METHOD OF FABRICATING Perovskite solar cells

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a method for manufacturing a high-efficiency and large-area perovskite solar cell, comprising the steps of: placing a first electrode on a stage; and dropping a perovskite material onto the first electrode, wherein the step of dropping the perovskite material may include dropping the perovskite material onto the first electrode in a drop-by-drop manner in multiple stages.

Description

Technology Field

[0001] The present disclosure relates to perovskite solar cells. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to a method for manufacturing high-efficiency and large-area perovskite solar cells. Background Technology

[0002] With the global trend of reducing fossil fuel use, the demand for sustainable and eco-friendly energy sources is rapidly increasing.

[0003] Solar power devices capable of generating electricity using solar energy as an eco-friendly energy source are attracting attention as a source of infinite electrical energy. Perovskite solar cells are gaining prominence as next-generation solar energy materials due to their excellent material properties, such as high absorption coefficients, high charge mobility, long charge diffusion lengths, and variable direct band gaps.

[0004] However, as many defects are formed in solution-based manufacturing processes for perovskite solar cells, they hinder the movement of photogenerated charges and facilitate the penetration of moisture and oxygen, thereby promoting the decomposition of the perovskite thin film and reducing the performance of the photovoltaic device.

[0005] Furthermore, as metal atoms from the electrodes diffuse through these defects, it causes degradation of the perovskite thin film. Therefore, to be used as a future alternative energy source, perovskite solar cells require technology that improves the lifespan and / or long-term stability of photovoltaic devices. Prior art literature

[0006] Korean Patent Publication No. 10-2023-0174058 (Published December 27, 2023) The problem to be solved

[0007] The embodiments disclosed in this disclosure are intended to provide a method for manufacturing high-efficiency and large-area perovskite solar cells.

[0008] The problems that this disclosure aims to solve are not limited to those mentioned above, and other unmentioned problems will be clearly understood by a person skilled in the art from the description below. means of solving the problem

[0009] A method for manufacturing a perovskite solar cell according to the present disclosure for achieving the above-described technical problem comprises the steps of: placing a first electrode on a stage; and dropping a perovskite material onto the first electrode, wherein the step of dropping the perovskite material may include dropping the perovskite material onto the first electrode in a drop-by-drop manner in multiple stages.

[0010] In addition, in the step of dropping the perovskite material, the plurality of dropping intervals corresponding to the plurality of times may be superimposed in time in a drop-by-drop manner.

[0011] In addition, the time lengths of each of the multiple loading sections corresponding to the above multiple times may be the same.

[0012] In addition, the time lengths of at least two of the multiple loading sections corresponding to the above multiple times may differ from each other.

[0013] In addition, the amount of perovskite material dropped in each of the above multiple times may be equal to each other.

[0014] In addition, the amount of perovskite material dropped in at least two of the above multiple times may differ from each other.

[0015] In addition, the perovskite material can be deposited on the center of the first electrode.

[0016] In addition, the method may further include the step of rotating the stage on which the first electrode is placed.

[0017] In addition, the step of dropping the perovskite material can be performed while rotating the stage on which the first electrode is placed.

[0018] In addition, the method may further include the step of forming an electron transport layer on the first electrode.

[0019] Additionally, the step of forming the electron transport layer may be performed prior to the step of placing the first electrode on the stage.

[0020] In addition, the method may further include the step of forming a hole blocking layer on the first electrode.

[0021] In addition, the step of forming the hole blocking layer may be performed prior to the step of forming the electron transport layer.

[0022] In addition, the above perovskite material can be provided in a solution state containing FAPbI3.

[0023] In addition, the first electrode may include a transparent conductive material.

[0024] In addition, the first electrode may further include a step of forming a hydrophilic group.

[0025] In addition, the method may further include the step of curing a perovskite material dropped onto the first electrode to form a photoactive layer on the first electrode.

[0026] In addition, the method may further include the step of forming a protective layer on the photoactive layer.

[0027] In addition, the method may further include the step of forming a hole transport layer on the protective layer.

