Solar cell module

Abstract

This solar cell module comprises a first protective layer (1), a plurality of solar cell elements (31), and a filling material (4). The first protective layer (1) is composed of a transparent resin and has a first surface (1f) and a second surface (1s) on the side opposite the first surface. The plurality of solar cell elements (31) are positioned while facing the second surface (1s), and are arranged side by side along the second surface (1s). The filling material (4) is in contact with the second surface (1s) and is positioned while covering the plurality of solar cell elements (31). The plurality of solar cell elements (31) include two solar cell elements which are arranged side by side in a first direction. The first surface (1f) has: a first region located above the plurality of solar cell elements (31); and a second region different from the first region. The first surface (1f) has one or more linear recess sections (1t) located in the second region.

Description

solar cell module CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority from Japanese Application No. 2022-86771 (filed May 27, 2022), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] The present disclosure relates to solar cell modules.

[0003] A solar cell module is known in which multiple solar cell elements are positioned between a front protective layer and a back protective layer (see, for example, the description in Patent Document 1). In this solar cell module, the multiple solar cell elements are arranged in a planar manner and electrically connected to each other. The multiple solar cell elements are also covered with a filler primarily composed of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA).

[0004] International Publication No. 2021 / 070743

[0005] A solar cell module is disclosed.

[0006] One aspect of the solar cell module includes a first protective layer, a plurality of solar cell elements, and a filler. The first protective layer is made of a light-transmitting resin and has a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface. The plurality of solar cell elements are positioned facing the second surface and aligned along the second surface. The filler is positioned in contact with the second surface and covering the plurality of solar cell elements. The plurality of solar cell elements include two solar cell elements aligned in a first direction. The first surface has a first region positioned above the plurality of solar cell elements and a second region different from the first region. The first surface has one or more linear recesses positioned in the second region.

[0007] FIG. 1 is a plan view showing an example of the appearance of a solar cell module according to the first embodiment when viewed in plan. FIG. 2 is a view showing an example of a virtual cut surface taken along line II-II of the solar cell module of FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is a view showing an example of a virtual cut surface taken along line III-III of the solar cell module of FIG. 1. FIG. 4 is a view showing an example of a structure when a first element surface of a solar cell element is viewed in plan. FIG. 5 is a view showing an example of a structure when a second element surface of a solar cell element is viewed in plan. FIG. 6 is a view showing an example of a virtual cut surface taken along line VI-VI of the solar cell element of FIGS. 4 and 5. FIG. 7 is a view showing an example of a bent solar cell module according to the first embodiment. FIG. 8 is a view showing an example of a state of a virtual cut surface during manufacturing in a specific example of a method for manufacturing a solar cell element. FIG. 9 is a view showing an example of a state of a virtual cut surface during manufacturing in a specific example of a method for manufacturing a solar cell element. FIG. 10 is a view showing an example of a state of a virtual cut surface during manufacturing in a specific example of a method for manufacturing a solar cell element. FIG. 11 is a view showing an example of a state of a virtual cut surface during manufacturing in a specific example of a method for manufacturing a solar cell element. FIG. 12 is a diagram showing an example of the state of a virtual cut surface during manufacturing in a specific example of a method for manufacturing a solar cell element. FIG. 13 is a diagram showing an example of the state of a virtual cut surface during manufacturing in a specific example of a method for manufacturing a solar cell module according to the first embodiment. FIG. 14 is a diagram showing an example of the state of a virtual cut surface during manufacturing in a specific example of a method for manufacturing a solar cell module according to the first embodiment. FIG. 15 is a diagram showing an example of a virtual cut surface at a position corresponding to the virtual cut surface of FIG. 2 in a solar cell module according to the second embodiment. FIG. 16 is a diagram showing an example of a virtual cut surface at a position corresponding to the virtual cut surface of FIG. 3 in a solar cell module according to the second embodiment. FIG. 17 is a diagram showing an example of the state of a virtual cut surface during manufacturing in a specific example of a method for manufacturing a solar cell module according to the second embodiment. FIG. 18 is a diagram showing an example of the state of a virtual cut surface during manufacturing in a specific example of a method for manufacturing a solar cell module according to the second embodiment. FIG. 19 is a plan view showing an example of the appearance of a solar cell module according to a third embodiment when viewed from above.FIG. 20 is a diagram showing an example of a virtual cut surface taken along line XX-XX of the solar cell module of FIG. 19 . FIG. 21 is a diagram showing an example of a virtual cut surface taken along line XXI-XXI of the solar cell module of FIG. 19 . FIG. 22 is a diagram schematically showing an example of a path along which rainwater flows on the first protective layer of the solar cell module according to the third embodiment. FIG. 23 is a diagram showing an example of the state of a virtual cut surface during manufacturing in a specific example of a manufacturing method for a solar cell module according to the third embodiment. FIG. 24 is a diagram showing an example of the state of a virtual cut surface during manufacturing in a specific example of a manufacturing method for a solar cell module according to the third embodiment. FIG. 25 is a diagram showing an example of a virtual cut surface at a position corresponding to the virtual cut surface of FIG. 20 of the solar cell module according to the fourth embodiment. FIG. 26 is a diagram showing an example of a virtual cut surface at a position corresponding to the virtual cut surface of FIG. 21 of the solar cell module according to the fourth embodiment. FIG. 27 is a diagram showing an example of the state of a virtual cut surface during manufacturing in a specific example of a manufacturing method for a solar cell module according to the fourth embodiment. FIG. 28 is a diagram showing an example of the state of a virtual cut surface during manufacturing in a specific example of a manufacturing method for a solar cell module according to the fourth embodiment. Fig. 29 is a diagram showing an example of a virtual cut surface of a solar cell module according to another embodiment, at a position corresponding to the virtual cut surface of Fig. 21 . Fig. 30 is a diagram showing an example of a virtual cut surface of a solar cell module according to another embodiment, at a position corresponding to the virtual cut surface of Fig. 21 . Fig. 31 is a diagram schematically showing an example of a path along which rainwater flows on a first protective layer of a solar cell module according to another embodiment. Fig. 32 is a diagram showing an example of a virtual cut surface of a solar cell module according to another embodiment, at a position corresponding to the virtual cut surface of Fig. 2 . Fig. 33 is a plan view showing an example of the appearance of a solar cell module according to another embodiment, when viewed from above. Fig. 34 is a plan view showing an example of the appearance of a solar cell module according to another embodiment, when viewed from above.

[0008] A solar cell module is known in which multiple solar cell elements are positioned between a front protective layer and a back protective layer. In this solar cell module, the multiple solar cell elements are arranged in a planar manner and electrically connected to each other. The multiple solar cell elements are also covered between the front protective layer and the back protective layer with a filler primarily composed of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA).

[0009] However, there is room for improvement in solar cell modules in terms of weight reduction and power generation efficiency.

[0010] The inventors of the present disclosure have therefore created a technology that can reduce the weight of a solar cell module and improve its power generation efficiency. Hereinafter, first to fourth embodiments of this technology will be described with reference to the drawings.

[0011] In the drawings, parts having the same, substantially the same, or similar configurations and functions are denoted by the same reference numerals. Accordingly, redundant explanations will be omitted as appropriate in the following description. The drawings are schematic. A right-handed XYZ coordinate system is illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 34. In this XYZ coordinate system, the longitudinal direction of the front surface 10f of the solar cell panel 10 is the -Y direction as the first direction. The lateral direction of the front surface 10f of the solar cell panel 10 is the +X direction as the second direction. The direction perpendicular to the front surface 10f, which is orthogonal to both the -Y direction and the +X direction (also referred to as the normal direction), is the +Z direction. The direction opposite to the +Z direction is the -Z direction as the third direction. The direction opposite to the +X direction as the second direction is the -X direction as the fourth direction. The direction opposite to the -Y direction as the first direction is the +Y direction as the fifth direction.

[0012] 1. First Embodiment 1-1. Solar Cell Module A solar cell module 100 according to a first embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 7. FIG.

[0013] As shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 , the solar cell module 100 includes, for example, a solar cell panel 10. The solar cell panel 10 includes, for example, a light-receiving surface (also referred to as a front surface) 10f onto which light is mainly incident, and a back surface 10b located on the opposite side of the front surface 10f. In the first embodiment, the front surface 10f faces the +Z direction. The back surface 10b faces the -Z direction. When the solar cell module 100 is used for power generation outdoors, for example, the +Z direction is set to face the sun at its zenith moment. In the example of FIG. 1 , the front surface 10f has a rectangular shape. The solar cell module 100 may further include a terminal box (not shown) for extracting power generated by the solar cell panel 10 to the outside.

[0014] As shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 , a solar cell panel 10 includes, for example, a first protective layer 1 , a second protective layer 2 , a solar cell portion 3 , a filler 4 , and a support member 5 .

[0015] <1-1-1. First Protective Layer> As shown in Fig. 2, the first protective layer 1 has, for example, a first surface 1f and a second surface 1s. In the first embodiment, the first surface 1f constitutes, for example, the front surface 10f of the solar cell panel 10. That is, the first protective layer 1 has a rectangular shape. In the examples of Figs. 1 to 3, the first surface 1f is exposed to a space 200 outside the solar cell module 100 (also referred to as an external space). The second surface 1s is the surface of the first protective layer 1 opposite to the first surface 1f.

[0016] The first protective layer 1 has, for example, translucency. Specifically, the first protective layer 1 has, for example, translucency for light of a specific range of wavelengths. The specific range of wavelengths includes, for example, wavelengths of light that can be photoelectrically converted by the solar cell section 3. If the specific range of wavelengths includes wavelengths of light with high irradiation intensity in sunlight, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell module 100 can be improved.

[0017] The material of the first protective layer 1 may be, for example, a translucent resin. In other words, the first protective layer 1 is made of a translucent resin. This translucent resin may be weather resistant. Here, weather resistance means, for example, a property of being resistant to changes in quality such as deformation, discoloration, and deterioration when used outdoors. The translucent resin used as the material of the first protective layer 1 may be flexible. Here, flexibility means, for example, a soft and pliable property. The first protective layer 1 may be made of, for example, a single layer of resin.

[0018] By using a resin as the material for the first protective layer 1, the first protective layer 1 has, for example, moisture permeability and waterproofness. The moisture permeability and waterproofness refers to, for example, the property of reducing the intrusion of water, such as water droplets, from the external space 200 of the solar cell module 100 toward the solar cell unit 3, and also the property of easily allowing moisture to pass from the filler 4 toward the external space 200. Here, the resin having light transmissivity and weather resistance includes, for example, a fluorine-based resin. Examples of the fluorine-based resin include fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer (FEP), ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE), and ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE). Here, for example, the first protective layer 1 may be composed of two or more layers of resin. In this case, the fluorine-based resin applied to the first protective layer 1 may be, for example, two or more types of resin. Therefore, for example, the fluorine-based resin applied to the first protective layer 1 may include one or more of FEP, ETFE, and ECTFE.

[0019] The thickness of the first protective layer 1 is, for example, about 0.05 millimeters (mm) to 0.5 mm. The first protective layer 1 may be made of a moisture-permeable resin with a relatively low density. The thickness of the first protective layer 1 may also be thin. In this case, the first protective layer 1 is light. Therefore, the solar cell module 100 can be made lighter and thinner than a structure in which, for example, high-density glass with a thickness of about 1 mm or more is used instead of the first protective layer 1.

[0020] Note that, instead of or in addition to the fluorine-based resin, a resin other than the fluorine-based resin may be used as the material of the first protective layer 1. Examples of the resin other than the fluorine-based resin include acrylic resin and polycarbonate. In this case, the thickness of the resin is, for example, approximately 0.03 mm to 0.6 mm. The first protective layer 1 may have a structure in which multiple types of resins are laminated.

[0021] <1-1-2. Solar Cell Unit> The solar cell unit 3 is located, for example, between the first protective layer 1 and the second protective layer 2. In other words, the solar cell unit 3 faces both the first protective layer 1 and the second protective layer 2 in the Z direction.

[0022] As shown in Figures 1 to 3, the solar cell unit 3 includes, for example, a plurality of solar cell elements 31. The plurality of solar cell elements 31 are located between the second surface 1s of the first protective layer 1 and the second protective layer 2. From another perspective, the plurality of solar cell elements 31 are located facing the second surface 1s of the first protective layer 1. The plurality of solar cell elements 31 are also aligned along the second surface 1s of the first protective layer 1. In other words, the plurality of solar cell elements 31 are aligned in a plane along the second surface 1s of the first protective layer 1. In the examples of Figures 1 to 3, the plurality of solar cell elements 31 are aligned two-dimensionally.

[0023] The solar cell section 3 further includes, for example, a plurality of first wiring members 32 , second wiring members 33 , and third wiring members 34 .

[0024] The solar cell unit 3 includes, for example, a plurality of solar cell strings 30. In the example of Figures 1 to 3, the solar cell unit 3 includes two solar cell strings 30 as the plurality of solar cell strings 30. The plurality of solar cell strings 30 are arranged side by side in the X direction, for example.

[0025] Each of the multiple solar cell strings 30 includes, for example, two or more solar cell elements 31 and multiple first wiring members 32 .

[0026] In the first embodiment, in each solar cell string 30, two or more solar cell elements 31 are lined up, for example, in the −Y direction as the first direction. In the example of FIGS. 1 to 3 , each solar cell string 30 includes six solar cell elements 31 as the two or more solar cell elements 31. Note that each solar cell string 30 may include two solar cell elements 31 as the two or more solar cell elements 31, or may include any number of solar cell elements 31 greater than or equal to three. In other words, in the solar cell module 100, the multiple solar cell elements 31 include two solar cell elements 31 lined up in the −Y direction as the first direction.

