System and method for manufacturing three-dimensional structures

Abstract

A system and method for manufacturing three-dimensional structures are provided. The system comprises a plurality of printing stations for performing parallel printing within a confined space enclosed by a housing, and each printing station comprises a carrier, a deposition unit having at least one nozzle arranged to distribute filaments of a builder material paste through its opening, and a station controller configured to operate the deposition unit for depositing filaments of a builder material paste on the carrier in an interconnected arrangement of a plurality of stacked layers to form one or more three-dimensional structures, wherein the at least one nozzle and the detachable carrier are movable relative to each other, and the deposition unit is coupled to a reservoir unit configured to receive the builder material paste, and the reservoir unit comprises at least one reservoir disposed outside the confined space.

Description

Technology Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a system and method for manufacturing three-dimensional structures by filament deposition of a build material paste. Background Technology

[0002] Additive manufacturing is currently widely used, and various technologies exist. Additive manufacturing is a technology suitable for building structures layer by layer, and the manufactured structures can be utilized in various application fields.

[0003] Extrusion-based additive manufacturing methods have been used for fabricating three-dimensional structures. A build material (e.g., viscous paste, molten polymer, hydrogel, etc.) is extruded through a nozzle in the form of filaments. A specific arrangement of the filaments can be obtained by the relative movement of the nozzle to the print bed during the deposition of the build material by extrusion. During material deposition, the filaments of the build material are extruded from the nozzle and positioned relative to one another according to a predetermined pattern to provide a desired three-dimensional structure. The lay-down pattern is determined by the print path and has a significant influence on the geometry and properties of the printed structure. Extrusion-based technologies can be used to print three-dimensional structures. In this way, complex geometric structures and three-dimensional structures can be obtained that may be non-porous or porous, externally accessible, and include an interconnected network of internal pores that may be required for certain applications.

[0004] Existing systems and methods may be somewhat slow and inefficient to implement for the mass production of three-dimensional objects, such as porous structures. There is a need to improve the printing process of three-dimensional structures manufactured by extrusion-based printing processes. Often, because the printing process is somewhat slow, it is difficult to use it to print various objects requiring higher output while avoiding high costs. It is required to obtain a system that can increase the output of printed 3D structures in an efficient manner. The problem to be solved

[0005] The object of the present invention is to provide a method and system for eliminating at least one of the aforementioned defects.

[0006] Additionally or alternatively, the object of the present invention is to improve the additive manufacturing process for three-dimensional structures.

[0007] Additionally or alternatively, the object of the present invention is to improve the efficiency of an extrusion-based additive manufacturing process for manufacturing three-dimensional structures. means of solving the problem

[0008] To this end, the present invention provides a system for manufacturing three-dimensional structures, the system comprises a plurality of printing stations for performing parallel printing within a limited space, each printing station comprises a carrier, a deposition unit having at least one nozzle arranged to distribute filaments of a build material paste through its opening, and a station controller configured to operate the deposition unit for depositing filaments of a build material paste on the carrier in an interconnected arrangement of a plurality of stacked layers to form one or more three-dimensional structures, the at least one nozzle and the detachable carrier are movable relative to each other, the deposition unit is coupled to a reservoir unit configured to receive the build material paste, and the reservoir unit comprises at least one reservoir arranged outside the limited space.

[0009] Paste reservoirs can be placed outside the workspace or confined space of printing stations where three-dimensional structures are printed by extrusion of the build material into filaments and deposition of these filaments onto a carrier. In this way, handling of the paste reservoir, such as its removal, can be performed without requiring operations within the workspace of the printing station. A more efficient, continuous, and / or safe printing process can be achieved. The reservoirs can be easily replaced without requiring access to the deposition head, and the risk of interaction with the three-dimensional structures present on the carrier can be minimized. This provides significant advantages compared to placing the reservoir at or adjacent to the deposition head of the printing station. The reservoir can be mounted at a remote location relative to the deposition head. The build material paste (e.g., viscous paste) can be supplied to the deposition head via tubing, etc., to provide fluid communication between the reservoir and the deposition head.

[0010] The system may have multiple printing stations within an enclosed environment, with changeable print stores located outside the enclosed environment (e.g., outside the housing). Stores located outside the enclosed environment may be easily replaceable, and, for example, there is no need to stop the printing process when a store is replaced.

[0011] Optionally, the carrier is a detachable carrier that is removablely positioned within the printing station.

[0012] Optionally, the limited space is surrounded by housing.

[0013] Optionally, at least one storage unit is placed on the outer side of the housing surrounding the limited space.