[0028] In addition, the method may further include the step of forming a second electrode on the hole transport layer. Effects of the invention

[0029] According to the above-described means for solving the problem of the present disclosure, high-efficiency and large-area perovskite solar cells with minimized defects can be manufactured.

[0030] The effects of the present disclosure are not limited to those mentioned above, and other unmentioned effects will be clearly understood by a person skilled in the art from the description below. Brief explanation of the drawing

[0031] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment. FIG. 2 is a process diagram illustrating a method for manufacturing a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment. FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining the degree of defects in the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment by comparing it with a comparative example. FIG. 4 is a diagram for explaining the grains of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment in comparison with a comparative example. FIG. 5 is a diagram for explaining the surface roughness of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment by comparing it with a comparative example. FIG. 6 is a diagram for explaining the crystal characteristics of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment by comparing it with a comparative example. FIG. 7 is a diagram for explaining the crystal distribution of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment in comparison with a comparative example. FIG. 8 is a diagram for explaining the thickness of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment at different locations, in comparison with a comparative example. FIG. 9 is a diagram for comparing and explaining the photoluminescence (PL) characteristics of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment with those of a comparative example. FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating the time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment, compared with a comparative example. FIG. 11 is a diagram for explaining the voltage versus current density of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment in comparison with a comparative example. FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating the power conversion efficiency according to the aperture ratio of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment. FIG. 13 is a diagram for explaining the power conversion efficiency distribution of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment by comparing it with a comparative example. FIG. 14 is a diagram for explaining the positional power conversion efficiency of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment in comparison with a comparative example. FIG. 15 is a drawing (1300) for explaining the two-dimensional grazing incident wide-angle X-ray scattering pattern of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment, compared with a comparative example. FIG. 16 is a diagram illustrating the comparison of an XRD pattern measured before heat treatment of a photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment with a comparative example. FIG. 17 is a diagram for comparing and explaining the XRD pattern measured after heat treatment of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment with a comparative example. Specific details for implementing the invention

[0032] Throughout this disclosure, the same reference numerals denote the same components. This disclosure does not describe all elements of the embodiments, and general content in the art to which this disclosure pertains or content that overlaps between embodiments is omitted. The terms 'part, module, component, block' as used in the specification may be implemented in software or hardware, and depending on the embodiments, a plurality of 'parts, modules, components, blocks' may be implemented as a single component, or a single 'part, module, component, block' may include a plurality of components.

[0033] Throughout the specification, when a part is described as being "connected" to another part, this includes not only cases where they are directly connected but also cases where they are indirectly connected, and indirect connections include connections made via a wireless communication network.

[0034] Furthermore, when it is stated that a part "includes" a certain component, this means that, unless specifically stated otherwise, it does not exclude other components but may include additional components.

[0035] Throughout the specification, when it is stated that a component is located "on" another component, this includes not only cases where a component is in contact with another component, but also cases where another component exists between the two components.

[0036] Terms such as "first," "second," etc., are used to distinguish one component from another, and the components are not limited by the aforementioned terms.

[0037] Singular expressions include plural expressions unless there is an obvious exception in the context.

[0038] In each step, identification codes are used for convenience of explanation and do not describe the order of the steps; the steps may be performed differently from the specified order unless a specific order is clearly indicated in the context.

[0039] The operating principles and embodiments of the present disclosure will be described below with reference to the attached drawings.

[0040] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a perovskite solar cell (100) according to one embodiment.

[0041] A perovskite solar cell (100) according to one embodiment may include, as shown in FIG. 1, a first electrode (10), an electron transport layer (20; or electron transport layer), a photoactive layer (30), a protective layer (40), a hole transport layer (50; or hole transport layer), and a second electrode (60).

[0042] The first electrode (10) may be made of a material containing a transparent conductive oxide such as ITO (Indium tin oxide), IZO (Indium zinc oxide), or FTO (F-doped tin oxide).

[0043] An electron transport layer (20) may be disposed on the first electrode (10). The electron transport layer (20) may be made of a material including TiO2 or SnO2.