[0027] The plurality of first wiring members 32 electrically connect, for example, two adjacent solar cell elements 31 among two or more solar cell elements 31. The second wiring member 33 electrically connects two adjacent solar cell strings 30 among two or more solar cell strings 30. One third wiring member 34 is connected to each of the two solar cell strings 30. In the example of FIGS. 1 to 3 , the solar cell unit 3 includes a third wiring member 34 connected to the solar cell string 30 located furthest in the −X direction and a third wiring member 34 connected to the solar cell string 30 located furthest in the +X direction. Each of the two third wiring members 34 has a portion drawn out to the outside of the solar cell panel 10.

[0028] Each of the multiple solar cell elements 31 can convert light energy into electrical energy. Each of the multiple solar cell elements 31 has, for example, a plate-like shape. Each of the multiple solar cell elements 31 has a first element surface 31f and a second element surface 31s. The first element surface 31f is a surface facing the second surface 1s of the first protective layer 1. The second element surface 31s is a surface of the solar cell element 31 opposite the first element surface 31f. In other words, the second element surface 31s faces the second protective layer 2. In the examples of FIGS. 2 and 3 , the first element surface 31f faces the +Z direction, and the second element surface 31s faces the −Z direction. In this case, for example, the first element surface 31f mainly serves as a surface onto which light is incident (also referred to as a light-receiving surface), and the second element surface 31s mainly serves as a surface onto which light is not incident (also referred to as a non-light-receiving surface). Each of the first element surface 31f and the second element surface 31s has a rectangular shape, such as a substantially square shape. Each of the first element surface 31f and the second element surface 31s may have a shape in which the corners are rounded. Each of the first element surface 31f and the second element surface 31s has a substantially square shape with a side length of approximately 100 mm to 250 mm. Each of the first element surface 31f and the second element surface 31s may have a substantially rectangular shape, for example.

[0029] In the first embodiment, as shown in Figures 4 and 5, each of the multiple solar cell elements 31 has a semiconductor substrate 310, a first electrode 311, a second electrode 312, a third electrode 313, and a fourth electrode 314.

[0030] The semiconductor substrate 310 may be, for example, a crystalline semiconductor such as crystalline silicon, an amorphous semiconductor such as amorphous silicon, or a compound semiconductor using four elements (copper, indium, gallium, and selenium) or two elements (cadmium and tellurium). Here, assume that crystalline silicon is used for the semiconductor substrate 310. In this case, as shown in FIG. 6 , the semiconductor substrate 310 has a region 310f (also referred to as a first conductivity type region) of semiconductor having a first conductivity type and a region 310s (also referred to as a second conductivity type region) of semiconductor having a second conductivity type opposite to the first conductivity type. The first conductivity type region 310f is located, for example, on the second element surface 31s side of the semiconductor substrate 310 in the −Z direction. The second conductivity type region 310s is located, for example, in the surface layer portion of the semiconductor substrate 310 on the first element surface 31f side in the +Z direction. Here, for example, if the first conductivity type is p-type, the second conductivity type is n-type. For example, if the first conductivity type is n-type, the second conductivity type is p-type. As a result, the semiconductor substrate 310 has a p-n junction located at the interface between the first conductivity type region 310f and the second conductivity type region 310s. The thickness of the semiconductor substrate 310 is, for example, approximately 0.15 mm to 0.5 mm.

[0031] The first electrode 311 and the second electrode 312 are located, for example, on the surface of the semiconductor substrate 310 facing the first element surface 31f. The first electrode 311 may be, for example, a busbar electrode. The second electrode 312 may be, for example, a finger electrode. In the first embodiment, each solar cell element 31 has a plurality of first electrodes 311 and a plurality of second electrodes 312. In the example of FIG. 4 , a plurality of substantially parallel first electrodes 311 and a large number of substantially parallel second electrodes 312 are located on the first element surface 31f side of the semiconductor substrate 310. More specifically, five first electrodes 311 as the plurality of substantially parallel first electrodes 311 and a large number of second electrodes 312 as the plurality of substantially parallel second electrodes 312 are located substantially orthogonal to each other. 4, each of the plurality of first electrodes 311 has an elongated shape that is long in the −Y direction as a first direction, and each of the plurality of second electrodes 312 has a linear shape that is long in the +X direction as a second direction. As shown in FIG. 4, each solar cell element 31 may have, for example, a fifth electrode 315 located along the outer edge in the −X direction on the first element surface 31f side, and a fifth electrode 315 located along the outer edge in the +X direction. Each fifth electrode 315, for example, connects a number of second electrodes 312 that are substantially parallel to each other.

[0032] Furthermore, for example, an anti-reflection film 317 may be located on the second conductivity type region 310s of the semiconductor substrate 310 in a region where the first electrode 311 and the second electrode 312 are not formed. The anti-reflection film 317 may be an insulating film made of, for example, silicon nitride. For example, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 6 , a passivation film 316 may be present between the second conductivity type region 310s of the semiconductor substrate 310 and the anti-reflection film 317. The passivation film 316 may be a thin film made of, for example, an oxide such as aluminum oxide or a nitride.

[0033] Here, for example, if the primary component of the first electrode 311 is silver, the first electrode 311 can be formed by applying a silver paste to a desired shape using a screen printing method or the like and then firing the silver paste. The term "primary component" refers to the component that is contained in the substance at the highest (highest) proportion (also referred to as the content rate). For example, a metal paste containing a metal powder containing silver as the primary component, an organic vehicle, and glass frit can be used as the silver paste. For example, if the primary component of the second electrode 312 is silver, the second electrode 312 can be formed by applying a silver paste to a desired shape using a screen printing method or the like and then firing the silver paste. For example, if the primary component of the fifth electrode 315 is silver, the fifth electrode 315 can be formed by applying a silver paste to a desired shape using a screen printing method or the like and then firing the silver paste. The first electrode 311, the second electrode 312, and the fifth electrode 315 can be formed, for example, in separate processes or in the same process.

[0034] The third electrode 313 and the fourth electrode 314 are located, for example, on the second element surface 31s side of the semiconductor substrate 310. For example, a bus bar electrode is used as the third electrode 313. In the example of FIG. 5 , a plurality of substantially parallel third electrodes 313 are located on the second element surface 31s side of the semiconductor substrate 310. More specifically, five rows of substantially parallel third electrodes 313 are located on the second element surface 31s side of the semiconductor substrate 310. Each of the five rows of third electrodes 313 is located along the −Y direction, which is the first direction. More specifically, each of the five rows of third electrodes 313 includes, for example, a plurality of electrode portions lined up in a row. The plurality of electrode portions is composed of, for example, six electrode portions. The fourth electrode 314 is located on the second element surface 31s side of the semiconductor substrate 310, covering substantially the entire area where the third electrode 313 is not located, except for the area where the third electrode 313 and the fourth electrode 314 are connected to each other by overlapping each other. Note that the fourth electrode 314 does not need to be located on substantially the entire area, and may be located in a lattice pattern, for example.

[0035] 5 and 6 , a passivation film 316 may be present between the first conductivity type region 310 f of the semiconductor substrate 310 and the third and fourth electrodes 313 and 314. The passivation film 316 may be a thin film made of, for example, an oxide such as aluminum oxide or a nitride. In this case, the passivation film 316 has a desired pattern between the first conductivity type region 310 f and the third and fourth electrodes 313 and 314. Furthermore, a film (also referred to as a protective film) 318 for protecting the passivation film 316 may be present between the passivation film 316 and the fourth electrode 314. The protective film 318 may be a thin film made of, for example, an oxide such as silicon oxide. The protective film 318 has a desired pattern between the passivation film 316 and the fourth electrode 314. 6 , the protective film 318 does not have to be present between the passivation film 316 and the third electrode 313. In this case, the protective film 318 has a plurality of holes in which the third electrode 313 is located. Alternatively, for example, the protective film 318 may be present between the passivation film 316 and the third electrode 313. The passivation film 316 and the protective film 318 have a number of through-holes for bringing a portion of the fourth electrode 314 into contact with the first conductivity type region 310 f. The first conductivity type region 310 f has, in a surface portion in contact with the fourth electrode 314, a region 310 t (also referred to as a high concentration region or a back surface field (BSF) region) having a higher concentration of the first conductivity type dopant element than the other regions of the first conductivity type region 310 f.

[0036] For example, if the main component of the third electrode 313 is silver, a silver paste may be applied to a desired shape by screen printing or the like, and then fired to form the third electrode 313. For example, if the main component of the fourth electrode 314 is aluminum, an aluminum paste may be applied to a desired shape by screen printing or the like, and then fired to form the fourth electrode 314. The aluminum paste may be, for example, a metal paste containing a metal powder containing aluminum as a main component, an organic vehicle, and glass frit.

[0037] For example, the first wiring member 32 electrically connects the first electrode 311 of one solar cell element 31 to the third electrode 313 of another solar cell element 31 adjacent to that solar cell element 31. In the examples of FIGS. 4 and 5 , the outer edges of the multiple first wiring members 32 attached to each solar cell element 31 are depicted as thin imaginary two-dot chain lines. In the examples of FIGS. 1 to 5 , the first wiring member 32 has an elongated shape that is long in the −Y direction, which is the first direction. Here, the first wiring member 32 is bonded to, for example, the first electrode 311 and the third electrode 313. More specifically, for example, between the first wiring member 32 and the first electrode 311, there is a portion (also referred to as a first bonding portion) 321 that bonds the first wiring member 32 to the first electrode 311. Therefore, for example, the first wiring member 32 is bonded to the first electrode 311 of one solar cell element 31 via the first bonding portion 321. Furthermore, for example, a portion (also referred to as a second bonding portion) 322 that bonds the first wiring member 32 and the third electrode 313 exists between the first wiring member 32 and the third electrode 313. Therefore, for example, the first wiring member 32 is bonded to the third electrode 313 of one solar cell element 31 adjacent to the other solar cell element 31 via the second bonding portion 322.

[0038] The first wiring member 32 may be, for example, a wire- or strip-shaped conductive metal body. The first joint portion 321 and the second joint portion 322 may be made of, for example, a low-melting-point alloy or a low-melting-point simple metal such as solder. More specifically, the first wiring member 32 may be made of copper foil having a thickness of approximately 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm and a width of approximately 1 mm to 2 mm. In this case, the entire surface of the first wiring member 32 may be covered with solder. The first wiring member 32 is electrically connected to the first electrode 311 and the third electrode 313 by, for example, soldering. Here, for example, the solder located between the first wiring member 32 and the first electrode 311 constitutes the first joint portion 321. Furthermore, for example, the solder located between the first wiring member 32 and the third electrode 313 constitutes the second joint portion 322.

[0039] <1-1-3. Filler> The filler 4 is in contact with the second surface 1s. The filler 4 is positioned in a state in which it covers the plurality of solar cell elements 31. In the first embodiment, the filler 4 is in a state in which it covers the plurality of solar cell elements 31 between the first protective layer 1 and the second protective layer 2. In other words, the filler 4 is in a state in which it covers the solar cell unit 3 in the region (also referred to as the gap region) between the first protective layer 1 and the second protective layer 2, and is in a state in which it fills this gap region. From another perspective, the filler 4 has a surface on the first protective layer 1 side in contact with the second surface 1s of the first protective layer 1, and a surface on the second protective layer 2 side in contact with the second protective layer 2.

[0040] The filler 4 includes, for example, a filler (also referred to as a first filler) 41 located on the front surface 10f side and a filler (also referred to as a second filler) 42 located on the back surface 10b side. The first filler 41 covers, for example, the entire surface of the solar cell unit 3 on the first protective layer 1 side. In other words, the first filler 41 covers, for example, the plurality of solar cell elements 31 between the first protective layer 1 and the plurality of solar cell elements 31. The second filler 42 covers, for example, the entire surface of the solar cell unit 3 on the second protective layer 2 side. In other words, the second filler 42 covers, for example, the plurality of solar cell elements 31 between the second protective layer 2 and the plurality of solar cell elements 31. Therefore, in the first embodiment, the solar cell unit 3 is sandwiched and surrounded by, for example, the first filler 41 and the second filler 42. This allows, for example, the filler 4 to maintain the posture of the solar cell unit 3.

[0041] Furthermore, the filler 4 has, for example, translucency. Here, the filler 4 has, for example, translucency for light having a wavelength in the specific range described above. For example, if at least the first filler 41 of the first filler 41 and the second filler 42 constituting the filler 4 has translucency, incident light from the front surface 10 f side can reach the solar cell unit 3.

[0042] Examples of materials used for the first filler 41 include polyvinyl acetals such as ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and polyvinyl butyral (PVB), and acid-modified resins. Using relatively inexpensive EVA as the material for the first filler 41 can easily protect the solar cell elements 31. Examples of acid-modified resins include modified polyolefin resins that can be formed by graft-modifying resins such as polyolefins with acids. Examples of acids that can be used for graft-modifying acid-modified resins include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, maleic anhydride, himic acid anhydride, itaconic anhydride, and citraconic anhydride. Similar to the first filler 41, examples of materials used for the second filler 42 include polyvinyl acetals such as EVA and PVB, and acid-modified resins. Each of the first filler 41 and the second filler 42 may be made of, for example, two or more types of materials.

[0043] The second filler 42 may contain, for example, a pigment. For example, if the second filler 42 contains a white pigment, the light that has passed through the solar cell section 3 can be reflected by the second filler 42 and made to re-enter the solar cell section 3. This can improve the power generation efficiency of the solar cell module 100.

