene oxide, Ethilicin, Ethylmercury 2,3-dihydride Roxypropyl mercaptide, ethylmercury acetate, ethylmercury bromide, ethylmercury chloride, ethylmercury phosphate, ethinofen, ETM, etonipromide, etobenzanide, etofenprox, etoxazole, etridiazole, etrimfos, etrimphos, eugenol, EXD, famoxadone, famfur, phenac, phenamidon, phenaminosulf, phenaminestrobin, phenamiphos, phenapanil, phenalimol, phenaslam, phenazaflor, phenazaquinFenbuconazole, fenbutatine oxide, fenchlorazole, fenchlorfos, fenclofos, fenchlorim, phenetacarb, fenfluthrin, fenflam, fenhexamide, phenidym, fenitropan, fenitrothion, phenisone, fenjuntong, phenobucarb, phenorobo, phenoprop, phenothiocarb, phenoxacrim, phenoxanil, phenoxaprop, phenoxaprop-P, phenoxasulfone, phenoxycarb, fenpiclonil, fenpicoxamide, Phenpyritrin, fenpropitrin, fenpropidine, fenpropimorph, fenpyrazamine, fenpyroximate, fenquinotrione, fenridazone, fenson, fensulfothione, fenteracol, fentiaprop, fenthion, fenthion-ethyl, fentiaprop, fentin, fentrazamide, fentriphanil, fenulon, fenulon-TCA, fenvalerate, ferubam, ferimzon, ferric phosphate, ferrous sulfate, fipronil, flamprop, flamprop-M, flazasulfuron, floc Mafen, flomethin, flonicamide, floraslam, florpyrauxifen, florpyrauxifen-benzyl, florylpicoxamide, fluacrypyrim, fluazindolidine, fluazihop, fluazihop-P, fluazinam, fluazolate, fluazuron, flubendiamide, fluveneteram, flubendimine, flubrocitrinate, flucarbazone, flucetosulfuron, fluchloralin, flucofuron, flucycloxuron, flucitrinate, fludioxonil, fluenetil, fluenetil, fluensulfone, fluf Enaset, fluphenelim, flufenican, flufenoxuron, fluphenoxystrobin, flufenprox, flufenpir, flufenzin, flufiprol, fluhexaphon, fluindapir, flumetrin, flumetbel, flumetrine, flumetrum, flumezin, flumicrolac, flumioxazine, flumipropin, flumorph, fluomethron, fluopicolide, fluopimomid, fluopyram, fluolbenside, fluoridamide, fluoroacetamide, fluoroacetic acid, fluorochloridone, fluoro-DDT,Fluorodifen, fluorogesalol, fluoroglycofen, fluoroimide, fluoromido, fluoromidine, fluoronitrophen, fluoroxypyr, fluothirone, fluotrimazole, fluoxapipproline, fluoxastrobin, flupentiofenox, flupoxam, flupropasil, flupropazine, flupropanate, flupyradiflon, flupyrimin, flupyrsulfuron, fluquinconazole, fluralaner, flurazole, flurecol, flurenol, fluridon, flurochloridone, fluromidine, fluroxy Pill, luroxypirmeptil, flurprimiddle, flurululamide, flurtamon, flucilazole, flusulfamide, flutenzine, fluthiaset, fluthiamid, fluthianil, flutolanil, flutriafole, fluvalinate, fluxamethamide, fluxapyroxad, fluxofenim, holper, holpet, fomesafen, phonofos, foramsulfuron, forchlorfenuron, formaldehyde, formmethanate, formothione, formparanate, fosamine, fosetil, fosmethilan, fospilate, fosthiaze To, phostiethane, frontalin, phthalide, fuberidazole, fukaodin, fukaomi, fujunmanji, flumi, fumarine, funaihecaoling, fufenthiourea, fluran, flaraxil, flametrin, flametopyr, frantebfenozide, flatiocarb, flucarbanil, fluconazole, fluconazole-cis, fretrin, furfural, flirazole, flumecyclox, flofanate, furyloxyfen, gamma-BHC, gamma-cyhalothrin, gamma-HCH, genit, gibberelli Glyphate, Gibberellin A3, Gibberellin, Glyphthol, Glyto, Glucochloralose, Glufosinate, Glufosinate-P, Gliodin, Glyoxime, Glyphosate, Glyfosine, Gosipurua, Grandulua, Griseofulvin, Guanoctin, Guazatin, Haracrinate, Harauxifen, Harauxifen-methyl, Halfenprox, Halophenozide, Halosaphen, Halosulfuron, Haloxydin, Haloxyhop, Haloxyhop-P, Haloxyhop-R, HCA, HCB, HCH, Hemel, Hempa, HEOD, HeptachlorHeptafluthrin, heptamaloxyloglucan, heptenofos, heptopargyl, herbimycin, herbimycin A, heterophos, hexachlor, hexachlorane, hexachloroacetone, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorobutadiene, hexachlorophene, hexaconazole, hexa, Flumulon, hexafluolamine, hexaflurate, hexalua, hexamide, hexazinone, hexylthiophos, hexythiazox, HHDN, holosulf, homobrasinolide, huancaiwo, huanchongjing, huangcaoling, huanjunzuo, hydramethylnon, hydragafen, slaked lime, hydrogen cyanamide, hydrogen cyanide, hydroprene, hydroxyisoxazole, himexazole, hikincarb, IAA, IBA, IBP, Icaridin, Imazalil, Imazametabenz, Imazamox, Imazapic, Imazapir, Imazakine, Imazetapir, Imazosulfuron, Imibenconazole, Imisiafos, Imidacloprid, Imidaclotiz, Iminoctadine, Imiprothrin, Inabenfid, Indanophan, Indadiflame, Indoxacarb, Innedin, Ipofluxam, Iodobonyl, Iodocarb, Iodofenphos, Iodomethane, Iodosulfuron, Iofensulfuron, Ioxinil, Ipazine, IPBC, IPC, Ipconazole, I Ipfencarbazone, Ipfentrifluconazole, Ipflufenoquin, Iprobenphos, Iprodione, Iprovalicarb, Iprimidum, Ipsdienol, Ipsenol, IPSP, IPX, Isamidophos, Isazofos, Isobenzane, Isocarbamide, Isocarbamide, Isocarbophos, Isosyl, Isocycloserum, Isodrine, Isofenphos, Isofenphos-methyl, Isofetamide, Isoflucipram, Isolane, Isomethidine, Isonolone, Isopamphos, Isopo Lineate, Isoprocarb, Isoprosyl, Isopropaline, Isopropazole, Isoprothiolane, Isoproturone, Isopyrazam, Isopyrimol, Isothioate, Isothianil, Isouron, Isobalezion, Isoxaben, Isoxachlortol, Isoxadifen, Isoxaflutol, Isoxapyrhop, Isoxathion, Islon, Ivermectin, Ixoxaben, Izopamfos, Izopamfos, Japonilua, Japotrins, Jasmolin I, Jasmolin II, Jasmonic acid,Jiahuangchongzong, Jiajizengxiaolin, Jiaxiangjunzhi, Jiekaowan, Jiekaoxy, Zingamycin A, Iodophenphos, Juvenile Hormone I, Juvenile Hormone II, Juvenile Hormone III, Cadetrin, Kappa-Bifenthrin, Kappa-Tefluthrin, Carbutylate, Caletazan, Kasugamycin, Kejunrin, Kereban, Ketospiradox, Diatomaceous Earth, Kinetin, Quinoprene, Kiraraxyl, Cresoxime Chil, Kuikaoxy, Lactofen, Lambda-Cyhalotrin, Lancotrione, Latilua, Lead Arsenate, Renacil, Lepimectin, Leptophos, Lianbenjingzhi, Lime Sulfur Mixture, Lindane, Lineatin, Linuron, Lilimphos, Littleua, Luluua, Lotilaner, Lufenuron, Luefuqingchongxianan, Luexiancaolin, Lubudingjunzhi, Lubuki Cyanide kaolin, lithidathion, M-74, M-81, MAA, magnesium phosphide, malathion, mardizone, maleate hydrazide, malonoben, maltodextrin, MAMA, mankapper, mancozeb, mandestrobin, mandipropamide, maneb, matrin, majidox, MCC, MCP, MCPA, MCPA-thioethyl, MCPB, MCPP, mebenyl, mecarbam, mecarbinzide, mecarbhon, mecoprop, mecoprop-P, medimeform, medinoterb, medolua, mefenacet, mefenoxam, mefenpir, mef Pentrifluconazole, mefluidide, megatomoic acid, melicyl alcohol, meritoxin, MEMC, menazone, MEP, mepanipyrim, meperfluthrin, mephenate, mephosphoran, mepicort, mepronil, meptyldinocap, mercaptodimethyl, mercaptophos, mercaptophosthiol, mercaptothion, mercuric chloride, mercuric oxide, mercurous chloride, melphos, melphosoxide, mesoprazine, mesosulfuron, mesotrione, mesulfen, mesulfenphos, mesulfen, metacresol, metaflumizone, metalaxyl,Metalaxyl-M, metaldehyde, metam, metamihop, metamitron, metaphos, metaxone, metazachlor, metazosulfuron, metazoxolone, metcamifen, metconazole, metepa, metoflurazon, metabenzuthiazuron, methacriphos, metalproparin, metam, methamidophos, metasulfocarb, metazole, metofloxam, methibenzuron, methidathion, methibencarb, methiocarb, methipyrisulfuron, methotepa, methiozoline, methirone, metoclotophos, metholcarb, metmeton, methomyl, methop Methoprotryn, methoprotryne, methoquine-butyl, methotrin, methoxychloride, methoxyphenozide, methoxyphenone, methyl ahorate, methyl bromide, methyl eugenol, methyl iodide, methyl isothiocyanate, methyl parathion, methyl acetophos, methyl chloroform, methyl dithiocarbamate, methyl dimuron, methylene chloride, methyl isofenphos, methyl mercaptophos, methyl mercaptophosoxide, methyl mercaptophosthiol, methylmercaptocuryl methylmercury Benzoate, methylmercury dicyandiamide, methylmercury pentachlorophenoxide, methylneodecanamide, methylnitrophos, methyltriazotion, methiozoline, methylam, methylam-zinc, metobenzurone, metobromulone, metofluthrin, metrachlor, metholcarb, metmetulone, metminostrobin, metoslam, methoxadiazone, metoxurone, metraphenone, metriam, metrivudine, metrifonate, metriphonate, metosulfovax, metosulfuron Methyltetraprole, Mevinphos, Mexacalvert, Miechuwei, Mieshuan, Miewenjuzhi, Milbemectin, Milbemycin oxime, Milneb, Mimanan, Mipafox, MIPC, Myrex, MNAF, Moguchun, Morinate, Morosultap, Monfluorothrin, Monalide, Monisouron, Monislon, Monoamitraz, Monochloroacetate, Monoclotophos, Monolinulone, Monomehypo, Monosulfiram, Monosulfuron, Monosultap,Monulon, Monulon-TCA, Morphamcoat, Moloxydine, Morphothion, Moldido, Moxidectin, MPMC, MSMA, MTMC, Muscarua, Mycrobutanil, Mycrozoline, Myricyl alcohol, N-(ethylmercury)-p-toluenesulfonanilide, N-(ethylmercury)-p-toluenesulfonanilide, NAA, NAAm, Nabam, Naphthalofo S, Nared, Naphthalene, Naphthaleneacetamide, Naphthalic anhydride, Naphthalophos, Naphthoxyacetic acid, Naphthylacetic acid, Naphthylindan-1,3-dione, Naphthyloxyacetic acid, Naproanilide, Napropamide, Napropamide-M, Naptalam, Natamycin, NBPOS, Nebria, Nebulon, Nendorin, Neonicotin, Nichlorfos, Niclofen, Niclosamide, Nicobifen, Nicosulfuron, Nicotine, Niflulidide, Nikcomycin, Ningamycin, Ninnanmycin, NIP, Nipiraclofen, Nipiralofen, Nitenpyram Nichiazine, Nitraline, Nitrapyrine, Nitrilacarb, Nitrophen, Nitrofluorphen, Nitrostyrene, Nitrotar-isopropyl, NNM, Novormid, Nonanol, Norbormid, Norrea, Norflurazone, Nornicotine, Norlon, Novalon, Noviflumuron, NPA, Nualimol, Nuranone, OCH, Octachlorodipropyl ether, Octylinone, o-Dichlorobenzene, Offrace, Omethoate, o-Phenylphenol, Olbencarb, Olflura, Orthobencarb, Ortho-Dichlorobenzene, Orthos Rufamuron, Orictalua, Orysastrobin, Oryzarin, Osthol, Osthole, Ostramon, Obatron, Obex, Oxavethrinil, Oxaziargyl, Oxadiazone, Oxadixyl, Oxamate, Oxamyl, Oxapyrazon, Oxapyrazone, Oxasulfuron, Oxathiapiproline, Oxadiclomephone, Oxazosulfyl, Oxine-copper, Oxine-Cu, Oxolinic acid, Oxpoconazole, Oxycarboxyne,Oxydemeton-methyl, oxydeprophos, oxydisulfon, oxyenadenine, oxyfluorphen, oxymatrin, oxytetracycline, oxythioquinox, PAC, paclobutrazol, paichongding, paletrin, PAP, para-dichlorobenzene, paraflurone, paraquat, parathion, parathion-methyl, parinol, parisgreen, PCNB, PCP, PCP-Na, p-dichlorobenzene, PDJ, pevlate, pegynex, pefurazoate, pelargonic acid, penconazole, p Pencyclon, Pendimethalin, Penphenate, Penfluphen, Penflulon, Penoxaline, Penoxsulam, Pentachlorophenol, Pentachlorophenyl laurate, Pentanoclor, Penthiopyrad, Pentomethrin, Pentoxazone, Perchlordecone, Perfluidone, Permethrin, Petoxamide, PHC, Phenamacryl, Phenamacryl-ethyl, Phenaminosulf, Phenazine oxide, Phenetacarb, Phenisomal, Fencapton, Fenmedifam, Fenmedifam-ethyl, Phenobenzurone, Phenothiol Phenothrin, fenproxide, fenthoate, phenylmercury urea, phenylmercury acetate, phenylmercury chloride, phenylmercury derivative of pyrocatechol, phenylmercury nitrate, phenylmercury salicylate, phorate, fosacetim, fosalon, fosametine, fosazetim, fosazetin, phoscyclotin, phosdiphen, fosetyl, phosphoran, phosphoran-methyl, phosglycine, phosmet, phosniclor, phosphamide, phosphamidon, phosphine, phosphinotricin, phosphocarb, phosphorus, phostine, phoxim, phoxim-methyl, phthalide, phthalide Lofos, Phthalthrin, Picarbtrazox, Picalidine, Pichloram, Picolinafen, Picoxystrobin, Pimaricin, Pindone, Pinoxadene, Piperalin, Piperazine, Piperonylbutoxide, Piperonylcyclone, Piperofos, Piproctanyl, Piproctanyl, Piprotal, Pyrimethafos, Pyrimicarb, Pyriminyl, Pyrimoxyfos, Pyrimiphos-ethyl, Pyrimiphos-methyl, Pivar, Pivardione, Priphenate, PMA, PMP, Polybutene, Polycarbamate,Polychlorocamphene, polyethoxyquinoline, polyoxin D, polyoxins, polyoxorim, polythialan, potassium arsenite, potassium azide, potassium cyanate, potassium ethyl xanthate, potassium naphthenate, potassium polysulfide, potassium thiocyanate, pp'-DDT, prallethrin, Precosen I, Precosen II, Precosen III, Pretilachlor, Primidophos, Primisulfuron, Probenazole, Prochloraz, Proclonol, Procyazine, Procymidone, Prodiamine, Profenofos, Profluazole, Profluralin, Profluthrin, Profoxidim, Profrit-Aminium, Proglinadin, Prohexadione, Prohydrojasmon, Promacil, Promecarb, Prometon, Promethrin, Promethrin, Promlit, Pro Namide, Pronitridine, Propaclor, Propaphos, Propamidine, Propamocarb, Propanil, Propaphos, Propaxafop, Propargit, Propalthrin, Propazine, Propetamphos, Profam, Propiconazole, Propidine, Propineb, Propisochlor, Propoxul, Propoxycarbazone, Propylisom, Propyrisulfuron, Propizamide, Proquinazide, Prothrel, Prosulfarin, Prosulfocarb, Prosulfuron, Protidathione, Prothiocarb, Prothioconazole, Prothiophos, Protoate, Pro Lotriphenbut, Proxan, Primidophos, Prinachlor, Psoralen, Psoralene, Pidanone, Pidiflumetofen, Piflubmid, Pymetrozine, Piracarboride, Piraclofos, Pyraclonil, Piraclostrobin, Piraflufen, Pirafluprole, Pyramat, Piramethostrobin, Pyraoxystrobin, Pirapropoine, Pyrasulfol, Pyraziflumid, Pyrazolate, Pyrazolinate, Pyrazone, Pyrazofos, Pyrazosulfuron, Pyrazothion, Pyrazoxiphen, Pyrethmetrin, Pyrethrin I, Pyrethrin II, Pyrethrins, Pyrivanbenz-isopropyl, Pyrivanbenz-propyl, Pylibencarb, Pyribenzoxime, Pyributicarb, Pyricrol, Pyridaben, Pyridaclomethyl, Pyridafol, Pyridaryl, Pyridafenthion, Pyridafenthion, Pyridate, Pyridinitrile, Pyriphenox, Pyrifluquinazon, Pyriphthalide, Pyrimethaphos, Pyrimethanil, Pyrimicarb, Pyrimidifen, Pyriminovac, Pyriminostrobin,Pyrimphos-ethyl, Pyrimphos-methyl, Pyrimisulfan, Pyrimitate, Pyrinulone, Pyriophenone, Pyriprole, Pyripropanol, Pyriproxyfen, Pyrisoxazole, Pyrithiobac, Pyrolalan, Pyrroquilon, Pyroxasulfone, Pyroxsulam, Pyroxcyclol, Pyroxiflu, Qincaosuan, Qingkuling, Cassia, Kinacetol, Quinalphos, Quinalphos-methyl, Quinazamide, Quinclorac, Quinconazole, Quinmelac, Quinoclamine, Quinofumerine, Quinomethionene ( )-III, quinonamide, quinothion, quinoxyfen, quinthiophos, quintozen, quintrione, quizalohop, quizalohop-P, quwenzhi, quyingding, rabenzazole, lafoxanide, R-diniconazole, lebemid, regron, lenoflutrin, lenriduron, rescalua, resmethrin, rodetanil, rhodojaponin)-III, ribavirin, limusulfuron, rizasol, R-metalaxyl, rodetanil, ronnel, rotenone, liania, sabajira, saflufenacil, saijunmao Saijunmao), Saisentong, Salicylanilide, Salifluphen, Sanginarin, Santonin, Sanzuohuangcaotong, Salolaner, S-Biorethrin, Shuladan, Cirilloside, Cebutyrazine, Sebumethone, Sedaxane, Selamectin, Semiamitraz, Sesamex, Sesamolin, Sezon, Cethoxidim, Sevin, Shuangjiaancaolin, Shuangjianan Caolin, S-hydroprene, Sidurone, Sifumidibuchi, Siguru, Silafluofen, Silatoran, Silica aerogel, Silica gel, Silthiofam, Silthiopham, Silthiophan, Silvex, Simazine, Simeconazole, Simeton, Simetrin, Simetrin, Syntofen, S-quinoprene, Slaked lime, SMA, S-methoprene, S-methochlor, Sodium arsenite, Sodium azide, Sodium chlorate, Sodium cyanide,Sodium fluoride, sodium fluoroacetate, sodium hexafluorosilicate, sodium naphthenate, sodium orthophenylphenoxide, sodium pentachlorophenate, sodium pentachlorophenoxide, sodium polysulfide, sodium fluorosilicone, sodium tetrathiocarbonate, sodium thiocyanate, sodium o-phenylphenoxide, solan, sofamide, spinetoram, spinosad, spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, spiropidione, spirotetramato, spiroxamine, stirophos, strep Tomycin, strychnine, sulcatol, sulcoflon, sulcotrione, sulfarate, sulfenthrazone, sulfiram, sulfuramide, sulfodiazole, sulfomethron, sulfosalt, sulfosulfuron, sulfotep, sulfotepp, sulfoxaflor, sulfoxide, sulfoxime, sulfur, sulfuric acid, sulfuryl fluoride, sulglycapine, sulfosalt, sulprophos, sultropen, swep, tartrate, tau-fluvalinate, tablon, tadimucarb, TBTO, TB Z, TCA, TCBA, TCMTB, TCNB, TDE, tebuconazole, tebufenozide, tebufenpyrad, tebufloxin, tebupyrimphos, tebutam, tebuthiurone, tecrophthalam, technazen, tecolam, tedion, teflubenzuron, tefluthrin, tefuryltrione, tembotrione, temefos, temephos, tepa, TEPP, tepraloxidim, teproloxidim, terarethrin, terbasil, terbucarb, terbuchlor, terbuphos, terbumetone, terbutyrazine, terbut Terbutrin, terbutryne, teracrol, terramycin, tetocyclis, tetoflupyrrolimet, tetrachlorantraniliprole, tetrachloroethane, tetrachlorvinphos, tetraconazole, tetradiphon, tetradisul, tetraflurone, tetramethrin, tetramethylfluthrin, tetramine, tetranactin, tetraniliprole, tetrapion, tetrasul, thallium sulfate,Thallium sulfate, tenylchlor, theta-cypermethrin, thiabendazole, thiacloprid, thiadiazine, thiadifluor, thiamethoxam, thiameturone, thiapronil, thiazaflurone, thiazflurone, thiazone, thiazopir, ticlophos, thiofen, thidiadimine, thidiazuron, thiencarbazone, thifensulfuron, tifluzamide, thimerosal, thimet, thiobencarb, thiocarboxime, thiochlorfenphim, thiochlorfenphim Henphime), thiocyanatodinitrobenzene, thiocyclam, thiodan, thiodiazole-copper, thiodicarb, thiophanocarb, thiophanox, thiofluoximate, thiohenpa, thiomelsar, thiometon, thionazine, thiophanate, thiophanate-ethyl, thiophanate-methyl, thiophos, thioquinox, thiosemicarbazide, thiosultap, thiotepa, thiooxamyl, thiram, thirungiensin, thiabendazole, thiadinyl, thiafenacil, thiaojie Ann, TIBA, Tiphatol, Thiocarbasil, Thiochlorim, Thioxazafen, Thioximide, Chilpart, TMTD, Tolclophos-methyl, Tolfenpyrad, Tolprocarb, Tolpyralate, Trifluanide, Tolfluanide, Tolylmercury acetate, Tomarin, Topramezone, Toxafen, TPN, Tralcoxidim, Tralocitrin, Tralomethrin, Tralopyril, Transfluthrin, Transpermethrin, Tretamine, Triacontanol, Triadimephon, Triadimenol, Triafamone, Trialate, Tri-alate, triamiphos, tripentenol, triatene, trialimol, triasulfuron, triazamate, triazbutyl, triaziflame, triazophos, triazothion, triazoxide, tribasic copper chloride, tribasic copper sulfate, tribenulon, tribuphos, tributyltin oxide, tricham, triclamide, triclopyr, trichlorfon, trichlormetaphos-3, trichloronat, trichloronate, trichlorotrinitrobenzene, trichlorfon,Triclopyr, Triclopyricarb, Tricresol, Tricyclazole, Tricyclohexyltin hydroxide, Tridemorph, Tridiphan, Trietadine, Triphenmorph, Triphenofos, Trifloxystrobin, Trifloxysulfuron, Trifludimoxazine, Triflumezopyrim, Triflumisole, Triflumulon, Trifluralin, Triflusulfuron, Trihop, Trihopsim, Trifoline, Trihydroxytriazine, Trimedrua, Trimetacarb, Trime Turon, Trinexapac, Triphenyltin, Triplene, Tripropindan, Triptolid, Tripyrasulfone, Tritac, Trithialan, Triticonazole, Tritosulfuron, Tranquol, Tuoyelin, Ticlopyrazoflor, Uniconazole, Uniconazole-P, Urbacid, Uredepa, Valerate, Validamycin, Validamycin A, Valifenarate, Baron, Bamidthion, Vanguard, Vaniliprole, Vernolate, Vinclo Zoline, Vitamin D3, Warfarin, Xiaochongliulin, Xinjunan, Xiwojunan, Xiwojunzhi, XMC, Xylacrol, Xylenol, Xylylcarb, Ximiazole, Yishijing, Zarilamid, Zeatin, Zengxiaoan, Zengxiaolin, Zeta-cypermethrin, Zinc naphthenate, zinc phosphide, zinc thiazole, zinc thioazole, zinc trichlorophenate, zinc trichlorophenoxide, zineb, ziraprofos, zoucoumarin, zoxamide, zuoanjunzhi, zuocaoan, zuojunzhi, zuomihuanglong, α-chlorohydrin, α-ecdysone, α-multistriatin, α-naphthaleneacetic acid, and β-ecdysone.