[0044] A photoactive layer (30) may be disposed on the electron transport layer (20). The photoactive layer (30) may include a perovskite material (33). The perovskite material (33) may be made of a material including, for example, any one or at least one of MAPbl3 and FAPbl3.

[0045] A protective layer (40) may be disposed on the photoactive layer (30). The protective layer (40) may be made of a material comprising any one or at least one of PEAI (phenethylammonium iodide), OAI (octylammonium iodide), and BAI (butylammonium iodide).

[0046] A hole transport layer (50) may be disposed on the protective layer (40). The hole transport layer (50) may be made of a material comprising any one or at least one of Spiro-OMeTAD and PTAA.

[0047] A second electrode (60) may be disposed on the hole transport layer (50). The second electrode (60) may be made of a material comprising any one or at least one of Au, Ag, Al, and Cu.

[0048] FIG. 2 is a process diagram for explaining a method of manufacturing a perovskite solar cell (100) according to one embodiment. For example, FIG. 2 may be a process diagram for explaining a method of manufacturing a perovskite solar cell (100) of FIG. 1 described above. More specifically, FIG. 2 may be a process diagram for explaining a method of manufacturing a photoactive layer (30) included in the perovskite solar cell (100) of FIG. 1 described above. Here, FIG. 2(a) is a process perspective view for explaining a method of manufacturing a perovskite solar cell (100) according to one embodiment, and FIG. 2(b) is a process cross-sectional view of FIG. 2(a).

[0049] First, a first electrode (10) may be prepared (S110). The first electrode (10) may include a transparent conductive material (or a transparent conductive substrate).

[0050] Subsequently, an electron transport layer (20) may be formed on the first electrode (10) (S110). For example, an electron transport layer (20) containing a metal oxide may be formed on the first electrode (10). Meanwhile, a hole blocking layer may be further formed between the first electrode (10) and the electron transport layer (20). For example, a hole blocking layer may be formed on the first electrode (10) before the electron transport layer (20) is formed on the first electrode (10). Additionally, to improve the invasiveness of the first electrode (10), a process may be added in which a UV / ozone treatment is performed on the first electrode (10) on which the electron transport layer (20) is formed to form hydrophilic groups on the surface of the first electrode (10).

[0051] Next, the first electrode (10) having the electron transport layer (20) formed thereon can be placed on the stage (250) (S120). The stage (250) may be a rotatable stage (250).

[0052] Subsequently, a perovskite material (33) may be prepared (S120). The perovskite material (33) may include, for example, any one or at least one of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). For example, the perovskite material (33) may include formamidinium (FAPbI3). At this time, the perovskite material (33) may be provided in a solution state containing formamidinium (FAPbI3).

[0053] Next, a perovskite material (33) in a solution state can be formed on the electron transport layer (20) by a spin coating method (S210). For example, the perovskite material (33) in a solution state can be dropped onto the electron transport layer (20) on the first electrode (10) placed on a rotating stage (250). At this time, the entire amount of the perovskite material (33) may not be dropped at once, but may be dropped over multiple times. For example, the perovskite material (33) may be dropped onto the electron transport layer (20) of the stage (250) in the first to nth times (S121, S12n). Here, n may be a natural number greater than 1. Meanwhile, when the perovskite material (33) is dropped, the perovskite material (33) may be dropped onto the center of the first electrode (10). For example, a perovskite material (33) can be deposited on the electron transport layer (20) in overlap with the center of the first electrode (10) (or the center of the stage (250)).

[0054] According to one embodiment, when the perovskite material (33) is dropped multiple times, the amount dropped in each drop may be the same. For example, the amount of perovskite material (33) dropped in the first drop and the amount of perovskite material (33) dropped in the nth drop may be the same. However, this is not limited thereto, and the amount of perovskite material dropped in at least two of the multiple drops may be different.

[0055] According to one embodiment, the loading intervals corresponding to the plurality of times may each have the same time length. However, this is not limited thereto, and at least two of the loading intervals corresponding to the plurality of times may have different time lengths.