[0014] Placing a storage facility outside the housing of printing stations and / or the housing of the system can provide significant advantages.

[0015] An externally mounted storage unit can facilitate the replacement of at least one storage unit. Even during printing operations by the printing station, the storage unit may be more easily accessible for replacement. Replacement can be performed while protected from moving parts (e.g., at least one of the deposition unit and carrier of the printing station).

[0016] The system may have one or more housings. In some examples, the system has a system housing that encloses multiple printing stations. In some examples, each printing station has its own housing that encloses at least a carrier and a deposition unit. In some examples, multiple printing stations may be subdivided into groups of printing stations, and each group of printing stations has a common housing that encloses at least the carriers and deposition units of the printing stations in the group. The housing may be fluid-sealed, for example, to enable operation with toxic or hazardous chemicals for which gas extraction is required.

[0017] Optionally, the system is arranged so that each printing unit is individually accessible by an opening (e.g., a panel or hatch or a door or window). In this way, the internal devices of the printing station can be accessed by an operator without affecting printing operations performed at other stations (e.g., replacing print nozzles, clearing nozzle blockages, removing defective parts during printing, etc.). Additionally, this can be done without affecting the supply and removal of carriers (e.g., trays) to other printing stations.

[0018] Optionally, at least one storage unit may be detachably connected to the housing by an attachment device.

[0019] It will be understood that different types of attachment devices may be used. The attachment device may provide quick attachment or coupling. In this way, fitting the storage(s) into the system may be easy.

[0020] Optionally, the housing includes a holder for at least one reservoir, and the holder includes a coupling interface for removably coupling at least one reservoir to the housing of the printing station, and the holder includes a first interface for providing fluid communication for a build material paste between at least one reservoir and a deposition unit, and a second interface for providing fluid pressure to at least one reservoir.

[0021] A reservoir for holding the build material paste may be placed outside the confined environment where printing is performed by the extrusion of the build material paste. The reservoir may have tubing (e.g., a hose) that provides a fluid connection (for transporting the build material paste) between the nozzle of the deposition unit and the paste reservoir. A second interface is positioned to provide pressure to at least one reservoir, specifically to the internal volume of at least one reservoir, thereby causing the extrusion of the build material paste toward a carrier.

[0022] Optionally, at least one storage is replaceable and / or interchangeable.

[0023] The paste reservoir can be easily accessible for replacement, refilling, etc. The printing process can be significantly improved in this way. The reservoir can be replaced with the same reservoir (e.g., refilled) or a different reservoir.

[0024] Optionally, the holder is positioned to provide a universal coupling that enables the attachment of different types of reservoirs to the housing.

[0025] The coupling device may be provided by a fast attachment means, a quick fastening device, a quick-connection device, a rapid connection unit, a coupling assembly, etc.

[0026] Optionally, at least one storage unit includes a communication unit configured to enable communicative coupling with one or more controllers of the system, and the communication unit is configured to communicate data indicating the amount of building material paste inside the storage.

[0027] Optionally, at least one reservoir includes one or more windows that enable a visual indication of the amount of building material paste inside the reservoir. The amount of building material paste inside at least one reservoir may also be evaluated by a sensor that may be inside the reservoir or located outside the reservoir.

[0028] Optionally, at least one reservoir includes at least one sensor for providing data indicating the amount of build material paste inside the reservoir. Optionally, at least one sensor is an internal sensor.

[0029] Optionally, each of at least one nozzle is coupled to at least one reservoir for supplying a building material paste.

[0030] Optionally, each of at least one nozzle is coupled to at least two reservoirs for supplying build material paste. Advantageously, the continuity of printing processes can be improved in this way.

[0031] Optionally, at least one of the nozzles is connected to an attachment device for at least two reservoirs that allows switching from the first reservoir to another reservoir without interrupting the printing process. Nearly empty reservoirs can be replaced without interrupting the printing process. Switching from one build material paste to another build material paste can also be done without interrupting the printing process.

[0032] Optionally, the deposition unit comprises at least a first nozzle and a second nozzle, the first nozzle is coupled to a first reservoir for supplying a first builder material paste, and the second nozzle is coupled to a second reservoir for supplying a second builder material paste. In some examples, the first and second builder material pastes are identical. It is also possible for the first and second builder material pastes to be different.

[0033] Optionally, the first nozzle is further coupled to the second reservoir, and the second nozzle is further coupled to the first reservoir.

[0034] Optionally, at least one storage can be recharged.

[0035] Optionally, the system includes a positioning structure positioned to position a carrier inside a printing station.