[0013] As used in the present disclosure, each of the above is an active ingredient. For further information, reference is made to the substances listed in the "Compendium of Pesticide Common Names" (described on Alanwood.net and in various editions), for example, the online version of "The Pesticide Manual" (described on bcpcdata.com).

[0014] A particularly preferred selection of active ingredients is chlorantraniliprole, chlorpyrifos, cyantraniliprole, hexaflumuron, methomyl, methoxyfenozide, novaluron, oxamyl, spinetoram, spinosad, sulfoxaflor, and triflumezopyrim (hereinafter referred to as "AIGA-2").

[0015] Furthermore, another particularly preferred selection of active ingredients is acequinocyl, acetamiprid, acetoprole, avermectin, azinphos-methyl, bifenazate, bifenthrin, carbaryl, carbofuran, chlorfenapyr, chlorfluazuron, chromafenozide, clothianidin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, diafenthiuron, emamectin benzoate, endosulfan, esfenvalerate, ethiprole, etoxazole, fipronil, flonicamid, fluacrypyrim, gamma-cyhalothrin, halofenozide, indoxacarb, lambda-cyhalothrin, lufenuron, malathion, methomyl, novaluron, permethrin, pyridalyl, pyrimidifen, spirodiclofen, tebufenozide, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, thiodicarb, tolfenpyrad, and zeta-cypermethrin (hereinafter referred to as "AIGA-3").

[0016] Seed treatments are used alone or in combination to address or prevent a wide range of pests, diseases, and nutrient deficiencies, and to promote plant growth. These seed treatments may include fungicides, insecticides, inoculants, plant growth regulators, fertilizers, and fertilizer enhancers. Currently, the following fungicides are used: (R)-flutriafole, (R)-hexaconazole, (S)-flutriafole, (S)-hexaconazole, 10,10'-oxybisphenoxalcin, 2-(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole, 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, 2,4-dimethylphenol, 2,5-dichlorobenzoate methyl ester, 2,6-dichloro-N-((4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl-be Nzuamide, 24-Epibrasinolide, 2-Aliphenol, 2-Aminobutane, 2-Methoxyethylmercury acetate, 2-Methoxyethylmercury chloride, 2-Phenylphenol, 8-Hydroxyquinoline, Acibenzolar-S-methyl, Algimorph, Ametoctrazine, Amisulbrom, Ammonium acetate, Ammonium carbonate, Ampropylphosph, Anilazine, Anthracene oil, Asomate, Azaconazole, Adithirum, Azoxystrobin, Polybarium sulfide, Benalaxyl, Benalaxyl-M, benodanil, benomyl, benquinox, bentallon, bentiavaricarb, bentiavaricarb isopropyl, benzalkonium chloride, benzamacryl, benzamacryl isobutyl, benzamorph, benzoic acid, benzovindiflupyr, bethoxazine, binapacril, biphenyl, bis(methylmercury) sulfate, bismelthiazole, bis-trichloromethylsulfone, vitertanol, bithionol, bixafen, Bordeaux mixture, boric acid, boscalid, bromine Conazole, Bronopol, Bupirimate, Butiobate, Calcium Carbonate, Calcium Chloride, Calcium Cyanamide, Calcium Hydroxide, Calcium Phosphate, Captahol, Captan, Carbamorph, Carbendazim, Carcarboxyne, Carpropamide, Quinomethionate, Clobentiazon, Chloraniformethane, Chloranil, Chlordecone, Chlorphenazole, Chloroneb, Chlorthalonil, Chloroxylenol, Chlorquinox, Clozolinate, Cis-Propiconazole,Crinbazole, copper(1) oxide, copper abietate, copper bis(3-phenylsalicylate), copper(II) acetate, copper(II) carbonate, copper(II) chloride, copper(II) hydroxide, copper naphthenate, copper oxychloride, copper sulfate, COS-OGA, cumethoxystrobin, cuflaneb, cuprobam, cyazofamide, cycloheximide, cyflufenaamide, cymoxanil, cypendazole, cyproconazole, cyprodinil, cyproflam, dazomet, DD, debacarb, decapentin, dehydroacetic acid, diammonium ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) Dibromochloropropane, diclobentiazox, dichlorofluanide, diclon, dichlorofen, diclobutrazol, diclosimet, diclomedin, dichloran, didecyldimethylammonium chloride, diethofencarb, difenoconazole, diphenzocort, diphenzocort methyl sulfate, diflumetrim, dimethacron, dimethyrimol, dimethomorph, dimethyl disulfide, dimoxystrobin, diniconazole, diniconazole-M, dinobuton, dinocap, dinoctone, dinopenton, dinosulfone Diphenylamine, dipimethitron, dipyrithione, disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, disodium phosphonate, ditalimphos, dithianone, DNOC, dodemorph, dodemorph acetate, dozin, dorazoxolone, edifenphos, enoxastrobin, epoxyconazole, etaconazole, etem, etavoxam, etyrimol, ethoxyquin, ethylenebisisothiocyanate sulfide, etiricin, ethylmercury bromide, etridiazole, famoxadone, phenamidon, phenaminosulf, phenaminestrobin, phenapanil , phenalimol, fenbuconazole, fenflam, fenhexamide, fenitropan, phenoxanil, fenpiclonil, fenpicoxamide, fenpropidine, fenpropimorph, fenpyrazamine, fentin acetate, fentin chloride, fentin hydroxide, ferubam, florylpicoxamide, fluazinam, flubeneteram, flubenzimine, fludioxonil, fluphenoxystrobin, flumorph, flupicolide, fluopimamide, flupyram, fluoroimide, fluotorimazole, fluoxapiproline,Fluoxastrobin, fluquinconazole, flusilazole, flusulfamide, fluthianil, flutolanil, flutriafole, fluxapyroxad, folpet, formaldehyde, fosetyl, fosetyl-aluminum, fuberidazole, fluraxyl, fluraxyl-M, flametopyr, fluconazole, fluconazole-cis, furfural, flumecyclox, furyloxyfen, gliotoxin, glutaraldehyde, gliodin, griseofulvin, guazatin, halacrinate, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorofen Hexaconazole, hexylthiophos, Huanjunzuo, hydrogen peroxide, himexazole, imazalil, imibenconazole, iminoctadine, iminoctadine triacetate, iminoctadine tris(albesylate), inezine, ibuconazole, ibufentrifluconazole, ibuflufenquin, iprobenphos, iprodione, iprovalicarb, isobutyric acid, isofetamide, isoflucipram, isopamphos, isoprothiolane, isopyrazam, isothianil, isopamphos, kresoxim-methyl, lime sulfur Combination drugs, Mancapper, Mancozeb, Mandestrobin, Mandipropamide, Maneb, Mebenil, Mecarbinzide, Mefentrifluconazole, Mepanipyrim, Mepronil, Meptildinocap, Mercuric oxide, Mercurous chloride, Metalaxyl, Metalaxyl-M, Metam-potassium, Metam-sodium, Metazoxolone, Meconazole, Metasulfocarb, Metofloxam, Methylisothiocyanate, Methylarsenic sulfide, Methylenebisthiocyanate, Methylram, Metominostrobin, Metraphenone, Methosulfovax, Methyltetraprole, Muco Chloric acid anhydride, microbutanil, microzoline, N-(3-chloro-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-methoxy-N-(tetrahydro-2-oxo-3-furanyl)acetamide, nabam, nickel bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate), niclosamide, nitrotar isopropyl, nualimol, octylinone, oflace, orysastrobin, oxadixyl, oxathiapiproline, oxazosulfyl, oxine-copper, oxypoconazole fumarate, oxycarboxyne, paclobutrazol, paraffin oil (C11~C25)(4a),Paraffin oil (C11-C30) (4c), Paraffin oil (C15-C30) (4b), Parinol, Penconazole, Pencyclon, Penflufen, Pentachlorophenol, Penthiopyrad, Peroxyacetic acid, Phenylemercury acetate, Phenylemercury chloride, Phenylemercury nitrate, Phosdiphen, Phthalide, Picarbtrazox, Picoxystrobin, Piperalin, Potassium bicarbonate, Potassium iodide, Potassium phosphonate, Potassium thiocyanate, Probenazole, Prochloraz, Procymidone, Propamidine, Propamocarb, Propamo Carb hydrochloride, propiconazole, propineb, propionic acid, proquinazide, prothiocarb, prothioconazole, pidflumetofen, pyracarboride, pyraclostrobin, pyrametostrobin, pyroxystrobin, pyrapropoin, pyraziflumid, pyrazofos, pyribencarb, pyridaclomethyl, pyridinitrile, pyrifenox, pyrimethanil, pyrimorph, pyriophenone, pyrisoxazole, pyroquilon, quinofumerine, quinoxyfen, quintozen, Saisentong, sedaxane Silthiofam, Simeconazole, Sodium Arsenite, Sodium Carbonate, Sodium Bicarbonate, Sodium Hypochlorite, Sodium Tetraborate Pentahydrate, Spiropidione, Spiroxamine, Sulfuryl Fluoride, Sulfur, Tebuconazole, Tebufloquine, Tecrophthalam, Technazen, Tetraconazole, Thiabendazole, Thiosiofen, Tifluzamide, Thiomersal, Thiophanate, Thiophanate-Methyl, Thioquinox, Thiram, Thiazinyl, Tolcrophos-Methyl, Tolfenpyrad, Tolprocarb, Tolfluanide Trans-propiconazole, triadimephon, triadimeol, triamiphos, triazoxide, tributyltin oxide, triclamide, triclopyricarb, triciclazole, tridemorph, trifloxystrobin, triflumizole, triforine, trioxymethylene, triticonazole, urea, valifenarate, vinclozoline, zarilamide, zinc borate, zinc oxide, zineb, ziram, and zoxamide; can be used with molecule F1 (disclosed hereafter), and this group of fungicides is hereafter referred to as "FGK-1".

[0017] Another group of preferred fungicides for use in conjunction with molecule F1 (disclosed hereafter) in seed treatment include azoxystrobin, benomyl, benzovindiflupyr, bixafen, carbendazim, chlorothalonil, cymoxanil, cyproconazole, diclobentiazox, difenoconazole, etaboxam, famoxadone, fenbuconazole, fluopyram, fluindapyr, fludioxonil, forpet, impilfluxam, ipconazole, and ipfentrifluco These include Nazole, isoflucipram, mancozeb, maneb, mefentrifluconazole, meptildinocap, metalaxyl, and metalaxyl-M (mephenoxam), oxathiapiproline, penflufen, picoxystrobin, prochloraz, proquinazide, prothioconazole, pyraclostrobin, quinoxyfen, sedaxane, thiabendazole, thyram, tricyclazole, and trifloxystrobin, and this group of fungicides will hereafter be referred to as "FGK-2".

[0018] The following two fungicide molecules are also preferably used together with molecule F1; [ka]

[0019] FGK-3 is described as compound number 278 in International Publication No. 2019173665, and FGK-4 is described in Example 2 of International Publication No. 2016187201.

[0020] The term "biopesticide" refers to a biological pest control agent using microorganisms, and is generally applied in the same way as chemical pesticides. Generally, these are bacteria such as Bacillus, Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, Saccaropolyspora, and Wolbachia pipientis (Zap), but there are also examples of fungal control agents such as Trichoderma and Ampelomyces quisqualis. A well-known example of a biopesticide is the Bacillus species, which are bacterial diseases of the Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera orders. Biopesticides include products based on entomopathogenic fungi (e.g., Beauveria bassiana strain, Metarhizium anisopliae F52 strain, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus Apopka 97 strain, Lecanicillium and Isaria genera), entomopathogenic nematodes (e.g., Steinernema feltiae), and entomopathogenic viruses (e.g., Cydia pomonella granulovirus (GV), Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV)). Other examples of entomopathogenic organisms include, but are not limited to, baculoviruses such as Thaumatotibia leucotreta GV, Anticarsia gemmatalis MNPV, and Helicoverpa armigera NPV; protozoa; and microsporids.Some of these contain plant-based essences such as synthetic oils, extracted oils, and unrefined oils (e.g., Chenopodium ambrosioides, which is similar to Schizonepeta extract; fatty acid monoesters containing glycerol or propanediol; and neem oil). To avoid any ambiguity, biopesticides are the active ingredients. For further information, see Kachhawa D, Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2007, 5, 468-473.

[0021] The term “territory” means a habitat, breeding ground, plant, seed, soil, substance, or environment in which pests are growing, can grow, or can move around. For example, a territory may be: a place where crops, trees, fruits, grains, fodder species, vines, lawns and / or ornamental plants are growing; a place where livestock are living; the interior or exterior surface of a building (e.g., a place where grain is stored); the construction materials used in a building (e.g., impregnated wood); and the soil around a building.

[0022] The term "MoA substance" refers to an active ingredient that has the mechanism of action ("MoA") as described in IRAC's MoA classification v.9.3 (listed on irac-online.org), which includes the following groups:

[0023] (1) Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, and the following are listed as active ingredients: alanicarb, aldicarb, bengiocarb, benfuracarb, butocarboxime, butoxycarboxime, carbaryl, carbofuran, carbosulfan, ethiofencarb, phenobucarb, formethaneate, furathiocarb, isoprocarb, methiocarb, methomyl, metholcarb, oxamyl, pyrimicarb, propoxul, thiodicarb, thiophanox, triazamate, trimetacarb, XMC, xylylcarb, acephate, azamethiphos, azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-methyl, kazusaphos, chlorethoxyphos, chlorfenbinphos, chlormephos, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, coumaphos, cyanophos, demeton-S-methyl, diazinon, dichlorvos / DDVP, diclotophos, dime Toate, dimethylvinphos, disulfon, EPN, ethione, etoprophos, famfur, phenamiphos, fenitrothion, fenthion, fostiazate, heptenophos, isofenphos, isoxathion, malathion, mecarbam, methamidophos, methidathion, mevinphos, monoclotophos, naled, omethoate, oxydemeton-methyl, parathion, parathion-methyl, fenthoate, phosalon, phorate, phosmet, phosphamidone, foxim, profenophos, propethamphos, prothiophos, pyraclophos, pyridafenthion, quinalphos, sulfotep, tebupyrinphos, temephos, terbuphos, tetrachlorvinphos, thiometon, triazophos, trichlorfon, bamidothion, pyrimiphos-methyl, imisiaphos, and isopropyl O-(methoxyaminothio-phosphoryl)salicylate.

[0024] (2) GABAergic chloride channel blockers, the following active ingredients: chlordan, endosulfan, ethiprole, and fipronil.