[0044] The filler 4 may include the first filler 41 without including the second filler 42. In this case, the first filler 41 covers the solar cell section 3 between the first protective layer 1 and the second protective layer 2. In other words, the first filler 41 covers the multiple solar cell elements 31 between the first protective layer 1 and the second protective layer 2.

[0045] As shown in FIG. 2 , for example, the thickness of the filler 4 may be small in the portion covering the solar cell unit 3 and large between the solar cell unit 3 and the support member 5. In this case, for example, the maximum thickness of the filler 4 between the solar cell unit 3 and the support member 5 is larger than the maximum thickness of the filler 4 between two adjacent solar cell elements 31 among the multiple solar cell elements 31. From another perspective, the distance between the first protective layer 1 and the second protective layer 2 may be small in the portion sandwiching the solar cell unit 3 and large in the portion sandwiching the region between the solar cell unit 3 and the support member 5. In other words, the maximum distance between the first protective layer 1 and the second protective layer 2 in the portion sandwiching the region between the solar cell unit 3 and the support member 5 may be larger than the maximum distance between the first protective layer 1 and the second protective layer 2 in the portion sandwiching the solar cell unit 3. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 2 , for example, in at least a portion of the region between the support member 5 and the solar cell unit 3, there may be a portion where the thickness of the filler 4 gradually increases from the solar cell unit 3 toward the support member 5. In other words, for example, in at least a portion of the region between the support member 5 and the solar cell section 3, there may be a portion in which the thickness of the filler 4 monotonically increases as it moves from the solar cell section 3 toward the support member 5.

[0046] In the example of FIG. 2, the fillers 4 have shapes that are symmetrical with respect to each other with respect to the XY plane, but the drawing is merely a schematic illustration and the present invention is not necessarily limited to this.

[0047] <1-1-4. Second Protective Layer> The second protective layer 2 constitutes, for example, the back surface 10b of the solar cell panel 10. The second protective layer 2 is in contact with, for example, the surface of the filler 4 opposite to the first protective layer 1. In other words, the second protective layer 2 is in contact with the filler 4 on the opposite side of the filler 4 from the first protective layer 1. In further words, the second protective layer 2 is in contact with the surface of the filler 4 opposite to the surface of the filler 4 that is in contact with the first protective layer 1. In the first embodiment, the second protective layer 2 is positioned so as to face the solar cell unit 3 and the first portion 51 of the support member 5 in the Z direction. The first portion 51 is a portion of the support member 5 that is located closer to the solar cell unit 3 than the second portion 52 in the X direction.

[0048] The second protective layer 2 can protect the solar cell unit 3 from the rear surface 10b side, for example. The second protective layer 2 is, for example, a back sheet that forms the rear surface 10b. The thickness of the back sheet is, for example, about 0.15 mm to 0.5 mm. The back sheet is made of, for example, a resin. For example, the same material as that of the first protective layer 1 can be used for this resin. The second protective layer 2 has the same or substantially the same shape as the first protective layer 1 when viewed from the rear surface 10b side in a planar perspective view. For example, a configuration is adopted in which both the first protective layer 1 and the second protective layer 2 have a rectangular outer shape when viewed from the rear surface 10b side in a planar perspective view.

[0049] <1-1-5. Support Member> The support member 5 is a member for improving the rigidity of the solar cell panel 10. For example, the support member 5 has a rigidity higher than the rigidity of all of the first protective layer 1, the second protective layer 2, and the filler 4. In other words, the support member 5 is, for example, a rigid body having high rigidity. The material of the support member 5 may be, for example, a metal. This metal may be, for example, aluminum or stainless steel.

[0050] The support member 5 is located adjacent to the solar cell unit 3 with a gap therebetween. More specifically, the support member 5 is located adjacent to the solar cell unit 3 with a gap therebetween in a plan view. The support member 5 includes a first portion 51 and a second portion 52. Unless otherwise specified, the plan view refers to a plan view in which each portion is viewed in the -Z direction as the third direction. From another perspective, the support member 5 is located adjacent to the solar cell unit 3 with a gap therebetween in the +X direction as the second direction when viewed in a plan view toward the first surface 1f of the first protective layer 1.

[0051] The first portion 51 is located between the first protective layer 1 and the second protective layer 2 and is covered by the filler 4. In other words, the first portion 51 is located facing the second surface 1s of the first protective layer 1. The first portion 51 is also located facing the second protective layer 2. In the example of FIG. 2 , the first portion 51 is located facing the second surface 1s of the first protective layer 1 in the Z direction. The first portion 51 is also located facing the second protective layer 2 in the Z direction. From another perspective, the filler 4 includes a portion located between the second surface 1s of the first protective layer 1 and the first portion 51. More specifically, the first filler 41 includes a portion located between the second surface 1s of the first protective layer 1 and the first portion 51 in the −Z direction, which is the third direction. The filler 4 also includes a portion located between the second protective layer 2 and the first portion 51. More specifically, the second filling material 42 includes a portion located between the first portion 51 and the second protective layer 2 in the −Z direction as the third direction.

[0052] The second portion 52 is a portion of the support member 5 located on the opposite side from the solar cell unit 3. In other words, the support member 5 includes a first portion 51 located on the solar cell unit 3 side and a second portion 52 located on the opposite side of the first portion 51 from the solar cell unit 3. The second portion 52 may be considered to be a portion of the support member 5 other than the first portion 51. In other words, the second portion 52 extends from the first portion 51 in a manner that protrudes from the filler 4 covering the first portion 51 to the side opposite the solar cell unit 3. More specifically, the second portion 52 is located on the opposite side (also referred to as the outside) of the solar cell unit 3 with respect to the first portion 51 in a plan view. The second portion 52 is located so as not to face the second surface 1s of the first protective layer 1 and is not covered by the filler 4. 1 and 2 , the second portion 52 protrudes from the first portion 51 to the outside of the first protective layer 1 and the second protective layer 2 in a plan view. In other words, the second portion 52 does not face the first protective layer 1 in the Z direction. The second portion 52 does not face the second protective layer 2 in the Z direction either. From another perspective, the first portion 51 is located on the solar cell unit 3 side (also referred to as the inside) with respect to the second portion 52 in a plan view.

[0053] In the examples of FIGS. 1 and 2 , the support member 5 has a plate-like shape. More specifically, the support member 5 has a rectangular shape in a plan view. In the example of FIG. 2 , the XZ cross section of the support member 5 also has a rectangular shape. The corners of the support member 5 may be appropriately chamfered. The longitudinal direction of the support member 5 is located, for example, along one side of the first protective layer 1. Here, the longitudinal direction of the support member 5 is the Y direction. Furthermore, the longitudinal direction of the support member 5 is located, for example, along the direction in which two or more solar cell elements 31 are arranged in one solar cell string 30 (also referred to as the arrangement direction). Here, the arrangement direction of the multiple solar cell elements 31 in one solar cell string 30 is the Y direction. From another perspective, the longitudinal direction of the support member 5 is located, for example, along the longitudinal direction of the first wiring member 32. Here, the longitudinal direction of the first wiring member 32 is the Y direction.

[0054] In the first embodiment, the solar cell panel 10 includes two support members 5. The two support members 5 include a first support member 5 and a second support member 5. In the example of FIGS. 1 and 2 , the first support member 5 is located at the end of the solar cell panel 10 in the −X direction, which is the fourth direction. The second support member 5 is located at the end of the solar cell panel 10 in the +X direction, which is the second direction. In the first support member 5, the second portion 52 is located on the −X direction side of the first portion 51, which is the fourth direction. In the second support member 5, the second portion 52 is located on the +X direction side of the first portion 51, which is the second direction.

[0055] The first support member 5 is located along a first side of the first protective layer 1. The first side is a side of the first protective layer 1 located at the end in the -X direction, which is the fourth direction. The second support member 5 is located along a second side of the first protective layer 1. The second side is a side of the first protective layer 1 located at the end in the +X direction, which is the second direction. In the example of FIGS. 1 and 2 , the first side and the second side are located extending along the Y direction. Each of the two support members 5 has a rectangular front and back surface whose longitudinal direction is the Y direction and whose lateral direction is the X direction. The longitudinal length of each support member 5 is, for example, the same as or approximately the same as the length of the first protective layer 1. The lateral length (also referred to as width) of each support member 5 is set to, for example, several tens of millimeters or more. In each support member 5, the lateral length (width) of the first portion 51 is set to, for example, approximately 20% to 80% of the width of the support member 5. As a result, the support members 5 are adhered to the filler 4 with a relatively high adhesive strength. The thickness of each support member 5 is greater than the thickness of the solar cell unit 3. The thickness of each support member 5 is set to, for example, about 1 mm to 5 mm.

[0056] The second portion 52 of the support member 5 is attached to a portion (also referred to as an attachment target portion) of, for example, a building material or the like. For example, the second portion 52 may have an attachment hole (not shown). This attachment hole is a hole (also referred to as a through-hole) that penetrates the second portion 52 in the Z direction. In this case, attachment parts (also referred to as attachment parts) such as screws, bolts, or screws are inserted into the attachment hole, and the second portion 52 can be connected to the attachment target portion by these attachment parts. In other words, the solar cell panel 10 can be attached to the attachment target portion. In the example of FIGS. 1 and 2 , a support member 5 is located at each end of the solar cell panel 10 in the −X direction (as the fourth direction) and at each end of the solar cell panel 10 in the +X direction (as the second direction). Therefore, the two support members 5 located at both ends of the solar cell panel 10 in the X direction can be fixed to the attachment target portion. This allows the solar cell panel 10 to be firmly attached to the attachment target portion. Therefore, the support member 5 serves as a member (also referred to as an attachment member) for attaching the solar cell panel 10 to an attachment target object. Therefore, by providing the support member 5, the solar cell module 100 can be easily and stably fixed to the mounting target portion.

[0057] Furthermore, in the first embodiment, the support members 5 are not primarily located on both sides of the solar cell panel 10 in the Y direction. More specifically, the support members 5 are not substantially located at either the end E1 (also referred to as the first end) of the solar cell panel 10 in the -Y direction or the end E2 (also referred to as the second end) of the solar cell panel 10 in the +Y direction. The first end E1 and the second end E2 are each end along the X direction. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 7 , when an external force F1 is applied to the support members 5, the solar cell panel 10 can bend in an arc shape when viewed in the +Y direction. For example, the solar cell panel 10 can bend to a state along an arc with a radius of approximately several hundred millimeters. In this case, the arc of approximately several hundred millimeters can be an arc of approximately 500 mm. This allows the solar cell panel 10 to be easily attached to a curved attachment target.

[0058] 2 and 3, for example, in each of the plurality of solar cell elements 31 in the solar cell unit 3, the first element surface 31f is curved in a convex shape. Also, for example, in each of the plurality of solar cell elements 31 in the solar cell unit 3, the second element surface 31s is curved in a concave shape. From another perspective, the plate-shaped solar cell element 31 has a shape that is curved in a convex shape that protrudes toward the second surface 1s of the first protective layer 1. For example, a shape is adopted in which each of the first element surface 31f and the second element surface 31s is curved in an arc shape along an imaginary arc with a radius of approximately several hundred mm to several thousand mm.

[0059] Here, for example, a configuration is adopted in which either the YZ cross section or the XZ cross section of the solar cell element 31 is curved in a convex shape that protrudes toward the second surface 1s. The YZ cross section of the solar cell element 31 is a virtual cross section that is taken along the −Y direction as a first direction and the −Z direction as a third direction for the solar cell element 31. The XZ cross section of the solar cell element 31 is a virtual cross section that is taken along the +X direction as a second direction and the −Z direction as a third direction for the solar cell element 31.

[0060] For example, as shown in FIG. 2, the XZ cross section of the first element surface 31f may be curved in a convex shape that protrudes toward the second surface 1s, while the XZ cross section of the second element surface 31s may be curved in a concave shape that protrudes toward the second surface 1s. The XZ cross section of the first element surface 31f is a virtual cross section along the +X direction as the second direction of the first element surface 31f and the −Z direction as the third direction. The XZ cross section of the second element surface 31s is a virtual cross section along the +X direction as the second direction of the second element surface 31s and the −Z direction as the third direction. In this case, for example, the first element surface 31f is curved in a convex shape along a first virtual arc surface. The first virtual arc surface is a virtual curved surface formed by extending, in the −Y direction as the first direction, an arc that protrudes in a convex shape that protrudes toward the +Z direction, which is opposite to the −Z direction as the third direction, in the XZ plane. The XZ plane is a virtual plane that extends along the +X direction as the second direction and the −Z direction as the third direction. For example, the second element surface 31s is curved concavely along a second virtual arc surface. The second virtual arc surface is a virtual curved surface formed by extending an arc that curves in a convex shape that protrudes toward the +Z direction, which is opposite to the −Z direction as the third direction, in the XZ plane, in the −Y direction as the first direction. The second virtual arc surface is located, for example, along the first virtual arc surface.

[0061] For example, as shown in FIG. 3 , a configuration may be adopted in which the YZ cross section of the first element surface 31f is curved in a convex shape that protrudes toward the second surface 1s, and the YZ cross section of the second element surface 31s is curved in a concave shape toward the second surface 1s. In this case, for example, the first element surface 31f is curved convexly along a third imaginary arc surface. The third imaginary arc surface is a virtual curved surface formed by extending an arc that curves in a convex shape that protrudes toward the +Z direction, which is opposite to the −Z direction as the third direction, in the YZ plane, in the +X direction as the second direction. The YZ plane is a virtual plane that extends along both the −Y direction as the first direction and the −Z direction as the third direction. For example, the second element surface 31s is curved concavely along a fourth imaginary arc surface. The fourth imaginary arc surface is a virtual curved surface formed by extending an arc that is bent in a convex shape in the +Z direction, which is opposite to the −Z direction as the third direction in the YZ plane, in the +X direction as the second direction. The fourth imaginary arc surface is located, for example, along the third imaginary arc surface.