[0036] In some examples, the carrier includes a locking unit to ensure that the carriers are correctly positioned inside the printing station. For example, the locking unit may include one or more locking pins.

[0037] Optionally, the system includes an optical unit configured to determine whether the carrier is positioned within the printing station. However, positioning may be performed using mechanical means. For example, the printing station may have kinematic coupling. Optionally, the position of the carrier within the printing station is fixed.

[0038] Optionally, the system includes multiple integrated printing stations.

[0039] Optionally, the system is configured to integrate two or more individual printing stations.

[0040] Optionally, the system includes a restricted environment in which three-dimensional structures are printed.

[0041] Optionally, the system includes several individual printing stations, and at least a subset of the printing stations is based on micro extrusion technology.

[0042] Optionally, the system includes means for providing carriers to be printed, such as a robotic system. In some examples, a robotic unit is positioned to enable the provision and removal of carriers from printing stations. The robotic unit may be configured to interact with multiple printing stations of the system.

[0043] Optionally, the system includes an automated handling system within a confined environment formed by the system, and the automated handling system is configured to provide carriers to each of the printing stations and, for example, remove carriers from the printing stations along with printed three-dimensional structures.

[0044] Optionally, the system includes means for collecting carriers along with three-dimensional structures (e.g., objects) printed for transport.

[0045] Optionally, the system includes a software program product configured to optimize the output of integrated printing stations.

[0046] Optionally, the system includes, for example, a restricted environment enclosed by a housing.

[0047] Optionally, confined environments include physical shielding. This can provide safety to workers.

[0048] Optionally, the system includes a ventilation unit configured to ventilate / extract gas in a restricted environment.

[0049] Optionally, the system includes a conditioning unit configured to regulate a medium (e.g., air) within a restricted environment. In some examples, temperature and / or humidity may be controlled.

[0050] Optionally, the system includes means for ventilation / extraction of gases, volatile substances and / or aerosols that may be emitted during printing at printing stations.

[0051] Optionally, the system is configured to provide a modified gas atmosphere to at least some areas of the restricted environment. In this way, one or more of the printing stations can operate under a modified gas atmosphere (e.g., inert gas).

[0052] Optionally, the system is configured to provide controlled light conditions in a restricted environment. Accordingly, one or more of the printing stations may be configured to operate under controlled light conditions. The printing stations may be configured to operate under light of a controlled wavelength, e.g., UV or IR light, or irradiation of any other desired wavelength. One or more of the printing stations may be configured to operate under controlled light conditions for a desired period.

[0053] Optionally, each individual printing station is accessible from outside the restricted environment of the system.

[0054] Optionally, the system is configured such that at least one of the printing activities at a specific printing station, or the carrier handling activities at a specific printing station, is performed without interruption of printing activities at other printing stations or automated carrier handling by a robot unit for other printing stations.

[0055] Optionally, the printing stations of the system are configured to accommodate carriers for 3D printing of three-dimensional structure(s). The printing stations may include means for enabling the positioning of the carriers in an automated manner.

[0056] Optionally, the printing stations of the system are configured to remove carriers having printed 3D structure(s) in an automated manner. Thus, the system may be provided to use a single type of carrier or different types of carriers. For example, the carriers may differ in size, geometric shape, height, etc.

[0057] Optionally, multiple printing stations of the system are identical or different from each other.

[0058] Optionally, printing stations may have one or more printing heads.

[0059] Optionally, at least one reservoir providing a supply of build material paste for printing is placed outside the restricted environment.

[0060] Optionally, at least one reservoir providing a supply of build material paste for printing can be exchanged via a rapid connection batch.

[0061] Optionally, the reservoir holding the build material paste is a paste cartridge. The cartridge may have a means of connection that enables quick and easy attachment to a printing station or system.

[0062] Optionally, the robot unit may be configured to provide carriers to printing stations. The robot unit may be configured to interact with printing stations to place a pile or stack of carriers in a carrier holder. Additionally or alternatively, a rack or cart on which empty carriers can be placed may be provided. Additionally or alternatively, a rack or cart on which carriers containing printed 3D structures can be placed may be provided. Additionally or alternatively, a conveyor belt may be used to supply carriers toward the robot unit and / or to transport carriers containing 3D printed structures away from the robot unit. For example, the carriers supplied by the conveyor belt may be empty carriers to be placed at printing stations.

[0063] Optionally, the robot unit may be an automated carrier handling system.

[0064] Optionally, the robot unit includes at least one of automated (computer-controlled) translational and / or rotational systems such as robots, sledges, conveyor belts, plungers, rotating disks, etc.