[0025] (3) Sodium channel modulators, including the following active ingredients: acrinatrin, allethrin, d-cis-trans allethrin, d-trans allethrin, bifenthrin, bioallethrin, bioallethrin S-cyclopentenyl, bioallethmethrin, cycloprothrin, cyfluthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, gamma-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, theta-cypermethrin, zeta-cypermethrin, cyphenothrin [(1R)-trans-isomer] Deltamethrin, empenthrin [(EZ)-(1R)-isomer], esfenvalerate, etofenprox, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, flucitrinate, flumethrin, tau-fluvalinate, cadatrin, pyrethrins (pyretrams), halfenprox, phenothrin [(1R)-trans-isomer], prallethrin, resmethrin, silafluofen, tefluthrin, tetramethrin, tetramethrin [(1R)-isomer], tralomethrin, transfluthrin, permethrin, DDT, and methoxychlor.

[0026] (4) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) competitive modulators, including the following active ingredients: (4A) Acetamiprid, Clothianidin, Dinotefuran, Imidacloprid, Nitenpyram, Thiacloprid, Thiamethoxam, (4B) Nicotine, (4C) sulfoxaflor, (4D) Fullpyradiflon, and (4E) Triflu mezopyrim.

[0027] (5) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric modulator-site I, and the following active ingredients are listed: spinetram and spinosad.

[0028] (6) Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GLUCL) allosteric modulators, including the following active ingredients: abamectin, emamectin benzoate, lepimectin, and milbemectin.

[0029] (7) Juvenile hormone mimetic compounds, including the following active ingredients: hydroprene, quinoprene, methoprene, phenoxycarb, and pyriproxyfen.

[0030] (8) Multiple nonspecific (multi-site) inhibitors, including the following active ingredients: methyl bromide, chloropicrin, cryolite, sulfuryl fluoride, borax, boric acid, disodium octaborate, sodium borate, sodium metaborate, tartaric acid, dazomet, and metam.

[0031] (9) TRPV channel modulators of string organs, including the following active ingredients: afidopiropene, pymetrozine, and pyrifluquinazone.

[0032] (10) Tick growth inhibitors, including the following active ingredients: clofentezine, hexythiazox, diflovidazine, and etoxazole.

[0033] (11) Microbial disruptors of the insect mesophalangeal membrane, including the following active ingredients: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) variety israelensis, Bt variety aizawai, Bt variety kurstaki, Bt variety tenebrionenis, and Bacillus sphaericus.

[0034] (12) Mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibitors, including the following active ingredients: tetradiphon, propargite, azocyclotin, cyhexatine, fenbutatin oxide, and diafenthiurone.

[0035] (13) Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation via disruption of the proton gradient, including the following active ingredients: chlorfenapyr, DNOC, and sulfuramide.

[0036] (14) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) channel blockers, including the following active ingredients: bensultap, cartap hydrochloride, thiocyclam, and thiosultap sodium.

[0037] (15) Chitin biosynthesis inhibitors of type 0, including the following active ingredients: bistriflurone, chlorfluazurone, diflubenzuron, flucycloxurone, flufenoxurone, hexaflumurone, lufenuron, novaron, nobiflumuron, teflubenzuron, and triflumuron.

[0038] (16) A type 1 chitin biosynthesis inhibitor, the following active ingredient is listed: buprofezin.

[0039] (17) A molting disruptor for diptera, the following active ingredients are listed: cyromazine.

[0040] (18) Ecdysone receptor agonists, including the following active ingredients: chromafenozide, halofenozide, methoxyfenozide, and tebufenozide.

[0041] (19) Octopamine receptor agonists, including the following active ingredients: amitraz.

[0042] (20) Mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitors, including the following active ingredients: hydramethylnon, acequinosyl, bifenazate, and fluacrypilim.

[0043] (21) Mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors, the following active ingredients include: phenazaquine, fenpyroximate, pyrimidifene, pyridaben, tebufenpyrad, tolfenpyrad, and rotenone.

[0044] (22) Voltage-gated sodium channel blockers, the following active ingredients: indoxacarb and metaflumizone.

[0045] (23) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors, including the following active ingredients: spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, spiropidione, and spirotetramat.

[0046] (24) Mitochondrial complex IV electron transport inhibitors, the following active ingredients: aluminum phosphide, calcium phosphide, phosphine, zinc phosphide, calcium cyanide, potassium cyanide, and sodium cyanide.

[0047] (25) Mitochondrial complex II electron transport inhibitors, including the following active ingredients: cyenopyrafen, cyflumetofen, and piflubumi.

[0048] (28) A ryanodine receptor modulator, the following active ingredients are listed: chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, cyclaniliprole, flubendiamide, tetraniliprole.

[0049] (29) A chord organ modulator (undefined target site), and the following active ingredients are listed: flonicamide.

[0050] (30) GABA gate chloride channel allosteric modulators, including the following active ingredients: broflanilide and fluxamethamide.

[0051] (31) Baculoviruses, including the following active ingredients: Cydia pomonella GV, Thaumatotibia leucotreta GV, Anticarsia gemmatalis MNPV, and Helicoverpa armigera NPV.

[0052] (32) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric modulator-Site II, and the following active ingredients are listed: GS-Omega / Kappa HXTX-Hv1a peptide.

[0053] Groups 26 and 27 are not assigned in this version of the classification scheme. Furthermore, there is a group UN containing active ingredients whose mechanism of action is unknown or unclear. This group includes the following active ingredients: azadirachtin, benzoximates, bromopropylates, quinomethionates, dicofol, lime sulfur mixture, pyridaryl, and sulfur. There is a group UNB (non-Bt) containing microbial agents whose mechanism of action is unknown or unclear. This group includes the following active ingredients: Burkholderia species, Wolbachie pipientis (Zap). There is a group UNE containing plant essences such as synthetic oils, extracted oils, and unrefined oils whose mechanism of action is unknown or unclear. This group includes the following active ingredients: Chenopodium ambrosioides (similar to Schizonepeta extract), fatty acid monoesters with glycerol or propanediol, and neem oil. There is a group UNF that includes fungal agents whose mechanism of action is unknown or unclear. This group includes the following active ingredients: Beauveria bassiana strain, Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52, and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus Apopka strain 97. There is also a group UNM that includes nonspecific mechanically destructive substances. This group includes the following active ingredient: diatomaceous earth.

[0054] The term "harmful organism" refers to an organism that is harmful to humans or to human interests (e.g., crops, food, livestock, etc.), and such organisms are of the phylum Arthropoda, Mollusca, or Nematoda. Specific examples include ants, aphids, bed bugs, beetles, silverfish, caterpillars, cockroaches, crickets, earwigs, fleas, flies, grasshoppers, ground insects, wasps, killer bees, leafhoppers, lice, grasshoppers, maggots, mealybugs, mites, mosquitoes, moths, nematodes, mirid bugs, planthoppers, psyllids, sawflies, scale insects, sea slaters, silverfish, slugs, snails, spiders, springtails, stink bugs, crustaceans, termites, thrips, ticks, digger wasps, whiteflies, and horsehair worms.

[0055] Additional examples include the following pests: (1) Subphylum Chelicerata, Subphylum Myriapoda, Subphylum Hexapoda, and Class Crustacea. (2) Arachnida, Symphyla, and Insecta. (3) Order Anoplura. A non-exclusive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to, species of Haematopinus, Hoplopleura, Linognathus, Pediculus, Polyplax, Solenopotes, and Neohaematopinis. A non-exclusive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, Haematopinus asini, Haematopinus suis, Linognathus setosus, Linognathus ovillus, Pediculus humanus capitis, Pediculus humanus humanus, and Pthirus pubis. (4) Coleoptera. A non-exclusive list of specific genera is as follows, but is not limited to: species of Acanthoscelides, Agriotes, Anthonomus, Apion, Apogonia, Araecerus, Aulacophora, Bruchus, Celosterna listna spp., Cerotoma spp., Ceutorhynchus spp., Chaetocnema spp., Colaspis spp., Ctenicer spp. a) Species, Curculio sp., Cyclocephala sp., Diabrotica sp., Dinoderus sp., Gnathocerus sp. Hemicoelus sp., Heterobostruchus sp., Hypera sp., Ips sp., Lyctus sp., Megascelis sp. species, Meligethes sp., Mezium sp., Niptus sp., Otiorhynchus sp., Pantomorus sp., Phyl Species of the genera *Lophaga*, *Phyllotreta*, *Ptinus*, *Rhizotrogus*, *Rhynchites*, *Rhynchophorus*, *Scolytus*, *Sphenophorus*, *Sitophilus*, *Tenebrio*, and *Tribolium*. A non-exclusive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, *Acanthoscelides obtectus* and *Agrilus planipennis*.Planipennis), Ahasverus advena, Alphitobius diaperinus, Anoplophora glabripennis, Anthonomus grandis, Anthrenus verbasci, Anthrenus falvipes, Ataenius spretulus, Atomaria linearis, Attagenus unicolor, Bothynoderes punctiventris, Bruchus pisorum, Callosobruchus maculatus), Carpophilus hemipterus, Cassida vittata, Cathartus quadricollis, Cerotoma trifurcata, Ceutorhynchus assimilis, Ceutorhynchus napi, Connoderus scalaris, Connoderus stigmosus, Conotrachelus nenuphar, Cotinis nitida, Crioceris asparagi, Cryptolestes ferrugineus ferrugineus), Cryptolestes pusillus, Cryptolestes turcicus, Cylindrocopturus adspersus, Deporaus marginatusmarginatus), Dermestes lardarius, Dermestes maculatus, Epilachna varivestis, Euvrilletta peltata, Faustinus cubae, Hylobius pales, Hylotrupes bajulus, Hypera postica, Hypothenemus hampei, Lasioderma serricorne, Leptinotarsa ​​decemlineata, Limonius canus canus), Liogenys fuscus, Liogenys suturalis, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, Lophocateres pusillus, Lyctus planicollis, Maecolaspis joliveti, Melanotus communis, Meligethes aeneus, Melolontha melolontha, Necrobia rufipes, Oberea brevis, Oberea linearis, Oryctes rhinoceros rhinoceros), Oryzaephilus mercator, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Oulema melanopus, Oulema oryzae, Phyllophagacuyabana), Polycaon stoutti, Popillia japonica, Prostephanus truncatus, Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitona lineatus, Sitophilus granarius, Sitophilus oryzae, Sitophilus zeamais, Stegobium paniceum, Tenebroides mauritanicus, Tribolium castaneum, Tribolium confusum *Trogoderma confusum*, *Trogoderma granarium*, *Trogoderma variabile*, *Xestobium rufovillosum*, and *Zabrus tenebrioides*. (5) Dermaptera. A non-exclusive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, Forficula auricularia. (6) Blattaria. A non-exclusive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, Blatta germanica, Blatta asahinai, Blatta orientalis, Blatta lateralis, Parcoblatta pennsylvanica, Periplaneta americana, Periplaneta australasiae, Periplaneta brunnea, Periplaneta fuliginosa, Pycnoscelus surinamensis, and Supella longipalpa. (7) Diptera. A non-exclusive list of specific genera is as follows, but is not limited to: Aedes species, Agromyza species, Anastrepha species, Anopheles species, Bactrocera species, Ceratitis species, Chrysops species, Cochliomyia species, Contarinia species, Culex species, and Culicoides sp., Dasineura sp., Delia sp., Drosophila sp., Fannia sp., Hylemya sp., Liriomza sp. yza) species, Musca species, Phorbia species, Pollenia species, Psychoda species, Simulium species, Tabanus species and Tipula species. A non-exclusive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, the following: Agromyza frontella, Anastrepha suspensa, Anastrepha ludens, Anastrepha obliqua, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera invadens, Bactrocera zonata, Ceratitis capitata, Dasineura brassicae, Delia platura, and Fannia caniclaris. Fannia canicularis, Fannia scalaris, Gasterophilus intestinalisintestinalis), Gracilia perseae, Haematobia irritans, Hypoderma lineatum, Liriomyza brassicae, Liriomyza sativa, Melophagus ovinus, Musca autumnalis, Musca domestica, Oestrus ovis, Oscinella frit, Pegomya betae, Piophila casei, Psila rosae Rhagoletis rosae), Rhagoletis cerasi, Rhagoletis pomonella, Rhagoletis mendax, Sitodiplosis mosellana, and Stomoxys calcitrans. (8) Hemiptera. A non-exclusive list of specific genera is as follows, but is not limited to: Adelges species, Aulacaspis species, Aphrophora species, Aphis species, Bemisia species, Ceroplastes species, Chionaspis species, Chrysomphalus species, Coccus species, Empoasca species, Euschistus species, Lepidosaphes species, Lagynotomus species, Lygus species, Macrosiphum species m) species, Nephotettix sp., Nezara sp., Nilaparvata sp., Philaenus sp., Phytocoris sp., Piezodorus sp., Planococcus sp., Pseudococcus sp. ) species, Rhopalosiphum species, Saissetia species, Therioaphis species, Toumeyella species, Toxoptera species, Trialeurodes species, Triatoma species and Unaspis species. A non-exclusive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, Acrosternum hilare, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aleyrodes proletella, Aleurodicus dispersus, Aleurothrixus floccosus, and Amrasca biguttula.Biguttula, Aonidiella aurantii, Aphis fabae, Aphis gossypii, Aphis glycines, Aphis pomi, Aulacorthum solani, Bactericera cockerelli, Bagrada hilaris, Bemisia argentifolii, Bemisia tabaci, Blissus leucopterus, Boisea trivittata, Brachycorynella asparagi asparagi), Brevennia rehi, Brevicoryne brassicae, Cacopsylla pyri, Cacopsylla pyricola, Calocoris norvegicus, Ceroplastes rubens, Cimex hemipterus, Cimex lectularius, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum, Dagbertus fasciatus, Dichelops furcatus, Diuraphis noxia Noxia), Diaphorina citri, Dysaphis plantaginea, Dysdercus suturellus, Edessa meditabunda, Empoasca vitis, Eriosoma lanigerumlanigerum), Erythroneura elegantula, Eurygaster maura, Euschistus conspersus, Euschistus heros, Euschistus servus, Halyomorpha halys, Helopeltis antonii, Hyalopterus pruni, Helopeltis antonii, Helopeltis theivora, Icerya purchasi, Idioscopus nitizurus nitidulus), Jacobiasca formosana, Laodelphax striatellus, Lecanium corni, Leptocorisa oratorius, Leptocorisa varicornis, Lygus hesperus, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Macrosiphum granarium, Macrosiphum rosae, Macrosteres quadrilineatus quadrilineatus), Mahanarva fimbriolata, Megacopta cribraria, Metopolophium dirhodum, Mictis longicornis, Myzus persicae, Nasonovia livisnigriribisnigri), Nephotettix cincticeps, Neurocolpus longirostris, Nezara viridula, Nilaparvata lugens, Paracoccus marginatus, Paratrioza cockerelli, Parlatoria pergandii, Parlatoria ziziphi, Peregrinus maidis, Phylloxera vitifoliae, Physokermes piceae, Phytocoris calihornicus californicus), Phytocoris relativus, Piezodorus guildinii, Planococcus citri, Planococcus ficus, Poecilocapsus lineatus, Psallus vaccinicola, Pseudacysta perseae, Pseudococcus brevipes, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, Rhopalosiphum maidis, Rhopalosiphum padi padi), Saissetia oleae, Scaptocoris castanea, Schizaphis graminum, Sitobion avenae, Sogatella furcifera*Triacer furcifera*, *Trialeurodes vaporariorum*, *Trialeurodes abutiloneus*, *Unaspis yanonensis*, and *Zulia entrerriana*. (9) Hymenoptera. A non-exclusive list of specific genera is as follows, but is not limited to: Acromyrmex species, Atta species, Camponotus species, Diprion species, Dolichovespula species, Formica species, Monomorium species, Neodiprion species Species of the genera Paratrechina, Pheidole, Pogonomyrmex, Polistes, Solenopsis, Technomyrmex, Tetramorium, Vespula, Vespa, and Xylocopa.A non-exclusive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, the following: Athalia rosae, Atta texana, Caliroa cerasi, Cimbex americana, Iridomyrmex humilis, Linepithema humile, Mellifera Scutellata, Monomorium minimum, Monomorium pharaonis, Neodiprion sertifer, Solenopsis invicta, Solenopsis geminata Solenopsis geminata, Solenopsis molesta, Solenopsis richtery, Solenopsis xyloni, Tapinoma sessile, and Wasmannia auropunctata. (10) Order Isoptera. A non-exclusive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to, the following: species of Coptotermes, Cornitermes, Cryptotermes, Heterotermes, Kalotermes, Incisitermes, Macrotermes, Marginitermes, Microcerotermes, Procornitermes, Reticulitermes, Schedorhinotermes, and Zootermopsis.A non-exclusive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, the following: Coptotermes acinaciformis, Coptotermes curvignathus, Coptotermes frenchi, Coptotermes formosanus, Coptotermes gestroi, Cryptotermes brevis, Heterotermes aureus, Heterotermes tenuis, Incisitermes minor, Incisitermes snyderi, Microtermes obesi Reticulitermes obesi, Nasutitermes corniger, Odontotermes formosanus, Odontotermes obesus, Reticulitermes banyulensis, Reticulitermes grassei, Reticulitermes flavipes, Reticulitermes hageni, Reticulitermes hesperus, Reticulitermes santonensis, Reticulitermes speratus, Reticulitermes cibiaris tibialis) and Reticulitermes virginicus. (11) Lepidoptera. A non-exclusive list of specific genera is as follows, but is not limited to: species of Adoxophyes, Agrotis, Argyrotaenia, Cacoecia, Caloptilia, Chilo, Chrysodeixis, Colias, Crambus, Diaphania, Diatraea, Earias, Ephestia, Epimecis, Feltia, Golch Species of the genera Gortyna, Helicoverpa, Heliothis, Indarbela, Lithocolletis, Loxagrotis, Malacosoma spp., Nemapogon, Peridroma, Phyllonorycter, Pseudaletia, Plutella, Sesamia, Spodoptera, Synanthedon, and Yponomeuta. A non-exclusive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, Achaea janata, Adoxophyes orana, Agrotis ipsilon, Alabama argillacea, Amorbia cuneana, Amyelois transitella, Anacamptodes defectaria, and Anarsia lineatera.Lineatella), Anomis sabulifera, Anticarsia gemmatalis, Archips argyrospila, Archips rosana, Argyrotaenia citrana, Autographa gamma, Bonagota cranaodes, Borbo cinnara, Bucculatrix thurberiella, Capua reticulana, Carposina niponensis, Chlumetia transversa, Choristoneura rosaceana rosaceana), Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Conopomorpha cramerella, Corcyra cephalonica, Cossus cossus, Cydia caryana, Cydia funebrana, Cydia molesta, Cydia nigricana, Cydia pomonella, Darna diducta, Diaphania nitidalis, Diatraea saccharalis, Diatraea grandiosera (graniosella), Earias insulana, Earias vittella, Ecdytolopha aurantianum, Elasmopalpus lignocellusEphestia lignosellus), Ephestia cautella, Ephestia elutella, Ephestia kuehniella, Epinotia aporema, Epiphyas postvittana, Erionota thrax, Estigmene acrea, Eupoecilia ambiguella, Euxoa auxiliaris, Galleria mellonella, Grapholita molesta, Hedylepta indicata (indicata), Helicoverpa armigera, Helicoverpa zea, Heliothis virescens, Hellula undalis, Keiferia lycopersicella, Leucinodes orbonalis, Leucoptera coffeella, Leucoptera malifoliella, Lobesia botrana, Loxagrotis albicosta, Lymantria dispar, Lyonetia clerkella, Mahasena corvette Corbetti, Mamestra brassicae, Manduca sexta, Maruca testulalis, Metisa plana, Mythimna unipunctaunipuncta), Neoleucinodes elegantalis, Nymphula depunctalis, Operophtera brumata, Ostrinia nubilalis, Oxydia vesulia, Pandemis cerasana, Pandemis heparana, Papilio demodocus, Pectinophora gossypiella, Peridroma saucia, Perileucoptera coffeella, Phthorimaea operclera operculella), Phyllocnistis citrella, Phyllonorycter blancardella, Pieris rapae, Plathypena scabra, Platynota idaeusalis, Plodia interpunctella, Plutella xylostella, Polychrosis viteana, Prays endocarpa, Prays oleae, Pseudaletia unipuncta, Pseudoplusia includens (includens), Rachiplusia nu, Scirpophaga incertulas, Sesamia inferens, Sesamia nonagrioides, Setora nitensnitens), Sitotroga cerealella, Sparganothis pyreriana, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera eridania, Thecla basilides, Tinea pellionella, Tineola bisselliella, Trichoplusia ni, Tuta absoluta, Zeuzera coffeae, and Zeuzea pyrina. (12) Mallophagales. A non-exclusive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to, species of Anaticola, Bobicola, Chelopistes, Goniodes, Menacanthus, and Trichodectes. A non-exclusive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, Bobicola bovis, Bobicola caprae, Bobicola ovis, Chelopistes meleagridis, Goniodes dissimilis, Goniodes gigas, Menacanthus stramineus, Menopon gallinae, and Trichodectes canis. (13) Order Orthoptera. A non-exclusive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to, species of the genera Melanoplus and Pterophylla. A non-exclusive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, Acheta domesticus, Anabrus simplex, Gryllotalpa africana, Gryllotalpa australis, Gryllotalpa brachyptera, Gryllotalpa hexadactyla, Locusta migratoria, Microcentrum retinerve, Schistocerca gregaria, and Scudderia furcata. (14) Psocoptera. A non-exclusive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, Liposcelis decolor, Liposcelis entomophila, Lachesilla quercus, and Trogium pulsatorium. (15) Siphonaptera. A non-exclusive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, Ceratophyllus gallinae, Ceratophyllus niger, Ctenocephalides canis, Ctenocephalides felis, and Pulex irritans. (16) Thysanoptera. A non-exclusive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to, species of the genera Caliothrips, Frankliniella, Scirtothrips, and Thrips. A non-exclusive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, the following: Caliothrips phaseoli, Frankliniella bispinosa, Frankliniella fusca, Frankliniella occidentalis, Frankliniella schultzei, Frankliniella tritici, Frankliniella williamsi, Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus, Scirtothrips citri), Scirtothrips dorsalis, Taeniothrips rhopalantennalis, Thrips hawaiiensis, Thrips nigropilosus, Thrips orientalis, Thrips palmi, and Thrips tabaci. (17) Thysanura. A non-exclusive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to, species of the genera Lepisma and Thermobia. (18) Acarinae. A non-exclusive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to, species of Acarus, Aculops, Argus, Boophilus, Demodex, Dermacentor, Epitrimerus, Eriophyes, Ixodes, Oligonychus, Panonychus, Rhizoglyphus, and Tetranychus.A non-exclusive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, the following: Acarapis woodi, Acarus siro, Aceria mangiferae, Aculops lycopersici, Aculus pelekassi, Aculus schlechtendali, Amblyomma americanum, Brevipalpus obovatus, Brevipalpus phoenicis, Dermacentor variabilis, and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. pteronyssinus), Eotetranychus carpini, Liponyssoides sanguineus, Notoedleres cati, Oligonychus coffeae, Oligonychus ilicis, Ornithonyssus bacoti, Panonychus citri, Panonychus ulmi, Phyllocoptruta oleivora, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Rhipicephalus *Sarcoptes sanguineus*, *Sarcoptes scabiei*, *Tegolophus perseaflorae*, *Tetranychus urticae*, *Tyrophagus longior*, and *Varroa destructor*. (19) Araneae. A non-exclusive list of specific genera includes, but is not limited to, species of the genera Loxosceles, Latrodectus, and Atrax. A non-exclusive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, Loxosceles reclusa, Latrodectus mactans, and Atrax robustus. (20) Symphyla. A non-exclusive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, Scutigerella immaculata. (21) Collembola subclass. A non-exclusive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, Bourletiella hortensis, Onychiurus armatus, Onychiurus fimetarius, and Sminthurus viridis. (22) Nematoda. A non-exclusive list of specific genera is as follows, but is not limited to: species of Aphelenchoides, Belonolaimus, Criconemella, Ditylenchus, Globodera, Heterodera, Hirschmanniella, Hopolaimus, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, and Radophorus. A non-exclusive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, Dirofilaria immitis, Globodera pallida, Heterodera glycines, Heterodera zeae, Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica, Onchocerca volvulus, Pratylenchus penetrans, Radopholus similis, and Rotilenchulus reniformis. (23) Mollusca. A non-exclusive list of specific species includes, but is not limited to, Arion vulgaris, Cornu aspersum, Deroceras reticulatum, Limax flavus, Milax gagates, and Pomacea canaliculata.