[0056] According to one embodiment, the dropping sections corresponding to each adjacent cycle may overlap in time. For example, the first dropping section corresponding to the first cycle and the second dropping section of the second cycle adjacent to the first cycle may overlap in time. In other words, the first dropping section and the second dropping section adjacent to each other in time may overlap for a certain period. Accordingly, the perovskite material (33) may begin to be dropped in the second dropping section of the second cycle before contact with the hole transport layer of the perovskite material (33) in the first dropping section of the first cycle. However, this is not limited thereto, and adjacent dropping sections may not overlap with each other, and it is also possible for three or more adjacent dropping sections to overlap for a certain period. The length of the overlap period of adjacent dropping sections can be varied.

[0057] When perovskite materials (33) are formed on an electron transport layer (20) placed on a stage (250) during multiple loading sections as described above, a photoactive layer (30) can be formed on the electron transport layer (20).

[0058] Subsequently, the first electrode (10) having the photoactive layer (30) and electron transport layer (20) formed thereon may be heat-treated so that the perovskite material (33) on the electron transport layer (20) is hardened, thereby forming the photoactive layer (30). For example, the first electrode (10) having the photoactive layer (30) and electron transport layer (20) formed thereon may be immersed in 1,2-dichlorobenzene, a nonpolar solvent, taken out, and heat-treated at 100°C, so that the photoactive layer (30) may be formed on the electron transport layer (20).

[0059] According to one embodiment, the perovskite material (33) is divided and continuously dropped during multiple dropping intervals, so the uniformity of the photoactive layer (30) can be improved. For example, the photoactive layer (30) can have substantially the same thickness (or nearly the same thickness) at the center and at the edges. For example, according to one embodiment, the perovskite material (33) is dropped in a drop-by-drop (DBD) manner over multiple times, so the uniformity of the photoactive layer (30) manufactured through this DBD method can be improved. In addition, the photoactive layer (30) manufactured through this DBD method can have minimized defects. Therefore, the manufacturing method according to one embodiment is advantageous for manufacturing a large-area perovskite solar cell (100) having excellent uniformity and minimized defects.

[0060] Next, a protective layer (40) is formed on the photoactive layer (30), and then a hole transport layer (50) is formed on the protective layer (40), and then a second electrode (60) is formed on the hole transport layer (50), thereby manufacturing a perovskite solar cell (100).

[0061] FIG. 3 is a drawing for explaining the degree of defects in the photoactive layer (30) in a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment by comparing it with a comparative example.

[0062] The photoactive layer of the perovskite solar cell of the control example as shown in FIG. 3 (a) was manufactured using a conventional spin coating method, and the photoactive layer (30) of the perovskite solar cell of the target example as shown in FIG. 3 (b) was manufactured according to the manufacturing method of FIG. 2 described above (e.g., DBD method).

[0063] The photoactive layer of the comparative example as shown in Fig. 3(a) has a large number of defects (310).

[0064] On the other hand, the photoactive layer (30) of the perovskite solar cell of one embodiment as shown in FIG. 3(b) has almost no defects (310). Additionally, the photoactive layer (30) of the perovskite solar cell of one embodiment may have defects (310) of a smaller size compared to the photoactive layer of the perovskite solar cell of a comparative example.

[0065] FIG. 4 is a drawing for explaining the grains of the photoactive layer (30) of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment in comparison with a comparative example.

[0066] FIG. 4(a) shows a grain (400) of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell manufactured by a conventional spin coating method, and FIG. 4(b) shows a grain (400) of the photoactive layer (30) of a perovskite solar cell manufactured by a manufacturing method of one embodiment (e.g., a manufacturing method of DBD).

[0067] The photoactive layer of the perovskite solar cell of the comparative example as shown in FIG. 4(a) has small grains (400) at the center (CA) and the edge (EA), and also has grains (400) with a large variation between the center (CA) and the edge (EA).

[0068] On the other hand, the photoactive layer (30) of the perovskite solar cell of one embodiment as shown in FIG. 4 (b) has grains (400) of larger size than the comparative example at the center (CA) and edge (EA), and also has grains (400) with a small difference between the center (CA) and edge (EA).

[0069] FIG. 5 is a diagram for explaining the surface roughness of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment by comparing it with a comparative example.