[0065] Optionally, the robot unit may be configured to secure the carriers during automated handling, for example, by clamping or pin locking.

[0066] Optionally, the securing of the carriers can be monitored during automated handling.

[0067] Optionally, the carrier may be a plate, tray, or other object on which the printing of three-dimensional structures is performed.

[0068] Optionally, accelerations and vibrations occurring during the transport of the carrier are controlled. For example, removal of a carrier containing printed 3D structure(s) can be performed under controlled accelerations and vibrations of the robot unit. This may allow the transport of parts with limited physical / vibrational stability.

[0069] Optionally, the robot unit is configured to enable the collection of three-dimensional structures. Optionally, the robot unit is part of a collection system.

[0070] Optionally, the robot unit is placed inside a confined environment.

[0071] Optionally, the collection system includes carts or racks in which multiple carriers (e.g., trays, plates, substrates) can be collected.

[0072] Optionally, the collection system includes a box or container in which three-dimensional printed structures can be collected.

[0073] Optionally, the collection system includes a conveyor belt for transporting carriers toward and / or away from the system.

[0074] Optionally, each container can be removed from the restricted environment by unlocking a specific location (see: collection docking station).

[0075] Optionally, each collection unit has a manual or automatic removal mechanism.

[0076] Optionally, the system includes a computer program product configured to run on one or more controllers of the system.

[0077] Optionally, the computer program product is configured to control and monitor the supply of empty carriers.

[0078] Optionally, the computer program product is configured to control and monitor the progress of the printing process at each of the individual printers.

[0079] Optionally, the computer program product is configured to operate the robot unit, such as removing a specific carrier from the printing station after the completion of a printing job for a specific carrier at the printing station.

[0080] Optionally, the computer program product is configured to operate the robot unit, such as by placing a carrier and / or printed three-dimensional structure(s) within the collection system.

[0081] Optionally, the computer program product is configured to track the overall status of print jobs including multiple printing stations and multiple carriers.

[0082] Optionally, the computer program product is configured to estimate the time to complete the print job.

[0083] Optionally, the computer program product is configured to estimate the time for the exchange of materials in the storage.

[0084] Optionally, the computer program product is configured to indicate when the collection unit for the carriers is full.

[0085] Optionally, the system is deployed to manufacture three-dimensional structures.

[0086] Optionally, the system includes multiple printing stations located close to each other. In some examples, multiple printing stations are located next to each other. For example, printing stations can be placed adjacent to each other.

[0087] Optionally, the system includes multiple individual printing stations, and at least a subset of the printing stations are based on microextrusion technology. Microextrusion is understood to involve the extrusion of a build material through an extrusion nozzle in the form of filaments. The build material may be a paste at room temperature. Optionally, the viscosity of the build material is adjusted for 3D printing by temperature control (e.g., an elevated temperature may be used to reduce viscosity).

[0088] According to one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for manufacturing three-dimensional structures, the method comprising the step of providing a plurality of printing stations for performing parallel printing within a limited space, wherein each printing station is provided with a carrier, a deposition unit having at least one nozzle disposed to distribute filaments of a buildable material paste through its opening area, and a station controller configured to operate the deposition unit for depositing filaments of a buildable material paste on the carrier in an interconnected arrangement of a plurality of stacked layers to form one or more three-dimensional structures, wherein the at least one nozzle and the detachable controller are movable relative to each other, and the deposition unit is coupled to a storage unit configured to receive the buildable material paste, and the storage unit is provided with at least one storage unit disposed outside the limited area.

[0089] At least one storage unit may be placed outside the common enclosed housing of the printing stations.

[0090] Optionally, the system has a plurality of printing stations, and each station has one or more print heads for paste filament deposition. The system may include one or more housings that control conditions or environments around the printing stations placed within the housing. The system may be positioned to access one or more printing areas of the plurality of printing stations.

[0091] Optionally, each printing station is accessible through at least one access panel, hatch, door, or window, etc. Optionally, the system is configured such that an opening of a door connected to a housing containing one or more printing stations automatically stops printing by said one or more printing stations contained in the housing.

[0092] Optionally, each printing station can be controlled individually. For example, the print patterns to be followed, the printing speed, the build material paste used, the filament diameter, the filament deposition pattern, etc., can be adjusted for each of the printing stations, for example, independently of each of the printing stations.

[0093] Optionally, one or more build material paste reservoirs (e.g., containers) are placed outside the housing (printing station(s) housing or system housing). Optionally, the reservoirs are attached to the outside of the housing by quick fits. The reservoirs may be positioned to provide paste supply to the print heads of the printing station(s). These quick fits facilitate connection, allowing for the rapid replacement of the reservoirs as soon as they become empty.