[0056] Pests that are particularly desirable to control are those that feed on tree sap. These pests generally have injectors and / or suction mouthparts and may feed on plant sap and internal plant tissue or host blood. Examples of tree sap-feeding pests particularly relevant to agriculture include, but are not limited to, aphids, leafhoppers, lice, scale insects, thrips, psyllids, planthoppers, mealybugs, mosquitoes, stink bugs, and whiteflies. Specific examples of orders that include tree sap-feeding pests relevant to agriculture include, but are not limited to, Diptera, Hemiptera, Phthiraptera, and Thysanoptera. Specific examples of Hemiptera species related to agriculture include, but are not limited to, the following: species of the genera Aulacaspis, Aphrophora, Aphis, Bemisia, Coccus, Euschistus, Lygus, Macrosiphum, Nezara, Rhopalosiphum, Sogatella, Nilaparvata, Laodelphax, and Nephotettix.

[0057] Another group of pests that are particularly favored for control are masticatory pests. Masticatory pests generally have mouthparts that enable them to masticate plant tissue, including roots, stems, leaves, buds, and reproductive tissue (including, but not limited to, flowers, fruits, and seeds). Examples of masticatory pests particularly relevant to agriculture include, but are not limited to, caterpillars, beetles, grasshoppers, and locusts. Specific examples of orders that include masticatory pests relevant to agriculture include, but are not limited to, the orders Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Orthoptera. Specific examples of Coleoptera species related to agriculture include, but are not limited to, the following: species of the genera Anthonomus, Cerotoma, Chaetocnema, Colaspis, Cyclocephala, Diabrotica, Hypera, Phyllophaga, Phyllotreta, Sphenophorus, and Sitophilus.

[0058] The phrase "effective amount as a pesticide" means the amount of pesticide required to achieve an observable effect on a pest (e.g., necrosis, death, suppression, prevention, removal, destruction, or reduction of the occurrence and / or activity of the pest in a given area by other means). This effect can be achieved when a population of the pest is eliminated from a given area, or when the pest is rendered incapacitated within or around a given area and / or eradicated within or around a given area. Naturally, these effects may overlap. Generally, it is desirable that the population, activity, or both of the pest be reduced by more than 50 percent, preferably more than 90 percent, and most preferably more than 99 percent. An effective amount as a pesticide for agricultural purposes is generally about 0.0001 grams / hectare to about 5000 grams / hectare, preferably about 0.0001 grams / hectare to about 500 grams / hectare, but more preferably about 0.0001 grams / hectare to about 50 grams / hectare. Alternatively, approximately 150 grams to 250 grams per hectare can be used against pests. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0059] This specification discloses the following N-(4-chloro-2-(pyridine-3-yl)thiazole-5-yl)-N-ethyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)propanamide molecule: [ka]

[0060] Formula 1 may exist in the form of different tautomers. This disclosure covers all such tautomers.

[0061] The structures disclosed in this disclosure may be depicted in only one geometric form for clarity, but are intended to represent all geometric forms of the molecule.

[0062] Synthesis of Equation 1(F1) Starting materials, reagents, and solvents obtained from commercial sources were used without further purification. Anhydrous solvents were purchased from Aldrich as Sure / Seal® and used as received. Melting points were obtained using a Thomas Hoover Unimelt capillary melting apparatus or an OptiMelt automated melting system from Stanford Research Systems and were not corrected. Examples using the term "room temperature" were performed in a climate-controlled laboratory at temperatures ranging from approximately 20°C to approximately 24°C. Molecules are referred to by their known names, named according to naming programs in Symyx Draw, ChemDraw, or ACD Name Pro. If such programs cannot name a molecule, it is named using conventional naming conventions. Unless otherwise specified, 1 The 1H NMR spectral data is in ppm(δ) and recorded at 300, 400, 500, or 600 MHz. 13 The ¹³C NMR spectral data is in ppm(δ) and recorded at 75, 100, or 150 MHz. 19 The F NMR spectral data was recorded at 376 MHz in ppm(δ).

[0063] Those skilled in the art will recognize that it may be possible to achieve the synthesis of a desired molecule by carrying out some steps of the synthetic route in a different order than that described. They will also recognize that it may be possible to carry out standard functional group interconversion or substitution reactions on a desired molecule in order to introduce or modify substituents.

[0064] Synthesis of Equation 1(F1) Formula 1(F1) can be synthesized by the method disclosed in International Publication No. 2010 / 129497 or by the route described below. [ka] [Examples]

[0065] Example 1: Preparation of N-(4-chloro-2-(pyridine-3-yl)thiazole-5-yl)-N-ethyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)propanamide (Formula 1) Step 1 - Preparation of tert-butyl(2-bromothiazole-5-yl)(ethyl)carbamate (C1): To a solution of commercially available tert-butyl(2-bromothiazole-5-yl)carbamate (2 grams (g), 7.16 mmol (mmol)) in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF; 14.3 ml (mL)), sodium hydride (60% dispersion in mineral oil; 0.43 g, 10.8 mmol) was gradually added at 0°C, and the suspension was stirred for 1 hour (h). Iodoethane (0.63 mL, 7.88 mmol) was added all at once. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight while gradually warming it to ambient temperature. Water and ethyl acetate were added, and the resulting two-phase mixture was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted once with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were washed twice with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure until dry. Purification by silica gel flash chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate-hexane) yielded the title compound as a clear oil (2.0 g, 91%): 1 H NMR(500MHz,CDCl3)δ 7.08(s,1H),3.78(d,J=7.1Hz,2H),1.54(s,10H),1.26(t,J=7.1Hz,3H); 13 C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3)δ 130.36,83.17,28.20,12.49;ESIMS m / z 309([M+2] + ).

[0066] Preparation of tert-butyl ethyl (2-(pyridin-3-yl)thiazol-5-yl)carbamate (C2): To a solution of tert-butyl 2-bromothiazol-5-yl (ethyl)carbamate (C1; 7.0 g, 22.8 mmol) in toluene (88 mL) were added pyridin-3-ylboronic acid (3.36 g, 27.3 mmol), ethanol (44 mL), and 2.0 molar (M) potassium carbonate solution (22.8 mL, 45.6 mmol) sequentially. Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (1.32 g, 1.14 mmol) was added, and the reaction mixture was heated to 110°C and stirred for 16 hours. The mixture was cooled and diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. Purification by silica gel chromatography (0 to 100% ethyl acetate-hexane) afforded the title compound as an orange solid (6.96 g, 80%): 1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 9.12 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.60 (dd, J=4.8, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.17 (dt, J=7.9, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (s, 1H), 7.35 (dd, J=8.0, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.87 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.57 (s, 9H), 1.32 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H); 13 C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl3) δ 152.48, 150.01, 147.02, 140.87, 132.69, 130.11, 123.63, 82.85, 44.18, 28.22, 12.71; ESIMS m / z 306 ([M+1] + ).

[0067] Step 3 - Preparation of tert-butyl(4-chloro-2-(pyridine-3-yl)thiazole-5-yl)(ethyl)carbamate (C3): Tert-butylethyl(2-(pyridine-3-yl)thiazole-5-yl)carbamate (C2; 3.0 g, 9.8 mmol) in acetonitrile (58 mL) was added all at once to N-chlorosuccinimide (2.62 g, 19.6 mmol), and the reaction mixture was stirred at 45°C for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated. The title compound was obtained as a red oil (2.24 g, 67%) by purification of the residue by silica gel chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate-hexane): 1 H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ 9.09(d,J=1.9Hz,1H),8.68(dd,J=4.8,1.6Hz,1H),8.19(dd,J=5.9,4.2Hz,1H),7.3 9(dd,J=7.6,5.2Hz,1H),3.68(q,J=7.2Hz,2H),1.45(s,9H),1.22(t,J=7.0Hz,3H); 13 C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3)δ 160.30,153.30,152.08,146.51,136.29,134.06,133.09,129.59,123.77,82.34,45.26,28.13,13.33;ESIMS m / z 340([M+1] + ).

[0068] Step 4 - Preparation of 4-chloro-N-ethyl-2-(pyridine-3-yl)thiazole-5-amine hydrochloride (C4): To a solution of tert-butyl(4-chloro-2-(pyridine-3-yl)thiazole-5-yl)(ethyl)carbamate (C3; 2.03 g, 5.97 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (3 mL), hydrogen chloride (4 M solution in dioxane; 7.47 mL, 29.9 mmol) was added, and the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 24 hours. Diethyl ether (approximately 15 mL) was added to the vial; the mixture was stirred for 1 minute; and the clear solution was removed by pipette. This procedure was repeated three times. The slurry was filtered, and the red solid was washed three times with ether. The obtained solid was dried under high vacuum. The title compound was isolated as a brown solid (1.33 g, 4.82 mmol): 1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δ 9.10(d,J=2.1Hz,1H),8.74(dd,J=5.5,1.1Hz,1H),8.67 - 8.59(m,1H),7.95(dd,J=8.2,5.5Hz,1H),6.54(s,5H),3.20(q,J=7.1Hz,2H),1.24(t,J=7.1Hz,3H);ESIMS m / z 241([M+2] + ).

[0069] Step 4 - Preparation of N-(4-chloro-2-(pyridine-3-yl)thiazole-5-yl)-N-ethyl-3-(methylthio)propanamide (C5): N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (2.42 g, 19.8 mmol) and 3-(methylthio)propanoyl chloride (2.99 g, 21.6 mmol) were sequentially added to 4-chloro-N-ethyl-2-(pyridine-3-yl)thiazole-5-amine hydrochloride (C4; 4.97 g, 18 mmol in dichloroethane (2 mL)). The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 4 hours. When N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (2.42 g, 19.8 mmol) was added to this mixture, a white precipitate immediately formed. The reaction mixture was concentrated. The concentrated mixture was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate-hexane) to obtain the title compound as a yellow oil (5.59 g, 91%): IR (KBr) 1680 cm⁻¹ -1 ; 1 H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ 9.11(s,1H),8.73(d,J=3.4Hz,1H),8.28 - 8.14(m,1H),7.43(dd,J=8.2,5.0Hz,1H),3.77(br s,2H),2.81(t,J=7.2Hz,2H),2.56(t,J=7.2Hz,2H),2.08(s,3H),1.21(t,J=7.2Hz,3H);ESIMS m / z 342([M+1] + ).

[0070] Step 5 - Preparation of N-(4-chloro-2-(pyridine-3-yl)thiazole-5-yl)-N-ethyl-3-(methylsulfonyl)propanamide (Formula 1): N-(4-chloro-2-(pyridine-3-yl)thiazole-5-yl)-N-ethyl-3-(methylthio)propanamide (C5; 147 mg, 0.43 mmol) was added to glacial acetic acid (3.6 mL), and sodium perborate tetrahydrate (139 mg, 0.90 mmol) was added. The mixture was heated at 65 °C for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was carefully poured into a separatory funnel containing saturated sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution to generate gas. When gas generation stopped, dichloromethane was added and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted twice with dichloromethane, the organic layers were combined, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The concentrated mixture was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-10% methanol-dichloromethane) to obtain the title compound as a yellow oil (110 mg, 69%): 1 H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ 9.12(dd,J=2.4,0.9Hz,1H),8.74(dd,J=4.8,1.6Hz,1H),8.22(ddd,J=8.0,2.4,1.6Hz,1H),7.45(ddd,J=8.0, 4.8,0.9Hz,1H),3.79(q,J=7.2Hz,2H),3.43(s,2H),2.96(s,3H),2.80(t,J=7.1Hz,2H),1.23(t,J=7.2Hz,3H); 13 C NMR(126MHz,CDCl3)δ 160.30,153.30,152.08,146.51,136.29,134.06,133.09,129.59,123.77,82.34,53.44,45.26,28.13,13.33;ESIMS m / z 374([M+1] + ).

[0071] Biological assays The following bioassays were performed on the peach aphid (Myzus persicae), cotton whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), citrus thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), European rusty stink bug (Lygus hesperus), neotropical stink bug (Euschistus heros), white armyworm (Spodoptera exigua), and diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella). These are excellent indicator organisms for various agricultural pests. The results for these indicator organisms demonstrate the broad usefulness of various pesticides (also called active ingredients) mixed with Equation 1 in controlling pests.

[0072] Bioassay 1: Peach aphid (Myzus persicae, MYZUPE) ("GPA"). GPA is the most destructive aphid pest of peach trees, causing reduced growth, leaf wilting, and death of various tissues. It is also harmful because it acts as a vector for plant viruses, such as potato virus Y and potato leaf curl virus, to members of the Solanaceae family, and for various mosaic viruses to many other food crops. GPA attacks a variety of crops, including broccoli, burdock, cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, radish, eggplant, green beans, lettuce, macadamia nuts, papaya, pepper, sweet potato, tomato, watercress, and zucchini. GPA also attacks many ornamental crops, such as carnations, chrysanthemums, flowering white cabbage, poinsettias, and roses. GPA has developed resistance to many pesticides. Currently, it is the third most frequently reported insect-resistant pest (Sparks et al.). Therefore, given the factors mentioned above, it is important to control this pest. Furthermore, molecules that control the control pest GPA, which feeds on tree sap, are also useful for controlling other pests that feed on plant sap.

[0073] Stock solutions of Formula 1 and one or more active ingredients were prepared at a concentration of 0.1 mg / mL using a 1:1 mixture of acetone:methanol as a diluent. Stock solutions were prepared individually for Formula 1 and each active ingredient. Test solutions were prepared from the stock solutions. Test solutions containing Formula 1, individual active ingredients, and mixtures of Formula 1 and each active ingredient were prepared. Test solutions of Formula 1 and individual active ingredients were prepared by placing 750 microliters (μL) of stock solution into a 25 mL glass vial, then adding 750 μL of 1:1 acetone:methanol solvent, followed by 13.5 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form a 0.0005% (wt / volume (w / v)) solution. Test solutions containing mixtures of Formula 1 and individual active ingredients were prepared by placing 750 μL of stock solution of the active ingredients into a 25 mL glass vial, followed by the addition of 750 μL of stock solution of Formula 1, and then 13.5 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form a test solution containing 0.0005% (w / v) of Formula 1 and 0.0005% (w / v) of the active ingredients. Each test solution was progressively diluted to form test solutions of the desired doses (0.0005% (w / v), 0.000125% (w / v), 0.00003125% (w / v), 0.0000078% (w / v), 0.00000195% (w / v), and 0.0000005% (w / v)).

[0074] The test solutions were tested against GPA using the following procedure: Cabbage seedlings with 2-3 small (3-5 cm) true leaves, grown in 3-inch pots, were used as test substrates. One day before applying the chemical, the seedlings were inoculated with 20-50 GPA (wingless adults and nymphs). Four pots, each containing an individual seedling, were used for each treatment. Using a handheld aspirator sprayer, the solution was sprayed onto both sides of the cabbage leaves until it ran down. A reference plant (solvent test) was sprayed with only the diluent (0.025% Tween® 20 and 10% acetone / methanol (1:1) in water). The treated plants were kept in a holding chamber for 3 days at approximately 25°C and ambient relative humidity (approximately 20%-45% RH) before being graded. Evaluation was performed by counting the number of surviving aphids per plant under a microscope 3 days after treatment. The percentage control rate was measured using Abbott's correction formula shown below (WSAbbott, J.Econ.Entomol.18(1925), pp.265-267): Corrected % comparison = (1 - (Y / X)) * 100 (In the formula, X = the number of surviving aphids on the solvent-tested plant, and Y = the number of surviving aphids on the treated plant). In Table B1, the "expected % control rate" was calculated using the method described in Colby SR, Weeds, 1967, 15, 20-22. The results are shown in Table B1 in the Tables section.