[0070] FIG. 5(a) shows the surface roughness (Ra) of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell manufactured by a conventional spin coating method, and FIG. 5(b) shows the surface roughness (Ra) of the photoactive layer (30) of a perovskite solar cell manufactured by a manufacturing method of one embodiment (e.g., a manufacturing method of DBD).

[0071] The photoactive layer of the perovskite solar cell of the comparative example, as shown in FIG. 5(a), may have a surface roughness (Ra) with a large variation between the center (CA) and the edge (EA). For example, the surface roughness of the center (CA) in the comparative example may be 33.1, and the surface roughness (Ra) of the edge (EA) of the photoactive layer in the comparative example may be 38.2.

[0072] The photoactive layer (30) of a perovskite solar cell of one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 5(b), may have a surface roughness (Ra) with a small deviation between the center (CA) and the edge (EA). For example, the surface roughness of the center (CA) of the photoactive layer (30) in one embodiment may be 35.9, and the surface roughness (Ra) of the edge (EA) in a comparative example may be 36.7.

[0073] FIG. 6 is a drawing (6000) for explaining the crystal characteristics of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment by comparing it with a comparative example.

[0074] FIG. 6(a) shows the crystal characteristics of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell manufactured by a conventional spin coating method, and FIG. 6(b) shows the crystal characteristics of the photoactive layer (30) of a perovskite solar cell manufactured by a manufacturing method of one embodiment (e.g., a manufacturing method of DBD).

[0075] As shown in FIG. 6, according to the full angle of halfway (FWHM) of the X-ray diffraction peak, it can be seen that the crystal characteristics of the photoactive layer (30) of the perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment are superior to the crystal characteristics of the perovskite solar cell of the comparative example.

[0076] FIG. 7 is a drawing (7000) for explaining the crystal distribution of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment in comparison with a comparative example.

[0077] Fig. 710 shows the crystal distribution of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell manufactured by a conventional spin coating method, and Fig. 720 shows the crystal distribution of the photoactive layer (30) of a perovskite solar cell manufactured by a manufacturing method of one embodiment (e.g., a manufacturing method of DBD).

[0078] As shown in FIG. 7, according to the full angle of half maximum (FWHM) of the X-ray diffraction peak, it can be seen that the crystal distribution (720) of the photoactive layer (30) of the perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment is superior to the crystal distribution (710) of the perovskite solar cell of the comparative example.

[0079] FIG. 8 is a diagram (8000) for explaining the thickness of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment at different locations compared with a comparative example. Here, the location may correspond to the location of a subcell of the solar cell.

[0080] Fig. 810 shows the thickness of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell manufactured by a conventional spin coating method, and Fig. 820 shows the thickness of the photoactive layer (30) of a perovskite solar cell manufactured by a manufacturing method of one embodiment (e.g., a DBD method).

[0081] As illustrated in FIG. 8, it can be seen that the thickness (820) of the photoactive layer (30) of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment is more uniform than the thickness (810) of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell according to a comparative example.

[0082] FIG. 9 is a diagram (9000) for explaining the photoluminescence (PL) characteristics of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment in comparison with a comparative example.

[0083] FIG. 9(a) shows the photoluminescence characteristics of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell manufactured by a conventional spin coating method, and FIG. 9(b) shows the photoluminescence characteristics of the photoactive layer (30) of a perovskite solar cell manufactured by a manufacturing method of one embodiment (e.g., a manufacturing method of DBD).

[0084] As illustrated in FIG. 9, it can be seen that the photoluminescence characteristics at different positions of the photoactive layer (30) of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment (Fig. 9 (b)) are more uniform compared to the photoluminescence characteristics at different positions of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell of a comparative example (Fig. 9 (a)).

[0085] FIG. 10 is a figure (1000) for explaining the time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment, compared with a comparative example.

[0086] Figure 10 (a) shows the PL intensity over time at different positions of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell manufactured by a conventional spin coating method, and Figure 10 (b) shows the PL intensity over time at different positions of the photoactive layer (30) of a perovskite solar cell manufactured by a manufacturing method of one embodiment (e.g., a manufacturing method of DBD).