[0062] Furthermore, for example, both the YZ cross section and the XZ cross section of the solar cell element 31 may be curved in a convex shape that protrudes toward the second surface 1s. In this case, for example, the solar cell element 31 may be curved along a virtual spherical surface. More specifically, for example, the first element surface 31f may have a shape that is convexly curved along a portion of the first virtual spherical surface, and the second element surface 31s may have a shape that is concavely curved along a portion of the second virtual spherical surface. The second virtual spherical surface is located, for example, along the first virtual spherical surface. The radii of each of the first virtual spherical surface and the second virtual spherical surface are set to, for example, approximately several hundred mm to several thousand mm.

[0063] <1-2. Characteristics of the Solar Cell Module> In the first embodiment, the first protective layer 1 is made of a translucent resin. Therefore, for example, by making the first protective layer 1 thinner, the weight of the solar cell module 100 can be reduced.

[0064] On the other hand, by making the first protective layer 1 thinner, when various objects such as falling objects and flying objects collide with the first protective layer 1, the impact caused by the collision of the various objects is more likely to be transmitted to the solar cell element 31.

[0065] In contrast to this, in the first embodiment, in each of the plurality of solar cell elements 31 of the solar cell unit 3, the first element surface 31f facing the second surface 1s of the first protective layer 1 is curved in a convex shape. Also, for example, in each of the plurality of solar cell elements 31 of the solar cell unit 3, the second element surface 31s opposite to the first element surface 31f is curved in a concave shape. From another perspective, the plate-shaped solar cell element 31 has a shape that is curved in a convex shape that protrudes toward the second surface 1s of the first protective layer 1.

[0066] Here, for example, by the solar cell element 31 being curved in a convex shape that protrudes toward the first protective layer 1, the impact on the solar cell element 31 can be alleviated when various objects, such as falling objects and flying objects, collide with the first protective layer 1. This makes the solar cell element 31 less likely to break, for example. In other words, the impact resistance of the solar cell element 31 can be improved. As a result, the power generation efficiency of the solar cell module 100 is less likely to decrease. Therefore, for example, it is possible to achieve both weight reduction and improved power generation efficiency in the solar cell module 100. In other words, it is possible to achieve weight reduction and improved power generation efficiency in the solar cell module 100.

[0067] From another perspective, the impact resistance of the solar cell element 31 can be improved by curving the solar cell element 31 in a convex shape that protrudes toward the first protective layer 1. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the weight of the solar cell module 100 by thinning the first protective layer 1. As a result, for example, it is possible to achieve both a reduction in weight and an improvement in power generation efficiency in the solar cell module 100.

[0068] 6 and 8 to 12, an example of a method for manufacturing the solar cell element 31 will be described. For example, the solar cell element 31 can be manufactured by carrying out the steps of preparing the semiconductor substrate 310, forming the texture structure, forming the second conductivity type region 310s, forming the passivation film 316, forming the anti-reflection film 317, forming the protective film 318, and forming the electrodes in this order.

[0069] <<Preparation of Semiconductor Substrate>> For example, as shown in FIG. 8 , a semiconductor substrate 310 is prepared. The semiconductor substrate 310 has a first surface 310a and a second surface 310b opposite to the first surface 310a. The semiconductor substrate 310 can be formed using, for example, the existing Czochralski (CZ) method or a casting method. Here, an example is described in which an ingot of p-type polycrystalline silicon as the first conductivity type is produced by a casting method. The semiconductor substrate 310 is fabricated by slicing this ingot to a desired thickness of, for example, 250 μm or less. Here, the surface of the semiconductor substrate 310 is lightly etched with, for example, an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or fluoronitric acid to remove mechanically damaged and contaminated layers from the cut surfaces of the semiconductor substrate 310.

[0070] <<Formation of Textured Structure>> For example, as shown in FIG. 9 , a structure having fine concave and convex shapes (also referred to as a textured structure) is formed on the first surface 310a of the semiconductor substrate 310. The textured structure can be formed by wet or dry etching. Wet etching can be performed using, for example, an alkaline aqueous solution such as sodium hydroxide or an acidic aqueous solution such as fluoronitric acid. Dry etching can be performed using, for example, reactive ion etching (RIE).

[0071] <<Formation of Second Conductivity Type Region>> For example, as shown in Fig. 10 , a second conductivity type region 310s, which is a region of n-type semiconductor as the second conductivity type, is formed on a first surface 310a of a semiconductor substrate 310 having a textured structure. More specifically, the second conductivity type region 310s, which is a region of n-type semiconductor as the second conductivity type, is formed on a surface layer portion of the semiconductor substrate 310 on the side of the first surface 310a having a textured structure. The second conductivity type region 310s can be formed using, for example, a coating thermal diffusion method or a vapor phase thermal diffusion method. The coating thermal diffusion method involves, for example, dissolving diphosphorus pentoxide (P ２ O ５ The vapor phase thermal diffusion method is a method in which phosphorus is thermally diffused by applying gaseous phosphorus oxychloride (POCl) to the surface of the semiconductor substrate 310. ３ ) as a diffusion source. Here, for example, when the second conductivity type region 310s is also formed on the second surface 310b side of the semiconductor substrate 310, the second conductivity type region 310s formed on the second surface 310b side is removed by etching with an aqueous solution of hydrofluoric and nitric acid. Thereafter, for example, phosphorus glass that adhered to the first surface 310a side of the semiconductor substrate 310 when forming the second conductivity type region 310s is removed by etching. Here, for example, a diffusion mask may be formed in advance on the second surface 310b side of the semiconductor substrate 310, and the second conductivity type region 310s may be formed by vapor phase thermal diffusion or the like, followed by removing the diffusion mask.

[0072] <<Formation of Passivation Film>> For example, a passivation film 316 is formed on at least the second surface 310b of the semiconductor substrate 310. For example, as shown in Fig. 11, the passivation film 316 is formed on each of the second surface 310b and the first surface 310a of the semiconductor substrate 310. The passivation film 316 may be composed of, for example, a film that mainly contains aluminum oxide.

[0073] The passivation film 316 can be formed by, for example, atomic layer deposition (ALD). The ALD method can form the passivation film 316 around the entire periphery of the semiconductor substrate 310, including the end faces. In the ALD process, the semiconductor substrate 310, including the second conductivity type region 310s, is first placed in a chamber of a film formation apparatus. The semiconductor substrate 310 is then heated to a temperature range of approximately 100 degrees Celsius (100° C.) to 250 degrees Celsius (250° C.), and the following steps A to D are repeated multiple times to form the passivation film 316, which mainly contains aluminum oxide. This results in the formation of the passivation film 316 having a desired thickness.

[0074] [Step A] An aluminum source, such as trimethylaluminum (TMA), for forming aluminum oxide is supplied onto the semiconductor substrate 310 along with a carrier gas, such as Ar gas or nitrogen gas. This causes the aluminum source to be adsorbed all around the semiconductor substrate 310. The time for supplying TMA is set, for example, between 15 milliseconds and 3000 milliseconds. At the start of step A, the surface of the semiconductor substrate 310 is terminated with hydroxyl groups (OH groups). In this case, the surface of the semiconductor substrate 310 has a Si—O—H structure. This structure can be formed, for example, by treating the semiconductor substrate 310 with dilute hydrofluoric acid and then rinsing it with pure water, in this order.

[0075] [Step B] The inside of the chamber of the film forming apparatus is purified with nitrogen gas. In this step, the aluminum source material in the chamber is removed, and the aluminum source material other than the component chemisorbed at the atomic layer level from the aluminum source material physically and chemically adsorbed to the semiconductor substrate 310 is also removed. The time for purging the inside of the chamber with nitrogen gas is set to, for example, about one second to several tens of seconds.

[0076] [Step C] An oxidizing agent such as water or ozone gas is supplied into the chamber of the film-forming apparatus. This removes the alkyl groups contained in the TMA and replaces them with OH groups. This results in the formation of an atomic layer of aluminum oxide on the semiconductor substrate 310. The time for supplying the oxidizing agent into the chamber is set to, for example, about 750 to 1100 milliseconds. Here, for example, hydrogen may be supplied into the chamber together with the oxidizing agent to incorporate hydrogen atoms into the aluminum oxide.

[0077] [Step D] The chamber of the film formation apparatus is purified with nitrogen gas. This removes oxidizing agents from the chamber. For example, oxidizing agents that did not contribute to the reaction during the formation of aluminum oxide at the atomic layer level on the semiconductor substrate 310 are removed. The time for purging the chamber with nitrogen gas is set to, for example, one second to several tens of seconds.

[0078] 11, an anti-reflection film 317 is formed on the passivation film 316. The anti-reflection film 317 may be made of, for example, a silicon nitride film.

[0079] The anti-reflective coating 317 can be formed using, for example, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) or sputtering. When using the PECVD method, the semiconductor substrate 310 is preheated to a temperature higher than the temperature during the formation of the anti-reflective coating 317. Then, the reaction pressure is set to approximately 50 Pascals (Pa) to 200 Pa, and a mixed gas of silane and ammonia diluted with nitrogen gas is converted into plasma by glow discharge decomposition and deposited on the heated semiconductor substrate 310. This forms the anti-reflective coating 317 on the semiconductor substrate 310. Here, the film formation temperature is set to approximately 350°C to 650°C, and the preheating temperature of the semiconductor substrate 310 is set to approximately 50°C higher than the film formation temperature. A frequency of approximately 10 kilohertz (kHz) to 500 kHz is used as the frequency of the high-frequency power supply required for glow discharge. The gas flow rate is determined appropriately depending on the size of the reaction chamber, etc. For example, the gas flow rate is set in the range of about 150 to 6000 milliliters per minute, and the value (B / A) obtained by dividing the flow rate B of the ammonia gas by the flow rate A of the silane gas is set in the range of 0.5 to 1.5.

[0080] <<Formation of Protective Film>> For example, as shown in FIG. 12 , a protective film 318 having a desired pattern is formed on the passivation film 316 at least on the second surface 310b side of the semiconductor substrate 310. The desired pattern includes a large number of through holes. The protective film 318 can be formed by, for example, a wet or dry process. The wet process may involve, for example, applying a solution. The dry process may involve, for example, PECVD or sputtering.

[0081] For example, when a wet process using a solution is employed, the protective film 318 is formed by applying a solution in a desired pattern on at least the second surface 310b side of the semiconductor substrate 310 to the passivation film 316, and then drying the solution. The desired pattern includes a large number of through-holes. Here, an insulating paste is used as the solution. For example, the insulating paste may contain a siloxane resin, which is the raw material for the protective film 318, an organic solvent, and multiple fillers. The siloxane resin is a siloxane compound having a siloxane bond (Si—O—Si bond). For example, a low-molecular-weight resin with a molecular weight of 15,000 or less, produced by hydrolyzing and condensation-polymerizing alkoxysilane or silazane, may be used. The solution may be applied using, for example, a screen printing method. The applied solution may be dried using, for example, a hot plate or a drying oven.

[0082] <<Formation of Electrodes>> For example, as shown in FIG. 6, electrodes including a first electrode 311, a second electrode 312, a third electrode 313, and a fourth electrode 314 are formed.

[0083] Here, for example, a material for forming the first electrode 311 and the second electrode 312 (also referred to as a first electrode material) is arranged in a desired pattern on the first surface 310a side of the semiconductor substrate 310. More specifically, for example, the first electrode material is arranged in a desired pattern on an anti-reflection film 317 formed on the first surface 310a. Then, the first electrode material is heated to form the first electrode 311 and the second electrode 312. A fifth electrode 315 may be formed together with the second electrode 312.

[0084] In the first embodiment, for example, silver paste is used as the first electrode material. In this case, the first electrode material is disposed by, for example, applying the silver paste. The application of the silver paste can be achieved by, for example, screen printing. Here, the applied silver paste may be dried at a predetermined temperature to evaporate the solvent in the silver paste. Thereafter, for example, the silver paste is fired in a firing furnace under conditions of a maximum temperature of approximately 600°C to 850°C and a heating time of approximately several tens of seconds to several tens of minutes. In this way, the first electrode 311 and the second electrode 312 can be formed.

[0085] Also, here, for example, a material for forming the third electrode 313 and the fourth electrode 314 (also referred to as a second electrode material) is arranged in a desired pattern on the second surface 310b side of the semiconductor substrate 310. More specifically, for example, the material for forming the third electrode 313 and the fourth electrode 314 (also referred to as a second electrode material) is arranged on the protective film 318, in the numerous through-holes of this protective film 318, and in the multiple holes of this protective film 318. Then, the third electrode 313 and the fourth electrode 314 are formed by heating this second electrode material.