[0075] Bioassay 2: Cotton whitefly (Bemisia tabaci, BEMITA) ("SPW"). The cotton whitefly (SPW) is a major destructive pest for cotton. It is also a serious pest for many vegetable crops such as melons, coal, tomatoes, and lettuce, as well as ornamental plants. SPWs cause damage through both direct feeding and virus transmission. SPWs are sap-feeding insects, and by consuming the sap, they remove nutrients from the plant. This can result in inhibited growth, leaf drop, reduced yield, and the dropping of cotton pods. SPWs produce large amounts of nectar, which promotes the growth of sooty mold on plant leaves. SPWs are also vectors for viruses such as cotton leaf crumple virus and tomato yellow leaf curl virus.

[0076] Stock solutions of Formula 1 and one or more active ingredients were prepared at a concentration of 0.2 mg / mL using acetone as a diluent. Stock solutions were prepared individually for Formula 1 and each active ingredient. Test solutions were prepared from the stock solutions. Test solutions containing Formula 1, individual active ingredients, and mixtures of Formula 1 and each active ingredient were prepared. Test solutions of Formula 1 and individual active ingredients were prepared by placing 500 μL of stock solution into a 25 mL glass vial, then adding 500 μL of acetone, followed by adding 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form a 0.001% (w / v) solution. Test solutions containing mixtures of Formula 1 and individual active ingredients were prepared by placing 500 μL of stock solution of the active ingredients into a 25 mL glass vial, followed by the addition of 500 μL of stock solution of Formula 1, and then adding 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form test solutions containing 0.001% (w / v) of Formula 1 and 0.001% (w / v) of the active ingredients. Each test solution was progressively diluted to form test solutions of the desired doses (0.001% (w / v), 0.0001% (w / v), 0.00001% (w / v), 0.000001% (w / v), 0.0000001% (w / v), and 0.00000001% (w / v)).

[0077] The test solution was tested against SPW using the following procedure: Cotton seedlings grown in 3-inch pots and pruned so that only one true leaf remained were used as the test substrate. Adult B. tabaci were colonized on the cotton plants and allowed to lay eggs for 24 hours, after which all adults were removed from the plants using compressed air. The plants were monitored for egg development, and once crawler emergence progressed (based on visual inspection under a microscope, >25% emergence), the plants were sprayed with the test solution and method described above for the green peach aphid (GPA). The treated plants were kept in a holding chamber at approximately 25°C and ambient relative humidity (RH) and then sorted. Evaluation was performed by counting the number of 2nd and 3rd instar larvae that emerged per plant under a microscope 7 to 9 days after treatment. The percentage control rate was measured using Abbott's correction formula shown below (WSAbbott, J.Econ.Entomol.18(1925), pp.265-267): Corrected % comparison = (1 - (Y / X)) * 100 (In the formula, X = number of surviving larvae on the solvent-tested plant, and Y = number of surviving larvae on the treated plant). In Table B2, the "expected % control rate" was calculated using Colby SR, Weeds, 1967, 15, 20-22. The results are shown in Table B2 in the Tables section.

[0078] Bioassay 3: Citrus thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis, FRANOC) ("WFT"). The citrus thrips (WFT) is a major destructive pest of a wide variety of commercially relevant plant species (over 500 host plants have been recorded), including many fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants. WFTs are sap-feeding insects that consume various parts of plants, destroying plant cells as they feed. WFTs are also known to function as vectors for plant diseases and are one of the main vectors for tomato yellow necrosis virus.

[0079] Stock solutions of Formula 1 and various active ingredients were initially prepared using acetone as a diluent, at a concentration of 8 mg / mL for Formula 1 and at a concentration of 1 mg / mL for each active ingredient. Stock solutions were prepared individually for Formula 1 and each active ingredient. Test solutions were prepared from the stock solutions. Test solutions containing Formula 1, individual active ingredients, and mixtures of Formula 1 and each active ingredient were prepared. The test solution for Formula 1 was prepared by adding 500 μL of stock solution to a 25 mL glass vial, then adding 500 μL of acetone, followed by 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form a 0.04% (w / v) solution. The test solutions for each individual active ingredient were prepared by adding 500 μL of stock solution to a 25 mL glass vial, then adding 500 μL of acetone, followed by 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form a 0.005% (w / v) solution. Test solutions containing mixtures of Formula 1 and individual active ingredients were prepared by adding 500 μL of stock solution of the active ingredient to a 25 mL glass vial, followed by 500 μL of stock solution of Formula 1, and then 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form a test solution containing 0.04% (w / v) of Formula 1 and 0.005% (w / v) of the active ingredient. Each test solution was progressively diluted to form test solutions of the desired doses (0.005% (w / v), 0.00125% (w / v), 0.0003125% (w / v), 0.000078% (w / v), and 0.0000195% (w / v)). In the test solutions containing mixtures of Formula 1 and active ingredients, the active ingredients were diluted as described above, but the concentration of Formula 1 was kept constant (0.04% (w / v)).

[0080] The test solution was tested against WFTs using the following procedure: Leaf discs (2.7 cm in diameter) were cut from cotton plant true leaves. The leaf discs were immersed in the test solution and shaken to ensure they were completely covered, then placed in Millipore® PetriSlides containing filter paper discs. The treated leaf discs were air-dried for approximately 1 hour. Five WFTs (9-10 day old nymphs) were placed on each leaf disc to invade it, and the PetriSlides were covered to prevent escape. Each treatment was repeated three times, and the test treatments were graded after being maintained at approximately 26°C and ambient relative humidity (RH). Reference discs (solvent test) were treated with the diluent only. Evaluation was performed by counting the number of live WFTs under magnification three days after treatment. Percentage control rates were measured using Abbott's correction formula shown below (WSAbbott, J. Econ. Entomol. 18 (1925), pp. 265-267): Corrected % comparison = (1 - (Y / X)) * 100 (In the formula, X = number of surviving larvae on the solvent-tested leaf disc, and Y = number of surviving larvae on the treated leaf disc). In Table B3, the "expected % control rate" was calculated using Colby SR, Weeds, 1967, 15, 20-22. The results are shown in Table B3 in the Tables section.

[0081] Bioassay 4: European rusty stink bug (Lygus hesperus, LYGUHE) ("WTPB"). The European rusty stink bug (WTPB) is a serious pest of cotton, fruits, and vegetables. WTPB is a sap-feeding insect that damages plant cells and parts during feeding and egg-laying.

[0082] Stock solutions of Formula 1 and one or more active ingredients were prepared using acetone as a diluent, at a concentration of 8 mg / mL for Formula 1 and at a concentration of 1 mg / mL for each active ingredient. Stock solutions were prepared individually for Formula 1 and each active ingredient. Test solutions were prepared from the stock solutions. Test solutions containing Formula 1, individual active ingredients, and mixtures of Formula 1 and each active ingredient were prepared. The test solution for Formula 1 was prepared by adding 500 μL of stock solution to a 25 mL glass vial, then adding 500 μL of acetone, followed by 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form a 0.04% (w / v) solution. The test solutions for each individual active ingredient were prepared by adding 500 μL of stock solution to a 25 mL glass vial, then adding 500 μL of acetone, followed by 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form a 0.005% (w / v) solution. Test solutions containing mixtures of Formula 1 and individual active ingredients were prepared by adding 500 μL of stock solution of the active ingredient to a 25 mL glass vial, followed by 500 μL of stock solution of Formula 1, and then 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form a test solution containing 0.04% (w / v) of Formula 1 and 0.005% (w / v) of the active ingredient. Each test solution was progressively diluted to form test solutions of the desired doses (0.005% (w / v), 0.00125% (w / v), 0.0003125% (w / v), 0.000078% (w / v), and 0.0000195% (w / v)). In the test solutions containing mixtures of Formula 1 and active ingredients, the active ingredients were diluted as described above, but the concentration of Formula 1 was kept constant (0.04% (w / v)).

[0083] The test solution was tested against WTPB using the following procedure: Fresh green beans were cut into pieces approximately 1.5 inches long. Four bean pieces were placed in each 25 mL vial containing the test solution and immersed for approximately 15 minutes. After immersion, one bean piece was removed and placed in one well of a 32-well rearing tray (Frontier Agricultural Sciences®) on a round filter paper disc. The reference treatment (solvent test) was performed with the diluent only. Each treatment was repeated four times, and the test treatments were graded after being maintained at approximately 26°C and ambient relative humidity (RH). The bean pieces were air-dried for approximately 30 minutes. Three WTPB larvae were placed in each well with a transparent, perforated, adhesive lid. The total number of live WTPB larvae was recorded three days after application. Scoring was based on the total number of live larvae from all four repeats. The percentage control rate was measured using Abbott's correction formula shown below (WSAbbott, J.Econ.Entomol.18(1925), pp.265-267): Corrected % comparison = (1 - (Y / X)) * 100 (In the formula, X = number of surviving larvae in the solvent test, and Y = number of surviving larvae on the treated bean fragments). In Table B4, the "expected % control rate" was calculated using the method described in Colby SR, Weeds, 1967, 15, 20-22. The results are shown in Table B4 in the Tables section.

[0084] Bioassay 5: Neotropical brown marmorated bug (Euschistus heros, EUSCHE) ("BSB"). The brown marmorated stink bug (BSB) is a major pest of soybeans, cotton, sunflowers, and other economically important crops in the Neotropical region. The BSB is a sap-feeding insect that damages plant cells and seeds during feeding. When plant seeds are eaten, seed viability decreases, potentially leading to reduced yields.

[0085] Stock solutions of Formula 1 and one or more active ingredients were prepared using acetone as a diluent, at a concentration of 8 mg / mL for Formula 1 and at a concentration of 1 mg / mL for each active ingredient. Stock solutions were prepared individually for Formula 1 and each active ingredient. Test solutions were prepared from the stock solutions. Test solutions containing Formula 1, individual active ingredients, and mixtures of Formula 1 and each active ingredient were prepared. The test solution for Formula 1 was prepared by adding 500 μL of stock solution to a 25 mL glass vial, then adding 500 μL of acetone, followed by 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form a 0.04% (w / v) solution. Each active ingredient was prepared by adding 500 μL of stock solution to a 25 mL glass vial, then adding 500 μL of acetone, followed by 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form a 0.005% (w / v) solution. Test solutions containing mixtures of Formula 1 and individual active ingredients were prepared by adding 500 μL of stock solution of the active ingredient to a 25 mL glass vial, followed by 500 μL of stock solution of Formula 1, and then 9 mL of water containing 0.025% Tween® 20 to form a test solution containing 0.04% (w / v) of Formula 1 and 0.005% (w / v) of the active ingredient. Each test solution was progressively diluted to form test solutions of the desired doses ((0.01% (w / v), 0.0025% (w / v), 0.000625% (w / v), 0.000156% (w / v), and 0.000039% (w / v)). In the test solutions containing mixtures of Formula 1 and active ingredients, the active ingredients were diluted as described above, but the concentration of Formula 1 was kept constant (0.04% (w / v)).

[0086] The test solutions used for BSB were the same as those described above for WTPB. Fresh green beans were cut into pieces approximately 1.5 inches long. Four bean pieces were placed in each test solution and immersed for approximately 15 minutes. After immersion, one bean piece was removed and placed in one well of a 32-well rearing tray (Frontier Agricultural Sciences®) on a round filter paper disc. The reference treatment (solvent test) was performed with the diluent only. Each treatment was repeated four times, and the test treatments were graded after being maintained at approximately 26°C and ambient relative humidity (RH). The bean pieces were air-dried for approximately 30 minutes. Three BSB larvae were placed in each well with a transparent, perforated, adhesive lid. The total number of live BSB larvae was recorded three days after application. Scoring was based on the total number of live larvae from all four repeats. The percentage control rate was measured using Abbott's correction formula shown below (WSAbbott, J.Econ.Entomol.18(1925), pp.265-267): Corrected % comparison = (1 - (Y / X)) * 100 (In the formula, X = number of surviving larvae in the solvent test, and Y = number of surviving larvae on the treated bean fragments). In Table B5, the “expected % control rate” was calculated using the method described in Colby SR, Weeds, 1967, 15, 20-22. The results are shown in Table B5 in the Tables section.

[0087] Bioassay 6: White armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) (BAW) and diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella, PLUTMA) (DBM). The black armyworm (BAW) is a global pest of many agriculturally important plant species, including asparagus, beans, beets, celery, coal, lettuce, peas, potatoes, tomatoes, and cotton. BAW larvae are biting pests that feed on leaves and fruits, damaging plants, reducing yields, and sometimes even killing the host plant. Similarly, diamondback moths are common and destructive pests of cruciferous host plants, particularly cabbage, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, and radishes. Both BAW and DBM are good examples of pests that damage the larvae of lepidopteran insects.

[0088] Stock solutions of Formula 1 and one or more active ingredients were prepared at a concentration of 4 mg / mL using a 9:1 acetone:water mixture as a diluent. Stock solutions were prepared individually for Formula 1 and each active ingredient. Test solutions were prepared from the stock solutions. Test solutions containing Formula 1, individual active ingredients, and mixtures of Formula 1 and each active ingredient were prepared. The test solution for Formula 1 was prepared by adding 500 μL of stock solution to a 25 mL glass vial, followed by the addition of 500 μL of a 9:1 acetone:water mixture. Each individual active ingredient was prepared by adding 500 μL of the stock solution of the active ingredient to a 25 mL glass vial, followed by the addition of 500 μL of a 9:1 acetone:water mixture. A test solution containing a mixture of Formula 1 and the individual active ingredients was prepared by adding 500 μL of stock solution of the active ingredients to a 25 mL glass vial, followed by 500 μL of stock solution of Formula 1, to form a test solution containing 4000 ppm of Formula 1 and 0.4% (w / v) of the active ingredients. Each test solution was progressively diluted to form the desired doses of test solutions (0.4%(w / v), 0.04%(w / v), 0.004%(w / v), 0.0004%(w / v), 0.00004%(w / v), and 0.000004%(w / v)). In the test solutions containing a mixture of Formula 1 and the active ingredient, the active ingredient was diluted as described above, but the concentration of Formula 1 was kept constant (0.4%(w / v)). The highest dose test solution (0.4%(w / v)) was discarded, and the remaining five test solution concentrations were used for the tests.

[0089] The test solutions were tested against BAW and DBM using the following procedure: Artificial lepidopteran diet (Multispecies Lepidopteran Diet, Southland Products) was distributed into a 128-cell bioassay tray (Frontier Agricultural Sciences®). 50 μL of the test solution was pipetteed into the cells of the bioassay tray. The doses of the test solutions (0.04%(w / v), 0.004%(w / v), 0.0004%(w / v), 0.00004%(w / v), and 0.000004%(w / v)) were 5, 0.5, 0.05, 0.005, and 0.0005 ug / cm³ of the diet. 2 The reference treatment (solvent test) was performed using only the diluent. Each treatment was repeated eight times for each species. Second-instar BAW or DBM larvae were placed on the food in each cell and contained using a transparent, perforated, adhesive lid. The test trays were maintained at approximately 26°C and ambient relative humidity (RH) before being graded. After 5 days, the number of live larvae from each cell was recorded, and the percentage control rate was measured using Abbott's correction formula shown below (WSAbbott, J. Econ. Entomol. 18 (1925), pp. 265-267): Corrected % comparison = (1 - (Y / X)) * 100 (In the formula, X = number of surviving larvae in the solvent test, and Y = number of surviving larvae on the treated feed). In Table B6, the "expected % control rate" was calculated using the method described in Colby SR, Weeds, 1967, 15, 20-22. The results are shown in Table B6 in the Tables section.

[0090] Agriculturally acceptable acid addition salts, salt derivatives, solvates, ester derivatives, polymorphs, isotopes, and radionuclides Formula 1 can be formulated into agriculturally acceptable acid addition salts. Non-limiting examples include the amine functional group forming salts with hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, citric acid, malonic acid, salicylic acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, gluconic acid, ascorbic acid, maleic acid, aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, hydroxylmethanesulfonic acid, and hydroxyethanesulfonic acid.

[0091] Formula 1 can be formulated into salt derivatives. In a non-limiting example, salt derivatives can be prepared by contacting a free base with a sufficient amount of the desired acid to produce a salt. Free bases can be regenerated by treating the salt with a suitable diluted aqueous solution of a suitable base, such as sodium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, ammonia, and sodium bicarbonate. For example, pesticides such as 2,4-D can often be made more water-soluble by converting them to their dimethylamine salts.

[0092] Formula 1 can also be formulated into a stable complex with a solvent, which remains intact even after the uncomplexed solvent is removed. These complexes are often called "solvates." However, it is particularly desirable to use water as the solvent to form a stable hydrate.

[0093] Formula 1 can be produced as various crystalline polymorphs. Polymorphs are important in the development of pesticides because different crystalline polymorphs or structures of the same molecule can have significantly different physical properties and biological performance.

[0094] Equation 1 can be prepared using different isotopes. Of particular importance is: 1 Instead of H, 2 A molecule containing H (also known as a deuterium) or 3 It is a molecule containing H (also known as tritium). Equation 1 can be prepared using different radionuclides. Of particular importance is, 14It is a molecule containing 1C (also known as radiocarbon). Deuterium, tritium or 14 Formula 1, containing C, can be used in biological studies to track chemical and physiological processes, examine half-lives, and investigate MoA.

[0095] combination In another embodiment of the present invention, Formula 1 can be used in combination with one or more active ingredients (for example, as a compositional mixture, or in a manner of simultaneous or sequential application).

[0096] In another embodiment of the present invention, Formula 1 can be used in combination with one or more active ingredients having the same, similar, or preferably different MoA as the MoA of Formula 1 (for example, in a compositional mixture, or in the form of simultaneous or sequential application).

[0097] In another embodiment, Formula 1 can be used in combination with one or more molecules having acaricidal, algicidal, birdicidal, fungicidal, herbicidal, insecticidal, mollusk-killing, nematode-killing, rodenticidal, and / or virucidal properties (for example, in a compositional mixture, or in a form of simultaneous or sequential application).

[0098] In another embodiment, Formula 1 can be used in combination (for example, in a compositional mixture, or in the form of simultaneous or sequential application) with one or more molecules that are feeding inhibitors, bird repellents, chemical sterilizers, herbicide toxicity mitigaters, insect attractants, insect repellents, mammal repellents, mating inhibitors, plant activators, plant growth regulators, plant health stimulants or promoters, nitrification inhibitors, and / or synergists.

[0099] In another embodiment, Formula 1 can also be used in combination with one or more biopesticides (for example, as a compositional mixture, or in the form of simultaneous or sequential application).

[0100] In another embodiment, the combination of Formula 1 and an active ingredient in the agrochemical composition can be used in a wide variety of weight ratios. For example, in a two-component mixture, the weight ratios described in Table 3 can be used as the weight ratio of Formula 1 to the active ingredient.

[0101]

Table 1

[0102] The weight ratio of the molecule of Formula 1 to the active ingredient can also be expressed as X:Y, wherein X is parts by weight of Formula 1 and Y is parts by weight of the active ingredient. The numerical range of parts by weight of X is 0 < X ≦ 100, and parts by weight of Y is 0 < Y ≦ 100, which is graphically shown in Table 4. By way of non-limiting example, the weight ratio of Formula 1 to the active ingredient may be 20:1.

[0103]

Table 2

[0104] The range of the weight ratio of Formula 1 to the active ingredient can be expressed as X1:Y1 to X2:Y2, wherein X and Y are as defined above.

[0105] In one embodiment, the range of the weight ratio may be X1:Y1 to X2:Y2, wherein X1 > Y1 and X2 < Y2. By way of non-limiting example, the range of the weight ratio of Formula 1 to the active ingredient may be 3:1 to 1:3, inclusive of both endpoints.