[0087] As illustrated in FIG. 10, it can be seen that the PL intensity according to time at different positions of the photoactive layer (30) of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment (Fig. 10 (b)) is superior to the PL intensity according to time at different positions of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell of a comparative example (Fig. 10 (a)).

[0088] FIG. 11 is a drawing (1100) for explaining the voltage versus current density of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment in comparison with a comparative example.

[0089] Fig. 111 No. 111 represents the voltage versus current density of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell manufactured by a conventional spin coating method, and Fig. 111 No. 112 represents the voltage versus current density of the photoactive layer (30) of a perovskite solar cell manufactured by a manufacturing method of one embodiment (e.g., a manufacturing method of DBD).

[0090] As illustrated in FIG. 11, it can be seen that the voltage-to-current density (112) of the photoactive layer (30) of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment is superior to the voltage-to-current density (111) of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell of a comparative example.

[0091] In FIG. 11, the perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment and the perovskite solar cell of a comparative example are each 100 cm 2 It can have an opening ratio.

[0092] FIG. 12 is a diagram (1200) for explaining the power conversion efficiency according to the aperture ratio of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment.

[0093] As shown in FIG. 12, a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment is about 30 cm 2 It can exhibit a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.22% when having an aperture ratio. In addition, a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment is approximately 100 cm 2 Even when having a large aperture ratio, it can exhibit a high power conversion efficiency of 22.14%.

[0094] FIG. 13 is a drawing (1300) for explaining the power conversion efficiency distribution of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment by comparing it with a comparative example.

[0095] Fig. 131 shows the power conversion efficiency distribution of a perovskite solar cell manufactured by a conventional spin coating method, and Fig. 132 shows the power conversion efficiency distribution of a perovskite solar cell manufactured by a manufacturing method of one embodiment (e.g., a DBD method).

[0096] As illustrated in FIG. 13, it can be seen that the power conversion efficiency distribution (132) of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment is superior to the power conversion efficiency distribution (131) of a perovskite solar cell of a comparative example.

[0097] FIG. 14 is a diagram (1400) for explaining the positional power conversion efficiency of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment in comparison with a comparative example.

[0098] Figure 141 shows the positional power conversion efficiency of a perovskite solar cell manufactured by a conventional spin coating method, and Figure 142 shows the positional power conversion efficiency of a perovskite solar cell manufactured by a manufacturing method of one embodiment (e.g., a DBD method).

[0099] As illustrated in FIG. 14, it can be seen that the positional power conversion efficiency (142) of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment is superior to the positional power conversion efficiency (141) of a perovskite solar cell of a comparative example.

[0100] FIG. 15 is a drawing (1500) for explaining the two-dimensional grazing incident wide-angle X-ray scattering (2D GI-WAXS) pattern of a photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment, compared with a comparative example.

[0101] FIG. 15 (a) shows a two-dimensional grazing incident wide-angle X-ray scattering (2D GI-WAXS) pattern for the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell manufactured by a conventional spin coating method, and FIG. 15 (b) shows a two-dimensional grazing incident wide-angle X-ray scattering (2D GI-WAXS) pattern for the photoactive layer (30) of a perovskite solar cell manufactured by a manufacturing method of one embodiment (e.g., a manufacturing method of DBD method).

[0102] As illustrated in FIG. 15(b), the two-dimensional grazing incident wide-angle X-ray scattering (2D GI-WAXS) pattern for the photoactive layer (30) of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment may exhibit a uniform ring pattern. For example, a ring pattern of uniform intensity representing the planes of δ-FAPbI3 and solvate may be observed.

[0103] FIG. 16 is a drawing (1600) for comparing and explaining the XRD pattern measured before heat treatment of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment with a comparative example, and FIG. 17 is a drawing (1700) for comparing and explaining the XRD pattern measured after heat treatment of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell according to one embodiment with a comparative example.