[0086] In the first embodiment, for example, silver paste and aluminum paste are used as the second electrode material. In this case, the second electrode material is disposed by, for example, applying silver paste and aluminum paste. The application of the silver paste and the aluminum paste can each be achieved by, for example, screen printing. Here, for example, the silver paste is applied in a desired pattern to the second surface 310b of the semiconductor substrate 310. More specifically, for example, the silver paste is applied to the passivation film 316 exposed through the multiple holes in the protective film 318. Furthermore, for example, the aluminum paste is applied to the second surface 310b of the semiconductor substrate 310 in a desired pattern that will contact some of the applied silver paste. More specifically, for example, the aluminum paste is applied to the protective film 318 on the second surface 310b, in the multiple through-holes in the protective film 318, and on some of the applied silver paste. The applied silver paste and aluminum paste may be dried at a predetermined temperature to evaporate the solvent in the silver paste and aluminum paste. The silver paste and aluminum paste are then fired in a firing furnace, for example, at a maximum temperature of approximately 600°C to 850°C for a heating time of approximately several tens of seconds to several tens of minutes. This allows the formation of the third electrode 313 and the fourth electrode 314. When firing the aluminum paste, the aluminum paste disposed in the numerous through-holes of the protective film 318 fires through the passivation film 316, forming a BSF region 310t on the surface of the first conductivity-type region 310f. For example, the third electrode 313 and the fourth electrode 314 may be formed simultaneously, or the fourth electrode 314 may be formed after the third electrode 313, or the third electrode 313 may be formed after the fourth electrode 314.

[0087] Here, for example, the first electrode 311, the second electrode 312, the third electrode 313, and the fourth electrode 314 may be formed by applying the respective metal pastes and then simultaneously firing them.

[0088] Incidentally, for example, the linear expansion coefficient of silicon, which is the main component of the semiconductor substrate 310, is 2.60×10 －６ For example, the linear expansion coefficient of silver, which is the main component of the first electrode 311, the second electrode 312, the third electrode 313, and the fifth electrode 315, is 1.89×10 －５ [1 / °C]. For example, the linear expansion coefficient of aluminum, which is the main component of the fourth electrode 314, is 2.31×10 －５ [1 / °C]. In other words, the linear expansion coefficients of silver and aluminum are greater than that of silicon, and there is not much difference between the linear expansion coefficient of aluminum and that of silver. Therefore, in the process of forming first electrode 311, second electrode 312, third electrode 313, fourth electrode 314, and fifth electrode 315 by firing silver paste and aluminum paste (also referred to as the electrode formation process), the contraction rates of first electrode 311, second electrode 312, third electrode 313, fourth electrode 314, and fifth electrode 315 are greater than that of semiconductor substrate 310 during cooling.

[0089] 4 and 5 , the area occupied by the third electrode 313 and the fourth electrode 314 when the second element surface 31s is viewed in a plan view is significantly larger than the area occupied by the first electrode 311, the second electrode 312, and the fifth electrode 315 when the first element surface 31f is viewed in a plan view. In particular, the area occupied by the fourth electrode 314 when the second element surface 31s is viewed in a plan view is significantly larger than the area occupied by the first electrode 311, the second electrode 312, and the fifth electrode 315 when the first element surface 31f is viewed in a plan view. Therefore, during the electrode formation process, contraction of the large-area fourth electrode 314 causes warping of the solar cell element 31, with the first element surface 31f curved convexly and the second element surface 31s curved concavely. Therefore, it is possible to manufacture a solar cell element 31 in which the first element surface 31f is curved convexly and the second element surface 31s is curved concavely.

[0090] 1-4. Specific Example of Method for Manufacturing Solar Cell Module An example of a method for manufacturing the solar cell module 100 according to the first embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. 13 and 14. FIG.

[0091] First, the first protective layer 1 is prepared. Here, for example, a rectangular resin film having front and back surfaces and transparency and weather resistance is prepared as the first protective layer 1. For example, a fluorine-based resin is used as the resin having transparency and weather resistance. For example, FEP, ETFE, or ECTFE is used as the fluorine-based resin. Here, for example, a treatment for activating the surface, such as a corona treatment or a plasma treatment, is performed on the second surface 1s, which is one side of the first protective layer 1. This can improve the adhesion between the first protective layer 1 and the filler 4 in the lamination process described below.

[0092] Next, for example, as shown in Figures 13 and 14, the first protective layer 1, the first sheet material 41s, the solar cell section 3 and the support member 5, the second sheet material 42s, and the second protective layer 2 are stacked in this order to form the laminate 10s.

[0093] In the laminate 10s, the solar cell unit 3 is located between two support members 5. More specifically, in the laminate 10s, the first support member 5, the solar cell unit 3, and the second support member 5 are arranged at intervals in the X direction. In the laminate 10s, for example, a portion of the third wiring member 34 of the solar cell unit 3 that is to be connected to a terminal box or the like outside the solar cell panel 10 is arranged in a state where it is drawn out to the outside of the laminate 10s.

[0094] The first sheet material 41s is a resin sheet material that forms the first filler 41. EVA, for example, is used as the material for this resin sheet material. In the laminate 10s, the first sheet material 41s is located between the first protective layer 1 and the solar cell unit 3 and between the first protective layer 1 and the support member 5. In other words, in the laminate 10s, the first sheet material 41s is located on the first protective layer 1, and the solar cell unit 3 and the support member 5 are located on the first sheet material 41s. The first sheet material 41s has a rectangular shape in a plan view. In the laminate 10s, the first sheet material 41s may include, for example, a thin portion (also referred to as a first sheet portion) located between the first protective layer 1 and the support member 5 and a thick portion (also referred to as a second sheet portion) at least a portion of which is located between the two support members 5. The first sheet material 41s may be formed of a single sheet or may have a configuration in which two or more sheets are stacked together. For example, a configuration in which the first sheet portion is formed of a single sheet and the second sheet portion is formed of two or more sheets stacked together may be adopted.

[0095] The second sheet material 42s is a resin sheet material that forms the second filler 42. EVA, for example, is used as the material for this resin sheet material. The second sheet material 42s may contain a pigment. In the laminate 10s, the second sheet material 42s is positioned between the second protective layer 2 and the solar cell unit 3 and between the second protective layer 2 and the support member 5. In other words, in the laminate 10s, both ends of the second sheet material 42s are positioned facing the support member 5. The second sheet material 42s has a rectangular shape in a plan view. In the laminate 10s, the second sheet material 42s may include, for example, a thin portion (also referred to as a third sheet portion) positioned between the second protective layer 2 and the support member 5 and a thick portion (also referred to as a fourth sheet portion) at least a portion of which is positioned between the two support members 5. The second sheet material 42s may be formed of a single sheet or may have a configuration in which two or more sheets are stacked together. For example, a configuration in which the third sheet portion is formed of a single sheet and the fourth sheet portion is formed of two or more sheets stacked together may be adopted.

[0096] In the laminate 10s, the second protective layer 2 is located on the second sheet material 42s.

[0097] Next, for example, a lamination process is performed on the laminate 10s. In this lamination process, the laminate 10s is integrated using, for example, a laminating device (also referred to as a laminator). For example, in the laminator, the laminate 10s is placed on a heater plate in a chamber, and the pressure in the chamber is reduced from 50 Pascals (Pa) to approximately 150 Pa while the laminate 10s is heated to approximately 100°C to 200°C. Here, the first sheet material 41s and the second sheet material 42s become somewhat fluid due to the heating. In this state, the laminate 10s is pressed in the +Z direction in the chamber with a pressing body such as a diaphragm sheet, thereby integrating the laminate 10s. This allows the solar cell panel 10 to be manufactured.

[0098] After the lamination process, a terminal box or the like may be appropriately attached to the solar cell panel 10. In this case, for example, a portion of the third wiring member 34 that is drawn out from the solar cell section 3 to the outside of the solar cell panel 10 is appropriately connected to a terminal in the terminal box. In this way, the solar cell module 100 according to the first embodiment can be manufactured.

[0099] In the above example, the solar cell panel 10 including the support member 5 can be produced by lamination processing. Therefore, the solar cell panel 10 and the solar cell module 100 can be manufactured more easily than in a structure in which an external frame (not shown) is attached to the solar cell panel 10 with screws or the like instead of the support member 5.

[0100] <1-5. Summary of the First Embodiment> In the solar cell module 100 according to the first embodiment, for example, the first protective layer 1 is made of a translucent resin. Therefore, for example, by thinning the first protective layer 1, the weight of the solar cell module 100 can be reduced. Furthermore, for example, in each of the multiple solar cell elements 31 of the solar cell section 3, the first element surface 31f is convexly curved and the second element surface 31s is concavely curved. Therefore, for example, by the solar cell element 31 being curved in a convex shape that protrudes toward the first protective layer 1, the impact on the solar cell element 31 can be reduced when various objects, such as falling objects and flying objects, collide with the first protective layer 1. This, for example, makes the solar cell element 31 less likely to crack. As a result, the power generation efficiency of the solar cell module 100 is less likely to decrease. Therefore, the weight of the solar cell module 100 can be reduced and the power generation efficiency can be improved.

[0101] 1, the number of solar cell elements 31 arranged along the X direction (also referred to as the number of arrangements) is two, which is an even number. In other words, the number of solar cell elements 31 arranged along the direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the support member 5 is an even number. Furthermore, the widths of the solar cell elements 31 in the X direction are the same or approximately the same. Therefore, no solar cell element 31 is present in the center of the solar cell panel 10 in the X direction. In other words, the center of the solar cell panel 10 in the X direction corresponds to the portion between two solar cell elements 31 adjacent to each other in the X direction.

[0102] Incidentally, for example, as shown in Figure 7, when the solar cell panel 10 is bent by an external force F1, a relatively large stress is applied to the center of the solar cell panel 10 in the X direction. Furthermore, for example, when the support member 5 is attached to the attachment target portion, a load may be applied to the solar cell panel 10 due to snow or the like on the front surface 10f of the solar cell panel 10. In this case, too, the solar cell panel 10 may bend in an arc shape when viewed in the +Y direction. As a result, a relatively large stress is applied to the center of the solar cell panel 10 in the X direction.

[0103] 1 , no solar cell element 31 is present at the center of the solar cell panel 10 in the X direction. Therefore, even when an external force F1 or a load such as snow is applied to the solar cell panel 10, causing the solar cell panel 10 to bend, the stress applied to each solar cell element 31 is relatively small. Therefore, for example, the solar cell element 31 is less likely to crack. As a result, the power generation efficiency of the solar cell module 100 is less likely to decrease.

[0104] 2. Other Embodiments The present disclosure is not limited to the first embodiment described above, and various modifications and improvements can be made without departing from the gist of the present disclosure.

[0105] 15 and 16 , for example, the first surface 1 f may be convexly curved along the first element surface 31 f of each of the plurality of solar cell elements 31 of the solar cell section 3. Note that the phrase "the first surface 1 f is convexly curved along the first element surface 31 f" here is not limited to a case where the curvature of the first surface 1 f and the curvature of the first element surface 31 f are the same, but also includes a case where the curvature of the first surface 1 f and the curvature of the first element surface 31 f are slightly different.

[0106] For example, when the solar cell module 100 is used for power generation outdoors, the solar cell module 100 is installed with the first surface 1f facing upward or diagonally upward. In the second embodiment, for example, the first surface 1f is curved convexly along the solar cell element 31. Therefore, for example, rainwater easily flows along the convex first surface 1f, making it less likely for rainwater to stagnate on the region of the first surface 1f located above the solar cell element 31. This can reduce the amount of rainwater that dries on the region of the first surface 1f located above the solar cell element 31. As a result, for example, sand, dust, mud, and the like contained in rainwater are less likely to adhere to the region of the first surface 1f located above the solar cell element 31. In other words, for example, the region of the first surface 1f located above the solar cell element 31 is less likely to become contaminated. Therefore, for example, the incidence of sunlight on the solar cell element 31 is less likely to be obstructed by contamination on the first surface 1f. This can improve the power generation efficiency of the solar cell module 100.

[0107] In the second embodiment, for example, a configuration is adopted in which the portion of the first surface 1f along the first element surface 31f is curved in an arc shape along an imaginary arc with a radius of several hundred mm to several thousand mm.

[0108] Here, for example, a configuration is adopted in which either the YZ cross section or the XZ cross section of the portion of the first surface 1f along the first element surface 31f is curved in a convex shape that protrudes in a direction away from the first element surface 31f. In the present disclosure, the direction away from the first element surface 31f may be, for example, the direction from the first element surface 31f toward the second surface 1s, or may be the +Z direction opposite to the −Z direction as the third direction. The YZ cross section of the portion of the first surface 1f along the first element surface 31f is a virtual cross section along the −Y direction as the first direction and the −Z direction as the third direction for the portion of the first surface 1f along the first element surface 31f. The XZ cross section of the portion of the first surface 1f along the first element surface 31f is a virtual cross section along the +X direction as the second direction and the −Z direction as the third direction for the portion of the first surface 1f along the first element surface 31f.

[0109] 15, the XZ cross section of the first surface 1f along the first element surface 31f may be curved in a convex shape that protrudes in a direction away from the first element surface 31f. In this case, for example, the portion of the first surface 1f along the first element surface 31f is curved in a convex shape along a fifth imaginary arc surface. The fifth imaginary arc surface is a virtual curved surface formed by extending, in the −Y direction as the first direction, an arc that protrudes in a convex shape that protrudes in the +Z direction opposite to the −Z direction as the third direction in the XZ plane.

[0110] 16, a configuration may be adopted in which the YZ cross section of the portion of the first surface 1f along the first element surface 31f is curved in a convex shape that protrudes in a direction away from the first element surface 31f. In this case, for example, the portion of the first surface 1f along the first element surface 31f is curved in a convex shape along a sixth imaginary arc surface. The sixth imaginary arc surface is a virtual curved surface formed by extending, in the YZ plane, an arc that protrudes in a convex shape toward the +Z direction, which is opposite to the −Z direction as the third direction, in the +X direction as the second direction.