[0106] In another embodiment, the range of the weight ratio may be X1:Y1 to X2:Y2, wherein X1 > Y1 and X2 > Y2. By way of non-limiting example, the range of the weight ratio of Formula 1 to the active ingredient may be 15:1 to 3:1, inclusive of both endpoints.

[0107] In another embodiment, the range of the weight ratio may be X1:Y1 to X2:Y2 (wherein X1<Y1 and X2<Y2). By way of non-limiting example, the range of the weight ratio of Formula 1 to the active ingredient may be from about 1:3 to about 1:20, inclusive of both endpoints.

[0108] Formulation Agrochemicals are often unsuitable for application in their pure form. It is usually necessary to add other substances, which allows the agrochemical to be used at the required concentration and in an appropriate form, facilitating application, handling, transport, storage and maximum agrochemical activity. Therefore, agrochemicals are formulated into, for example, baits, concentrated emulsions, dusts, emulsifiable concentrates, fumigants, gels, granules, microencapsulating agents, seed treatment agents, suspension concentrates, suspoemulsions, tablets, water-soluble liquids, water-dispersible granules or dry flowables, wettable powders and ultra-low volume solutions.

[0109] Agrochemicals are most often applied as aqueous suspensions or emulsions prepared from concentrated formulations of such agrochemicals. Such water-soluble, water-suspendable or emulsifiable formulations may be solids generally known as wettable powders, water-dispersible granules, liquids generally known as emulsifiable concentrates, or aqueous suspensions. Wettable powders may be compressed to form water-dispersible granules, and comprise a homogeneous mixture of the agrochemical, a carrier and a surfactant. The concentration of the agrochemical is usually from about 10% by weight to about 90% by weight. The carrier is typically selected from attapulgite clay, montmorillonite clay, diatomaceous earth or purified silicates. Effective surfactants, which account for from about 0.5% to about 10% of the wettable powder, are found among sulfonated lignins, condensed naphthalene sulfonates, naphthalene sulfonates, alkylbenzene sulfonates, alkyl sulfates and nonionic surfactants such as ethylene oxide adducts of alkylphenols.

[0110] A pesticide emulsion contains a pesticide in a readily usable concentration, for example, about 50 to 500 grams / liter (liquid), dissolved in a carrier which is a mixture of a water-miscible solvent or a water-immiscible organic solvent and an emulsifier. Useful organic solvents include aromatic compounds, particularly xylene and petroleum fractions, especially heavy aromatic naphtha, specifically the high-boiling naphthalene and olefin portions of petroleum. Other organic solvents, such as terpene solvents containing rosin derivatives, aliphatic ketones such as cyclohexanone, and complex alcohols such as 2-ethoxyethanol, can also be used. Suitable emulsifiers for emulsions are selected from conventional anionic and nonionic surfactants.

[0111] The aqueous suspension contains a suspension of a water-insoluble pesticide dispersed in an aqueous carrier at a concentration ranging from approximately 5% to 50% by weight. The suspension is prepared by finely grinding the pesticide and vigorously mixing it in a carrier consisting of water and a surfactant. Inorganic salts and components such as synthetic or natural rubber can also be added to increase the density and viscosity of the aqueous carrier. In many cases, it is most efficient to simultaneously grind and mix the pesticide by preparing the aqueous mixture and homogenizing it in an apparatus such as a sand mill, ball mill, or piston homogenizer. The pesticide in the suspension can be microencapsulated in a plastic polymer.

[0112] The oil dispersion (OD) contains a suspension of organic solvent-insoluble pesticides finely dispersed in a mixture of an organic solvent and an emulsifier at a concentration ranging from approximately 2% to 50% by weight. One or more pesticides can be dissolved in the organic solvent. Useful organic solvents include aromatic compounds, particularly xylene and petroleum fractions, especially heavy aromatic naphtha, specifically the high-boiling naphthalene and olefin portions of petroleum. Other solvents include vegetable oils, seed oils, and esters of vegetable oils and seed oils. Suitable emulsifiers for the oil dispersion are selected from conventional anionic and nonionic surfactants. Thickeners or gelling agents are added to the oil dispersion formulation to alter the rheology or fluidity of the liquid and to prevent separation and sedimentation of dispersed particles or droplets.

[0113] Pesticides can also be applied as granular compositions, which are particularly useful for application to soil. Granular compositions typically contain about 0.5% to about 10% by weight of the pesticide dispersed in a carrier containing clay or a similar substance. Such compositions are usually prepared by dissolving the pesticide in a suitable solvent and applying it to a pre-formed granular carrier with a suitable particle size ranging from about 0.5 mm to about 3 mm. Such compositions can also be formulated by preparing a dough or paste of the carrier and molecules, which is then crushed and dried to obtain the desired granular particle size. Another form of granular formulation is water-emulsifying granules (EG). These are formulations consisting of granules that are applied as an oil-in-water emulsion of conventional active ingredients, which are then dissolved and eluted in water and then dissolved or diluted in an organic solvent. Water-emulsifying granules contain one or more active ingredients solubilized or diluted in a suitable organic solvent, which are absorbed in a water-soluble polymer shell or some other type of soluble or insoluble matrix.

[0114] Pesticide-containing dust is prepared by homogeneously mixing pesticides in powder form with a suitable powdered agricultural carrier, such as kaolin clay and crushed volcanic rock. The dust preferably contains about 1% to 10% pesticide. The dust can be applied as a seed coating or as a foliar spray using a dust blower.

[0115] It is equally practical to apply pesticides in the form of solutions, such as spray oils, using appropriate organic solvents, typically petroleum, which are widely used in agricultural chemistry.

[0116] Pesticides can also be applied in the form of aerosol compositions. In such compositions, the pesticide is dissolved or dispersed in a carrier, which is a pressure-generating spray mixture. The aerosol composition is packaged in a container, and the mixture is then sprayed through a spray valve.

[0117] Pesticide baits are formed when pesticides are mixed with food, an attractant, or both. When pests eat the bait, they also ingest the pesticide. Baits can be in the form of granules, gels, flowable powders, liquids, or solids. Baits can be used in places where pests hide.

[0118] Fumigants are pesticides that have a relatively high vapor pressure and can therefore exist as a gas at a concentration sufficient to kill pests in soil or enclosed spaces. The toxicity of fumigants is proportional to their concentration and exposure time. They are characterized by their excellent diffusion ability and act by penetration into the respiratory system of pests or absorption through the skin of pests. Fumigants are applied in airtight rooms or buildings, or in special chambers, under airtight sheets, to control pests in stored products.

[0119] Pesticides can be microencapsulated by suspending pesticide particles or droplets in various polymers. By altering the chemical properties of the polymer or by changing factors in the processing, microcapsules of various sizes, solubility, wall thickness, and permeability can be formed. These factors control the rate at which the active ingredient is released, which in turn affects the residual performance, rate of action, and odor of the product. Microcapsules may also be formulated as suspension concentrates or water-dispersible granules.

[0120] Oil-based concentrates are prepared by dissolving pesticides in a solvent that holds them in solution. Oil-based pesticides typically knock down and kill pests more quickly than other formulations because the solvent itself has pesticide properties, and by increasing the rate of pesticide uptake by dissolving the waxy coating on the outer layer. Other advantages of oil-based concentrates include excellent storage stability, excellent penetration into voids, and excellent adhesion to oily surfaces.

[0121] Another embodiment is an oil-in-water emulsion, which comprises oily droplets dispersed in an aqueous phase, each having a layered liquid crystal coating, and each oily droplet is individually coated with one or more layers comprising at least one agrochemically active molecule and comprising: (1) at least one nonionic lipophilic surfactant, (2) at least one nonionic hydrophilic surfactant, and (3) at least one ionic surfactant, wherein the droplets have an average particle size of less than 800 nanometers.

[0122] Other pharmaceutical ingredients Generally, when Formula 1 is used in a formulation, such a formulation may also contain other components. Such components include, but are not limited to, the following (this is a non-exclusive and non-mutually exclusive list): wetting agents, spreading agents, fixing agents, penetrating agents, buffering agents, metal ion chelating agents, drift reducing agents, compatibilizers, defoaming agents, cleaning agents, and emulsifiers. Some components are listed below.

[0123] A wetting agent is a substance that, when added to a liquid, increases the diffusivity or penetration of that liquid by reducing the interfacial tension between the liquid and the surface on which it diffuses. Wetting agents are used in pesticide formulations for two main functions: to increase the rate at which powders are wetted with water during processing and manufacturing to produce concentrates or suspensions of soluble liquids, and to reduce the wetting time of wettable powders when mixing the product with water in a spray tank, thereby improving the penetration of water into water-dispersible granules. Examples of wetting agents used in wettable powders, suspensions, and water-dispersible granule formulations include sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate, alkylphenol ethoxylates, and aliphatic alcohol ethoxylates.

[0124] Dispersants are substances that adsorb to the surface of particles, helping to maintain their dispersion and preventing re-aggregation. Dispersants are added to pesticide formulations to promote dispersion and suspension during manufacturing and to ensure that particles are re-dispersed in water within spray tanks. They are widely used in wettable powders, suspension concentrates, and water-dispersible granules. Surfactants used as dispersants have the ability to strongly adsorb to the particle surface and provide a charge barrier or steric barrier against particle re-aggregation. The most commonly used surfactants are anionic, nonionic, or mixtures of these two. In wettable powder formulations, the most common dispersant is sodium lignosulfonate. In suspension concentrates, excellent adsorption and stabilization can be obtained by using polyvalent electrolytes, such as sodium naphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensate. Tristyrylphenol ethoxylate phosphate esters are also used. Nonionic substances, such as alkylaryl ethylene oxide condensates and EO-PO block copolymers, may also be combined with anionic substances as dispersants in suspension concentrates. In recent years, novel types of ultra-high molecular weight polymer surfactants have been developed as dispersants. These have an extremely long hydrophobic "back chain" and numerous ethylene oxide chains that form the "teeth" of the "comb"-shaped surfactant. Because the hydrophobic back chain of these high molecular weight polymers has numerous adhesion sites to the particle surface, they can impart extremely excellent long-term stability to suspension concentrates. Examples of dispersants used in pesticide formulations include sodium lignosulfonate, sodium naphthalenesulfonate formaldehyde condensate, tristyrylphenol ethoxylate phosphate ester, aliphatic alcohol ethoxylate, alkyl ethoxylate, EO-PO block copolymer, and graft copolymer.

[0125] An emulsifier is a substance that stabilizes the suspension of droplets in one liquid phase in another liquid phase. Without an emulsifier, the two liquids would separate into two immiscible liquid phases. The most commonly used emulsifier blends contain an alkylphenol or aliphatic alcohol having 12 or more ethylene oxide units and a calcium salt of oil-soluble dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid. A hydrophilic-lipophilic balance ("HLB") value in the range of approximately 8 to 18 usually results in a well-stabilized emulsion. The stability of the emulsion can sometimes be improved by adding a small amount of EO-PO block copolymer surfactant.

[0126] Solubilizers are surfactants that form micelles in water at concentrations exceeding the critical micelle concentration. These micelles can further dissolve or solubilize water-insoluble substances within the hydrophobic portion of the micelle. Types of surfactants commonly used for solubilization include nonionic substances, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monooleate ethoxylate, and methyl oleate esters.

[0127] Surfactants may also be used as additives in spray tank mixtures, either alone or in combination with other additives such as mineral oil or vegetable oil, to improve the biological performance of pesticides against their target. The type of surfactant used for bioenhancement generally depends on the properties and mechanism of action of the pesticide. However, they are often nonionic substances such as alkyl ethoxylates, linear aliphatic alcohol ethoxylates, and aliphatic amine ethoxylates.

[0128] Carriers or diluents in agricultural formulations are substances added to pesticides to obtain a product with the required strength. Carriers are typically substances with high absorption capacity, while diluents are typically substances with low absorption capacity. Carriers and diluents are used in formulations of dust, wettable powders, granules, and water-dispersible granules.

[0129] Organic solvents are primarily used in emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions, sposemulsions, oil dispersions, and minute formulations, as well as less frequently in granular formulations. Mixtures of solvents may also be used. The first main group of solvents consists of aliphatic paraffinic oils such as kerosene or refined paraffin. The second main group (and most common) includes aromatic solvents such as xylene and higher molecular weight fractions of C9 and C10 aromatic solvents. Chlorinated hydrocarbons are useful as co-solvents to prevent crystallization of pesticides when emulsifying formulations in water. Alcohols may also be used as co-solvents to increase solvent strength. Other solvents include vegetable oils, seed oils, and esters of vegetable and seed oils.

[0130] Thickeners or gelling agents are primarily used in the formulations of suspension concentrates, oil dispersions, emulsions, and suspension emulsions to alter the rheology, i.e., fluidity, of a liquid and to prevent the separation and sedimentation of dispersed particles or droplets. Thickeners, gelling agents, and anti-sedimentation agents are generally divided into two categories: water-insoluble microparticles and water-soluble polymers. Suspension concentrates and oil dispersion formulations can be prepared using clay and silica. Examples of these types of substances include, but are not limited to, montmorillonite, bentonite, aluminum magnesium silicate, and attapulgite. Water-soluble polysaccharides in aqueous suspension concentrates have been used as thickeners and gelling agents for many years. The most commonly used types of polysaccharides are natural extracts from seeds and seaweed, or synthetic derivatives of cellulose. Examples of these types of substances include, but are not limited to, guar gum, locust bean gum, carrageenan, alginates, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC), and hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC). Other types of anti-settling agents are based on modified starch, polyacrylate, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyethylene oxide. Another excellent anti-settling agent is xanthan gum.

[0131] Microorganisms can cause spoilage of formulated products. Therefore, preservatives are used to eliminate or reduce their effects. Examples of such agents include, but are not limited to, propionic acid and its sodium salt, sorbic acid and its sodium or potassium salt, benzoic acid and its sodium salt, p-hydroxybenzoate sodium salt, p-hydroxybenzoate methyl, and 1,2-benzoisothiazolin-3-one (BIT).

[0132] The presence of surfactants often causes foaming of water-based formulations during mixing in manufacturing and application in spray tanks. To reduce the tendency to foam, defoamers are often added during the manufacturing stage or before filling into bottles. Generally, there are two types of defoamers: silicone-based and non-silicone-based. Silicone-based defoamers are usually aqueous emulsions of dimethylpolysiloxane, while non-silicone-based defoamers are water-insoluble oils such as octanol and nonanol, or silica. In either case, the function of the defoamer is to move the surfactant away from the air-water interface.

[0133] Environmentally friendly agents (e.g., auxiliaries, surfactants, solvents) can reduce the overall environmental footprint of crop protection formulations. Environmentally friendly agents are biodegradable and generally derived from natural and / or sustainable resources, such as plant and animal resources. Specific examples include vegetable oils, seed oils and their esters, as well as alkoxylated alkyl polyglucosides.

[0134] Purpose Formula 1 can be applied to any region. Specific regions to which such molecules may be applied include regions where alfalfa, almonds, apples, barley, beans, canola, corn, cotton, cauliflower (crucifer), flowers, fodder seeds (ryegrass, sudan grass, broadleaf grass, long-leaved grass, and clover), fruits, lettuce, oats, oilseed crops, oranges, peanuts, pears, pepper, potatoes, rice, sorghum, soybeans, strawberries, sugarcane, sugar beets, sunflowers, tobacco, tomatoes, wheat (e.g., hard red winter wheat, soft red winter wheat, white winter wheat, hard red spring wheat, and durum spring wheat), and other valuable crops are grown or are planned to be planted.

[0135] Formula 1 can also be applied to areas where crops and other plants are grown and where pests that could cause commercial damage to such plants are at low levels (including non-existent). By applying such molecules to such areas, the plants cultivated within those areas will benefit. Such benefits include, but are not limited to, assisting in the development of good root systems in plants, assisting in the plants' good tolerance to high-stress growing conditions, improving plant health, improving plant yield (e.g., increased biomass and / or increased content of active ingredients), improving plant vitality (e.g., improved plant growth and / or lusher leaves), improving plant quality (e.g., increased content or composition of specific components), and improving the plants' tolerance to abiotic and / or biological stresses.

[0136] When cultivating various plants, it is possible to apply Formula 1 together with ammonium sulfate, which may bring further benefits.

[0137] Formula 1 can be applied both above and below ground to a genetically modified plant that expresses a specific trait, such as Bacillus thuringiensis (e.g., Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa, Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab, Vip3A, mCry3A, Cry3Ab, Cry3Bb, Cry34Ab1 / Cry35Ab1), other insecticidal toxins, or herbicide resistance, or having a “stacked” exogenous gene that expresses an insecticidal toxin, herbicide resistance, vegetative enhancement, or any other beneficial trait. In addition, in further detail, the transgenic plant may comprise a stack of one or more insecticidal polynucleotides disclosed herein with one or more additional polynucleotides resulting in the production or suppression of multiple polypeptide sequences. Transgenic plants containing stacks of polynucleotide sequences can be obtained by either or both conventional breeding methods and / or genetic engineering methods. These methods include, but are not limited to, breeding individual lines containing each of the polynucleotides of interest, transforming transgenic plants containing the genes disclosed herein with subsequent genes, and co-transforming genes into single plant cells. As used herein, the term “stacked” includes having multiple traits present in the same plant (i.e., both traits being integrated into the nuclear genome, one trait being integrated into the nuclear genome and one into the plastid genome, or both traits being integrated into the plastid genome). In one non-limiting example, “stacked traits” include molecular stacks in which sequences are physically adjacent to each other. As used herein, traits refer to phenotypes derived from specific sequences or groups of sequences. Co-transformation of genes can be performed using a single transformation vector containing multiple genes, or using genes carried separately on multiple vectors. When sequences are stacked by genetically transforming plants, the desired polynucleotide sequences can be combined at any time and in any order.Traits can be introduced simultaneously in a co-transformation protocol using the polynucleotide of interest provided by any combination of transformation cassettes. For example, if two sequences are to be introduced, they may be contained in separate transformation cassettes (trans) or in the same transformation cassette (cis). Sequence expression can be driven by the same or different promoters. In certain cases, it may be desirable to introduce a transformation cassette that represses the expression of the polynucleotide of interest. This can be combined with any combination of other repression or overexpression cassettes to create the desired combination of traits in the plant. Furthermore, it is recognized that polynucleotide sequences can be stacked at desired genomic locations using site-directed recombination systems. See, for example, International Publication No. 1999 / 25821, International Publication No. 1999 / 25854, International Publication No. 1999 / 25840, International Publication No. 1999 / 25855, and International Publication No. 1999 / 25853 (all of these documents are incorporated herein by reference).

[0138] In some embodiments, one or more polynucleotides encoding the Cry toxin polypeptide disclosed herein, either alone or stacked with one or more additional insect resistance traits, can be stacked with one or more additional input traits (e.g., herbicide resistance, fungal resistance, viral resistance, stress tolerance, disease resistance, male sterility, stem strength, etc.) or output traits (e.g., increased yield, starch modification, improved oil profile, balanced amino acids, high lysine or methionine, improved digestibility, improved fiber quality, drought resistance, etc.). Thus, embodiments of polynucleotides can be used to provide a complete pesticide package with improved crop quality, capable of flexibly and cost-effectively controlling any number of crop pests.

[0139] Examples of transgenes useful for stacking include, but are not limited to, transgenes that confer resistance to herbicides, transgenes that confer or contribute to changes in grain characteristics, genes that control male sterility, genes that form sites for site-specific DNA integration, genes that affect biological stress tolerance, genes that increase yield, genes that confer plant digestibility, and transgenes that confer resistance to insects or diseases.