[0104] FIG. 16 (a) shows an XRD pattern measured before heat treatment of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell manufactured by a conventional spin coating method, FIG. 15 (b) shows an XRD pattern measured before heat treatment of the photoactive layer (30) of a perovskite solar cell manufactured by a manufacturing method of one embodiment (e.g., a manufacturing method of DBD method), FIG. 16 (c) shows the intensity (161, 171) in the XRD results of FIG. 16 (a) and (b).

[0105] FIG. 17(a) shows an XRD pattern measured after heat treatment of the photoactive layer of a perovskite solar cell manufactured by a conventional spin coating method, FIG. 17(b) shows an XRD pattern measured after heat treatment of the photoactive layer (30) of a perovskite solar cell manufactured by a manufacturing method of one embodiment (e.g., a manufacturing method of DBD method), FIG. 17(c) shows the intensity (171, 172) in the XRD results of FIG. 17(a) and (b).

[0106] As shown in FIGS. 16 and 17, peaks of δ-FAPbI3 and solvate were observed in the photoactive layer of one embodiment before and after heat treatment.

[0107] As described above, the disclosed embodiments have been explained with reference to the attached drawings. Those skilled in the art will understand that the present disclosure may be practiced in forms different from the disclosed embodiments without changing the technical spirit or essential features of the present disclosure. The disclosed embodiments are illustrative and should not be interpreted restrictively. Explanation of the symbols

[0108] 10: First electrode 20: Electron transport layer 33: Perovskite materials 250: Stage

Claims

Claim 1 A method for manufacturing a perovskite solar cell comprising: a step of placing a first electrode on a stage; and a step of dropping a perovskite material onto the first electrode, wherein the step of dropping the perovskite material involves dropping the perovskite material onto the first electrode in a drop-by-drop manner in multiple portions, wherein the multiple dropping portions corresponding to the multiple portions overlap in time, and the dropping of the perovskite material in the second dropping portion begins before the perovskite material dropped in the first dropping portion comes into contact with an electron transport layer formed on the first electrode. Claim 2 delete Claim 3 A method for manufacturing a perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the time length of each of the plurality of loading intervals corresponding to the plurality of times is the same. Claim 4 A method for manufacturing a perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the time lengths of at least two of the plurality of loading sections corresponding to the plurality of times are different. Claim 5 A method for manufacturing a perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the amount of perovskite material dropped in each of the plurality of times is equal to each other. Claim 6 A method for manufacturing a perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the dropping amounts of the perovskite material in at least two of the plurality of times are different. Claim 7 A method for manufacturing a perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the perovskite material is deposited at the center of the first electrode. Claim 8 A method for manufacturing a perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, further comprising the step of rotating the stage on which the first electrode is placed. Claim 9 A method for manufacturing a perovskite solar cell according to claim 8, wherein the step of dropping the perovskite material is performed while rotating the stage on which the first electrode is placed. Claim 10 A method for manufacturing a perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, further comprising the step of forming an electron transport layer on the first electrode. Claim 11 A method for manufacturing a perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the step of forming the electron transport layer is performed prior to the step of placing the first electrode on the stage. Claim 12 A method for manufacturing a perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, further comprising the step of forming a hole blocking layer on the first electrode. Claim 13 A method for manufacturing a perovskite solar cell according to claim 12, wherein the step of forming the hole blocking layer is performed prior to the step of forming the electron transport layer. Claim 14 A method for manufacturing a perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the perovskite material is provided in a solution state containing FAPbI3. Claim 15 A method for manufacturing a perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the first electrode comprises a transparent conductive material. Claim 16 A method for manufacturing a perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, wherein the first electrode further comprises the step of forming a hydrophilic group. Claim 17 A method for manufacturing a perovskite solar cell according to claim 1, further comprising the step of curing a perovskite material dropped onto the first electrode to form a photoactive layer on the first electrode. Claim 18 A method for manufacturing a perovskite solar cell according to claim 17, further comprising the step of forming a protective layer on the photoactive layer. Claim 19 A method for manufacturing a perovskite solar cell according to claim 18, further comprising the step of forming a hole transport layer on the protective layer. Claim 20 A method for manufacturing a perovskite solar cell according to claim 19, further comprising the step of forming a second electrode on the hole transport layer.

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