[0111] Furthermore, for example, both the YZ cross section and the XZ cross section of the portion of the first surface 1f along the first element surface 31f may be curved in a convex shape that protrudes in a direction away from the first element surface 31f. In this case, for example, the portion of the first surface 1f along the first element surface 31f may be curved in a shape that follows a virtual spherical surface. More specifically, for example, the portion of the first surface 1f along the first element surface 31f may have a shape that is convexly curved along a part of a third virtual spherical surface. The radius of the third virtual spherical surface is set to, for example, approximately several hundred mm to several thousand mm.

[0112] 2-1-2. Specific Example of Method for Manufacturing Solar Cell Module An example of a method for manufacturing the solar cell module 100 according to the second embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. 17 and 18. FIG.

[0113] Here, for example, based on the manufacturing method of the solar cell module 100 according to the first embodiment described above, as shown in Figures 17 and 18, a laminate 10s is formed by stacking a first protective layer 1, a first sheet material 41s, a solar cell section 3 and a support member 5, a second sheet material 42s, and a second protective layer 2 on a base member 400 in the order described above.

[0114] The base member 400 serves as a mold for realizing a desired convex shape on the first surface 1f when performing a lamination process on the laminate 10s. The base member 400 may be, for example, a plate-like member having a flat lower surface 400b and an upper surface 400u having a desired pattern of concaves and convexes. The upper surface 400u may have, for example, recesses 400r. In the example shown in FIGS. 17 and 18 , the upper surface 400u has a plurality of recesses 400r. The recesses 400r have a concave shape corresponding to the convex shape of the first surface 1f formed by the lamination process. The base member 400 may be made of, for example, glass or metal. The base member 400 may be manufactured by various processing methods, such as dissolving a glass plate using a chemical solution or grinding or polishing a glass or metal plate.

[0115] When performing the lamination process on the laminate 10s, for example, the base member 400 carrying the laminate 10s is placed on a heater panel in the chamber of a laminator, as shown in FIG. 18 . In this state, the laminate 10s is heated while reducing the air pressure in the laminator chamber, and the laminate 10s is pressed in the +Z direction with a pressing body such as a diaphragm sheet. This unifies the laminate 10s. Here, the first protective layer 1 deforms in accordance with the unevenness of the upper surface 400u of the base member 400, and the first sheet material 41s and the second sheet material 42s flow. As a result, the first protective layer 1 has a first surface 1f that is convexly curved along the first element surfaces 31f of each of the multiple solar cell elements 31. As a result, the solar cell panel 10 according to the second embodiment can be fabricated. Then, for example, the solar cell module 100 according to the second embodiment can be manufactured by attaching a terminal box to the solar cell panel 10 and connecting a portion of the third wiring member 34 to a terminal in the terminal box.

[0116] 2-2. Third Embodiment 2-2-1. Solar Cell Module In the first embodiment, for example, as shown in FIGS. 19 to 21 , when the first surface 1f is viewed in a plan view, the first surface 1f may have a first region A1 and a second region A2, and may have one or more linear recesses 1t located in the second region A2. The first region A1 is a region of the first surface 1f that is located above the plurality of solar cell elements 31 when the first surface 1f is viewed in a plan view. In other words, the first region A1 is a region of the first surface 1f that overlaps the plurality of solar cell elements 31 when the solar cell module 100 is viewed in a plan view from the first surface 1f side. The second region A2 is a region different from the first region A1 when the first surface 1f is viewed in a plan view. From another perspective, the second region A2 is a region of the first surface 1f that is not located above the plurality of solar cell elements 31 when the first surface 1f is viewed in a plan view. In other words, the second region A2 is a region of the first surface 1f that does not overlap with the plurality of solar cell elements 31 when the solar cell module 100 is viewed in plan from the first surface 1f side. The linear recess 1t is, for example, an elongated linear recess. The elongated linear recess is not limited to a straight recess and may be curved. This linear recess is recessed toward the filler 4 with respect to the first region A1. In other words, the linear recess 1t is recessed, for example, toward the −Z direction, which is the third direction, with respect to the first region A1. The depth of the linear recess 1t with respect to the first region A1 is set, for example, to approximately 0.1 mm to 2 mm. FIGS. 19 and 21 show an example of a solar cell module 100 according to the third embodiment, in which one or more linear recesses 1t are added to the solar cell module 100 according to the first embodiment.

[0117] For example, when the solar cell module 100 is used for power generation outdoors, the solar cell module 100 may be installed with the first surface 1f facing diagonally upward. Specifically, the solar cell module 100 may be installed with the first end E1 positioned diagonally downward and the second end E2 positioned diagonally upward. In the solar cell module 100 according to the third embodiment, the first surface 1f has one or more linear recesses 1t positioned to avoid over the multiple solar cell elements 31. Therefore, for example, rainwater easily flows through the one or more linear recesses 1t of the first surface 1f, and rainwater is less likely to accumulate in the first region A1 of the first surface 1f located above the solar cell elements 31. This may reduce the amount of rainwater that dries on the first region A1 of the first surface 1f. As a result, for example, dust, mud, and other particles contained in rainwater are less likely to adhere to the first region A1 of the first surface 1f. In other words, for example, in the first region A1 of the first surface 1f, the first surface 1f of the solar cell module 100 is less likely to become dirty. Therefore, for example, the incidence of sunlight on the solar cell element 31 is less likely to be hindered by dirt on the first surface 1f. Therefore, for example, the power generation efficiency of the solar cell module 100 can be improved.

[0118] Here, for example, a configuration may be employed in which, when the first surface 1f is viewed in plan, one or more linear recesses 1t are located along gaps between the plurality of solar cell elements 31. Furthermore, for example, a configuration may be employed in which, when the first surface 1f is viewed in plan, one or more linear recesses 1t are present along the outer periphery of the solar cell elements 31, avoiding the first region A1 above the plurality of solar cell elements 31. For example, a configuration may be employed in which the one or more linear recesses 1t include a first linear recess 1t1 and a second linear recess 1t2 connected to the first linear recess 1t1.

[0119] The first linear recess 1t1 is a long, thin linear recess located above the first gap G1 along the +X direction as the second direction. The first gap G1 is a gap between two solar cell elements 31 arranged side by side in the -Y direction as the first direction. More specifically, in a plan view, the gap (first gap) G1 between two solar cell elements 31 arranged adjacent to each other in the -Y direction as the first direction is located along the +X direction as the second direction. In other words, the first gap G1 has a longitudinal direction along the +X direction as the second direction. In a plan view of the first protective layer 1, the first linear recess 1t1 is located above the first gap G1 along the longitudinal direction of the first gap G1. In other words, in a plan view of the first protective layer 1, the first linear recess 1t1 is located above the first gap G1 along the +X direction as the second direction. The first linear recess 1t1 forms a groove on the first surface 1f that is located along the +X direction as the second direction. The depth of the first linear recess 1t1 based on the first region A1 is set to, for example, about 0.1 mm to 2 mm.

[0120] In the examples of Figures 19 to 21, for two or more solar cell elements 31 in each solar cell string 30, a first gap G1 is located between each pair of adjacent solar cell elements 31 lined up in the -Y direction (first direction). More specifically, five first gaps G1 exist for six solar cell elements 31 in each solar cell string 30. Five first linear recesses 1t1 exist for each solar cell string 30. In addition, in the examples of Figures 19 to 21, two first linear recesses 1t1 located on two first gaps G1 lined up in the +X direction (second direction) are connected. As a result, two first linear recesses 1t1 located on two first gaps G1 lined up in the +X direction (second direction) constitute a single linear recess located along the +X direction (second direction). In other words, in the examples of Figures 19 to 21, each of the five linear recesses is located along the +X direction as the second direction, and these five linear recesses are lined up in the -Y direction as the first direction.

[0121] The second linear recess 1t2 is a thin linear recess located along the -Y direction as the first direction. For example, the second linear recess 1t2 is located above the second gap G2 along the -Y direction as the first direction. The second gap G2 is a gap between two solar cell elements 31 lined up in the +X direction as the second direction. More specifically, in a plan view, the gap (second gap) G2 between two solar cell elements 31 lined up adjacent to each other in the +X direction as the second direction is located along the -Y direction as the first direction. In other words, the second gap G2 has a longitudinal direction that is aligned with the -Y direction as the first direction. In a plan view of the first protective layer 1, the second linear recess 1t2 is located above the second gap G2 along the longitudinal direction of the second gap G2. In other words, the second linear recess 1t2 is located above the second gap G2 and along the -Y direction as the first direction when the first protective layer 1 is viewed in plan view. The second linear recess 1t2 forms a groove located on the first surface 1f and along the -Y direction as the first direction. The depth of the second linear recess 1t2 based on the first region A1 is set to, for example, approximately 0.1 mm to 2 mm.

[0122] The second gap G2 may be, for example, a gap between two solar cell strings 30 that are arranged adjacent to each other in the +X direction as the second direction. In the examples of Fig. 19 to Fig. 21 , one second gap G2 exists between two solar cell strings 30. And, one second linear recess 1t2 exists between two adjacent solar cell strings 30.

[0123] Furthermore, for example, the second linear recess 1t2 is located above the third gap G3 along the -Y direction as the first direction. The third gap G3 is a gap between the support member 5 and the solar cell unit 3, which are aligned in the +X direction as the second direction. More specifically, in a plan view, the gap (third gap) G3 between the support member 5 and the solar cell unit 3, which are aligned in the +X direction as the second direction, is located along the -Y direction as the first direction. In other words, the third gap G3 has a longitudinal direction along the -Y direction as the first direction. In a plan view of the first protective layer 1, the second linear recess 1t2 is located above the third gap G3 along the longitudinal direction of the third gap G3. In other words, in a plan view of the first protective layer 1, the second linear recess 1t2 is located above the third gap G3 along the -Y direction as the first direction. The second linear recess 1t2 forms a groove located on the first surface 1f along the −Y direction, which is the first direction.

[0124] 19 to 21 , one second linear recess 1t2 is present above a first third gap G3 between the first support member 5 and the solar cell unit 3, which are aligned in the +X direction as the second direction. Also, one second linear recess 1t2 is present above a second third gap G3 between the solar cell unit 3 and the second support member 5, which are aligned in the +X direction as the second direction. Therefore, in the examples of Fig. 19 to 21 , three second linear recesses 1t2 are aligned in the +X direction as the second direction.

[0125] Furthermore, for example, the second linear recess 1t2 is connected to two or more first linear recesses 1t1. In the examples of FIGS. 19 to 21, the second linear recess 1t2 is connected to five first linear recesses 1t1 lined up in the −Y direction as the first direction. More specifically, three second linear recesses 1t2 are each connected to five first linear recesses 1t1 lined up in the −Y direction as the first direction. Here, the multiple first linear recesses 1t1 and the multiple second linear recesses 1t2 are connected in an intersecting manner, thereby forming an integrated lattice-like groove. More specifically, the five first linear recesses 1t1 and the three second linear recesses 1t2 are connected in an intersecting manner, thereby forming an integrated lattice-like groove.

[0126] For example, when the solar cell module 100 is used for power generation outdoors, the solar cell module 100 may be installed with the first surface 1f facing diagonally upward. Specifically, for example, the solar cell module 100 may be installed with the first end E1 positioned diagonally downward and the second end E2 positioned diagonally upward. Here, as described above, for example, if the linear recess 1t on the first surface 1f includes a first linear recess 1t1 and a second linear recess 1t2 connected to the first linear recess 1t1, rainwater flowing onto the first surface 1f from above the solar cell element 31 can easily flow along the first linear recess 1t1 and the second linear recess 1t2. Therefore, for example, the flow of rainwater along one or more linear recesses 1t can prevent rainwater from reaching the first region A1 of the first surface 1f and can promote drainage of rainwater from the first surface 1f. This reduces the amount of rainwater that dries on the first area A1 of the first surface 1f, and makes it difficult for dust, mud, and other particles contained in the rainwater to adhere to the first area A1 of the first surface 1f, thereby improving the power generation efficiency of the solar cell module 100.

[0127] More specifically, as shown in Fig. 22 , rainwater that flows from above the solar cell element 31 onto the first linear recess 1t1 along the path illustrated by the dashed-dotted arrows flows along the first linear recess 1t1 and also tends to flow into the second linear recess 1t2, and then tends to flow further along the second linear recess 1t2. In Fig. 22 , an example of the path along which rainwater flows on the first surface 1f is schematically shown by the dashed-dotted arrows. To avoid complicating the drawing, Fig. 22 does not show the solar cell unit 3, and the outer edges of the multiple solar cell elements 31 are depicted by thin dashed lines.

[0128] Here, for example, if the second linear recess 1t2 extends to the edge 1e of the first surface 1f in the -Y direction, which is the first direction, the flow of rainwater along the second linear recess 1t2 can further promote drainage of rainwater from the first surface 1f. This, for example, further reduces the amount of rainwater that dries on the first region A1 of the first surface 1f, making it difficult for sand, dust, mud, and the like contained in the rainwater to adhere to the first region A1 of the first surface 1f. Therefore, for example, the power generation efficiency of the solar cell module 100 can be further improved.

[0129] Here, for example, when the first surface 1f is viewed in plan, the corners formed by the first linear recesses 1t1 and the second linear recesses 1t2 may have a rounded shape or a shape with chamfered corners. The corners may have a shape that follows the four corners of the solar cell element 31 where the corners have been chamfered. In this case, for example, rainwater may easily flow from the first linear recesses 1t1 to the second linear recesses 1t2.