[0140] Examples of transgenes that confer resistance to insects include genes encoding Bacillus thuringiensis proteins, their derivatives, or synthetic polypeptides modeled on them. See, for example, Geiser, et al., (1986) Gene 48:109, which discloses the cloning and nucleotide sequence of the Bt delta-endotoxin gene. The DNA molecule encoding the delta-endotoxin gene can be purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD) under, for example, ATCC® accession numbers 40098, 67136, 31995, and 31998.Other non-limiting examples of genetically modified Bacillus thuringiensis transgenes are described in the following patents and patent applications: U.S. Patent Nos. 5,188,960, 5,689,052, 5,880,275, 5,986,177, 6,023,013, 6,060,594, 6,063,597, and the same. Specification No. 6,077,824, Specification No. 6,620,988, Specification No. 6,642,030, Specification No. 6,713,259, Specification No. 6,893,826, Specification No. 7, Specification No. 105,332, Specification No. 7,179,965, Specification No. 7,208,474, Specification No. 7,227,056, Specification No. 7,288,643, Specification No. 7,323, Specification No. 556, Specification No. 7,329,736, Specification No. 7,449,552, Specification No. 7,468,278, Specification No. 7,510,878, Specification No. 7,521,235 Specification No. 7,544,862, Specification No. 7,605,304, Specification No. 7,696,412, Specification No. 7,629,504, Specification No. 7,705,216 , and the same specifications No. 7,772,465, No. 7,790,846, No. 7,858,849, and the same brochures International Publication No. 1991 / 14778, International Publication No. 1999 / 31248, International Publication No. 2001 / 12731, International Publication No. 1999 / 24581, and International Publication No. 1997 / 40162.

[0141] Genes encoding insecticidal proteins may be stacked, including (but not limited to) the following: from the genus Pseudomonas, e.g., PSEEN3174 (Monalysin, (2011) PLoS Pathogens, 7:1-13); from Pseudomonas protegens strains CHA0 and Pf-5 (already fluorescent) (Pechy-Tarr, (2008) Environmental Microbiology 10:2368-2386: GenBank Accession No. EU400157); from Pseudomonas taiwanensis (Liu, et al., (2010) J.Agric. Food Chem. 58:12343-12349); and Pseudomonas pseudoalkaligenes. Insecticidal proteins from pseudoalcaligenes (Zhang, et al., (2009) Annals of Microbiology 59:45-50 and Li, et al., (2007) Plant Cell Tiss. Organ Cult. 89:159-168); from the genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus (Hinchliffe, et al., (2010) The Open Toxinology Journal 3:101-118 and Morgan, et al., (2001) Applied and Envir. Micro. Insecticidal proteins from U.S. Patent No. 67:2062-2069, U.S. Patent No. 6,048,838, and U.S. Patent No. 6,379,946; PIP-1 polypeptide from U.S. Patent No. 9,688,730; AfIP-1A and / or AfIP-1B polypeptide from U.S. Patent No. 9,475,847; PIP-47 polypeptide from U.S. Patent No. 10,006,045; IPD045 polypeptide, IPD064 polypeptide, IPD074 polypeptide, IPD075 polypeptide, and IPD077 polypeptide from International Patent Application Publication Brochure 2016 / 114973;IPD080 polypeptide from International Patent Application Publication No. 2018 / 075350; IPD078 polypeptide, IPD084 polypeptide, IPD085 polypeptide, IPD086 polypeptide, IPD087 polypeptide, IPD088 polypeptide, and IPD089 polypeptide from International Patent Application Publication No. 2018 / 084936; PIP-72 polypeptide from U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20160366891; PtIP-50 polypeptide and PtIP-65 polypeptide from U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20170166921; IPD098 polypeptide, IPD059 polypeptide, IPD108 polypeptide, and IPD109 polypeptide from International Patent Application Publication No. 2018 / 232072; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 201603 PtIP-83 polypeptide in Specification No. 47799; PtIP-96 polypeptide in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20170233440; IPD079 polypeptide in Brochure 2017 / 23486; IPD082 polypeptide in Brochure 2017 / 105987; IPD090 polypeptide in Brochure 2017 / 192560; IPD093 polypeptide in Brochure 2018 / 111551; IPD103 polypeptide in Brochure 2018 / 005411; IPD101 polypeptide in Brochure 2018 / 118811; IPD121 polypeptide in Brochure 2018 / 208882;And the following (but not limited to these) δ-endotoxins: Cry1, Cry2, Cry3, Cry4, Cry5, Cry6, Cry7, Cry8, Cry9, Cry10, Cry11, Cry12, Cry13, Cry14, Cry15, Cry16, Cry17, Cry18, Cry19, Cry20, Cry21, Cry22, Cry23, Cry24, Cry25, Cry26, Cry27, Cry28, Cry29, Cry30, Cry31, Cry32, Cry33, Cry34, Cry35, Cry36, Cry37, Cry38, Cry39, C The δ-endotoxin genes of the classes ry40, Cry41, Cry42, Cry43, Cry44, Cry45, Cry46, Cry47, Cry49, Cry50, Cry51, Cry52, Cry53, Cry54, Cry55, Cry56, Cry57, Cry58, Cry59, Cry60, Cry61, Cry62, Cry63, Cry64, Cry65, Cry66, Cry67, Cry68, Cry69, Cry70, Cry71, and Cry72, as well as the Cyt1 and Cyt2 genes for Bacillus thuringiensis cytolyticism.

[0142] Examples of δ-endotoxins include, but are not limited to, the Cry1A protein in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,880,275 and 7,858,849; the DIG-3 or DIG-11 toxin (N-terminal deletion of α-helix 1 and / or α-helix 2 variants of Cry proteins such as Cry1A) in U.S. Patent Application Nos. 8,304,604 and 8,304,605; and U.S. Patent Application No. 10 Cry1B in U.S. Patent No. 525,318; Cry1C in U.S. Patent No. 6,033,874; Cry1F in U.S. Patents No. 5,188,960 and No. 6,218,188; Cry1A / F chimeras in U.S. Patents No. 7,070,982, No. 6,962,705 and No. 6,713,063; Cry2Ab protein and other Cry2 proteins in U.S. Patent No. 7,064,249 Proteins; Cry3A proteins such as (but not limited to) engineered hybrid insecticidal proteins (eHIPs) formed by fusing a unique combination of a variable region and conserved blocks of at least two different Cry proteins (U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010 / 0017914); Cry4, Cry5, Cry6, and Cry8 proteins of U.S. Patent Nos. 7,329,736, 7,449,552, 7,803,943, 7,476,781, 7,105,332, 7,378,499, and 7,462,760; Cry9 proteins such as members of the Cry9A, Cry9B, Cry9C, Cry9D, Cry9E, and Cry9F families; Naimov, et al.Cry15 protein in (2008) Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74:7145-7151; Cry22 and Cry34Ab1 proteins in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,127,180, 6,624,145 and 6,340,593; CryET33 and CryET34 proteins in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,248,535, 6,326,351, 6,399,330, 6,949,626, 7,385,107 and 7,504,229; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 200 CryET33 and CryET34 homologs in U.S. Patent No. 6 / 0191034, No. 2012 / 0278954, and International Patent Application Publication No. 2012 / 139004; Cry35Ab1 protein in U.S. Patent No. 6,083,499, No. 6,548,291, and No. 6,340,593; Cry46 protein, Cry51 protein, Cry binary toxin; TIC901, or related toxins; TIC807 in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008 / 0295207; PCT Examples include ET29, ET37, TIC809, TIC810, TIC812, TIC127, and TIC128 from US2006 / 033867; Cry proteins such as Cry1A and Cry3A with modified proteolytic sites from US Patent No. 8,319,019; and Cry1Ac, Cry2Aa, and Cry1Ca toxin proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis strain VBTS 2528 from US Patent Application Publication 2011 / 0064710. Other Cry proteins are well known to those skilled in the art (see Crickmore, et al., “Bacillus thuringiensis toxin nomenclature” (2011) at lifesci.sussex.ac.uk / home / Neil_Crickmore / Bt / , accessible on the World Wide Web using the prefix “www”). The insecticidal activity of Cry protein is well known to those skilled in the art (for a review, see van Frannkenhuyzen, (2009) J. Invert. Path.See 101:1-16. The use of Cry proteins as transgenic plant traits is well known to those skilled in the art, and Cry transgenic plants (but not limited to Cry1Ac, Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab, Cry1Ab, Cry1A.105, Cry1F, Cry1Fa2, Cry1F+Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab, Cry3A, mCry3A, Cry3Bb1, Cry34Ab1, Cry35Ab1, Vip3A, mCry3A, Cry9c, and CBI-Bt) have been approved by regulatory authorities (see Sanahuja, (2011) Plant Biotech Journal 9:283-300 and the CERA (2010) GM Crop Database Center for Environmental Risk Assessment (CERA), ILSI Research, cera gmc.org / index.php?action=gm_crop_database, accessible on the World Wide Web using the prefix "www"). See Foundation, Washington DC. Additionally, several pesticide proteins well known to those skilled in the art, such as Cry1F&CryCa (U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012 / 0317681) and Cry1DA&Cry1Fa (U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012 / 0331589), can be expressed in plants. Insecticidal proteins also include insecticidal lipases, including lipid acyl hydrolases as described in U.S. Patent No. 7,491,869, and cholesterol oxidases such as those found in Streptomyces (Purcell et al. (1993) Biochem Biophys Res Commun 15:1406-1413). Insecticidal proteins also include VIP (Vitamin-Insecticidal Protein) toxins such as those described in U.S. Patents No. 5,877,012, 6,107,279, 6,137,033, 7,244,820, 7,615,686, and 8,237,020. Other VIP proteins are well known to those skilled in the art (accessible on the World Wide Web using the prefix "www" at lifesci.sussex.ac.).See uk / home / Neil_Crickmore / Bt / vip.html. Insecticidal proteins also include toxin complex (TC) proteins available from organisms such as Xenorhabdus, Photorhabdus, and Paenibacillus (see U.S. Patents Nos. 7,491,698 and 8,084,418). Some TC proteins have “standalone” insecticidal activity, while others enhance the activity of standalone toxins produced by the same given organism. The toxicity of “standalone” TC proteins (e.g., from Photorhabdus, Xenorhabdus, or Paenibacillus) can be enhanced by one or more TC protein “enhancers” derived from organisms of different genera. There are mainly three types of TC proteins. Class A proteins ("Protein A") as referred to herein are standalone toxins. Class B proteins ("Protein B") and Class C proteins ("Protein C") enhance the toxicity of Class A proteins. Examples of Class A proteins are TcbA, TcdA, XptA1, and XptA2. Examples of Class B proteins are TcaC, TcdB, XptB1Xb, and XptC1Wi. Examples of Class C proteins are TccC, XptC1Xb, and XptB1Wi. Insecticide proteins also include spider, snake, and scorpion venom proteins. Examples of spider venom peptides include, but are not limited to, lycotoxin-1 peptide and its variants (U.S. Patent No. 8,334,366).

[0143] Further transgenes that confer resistance to insects may downregulate the expression of target genes in insect pest species by interfering with ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules through RNA interference. RNA interference refers to the process of sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing in animals mediated by short interfering RNA (siRNA) (Fire, et al., (1998) Nature 391:806). RNAi transgenes include, but are not limited to, dsRNA, siRNA, miRNA, iRNA, antisense RNA, or the expression of sense RNA molecules that downregulate the expression of target genes in pests. International Patent Application Publication No. 2007 / 074405 describes a method for inhibiting the expression of target genes in invertebrate pests such as the Colorado potato beetle. International Patent Application Publication No. 2005 / 110068 describes a method for inhibiting the expression of target genes in invertebrate pests, particularly including the Western corn rootworm, as a means of controlling insect invasion. Furthermore, International Patent Application Publication No. 2009 / 091864 describes compositions and methods for suppressing target genes from pest species, including pests from the genus Lygus.

[0144] RNAi transgenes are provided to target the vacuolar ATPase H subunit and are useful for controlling the population and invasion of lepidopteran pests, as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2012 / 0198586. International Patent Application Publication 2012 / 055982 describes ribonucleic acids (RNA or double-stranded RNA) that inhibit or downregulate the expression of target genes encoding: insect ribosomal proteins such as ribosomal protein L19, ribosomal protein L40, or ribosomal protein S27A; Rpn6 protein, Pros 25. Insect proteasome subunits such as Rpn2 protein, proteasome beta-1 subunit protein, or Pros beta-2 protein; insect β-coatemer, γ-coatemer, β'-coatemer protein, or ζ-coatemer of COPI vesicles; insect tetraspanin 2A protein, which is a putative transmembrane domain protein; insect proteins belonging to the actin family, such as actin 5C; insect ubiquitin-5E protein; insect Sec23 protein, which is a GTPase activator involved in intracellular protein transport; insect crinkled protein, which is a non-classical myosin involved in motility; insect crooked neck protein, which is involved in the regulation of alternative mRNA splicing in the nucleus; insect vacuolar H+-ATPase G subunit protein; and insect Tbp-1, such as a Tat-binding protein. International Patent Application Publication 2007 / 035650 describes ribonucleic acid (RNA or double-stranded RNA) that inhibits or downregulates the expression of target genes encoding Snf7. US Patent Application Publication 2011 / 0054007 describes polynucleotide silencing factors that target RPS10. International Patent Application Publication 2016 / 205445 describes polynucleotide silencing factors that reduce reproductive capacity, along with target polynucleotides including NCLB, MAEL, BOULE, and VgR.U.S. Patent Publication No. 2014 / 0275208 and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2015 / 0257389 describe polynucleotide silencing factors targeting RyanR(DvSSJ1) and PAT3. International Patent Publication No. 2016 / 138106, International Patent Publication No. 2016 / 060911, International Patent Publication No. 2016 / 060912, International Patent Publication No. 2016 / 060913, and International Patent Publication No. 2016 / 060914 describe polynucleotide silencing factors targeting COPI-coated Mer subunit nucleic acid molecules that confer resistance to Coleopteran and Hemiptera pests. U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012 / 029750, U.S. Patent Publication No. 20120297501, and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012 / 0322660 describe interfering ribonucleic acid (RNA or double-stranded RNA) that function upon uptake by an insect pest species to downregulate the expression of a target gene in the insect pest, wherein the RNA comprises at least one silencing factor, the silencing factor being a region of double-stranded RNA containing an annealed complementary strand, one of which contains or consists of a nucleotide sequence at least partially complementary to a target nucleotide sequence in the target gene.U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012 / 0164205 describes potential targets for interfering with double-stranded ribonucleic acid to inhibit invertebrate pests, including: Chd3 homologous sequence, beta-tubulin homologous sequence, 40kDa V-ATPase homologous sequence, EF1α homologous sequence, 26S proteosome subunit p28 homologous sequence, juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase homologous sequence, swelling-dependent chloride channel protein homologous sequence, glucose-6-phosphatase 1-dehydrogenase protein homologous sequence, Act42A protein homologous sequence, ADP-ribose factor 1 homologous sequence, transcription factor IIB protein homologous sequence, chitinase homologous sequence, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme homologous sequence, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase homologous sequence, ubiquitin B homologous sequence, juvenile hormone esterase homologous sequence, and alpha-tubulin homologous sequence.

[0145] Molecule F1 can be used with seeds that possess such traits and seeds that do not.

[0146] Formula 1 can be applied to the leaves and / or fruits of plants to control pests. Such molecules will come into direct contact with the pests, or the pests will ingest them when they feed on the plant or when they absorb sap or other nutrients from the plant.

[0147] Formula 1 can also be applied to the soil, and when applied in this manner, it can control pests that feed on roots and stems. The roots absorb such molecules and transport them to the leaves of the plant, thereby controlling above-ground chewing pests and sap-feeding pests.

[0148] By utilizing the systemic movement of pesticides in plants, applying the molecule of Formula 1 to one part of a plant (for example, by spraying it over a certain area) can control pests in other parts of the plant. For example, control of leaf-eating insects can be achieved by treating the soil, for example, by pre- or post-planting soil drenching, through stream irrigation or furrow application, or by treating the plant seeds before planting.

[0149] Formula 1 may be used in conjunction with bait and attractants. Generally, with respect to bait, the bait is placed in the ground, for example, so that termites can come into contact with it and / or be attracted to it. The bait can also be applied to the surface of a building (horizontal, vertical, or oblique) so that ants, termites, cockroaches, and flies can come into contact with it and / or be attracted to it.

[0150] Formula 1 can be encapsulated inside the capsule or placed on the surface of the capsule. The size of the capsule can range from nanometer size (diameter approximately 100 to 900 nanometers) to micrometer size (diameter approximately 10 to 900 microns).

[0151] Formula 1 can also be applied to the eggs of pests. Since the eggs of certain pests have a unique ability to resist specific pesticides, it may be desirable to repeatedly apply such molecules to control newly emerging larvae.

[0152] Formula 1 can be applied as a seed treatment agent. Seed treatment agents can be applied to all types of seeds, including those from which genetically modified plants expressing specific traits will germinate. Typical examples include those expressing proteins toxic to invertebrate pests, such as Bacillus thuringiensis or other insecticidal toxins; those expressing herbicide resistance, such as "Roundup Ready" seeds; or those containing "stacked" exogenous genes expressing insecticidal toxins, herbicide resistance, vegetative enhancement, drought tolerance, or any other beneficial trait. Furthermore, such seed treatment with Formula 1 can further enhance the ability of plants to tolerate high-stress growing conditions. This results in healthier and more vigorous plants, which can lead to higher yields at harvest. Generally, amounts of Formula 1 ranging from approximately 0.0025 mg per seed to approximately 2.0 mg per seed are useful, amounts of Formula 1 ranging from approximately 0.01 mg per seed to approximately 1.75 mg per seed are useful, amounts of Formula 1 ranging from 0.1 mg per seed to approximately 1.5 mg per seed are useful, and amounts of Formula 1 ranging from 0.25 mg per seed to approximately 0.75 mg per seed are useful. Generally, an amount of Formula 1 of approximately 0.5 mg per seed is useful.

[0153] Formula 1 may be applied in a soil conditioner together with one or more active ingredients.

[0154] Formula 1 can be used in the veterinary medicine field or the field of non-human animal husbandry to control internal and external parasites. Such molecules can be administered orally, for example, in the form of tablets, capsules, drinks, granules; applied to the skin, for example, by immersion, spray, injection, spot-on, and powder; and administered parenterally, for example, by injection.

[0155] Formula 1 can also be used favorably for livestock farming, such as cattle, chickens, geese, goats, pigs, sheep, and turkeys. They can also be used favorably for pets such as horses, dogs, and cats. Specific pests to be controlled would be flies, fleas, and ticks, which are troublesome to such animals. A suitable formulation is administered orally to the animal with drinking water or feed. The suitable dosage and formulation vary by species.

[0156] Formula 1 can also be used to control parasites, particularly intestinal parasites, in the animals listed above.

[0157] Formula 1 can also be applied to invasive pests. Pests around the world are moving to new environments (for these pests), and after migration, they become new invasive species in these new environments. Furthermore, such molecules can be used on these new invasive species to control them in these new environments.

[0158] Plant viruses cause an estimated $60 billion in crop yield losses worldwide every year. Many plant viruses require transmission by vectors, most often insects, such as leafhoppers and planthoppers. However, nematodes have also been shown to transmit viruses. Nematodes transmit plant viruses by feeding on roots. Formula 1 can also be applied to plants to inhibit pests that carry plant viruses, thereby reducing the chances of such plant viruses being transmitted from pests to plants.

[0159] Therefore, in view of the above, the following further non-exclusive details (D) are provided.

[0160] 1D. (a) Numerator of Equation 1 (F1) [ka] and, (b) A second active ingredient ("2AI"), A composition containing the following: 2D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is abamectin. 3D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is acephate. 4D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is acetamiprid. 5D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is asequinosyl. 6D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is acrin. 7D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is afidopiropene. 8D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is an afoxolaner. 9D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is allethrin. 10D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is allicin. 11D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is allosamidin. 12D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is alpha-cypermethrin. 13D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is amitraz. 14D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is anabasin. 15D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is azadirachtin. 16D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is azinephos-methyl. 17D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is bartholin. 18D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is benkrothiaz. 19D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is benfuracarb. 20D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is a bensul tap. 21D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is a benzoximate. 22D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is benzpyrimoxane. 23D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is beta-cyfluthrin. 24D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is beta-cypermethrin. 25D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is bifenazate. 26D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is bifenthrin. 27D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is bioallethrin S-cyclopentenyl. 28D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is biorethrin. 29D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is bioethanomethrin. 30D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is biopermethrin. 31D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is violethmethrin. 32D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is bistrifluron. 33D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is brofenvalerate. 34D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is brofranilide. 35D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is broflutrinate. 36D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is bromethrin. 37D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is bromopropylate. 38D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is buprofezin. 39D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is carbaryl. 40D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is a carbofuran. 41D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is a cartap. 42D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is quinomethionato. 43D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is chlorantraniliprole. 44D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is chlorbenzurone. 45D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is chlorodimeform. 46D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is chlorenepenthrin. 47D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is chlorfenapyr. 48D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is chlorfenbinephos. 49D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is chlorfluazurone. 50D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is chlorpyrifos. 51D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is chlorpyrifos-methyl. 52D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is chromafenozide. 53D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is synerin. 54D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is cismethrin. 55D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is clofentezine. 56D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is closantel. 57D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is clothianidin. 58D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is copper oleate. 59D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is crotamiton. 60D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is cryolite. 61D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is cyantraniliprole. 62D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is cyclaniliprole. 63D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is ciclethrin. 64D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is cyclobutrifluram. 65D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is cycloprothrin. 66D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is a cycloxapride. 67D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is cyenopyrafen. 68D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is cyflumetofen. 69D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is cyfluthrin. 70D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is a cyhalodiamide. 71D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is cyhalothrin. 72D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is cyhexatin. 73D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is cypermethrin. 74D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is cyphenothrin. 75D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is cyphenothrin [(1R)-trans isomer]. 76D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is cyromazine. 77D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is dayoutong. 78D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is dazomet. 79D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is DBCP. 80D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is DCIP. 81D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is d-cis-trans allethrin. 82D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is deltamethrine. 83D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is demeton-S. 84D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is DFDT. 85D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is diafenthiurone. 86D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is diazinon. 87D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is dichlorvos. 88D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is dichloromesothiaz. 89D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is dicohol. 90D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is dicyclanil. 91D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is diflovidazine. 92D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is diflubenzuron. 93D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is dimethylfluthrin. 94D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is a dimethoate. 95D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is gymnpropylides. 96D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is Dynex. 97D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is dinoprop. 98D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is dinosum. 99D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is dinotefuran. 100D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is a geophenolane. 101D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is d-limonene. 102D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is DNOC. 103D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is dramectin. 104D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is d-trans-allethrin. 105D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is ecdysterone. 106D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is emamectin benzoate. 107D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is emamectin. 108D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is empenthrin. 109D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is an empenthrin [(EZ)-(1R)-isomer]. 110D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is endosulfane. 111D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is epophenonane. 112D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is eprinomectin. 113D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is epsilon-metoflutrin. 114D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is epsilon-monfluorothrin. 115D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is esfenvalerate. 116D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is ethion. 117D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is ethiprole. 118D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is ethylenedibromide. 119D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is etofenprox. 120D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is etoxazole. 121D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is EXD. 122D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is phenamiphos. 123D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is phenazaquine. 124D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is fenbutane oxide. 125D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is fenitrothion. 126D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is phenobucarb. 127D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is phenoxycarb. 128D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is fenpyritrin. 129D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is fenpropathrin. 130D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is fenpyroximate. 131D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is fenvalerate. 132D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is fipronil. 133D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is frommetkin. 134D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is flonicamide. 135D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is full acrypilime. 136D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is full azaindolidine. 137D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is flubendiamide. 138D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is fulcoflon. 139D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is fullcycloxolone. 140D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is a full citrinate. 141D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is fluene sulfone. 142D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is fulphenelim. 143D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is flufenoxurone. 144D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is flufenprox. 145D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is flufiprole. 146D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is full hexaphone. 147D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is flumethrine. 148D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is fulpyradiflon. 149D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is flupyrimine. 150D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is furralaner. 151D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is furthramide. 152D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is full-valinate. 153D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is fluxamethamide. 154D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is formethaneate. 155D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is formparanate. 156D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is a fothiazate. 157D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is flamethrin. 158D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is frantebfenozide. 159D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is fretrin. 160D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is furfural. 161D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is gamma-cyhalothrin. 162D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is halfenprox. 163D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is a halophenozide. 164D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is heptafluthrin. 165D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is hexaflumurone. 166D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is hexythiazox. 167D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is hydramethylnon. 168D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is hydroprene. 169D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is imisiaphos. 170D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is imidacloprid. 171D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is imidaclotizu. 172D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is imiprothrin. 173D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is indoxacarb. 174D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is isamidophos. 175D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is isocycloceramic. 176D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is isoprocarb. 177D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is isoprothioane. 178D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is isoxathion. 179D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is ivermectin. 180D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is jasmolin I. 181D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is jasmolin II. 182D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is jiahuangchongzong. 183D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is juvenile hormone I. 184D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is juvenile hormone II. 185D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is juvenile hormone III. 186D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is kadathrin. 187D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is cadetrin. 188D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is kappa-bifenthrin. 189D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is copper-tefluthrin. 190D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is quinoprene. 191D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is lambda-cyhalotrin. 192D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is lepimectin. 193D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is rotilaner. 194D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is lufenuron. 195D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is malathion. 196D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is maltodextrin. 197D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is matrine. 198D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is medimeform. 199D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is metaflumizone. 200D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is metaldehyde. 201D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is methamidophos. 202D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is methidathion. 203D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is methomyl. 204D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is methoxyphenozide. 205D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is methyl isothiocyanate. 206D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is metofluthrin. 207D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is methoxadiazone. 208D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is milbemectin. 209D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is milbemycin oxime. 210D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is monotophos. 211D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is moxidectin. 212D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is niclosamide. 213D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is niflulidide. 214D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is nitenpyram. 215D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is nithiazine. 216D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is nornicotine. 217D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is Novalon. 218D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is nobiflumulon. 219D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is an omethoate. 220D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is oxamyl. 221D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is oxazosulfyl. 222D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is oxydemeton-methyl. 223D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is parathion. 224D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is parathion-methyl. 225D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is permethrin. 226D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is phorate. 227D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is phosphamidone. 228D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is pyrimicarb. 229D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is pyrimiphos-ethyl. 230D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is pirimiphos-methyl. 231D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is precosene I. 232D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is Precosen II. 233D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is Precosen III. 234D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is profenophos. 235D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is propellant. 236D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is propoxul. 237D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is prothiophos. 238D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is piflubumide. 239D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is pyrometrozine. 240D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is pyraclophos. 241D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is pyrethrin I. 242D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is pyrethrin II. 243D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is pyrethrin (pyretram). 244D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is pyrethrin. 245D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is pyridabene. 246D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is pyridaryl. 247D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is pyrifuruquinazone. 248D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is pyrimidifen. 249D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is pyriprole. 250D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is pyriproxyfen. 251D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is quinalphos. 252D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is lafoxanide. 253D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is lenofluthrin. 254D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is resmethrin. 255D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is rhodojaponin-III. 256D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is rotenone. 257D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is liania. 258D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is sabajira. 259D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is sanguinaline. 260D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is sarolaner. 261D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is selamectin. 262D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is semiamitraz. 263D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is silafluofen. 264D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is sodium thiocyanate. 265D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is spinetram. 266D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is spinosad. 267D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is spirodiclofen. 268D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is spiromesifen. 269D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is spiropidione. 270D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is spirotetramat. 271D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is sulcofuron. 272D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is sulfluramid. 273D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is sulfoxaflor. 274D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is sulfoxime. 275D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is tau-fluvalinate. 276D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is tebufenozide. 277D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is tebufenpyrad. 278D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is teflubenzuron. 279D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is tefluthrin. 280D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is temephos. 281D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is terbufos. 282D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is tetrachlorantraniliprole. 283D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is tetradifon. 284D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is tetramethrin. 285D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is tetramethrin [(1R)-isomer]. 286D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is tetramethylfluthrin. 287D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is tetraniliprole. 288D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is theta-cypermethrin. 289D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is thiacloprid. 290D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is thiamethoxam. 291D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is thiapronil. 292D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is thiosultap. 293D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is thiodicarb. 294D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is thiometone. 295D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is thiosultap. 296D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is thiosultap-sodium. 297D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is thuringiensin. 298D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is thioxazafene. 299D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is Chillpart. 300D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is tolfenpyrad. 301D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is tralocitrin. 302D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is tralomethrin. 303D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is transfluthrin. 304D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is transpermethrin. 305D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is triatene. 306D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is triazophos. 307D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is trichlorfon. 308D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is triflumezopyrim. 309D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is triflumulone. 310D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is a triptolide. 311D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is ticlopyrazoflor. 312D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is valerate. 313D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is vanillaprole. 314D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is isidine. 315D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is zeta-cypermethrin. 316D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is α-ecdysone. 317D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is selected from AIGA. 318D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is selected from acaricides, algicides, feeding inhibitors, bird killers, fungicides, bird repellents, chemical sterilizers, fungicides, herbicide antidotes, herbicides, insect attractants, insect repellents, insecticides, mammal repellents, mating inhibitors, mollusk repellents, nematicides, plant activators, plant health stimulants or promoters, nitrification inhibitors, plant growth regulators, rodenticides, synergists, and virucidal agents. 319D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from AIGA-2. 320D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from AIGA-3. 321D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is a biopesticide. 322D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is selected from acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors. 323D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is selected from GABA gate chloride channel blockers. 324D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from sodium channel modulators. 324D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is selected from nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) competitive modulators. 325D. The composition according to any of the above details, further comprising an AI selected from nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric modulator-Site I. 325D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is selected from glutamate-gated chloride channel (GLUCL) allosteric modulators. 326D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is selected from juvenile hormone mimetic compounds. 327D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from a variety of nonspecific (multi-site) inhibitors. 328D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from TRPV channel modulators of the chordotonal organ. 329D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from acarid growth inhibitors. 330D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from microbial disruptors acting on the midgut membrane of insects. 331D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibitors. 332D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation via disruption of the proton gradient. 333D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) channel blockers. 334D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from chitin biosynthesis inhibitors, type 0. 335D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from chitin biosynthesis inhibitors, type 1. 336D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from dipteran molting disruptors. 337D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from ecdysone receptor agonists. 338D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from octopamine receptor agonists. 339D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitors. 340D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors. 341D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers. 342D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors. 343D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from mitochondrial complex IV electron transport inhibitors. 345D. The composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is selected from mitochondrial complex II electron transport inhibitors. 346D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is selected from ryanodine receptor modulators. 347D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is selected from chord-tone organ modulators (undefined target sites). 348D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is selected from GABA gate chloride channel allosteric modulators. 349D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is selected from baculoviruses. 350D. The composition according to any of the above details, further comprising a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric modulator-Site II. 351D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is selected from group UN. 352D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is selected from group UNB. 353D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is selected from group UNE. 354D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is selected from group UNF. 355D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is selected from group UNM. 356D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is a bactericide. 357D. The composition according to 1D, wherein 2AI is a herbicide. 358D. The seed treatment composition according to 1D, wherein the 2AI is azoxystrobin, and the composition may optionally contain one or more AIs selected from AIGA. 359D. The seed treatment composition according to 358D, wherein one or more AIs are selected from fludioxonil, mephenoxam, sedaxane, fipronil, pyraclostrobin, thiophanate-methyl, fluazinam, metalaxyl-M, thiabendazole, fluopicolide, fluoxastrobin, imidacloprid, tebuconazole, metalaxyl, and thiodicarb. 360D. A seed treated with the seed treatment composition according to 358D or 359D, wherein said seed may optionally be a genetically modified seed. 361D. The composition according to any one of the above, wherein the weight ratio of (a) the molecule of formula 1 (F1) to (b) the second active ingredient is from about 1000:1 to about 1:1000, or from about 100:1 to about 1:100. 362D. The composition according to any one of the above, wherein the weight ratio of (a) the molecule of formula 1 (F1) to (b) the second active ingredient is from about 50:1 to about 1:50. 363D. The composition according to any one of the above, wherein the weight ratio of (a) the molecule of formula 1 (F1) to (b) the second active ingredient is from about 20:1 to about 1:20. 364D. The composition according to any one of the above, wherein the weight ratio of (a) the molecule of formula 1 (F1) to (b) the second active ingredient is from about 10:1 to about 1:10. 365D. The composition according to any one of the above, wherein the weight ratio of (a) the molecule of formula 1 (F1) to (b) the second active ingredient is from about 5:1 to about 1:5. 366D. The composition according to any one of the above, wherein the weight ratio of (a) the molecule of formula 1 (F1) to (b) the second active ingredient is from about 3:1 to about 1:3. 367D. The composition according to any one of the above, wherein the weight ratio of (a) the molecule of formula 1 (F1) to (b) the second active ingredient is from about 2:1 to about 1:2. 368D. The composition according to any one of the above, wherein the weight ratio of (a) the molecule of formula 1 (F1) to (b) the second active ingredient is about 1:1. 369D. The composition according to any one of the above, wherein the weight ratio of (a) the molecule of formula 1 (F1) to (b) the second active ingredient is X:Y, X is the part by weight of (a) the molecule of formula 1 (F1), Y is the part by weight of (b) the second active ingredient, further, the numerical range of parts by weight of X is 0 < X ≦ 100, the part by weight of Y is 0 < Y ≦ 100, and further X and Y are selected from Table 4. 370D. A method for controlling pests, comprising applying a pesticidally effective amount of the composition according to any one of 1D to 369D described in detail above to an area. 371.5D The method according to detail 370D, wherein the pest is Mahanarva fimbriolata or Nilaparvata lugens or both. 371D. The method according to detail 370D, wherein the harmful organism is selected from the group consisting of ants, aphids, bed bugs, beetles, silverfish, caterpillars, cockroaches, crickets, earwigs, fleas, flies, grasshoppers, ground worms, leafhoppers, lice, locusts, grasshoppers, maggots, mealybugs, mites, mosquitoes, nematodes, planthoppers, psyllids, rootworms, sawflies, scale insects, silverfish, slugs, snails, spiders, springtails, stink bugs, conjugates, termites, thrips, ticks, wasps, whiteflies, scarab beetles, and horsehair worms. 372D. The method described in detail in 370D, wherein the pest is a pest that feeds on tree sap. 373D. The method described in detail in 370D, wherein the pest is a chewing pest. 374D. The method according to detail 370D, wherein the composition is applied to soil. 375D. The method according to detail 370D, wherein the composition is applied to the leaves of a plant. 376D. The method according to detail 370D, wherein rice, bananas, corn, coffee beans, soybeans, cotton, nuts, peanuts, potatoes, sorghum, sugarcane, canola, tea, grapes, turf, ornamental plants, wheat, barley, alfalfa, tree fruits, tropical fruits, oil palms, plantation crops, or other fruits or vegetables are cultivated in the area. 377D. The composition according to detail 360D, wherein the seeds are cotton seeds, sunflower seeds, rice seeds, sugar beet seeds, rapeseed seeds, corn seeds, wheat seeds, barley seeds, millet seeds, sorghum seeds, buckwheat seeds, wild oat seeds, rye seeds, soybean seeds, or quinoa seeds. 378D. (a) Numerator of Equation 1 (F1) [ka] and, (b) A second active ingredient or a combination of second active ingredients ("2AI"), A seed treatment composition containing the following: 379D. The composition according to 378D, wherein the 2AI is as follows: (1) Abamectin; (2) Acibenzoral-S-methyl; (3) Azoxystrobin; (4) A combination of azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, mefenoxam, and sedaxane; (5) A combination of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Trichoderma virens; (6) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MB600; (7) Bacillus firmus I-1582; (8)Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain PTA-4838; (9) Bradyrhizobium japonicum; (10) Bradyrhizobium genus (Bradyrhizobium spp.); (11) Broflanilide; (12) Chlorantraniliprole; (13) The combination of chlorantraniliprole and fluopyram; (14) A combination of chlorotraniliprole, oxathiapiproline, ipconazole, and picoxystrobin; (15) Clothianidin; (16) Clothianidin combined with Bacillus firmus I-1582; (17) Clothianidin, Bacillus firmus I-1582, and Bacillus thuringiensis; (18) A combination of clothianidin, fluopicolide, and fluoxastrobin; (19) A combination of clothianidin, penflufen, trifloxystrobin, and metalaxyl; (20) Cyantraniliprole; (21) A combination of cyantraniliprole and thiamethoxam; (22) Difenoconazole; (23) The combination of difenoconazole and mefenoxam; (24) Dimethomorph; (25) Ethaboxam; (26) Fludioxonil; (27) A combination of fludioxonil and mefenoxam, (28) combinations of fludioxonil, mefenoxam, azoxystrobin, and thiabendazole; (29) A combination of fluopicole and fluoxastrobin; (30) Fluopyram; (31) Flupyradiflon; (32) Fluxapiroxad; (33) Imazamox; (34) Imidaclopride; (35) combinations of imidacloprid, metalaxyl, and tebuconazole; (36) combinations of imidacloprid, tebuconazole, metalaxyl, and fludioxonil; (37) The combination of imidacloprid and thiodicarb; (38) Ipconazole; (39) The combination of ipconazole and metalaxyl; (40) A combination of ipconazole, metalaxyl, and imidacloprid; (41) Mephenoxam; (42) A combination of mefenoxam, thiabendazole, and fludioxonil; (43) Mefentrifluconazole; (44) Metalaxyl; (45) A combination of metalaxyl, fraxapyroxad, and pyraclostrobin; (46) Methiocarb; (47) Methoxyphenozide; (48) Mycrobutanil; (49) Oxathiapiproline; (50) A combination of oxatiapiproline, picoxystrobin, and ipconazole; (51) picoxystrobin; (52) The combination of prothioconazole and metalaxyl; (53) combinations of prothioconazole, penflufen, and metalaxyl; (54) Pyraclostrobin; (55) A combination of pyraclostrobin, fluxapiroxad, triticonazole, and metalaxyl; (56) Sedaxane; (57) spinetrum; (58) Spinosad; (59) Sulfoxaflor; (60) Tebuconazole; (61) combinations of tebuconazole, prothioconazole, and metalaxyl; (62) Tefluthrin; (63) Thiamethoxam; (64) combinations of thiamethoxam, difenoconazole, mefenoxam, fludioxonil, and sedaxane; (65) A combination of thiamethoxam, fludioxonil, and mephenoxam; (66) combinations of thiamethoxam, mefenoxam, and difenoconazole; (67) Chilam; (68) Thioxazafen; or (69) Triflumezopyrim. 380D. The composition according to 379D, wherein the 2AI is as follows: (1) Fenpicoxamide; (2) Floryl picoxamide; (3) One or more members of FGK-1; (4) One or more members of FGK-2; (5) FGK-3; (6) FGK-4; or (7) Any combination of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[0161] The titles of this specification are for convenience only and should not be used to interpret any part of this document.

[0162] The table sections are as follows: These include tables B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, and B6.

[0163] [Table 3]

[0164] [Table 4]

[0165] [Table 5]

[0166] [Table 6]

[0167] [Table 7]

[0168] [Table 8]

Claims

1. (a) Numerator of Equation 1 (F1) 【Chemistry 1】 and, (b) A second active ingredient ("2AI") selected from the group consisting of tetraniliprole, β-cyfluthrin, and deltamethrin, A composition containing the following:

2. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the 2AI is tetraniliprole.

3. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the 2AI is β-cyfluthrin.

4. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the 2AI is deltamethrin.

5. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the weight ratio of (a) the molecule of formula 1(F1) to (b) the second active ingredient is 10,000:1 to 1:10,000.

6. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the weight ratio of (a) the molecule of formula 1(F1) to (b) the second active ingredient is 1:1.

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