[0130] Here, for example, the second linear recess 1t2 does not have to extend to the edge 1e of the first surface 1f in the -Y direction, which is the first direction. Even in this case, for example, rainwater flowing along the second linear recess 1t2 tends to avoid the first region A1 on the first surface 1f. This can reduce the amount of rainwater that dries on the first region A1 of the first surface 1f.

[0131] 2-2-2. Specific Example of Method for Manufacturing Solar Cell Module An example of a method for manufacturing the solar cell module 100 according to the third embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. 23 and 24. FIG.

[0132] Here, for example, based on the manufacturing method of the solar cell module 100 according to the first embodiment described above, as shown in Figures 23 and 24, a laminate 10s is formed by stacking a first protective layer 1, a first sheet material 41s, a solar cell section 3 and a support member 5, a second sheet material 42s, and a second protective layer 2 on a base member 500 in the order described above.

[0133] The base member 500 serves as a mold for forming one or more linear recesses 1t in a desired pattern on the first surface 1f when performing a lamination process on the laminate 10s. The base member 500 may be, for example, a plate-like member having a flat lower surface 500b and an upper surface 500u having a desired pattern of irregularities. The upper surface 500u may have, for example, protrusions 500c. In the example shown in Figures 23 and 24, the upper surface 500u has multiple protrusions 500c. The protrusions 500c have a convex shape corresponding to the shape of the one or more linear recesses 1t formed by the lamination process. The base member 500 may be made of, for example, glass or metal. The base member 500 may be manufactured by various processing methods, such as dissolving a glass plate using a chemical solution or grinding or polishing a glass or metal plate.

[0134] When performing a lamination process on the laminate 10s, the base member 500 carrying the laminate 10s is placed on a heater panel in a laminator chamber, as shown in FIG. 24 . In this state, the laminate 10s is heated while reducing the air pressure in the laminator chamber, and the laminate 10s is pressed in the +Z direction with a pressing body such as a diaphragm sheet. This unifies the laminate 10s. Here, the first protective layer 1 deforms in accordance with the irregularities on the upper surface 500u of the base member 500, and the first sheet material 41s and the second sheet material 42s flow. This results in the first surface 1f of the first protective layer 1 having one or more linear recesses 1t. As a result, the solar cell panel 10 according to the third embodiment can be fabricated. Then, for example, the solar cell module 100 according to the third embodiment can be manufactured by attaching a terminal box to the solar cell panel 10 and connecting a portion of the third wiring member 34 to a terminal in the terminal box.

[0135] 2-3. Fourth Embodiment 2-3-1. Solar Cell Module In the third embodiment, for example, as shown in one or more of FIGS. 25 and 26 , the first surface 1f may be convexly curved along the first element surface 31f of each of the multiple solar cell elements 31. In other words, each first region A1 of the first surface 1f may be convexly curved along the first element surface 31f. Note that the phrase "the first region A1 of the first surface 1f is convexly curved along the first element surface 31f" is not limited to a case where the curvature of the first region A1 of the first surface 1f is the same as the curvature of the first element surface 31f, but also includes a case where the curvature of the first region A1 of the first surface 1f is slightly different from the curvature of the first element surface 31f.

[0136] For example, when the solar cell module 100 is used for power generation outdoors, the solar cell module 100 may be installed with the first surface 1f facing diagonally upward. Specifically, the solar cell module 100 may be installed with the first end E1 positioned diagonally downward and the second end E2 positioned diagonally upward. In the solar cell module 100 according to the fourth embodiment, for example, in each first region A1, the first surface 1f is convexly curved along the solar cell element 31. Therefore, for example, rainwater on the first surface 1f is likely to flow from each first region A1 toward one or more linear recesses 1t in the second region A2. This, for example, reduces the likelihood of rainwater stagnation on the first region A1 of the first surface 1f, thereby reducing the amount of rainwater that dries. As a result, for example, dust, mud, and other particles contained in rainwater are less likely to adhere to the first surface 1f in the first region A1. Therefore, for example, the incidence of sunlight on the solar cell element 31 is less likely to be obstructed by dirt on the first surface 1f. Therefore, for example, the power generation efficiency of the solar cell module 100 can be further improved.

[0137] In the fourth embodiment, for example, a configuration is adopted in which the portion of the first surface 1f along the first element surface 31f is curved in an arc shape along a virtual arc with a radius of several hundred mm to several thousand mm.

[0138] Here, for example, a configuration is adopted in which either the YZ cross section or the XZ cross section in the portion of the first surface 1f along the first element surface 31f is curved in a convex shape that protrudes in a direction away from the first element surface 31f.

[0139] 25, the XZ cross section of the portion of the first surface 1f along the first element surface 31f may be curved in a convex shape that protrudes in a direction away from the first element surface 31f. In this case, the portion of the first surface 1f along the first element surface 31f is curved in a convex shape along the fifth virtual arc surface described above, for example.

[0140] 26, a configuration may be adopted in which the YZ cross section of a portion of the first surface 1f along the first element surface 31f is curved in a convex shape that protrudes in a direction away from the first element surface 31f. In this case, the portion of the first surface 1f along the first element surface 31f may be curved in a convex shape along the sixth virtual arc surface described above, for example.

[0141] Furthermore, for example, both the YZ cross section and the XZ cross section of the portion of the first surface 1f along the first element surface 31f may be curved in a convex shape that protrudes in a direction away from the first element surface 31f. In this case, for example, the portion of the first surface 1f along the first element surface 31f may be curved in a shape that follows a virtual spherical surface. More specifically, for example, the portion of the first surface 1f along the first element surface 31f may have a shape that is convexly curved along a part of the third virtual spherical surface described above.

[0142] 2-3-2. Specific Example of Method for Manufacturing Solar Cell Module An example of a method for manufacturing the solar cell module 100 according to the fourth embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. 27 and 28. FIG.

[0143] Here, for example, based on the manufacturing method of the solar cell module 100 according to the third embodiment, recesses 500r are added to the upper surface 500u of the base member 500 as shown in Figures 27 and 28. In the example of Figures 27 and 28, a plurality of recesses 500r are added to the upper surface 500u of the base member 500. In other words, the base member 500 serves as a mold for realizing one or more linear recesses 1t in a desired pattern and a desired convex curved shape on the first surface 1f when performing a lamination process on the stacked body 10s.

[0144] When performing a lamination process on the laminate 10s, the base member 500 carrying the laminate 10s is placed on a heater plate in a laminator chamber, as shown in FIG. 28 . In this state, the laminate 10s is heated while reducing the air pressure in the laminator chamber, and a pressure element such as a diaphragm sheet presses the laminate 10s in the +Z direction. This unifies the laminate 10s. Here, the first protective layer 1 deforms in response to the irregularities on the upper surface 500u of the base member 500, and the first sheet material 41s and the second sheet material 42s flow. As a result, the first surface 1f of the first protective layer 1 has one or more linear recesses 1t and a convexly curved shape along each first element surface 31f. As a result, the solar cell panel 10 according to the fourth embodiment can be fabricated. Then, for example, the solar cell module 100 according to the fourth embodiment can be manufactured by attaching a terminal box to the solar cell panel 10 and connecting a portion of the third wiring member 34 to a terminal in the terminal box.

[0145] 3. Other Embodiments In each of the above embodiments, for example, as shown in FIG. 29 , the first end region Ae1 of the first surface 1f may be curved in a manner such that it progresses in the −Z direction as a third direction as it progresses in the −Y direction as a first direction. The first end region Ae1 is a region located at the end of the first surface 1f in the −Y direction as a first direction. In other words, the first surface 1f has the first end region Ae1 located at the end of the −Y direction as a first direction. The −Z direction as a third direction corresponds to the direction from the first surface 1f toward the second surface 1s along the thickness direction of the first protective layer 1. In the example of FIG. 29 , the first end region Ae1 of the first surface 1f is curved monotonically in the −Z direction as a third direction as it progresses in the −Y direction as a first direction. This configuration can be achieved, for example, by appropriately placing a member having a shape that matches the shape of the first end region Ae1 between the heater plate of the laminator and the laminate 10s when integrating the laminate 10s by lamination processing.

[0146] For example, when the solar cell module 100 is used outdoors to generate power, the solar cell module 100 is installed with the first surface 1f facing upward or diagonally upward. Here, for example, if the first end region Ae1 of the first surface 1f is curved in a manner that the curve moves in the -Z direction (the third direction) as it moves in the -Y direction (the first direction), rainwater is easily drained from the first surface 1f. This makes it difficult for rainwater to accumulate on the first surface 1f, and therefore makes it difficult for sand, dust, mud, and the like contained in the rainwater to adhere to the first surface 1f. Therefore, for example, the power generation efficiency of the solar cell module 100 can be improved.

[0147] Furthermore, for example, as shown in FIG. 29 , the second end region Ae2 of the first surface 1f may be curved in a manner that progresses in the −Z direction (the third direction) as it progresses in the +Y direction (the fifth direction). The second end region Ae2 is a region located at the end of the first surface 1f in the +Y direction (the fifth direction). In other words, the first surface 1f has the second end region Ae2 located at the end of the +Y direction (the fifth direction). In the example of FIG. 29 , the second end region Ae2 of the first surface 1f curves monotonically in the −Z direction (the third direction) as it progresses in the +Y direction (the fifth direction). This configuration can be achieved, for example, by appropriately arranging a member having a shape matching the shape of the second end region Ae2 between the heater plate of the laminator and the laminate 10s when integrating the laminate 10s by lamination.

[0148] For example, when the solar cell module 100 is used outdoors to generate power, the solar cell module 100 is installed with the first surface 1f facing upward or diagonally upward. Here, for example, if the second end region Ae2 of the first surface 1f is curved in a manner that advances in the -Z direction (the third direction) as it advances in the +Y direction (the fifth direction), rainwater is easily drained from the first surface 1f. This makes it difficult for rainwater to accumulate on the first surface 1f, and therefore makes it difficult for sand, dust, mud, and the like contained in the rainwater to adhere to the first surface 1f. Therefore, for example, the power generation efficiency of the solar cell module 100 can be improved.

[0149] In each of the above embodiments, for example, the support member 5 may be replaced with two or more support members 5 lined up in the −Y direction as the first direction. In this case, for example, a mode may be adopted in which two or more support members 5 are lined up at intervals in the −Y direction as the first direction.

[0150] In the third embodiment, for example, as shown in FIG. 30 , the first element surface 31f of each solar cell element 31 may not be convexly curved and the second element surface 31s may not be concavely curved. In other words, each solar cell element 31 may be flat. Even in this case, for example, because the first protective layer 1 is made of a translucent resin, the weight of the solar cell module 100 can be reduced by thinning the first protective layer 1. Furthermore, for example, the first surface 1f may have one or more linear recesses 1t positioned to avoid over the multiple solar cell elements 31. Therefore, for example, rainwater easily flows through one or more linear recesses 1t of the first surface 1f, and rainwater is less likely to stagnate on the first region A1 of the first surface 1f located above the solar cell elements 31. This may reduce the amount of rainwater that dries on the first region A1 of the first surface 1f. As a result, for example, dust, mud, and other particles contained in rainwater are less likely to adhere to the first region A1 of the first surface 1f. Therefore, for example, contamination on the first surface 1f is less likely to prevent sunlight from entering the solar cell element 31. This makes it possible to reduce the weight of the solar cell module 100 and improve the power generation efficiency.

[0151] In the third and fourth embodiments, for example, one or more second linear recesses 1t2 may be located above one or more of the second gap G2 and the third gap G3.

[0152] In the third and fourth embodiments, for example, as shown in FIG. 31 , one or more linear recesses 1t may constitute a plurality of grooves rather than forming an integral grid-like groove. In other words, the first surface 1f may have a plurality of linear recesses. Here, the first surface 1f may have, for example, one or more first linear recesses 1t1 or one or more second linear recesses 1t2. The one or more first linear recesses 1t1 may include, for example, a plurality of first linear recesses 1t1 aligned in the +X direction as the second direction. The one or more second linear recesses 1t2 may include, for example, a plurality of second linear recesses 1t2 aligned in the −Y direction as the first direction.

[0153] In the example of Figure 31, each of the first linear recesses 1t1 shown in Figures 19 and 22 has been changed to three first linear recesses 1t1 lined up in the +X direction as the second direction. In other words, the first surface 1f has five rows of first linear recesses 1t1, each of which includes three first linear recesses 1t1. Also, each of the second linear recesses 1t2 shown in Figures 19 and 22 has been changed to five second linear recesses 1t2 lined up in the -Y direction as the first direction. In other words, the first surface 1f has three rows of second linear recesses 1t2, each of which includes five second linear recesses 1t2.

[0154] In the example of FIG. 31 , when the first surface 1f is viewed in plan, the first linear recess 1t1 and the second linear recess 1t2 are connected to form a T-shaped recess in the central portion of the first surface 1f in the +X direction (the second direction). Here, the second linear recess 1t2 is not limited to being connected to the central portion of the first linear recess 1t1 in the X direction. For example, the second linear recess 1t2 may be connected to any portion of the first linear recess 1t1 in the +X direction (the second direction). Furthermore, for example, any portion of the first linear recess 1t1 in the +X direction (the second direction) and any portion of the second linear recess 1t2 in the −Y direction (the first direction) may be connected in a cross-like manner.

[0155] In the example of FIG. 31 , when the first surface 1f is viewed in plan, the first linear recess 1t1 and the second linear recess 1t2 are connected to form an L-shaped recess in the portion of the first surface 1f facing the −X direction (the fourth direction). When the first surface 1f is viewed in plan, the first linear recess 1t1 and the second linear recess 1t2 are connected to form an L-shaped recess in the portion of the first surface 1f facing the +X direction (the second direction). Here, the first linear recess 1t1 and the second linear recess 1t2 are not limited to being connected to form an L-shaped recess. For example, the first linear recess 1t1 and any portion of the second linear recess 1t2 in the −Y direction (the first direction) may be connected to form a T-shaped recess.

[0156] For example, when the solar cell module 100 is used for power generation outdoors, the solar cell module 100 may be installed with the first surface 1f facing diagonally upward. Here, for example, the solar cell module 100 may be installed with the first end E1 positioned diagonally downward and the second end E2 positioned diagonally upward. Here, as described above, for example, if one or more linear recesses 1t on the first surface 1f include a first linear recess 1t1 and a second linear recess 1t2 connected to the first linear recess 1t1, rainwater flowing onto the first linear recess 1t1 from above the solar cell element 31 on the first surface 1f is likely to flow along the first linear recess 1t1 and the second linear recess 1t2. Therefore, for example, the flow of rainwater along one or more linear recesses 1t makes it difficult for rainwater to reach the first region A1 of the first surface 1f, thereby facilitating drainage of rainwater from the first surface 1f. This reduces, for example, the amount of rainwater that dries on the first area A1 of the first surface 1f, making it less likely that dust, mud, etc. contained in the rainwater will adhere to the first area A1 of the first surface 1f.

[0157] Specifically, for example, as shown in Figure 31 , rainwater that flows from above the solar cell element 31 onto the first linear recess 1t1 along the path illustrated by the dashed-dotted arrows flows along the first linear recess 1t1 and also tends to flow into the second linear recess 1t2, and then tends to flow further along the second linear recess 1t2. In Figure 31 , an example of the path along which rainwater flows on the first surface 1f is schematically shown by the dashed-dotted arrows. Also, in Figure 31 , to avoid complicating the drawing, the solar cell unit 3 is omitted, and the outer edges of the multiple solar cell elements 31 are depicted by thin dashed lines.

[0158] Here, for example, the second linear recess 1t2 does not have to extend to the edge 1e of the first surface 1f in the -Y direction (the first direction), as shown in FIG. 31 , or it may extend to the edge 1e of the first surface 1f in the -Y direction (the first direction). Furthermore, for example, one or more linear recesses may be present, each formed by connecting the first linear recess 1t1 and the second linear recess 1t2. Even in this case, for example, rainwater flowing onto the first linear recess 1t1 from above the solar cell element 31 on the first surface 1f is likely to flow along the first linear recess 1t1 and the second linear recess 1t2. Therefore, for example, the flow of rainwater along one or more linear recesses 1t may prevent rainwater from reaching the first region A1 of the first surface 1f, thereby facilitating drainage of rainwater from the first surface 1f.

[0159] 32, the first portion 51 of the support member 5 does not have to face the second protective layer 2. In this case, for example, a configuration is employed in which the second filler 42 does not include a portion located between the second protective layer 2 and the first portion 51 in the −Z direction as the third direction.

[0160] In each of the above embodiments, for example, the solar cell module 100 may further include a reinforcing fiber member. Here, the reinforcing fiber member is located, for example, along an end of the solar cell panel 10 where the support member 5 is not present and is covered with the filler 4. For example, a configuration is conceivable in which the reinforcing fiber member is located along one or more of the first end E1 and the second end E2 of the solar cell panel 10. For example, the reinforcing fiber member may be a fiber member such as aramid fiber, such as Kevlar (registered trademark) fiber, or carbon fiber. The reinforcing fiber member has an elongated shape that extends along the end of the solar cell panel 10. Furthermore, the reinforcing fiber member is located so as not to overlap with the solar cell unit 3 in a planar view. The reinforcing fiber member is easily deformed but has high strength. Therefore, the presence of the reinforcing fiber member can improve the strength of the solar cell panel 10 without reducing the flexibility of the solar cell panel 10.

[0161] In each of the above embodiments, for example, the strength of the solar cell panel 10 at the first end E1 and the second end E2 may be improved by increasing the width and thickness of the second wiring member 33 and the third wiring member 34.

[0162] In each of the above embodiments, for example, as shown in FIG. 33 , the solar cell panel 10 may not include either the first support member 5 or the second support member 5 included in the two support members 5. Even in this case, the solar cell module 100 includes one or more support members 5, so the solar cell module 100 can be easily and stably fixed to the mounting target. Furthermore, since the support members 5 are not located on three sides of the solar cell panel 10, the solar cell panel 10 is more likely to bend in more directions. This can improve the flexibility of the solar cell panel 10, for example.

[0163] Also, for example, the solar cell panel 10 does not have to include two support members 5 as shown in FIG.

[0164] In each of the above embodiments, for example, in some of the solar cell elements 31, the first element surface 31f may be convexly curved and the second element surface 31s may be concavely curved. In other words, for example, in one or more solar cell elements 31 included in the plurality of solar cell elements 31, the first element surface 31f may be convexly curved and the second element surface 31s may be concavely curved. Even in this case, for example, by curving one or more solar cell elements 31 in a convex shape that protrudes toward the first protective layer 1, the impact on the solar cell element 31 can be reduced when various objects, such as falling objects and flying objects, collide with the first protective layer 1. This makes one or more solar cell elements 31 less likely to crack, for example.

[0165] Here, for example, the first surface 1f may be convexly curved along the first element surfaces 31f of some of the solar cell elements 31 among the plurality of solar cell elements 31. In other words, for example, the first surface 1f may be convexly curved along the first element surfaces 31f of each of one or more solar cell elements 31 included in the plurality of solar cell elements 31. Even in this case, for example, the region of the first surface 1f located above one or more solar cell elements 31 is less likely to become dirty. As a result, for example, the incidence of sunlight on the solar cell elements 31 is less likely to be obstructed by dirt on the first surface 1f, and the power generation efficiency of the solar cell module 100 can be improved.

[0166] In each of the above embodiments, for example, the solar cell unit 3 may have a plurality of solar cell elements 31 arranged one-dimensionally. Here, for example, the solar cell unit 3 may include two or more solar cell elements 31 arranged in the −Y direction as the first direction as the plurality of solar cell elements 31. Even in this case, the solar cell unit 3 includes two solar cell elements 31 arranged in the −Y direction as the first direction as the plurality of solar cell elements 31.

[0167] In each of the above embodiments, for example, the second protective layer 2 may be omitted. In this case, for example, free acids such as acetic acid generated in the filler 4 may be desorbed in a gaseous state from the filler 4 in the −Z direction. This may make it less likely that defects in the solar cell unit 3 will be caused by free acids.

[0168] In each of the above embodiments, for example, the two support members 5 may be located on both sides of the solar cell panel 10 in the Y direction, rather than on both sides in the X direction. If this configuration is adopted, the solar cell panel 10 may bend in an arc shape when viewed in the +X direction. Here, for example, if the number of solar cell elements 31 arranged along the Y direction (arrangement number) is even, no solar cell element 31 is present in the center of the solar cell panel 10 in the Y direction. In other words, the center of the solar cell panel 10 in the Y direction corresponds to the portion between two solar cell elements 31 adjacent to each other in the Y direction. Therefore, even if a load such as snow is applied to the solar cell panel 10, causing the solar cell panel 10 to bend and relatively large stress to be applied to the center of the solar cell panel 10 in the Y direction, the stress applied to each solar cell element 31 is unlikely to increase.

[0169] In each of the above embodiments, for example, the first direction and the second direction may intersect without being perpendicular to each other. In other words, the first direction and the second direction may intersect at an angle of 90 degrees, or at an angle other than 90 degrees. The angle other than 90 degrees may be, for example, an angle of 60 degrees to less than 90 degrees, an angle of 70 degrees to less than 90 degrees, or an angle of 80 degrees to less than 90 degrees.

[0170] In each of the above embodiments, for example, thin-film solar cells may be used for the multiple solar cell elements 31. Thin-film solar cells may be configured, for example, by having a thin-film semiconductor and a transparent electrode positioned on a substrate made of glass or resin. Thin-film semiconductors include, for example, silicon-based, compound-based, and other types of semiconductors. Silicon-based thin-film semiconductors include, for example, semiconductors using amorphous silicon or thin-film polycrystalline silicon. Compound-based thin-film semiconductors include, for example, compound semiconductors with a chalcopyrite structure, such as CIS semiconductors or CIGS semiconductors, compound semiconductors such as compounds with a perovskite structure, compound semiconductors with a kesterite structure, and cadmium telluride (CdTe) semiconductors. CIS semiconductors are compound semiconductors containing copper (Cu), indium (In), and selenium (Se). CIGS semiconductors are compound semiconductors containing Cu, In, gallium (Ga), and Se. In this case, for example, the solar cell elements 31 can be curved convexly by using a curved substrate.

[0171] Although the solar cell module has been described in detail above, the above description is merely an example in all respects, and this disclosure is not limited thereto. Furthermore, the various examples described above can be combined and applied as long as they are not mutually contradictory. Furthermore, countless examples not illustrated can be envisioned without departing from the scope of this disclosure.

[0172] This disclosure includes the following:

[0173] In one embodiment, (1) a solar cell module includes a first protective layer made of a translucent resin and having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, a plurality of solar cell elements positioned opposite the second surface and lined up along the second surface, and a filler positioned in contact with the second surface and covering the plurality of solar cell elements, wherein the plurality of solar cell elements include two solar cell elements lined up in a first direction, the first surface has a first region positioned above the plurality of solar cell elements and a second region different from the first region, and the first surface has one or more linear depressions positioned in the second region.

[0174] (2) The solar cell module of (1) above may further include a support member positioned adjacent to the solar cell section including the plurality of solar cell elements, the support member including a first portion positioned opposite the second surface of the first protective layer and a second portion positioned on the opposite side of the support member from the solar cell section, and the filler may include a portion positioned between the second surface and the first portion.

[0175] (3) In the solar cell module of (1) or (2) above, the one or more linear recesses may include a first linear recess and a second linear recess connected to the first linear recess, the first linear recess being located above a first gap between the two solar cell elements along a second direction intersecting the first direction, and the second linear recess being located along the first direction.

[0176] (4) In the solar cell module of (3) above, the second linear recess may be positioned so as to extend to an edge of the first surface in the first direction.

[0177] (5) In any one of the solar cell modules (1) to (4) above, the first surface may have a first end region located at the end of the first direction, and the first end region may be curved in a manner that progresses in a third direction from the first surface toward the second surface along the thickness direction of the first protective layer as it progresses in the first direction.

[0178] (6) In any one of the solar cell modules (1) to (5) above, the plurality of solar cell elements may include one or more solar cell elements, each of which has a first element surface facing the second surface and a second element surface opposite the first element surface, and the first element surface may be convexly curved and the second element surface may be concavely curved.

[0179] (7) In the solar cell module of (6) above, the first surface may be convexly curved along the first element surface of each of the one or more solar cell elements.

[0180] (8) Any one of the solar cell modules (1) to (7) above may further include a second protective layer, and the second protective layer may be in contact with the filler on a surface of the filler opposite to the surface in contact with the first protective layer, and the plurality of solar cell elements may be located between the second surface and the second protective layer.

[0181] REFERENCE SIGNS LIST 1 First protective layer 100 Solar cell module 1e Edge portion 1f First surface 1s Second surface 1t Linear recess 1t1 First linear recess 1t2 Second linear recess 2 Second protective layer 3 Solar cell portion 31 Solar cell element 31f First element surface 31s Second element surface 4 Filler 5 Support member 51 First portion 52 Second portion A1 First region A2 Second region Ae1 First end region G1 First gap

Claims

1. a first protective layer made of a light-transmitting resin and having a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface; A plurality of solar cell elements positioned facing the second surface and aligned along the second surface; a filler located in contact with the second surface and covering the plurality of solar cell elements; The plurality of solar cell elements includes two solar cell elements arranged side by side in a first direction, the first surface has a first region located on the plurality of solar cell elements and a second region different from the first region; The first surface has one or more linear recesses located in the second region.

2. The solar cell module according to claim 1 , a support member positioned adjacent to the solar cell unit including the plurality of solar cell elements, the support member includes a first portion located in a state facing the second surface of the first protective layer, and a second portion located on a side of the support member opposite to the solar cell unit, The filler includes a portion located between the second surface and the first portion.

3. The solar cell module according to claim 1 or 2, the one or more linear recesses include a first linear recess and a second linear recess connected to the first linear recess, the first linear recess is located along a second direction intersecting the first direction on a first gap between the two solar cell elements, The second linear recess is positioned along the first direction.

4. The solar cell module according to claim 3, A solar cell module, wherein the second linear recess is positioned so as to extend to an edge of the first surface in the first direction.

5. The solar cell module according to claim 1 or 2, the first surface has a first end region located at an end in the first direction; A solar cell module, wherein the first end region is curved in a manner that progresses in a third direction from the first surface toward the second surface along the thickness direction of the first protective layer as it progresses in the first direction.

6. The solar cell module according to claim 1 or 2, The plurality of solar cell elements includes one or more solar cell elements, Each of the one or more solar cell elements has a first element surface facing the second surface and a second element surface opposite to the first element surface; the first element surface is convexly curved, The second element surface is concavely curved.

7. The solar cell module according to claim 6, The first surface is convexly curved along the first element surface of each of the one or more solar cell elements.

8. The solar cell module according to claim 1 or 2, a second protective layer; the second protective layer is in contact with the filler at a surface of the filler opposite to a surface of the filler in contact with the first protective layer, The solar cell module, wherein the plurality of solar cell elements are located between the second surface and the second protective layer.