[0094] Optionally, printing is performed on a removable carrier. The carrier is a removable substrate on which three-dimensional structures can be printed.

[0095] Optionally, each printing station contains a positioning structure positioned to locate the carrier at the printing station. In this way, the carrier can always be positioned at the printing station in the same manner. The robotic unit can handle moving the carrier to a storage system and / or transport system as soon as the carrier is full or a desired number of 3D structures have been printed. Optionally, the robotic unit is configured to always take the carrier from the same location and move it to the storage system and / or transport system. As the carrier is handled more accurately by the robotic unit, it can be positioned more accurately in the storage system and / or transport system.

[0096] According to one embodiment, the present invention provides the use of a system according to the present invention for manufacturing three-dimensional structures.

[0097] The system may have multiple printing stations within a confined space, each having changeable build material paste reservoirs located outside the confined space. According to another embodiment, the system may have multiple printing stations within an enclosed environment (e.g., housing), each having changeable build material paste reservoirs located outside the housing. Repositories located outside the confined space, advantageously the enclosed environment, may be easily replaceable, and, for example, there is no need to stop the printing process when a reservoir is replaced.

[0098] A detection system configured to detect when the storage needs to be replaced or refilled may be established. Different types of detection are possible (e.g., optical detection, visual detection, etc.).

[0099] The system can ensure improved continuity in the printing operations of multiple printing stations. While adjustments are being made to one or more printing stations, for example, when replacing or refilling a build material paste reservoir, or when adjusting the control parameters of a printing station, the printing stations can continue to operate. Additionally, or alternatively, the operations of individual printing stations may be suspended while other printing stations remain in an active printing state.

[0100] One printing station can operate without affecting other printing stations. Therefore, while adjustments can be made at one of the printing stations, the system can continue to deliver output from other printing stations. For example, if a carrier containing printed 3D structures is removed from one station and / or a build material paste reservoir is replaced at one station, that printing station is temporarily suspended or stopped, and other printing stations can continue to perform printing operations.

[0101] In some examples, the printing parameters of one printing station in the system can be changed without affecting the operations of other printing stations (e.g., flow rate tuning).

[0102] It will be understood that the carrier can be implemented in various ways. For example, the carrier can be implemented as a plate, tray, print surface, support, substrate, holder, etc. In some examples, the carrier provides a flat surface on which three-dimensional structures can be printed. However, the carrier does not need to be flat. Other shapes are also expected.

[0103] According to one embodiment, the present invention provides a system for manufacturing three-dimensional structures, the system comprises a plurality of printing stations and a robot unit configured to interact with the plurality of printing stations, each of the plurality of printing stations is arranged to be accessible by the robot unit, each printing station comprises a deposition unit having at least one nozzle arranged to distribute filaments of a build material paste through an opening area thereof, and a printing station controller configured to operate the deposition unit for depositing filaments of a build material paste onto the detachable carrier in an interconnected arrangement of a plurality of stacked layers to form one or more three-dimensional structures, the at least one nozzle and the detachable carrier are movable relative to each other, and each station controller of the printing stations is configured to control at least one deposition control parameter, the robot unit comprises a handling device for handling the detachable carriers, and the robot unit is configured to provide, remove and / or replace the detachable carriers for the plurality of printing stations. Optionally, the system further includes a system controller configured to operate a robot unit, and the system controller is communicatively coupled to a plurality of printing stations to control the execution of printing tasks performed at at least a plurality of printing stations.

[0104] Multiple printing stations or printers may be integrated into a system, and the system further includes an automated robotic unit for applying, removing, and / or replacing carriers (e.g., plates, trays, or substrates) to the printing stations. The system may enable improved parallel printing at multiple printing stations. Printing operations provided by the individual control of the printing stations and / or the placement of the build material paste reservoirs may be better aligned with one another. The printers placed in the system may operate in the same way (i.e., provided to extrude filaments of build material paste from nozzles) or in different ways, allowing different 3D printing systems to be combined within a limited space.

[0105] The system controller may be configured to control the interaction between the robot unit and the different printing stations of its system. For example, when a printing station is ready to print, the robot unit may remove the carrier and / or 3D printed structures. Additionally, the system controller may be deployed to control when printing stations start the printing process and to perform tasks when the build material paste reservoirs are (nearly) empty. The station controller may be configured to control local printing stations.

[0106] The robot unit can be configured to determine the destination of the carrier being removed from the printing station. The robot unit does not need to return the carrier containing the 3D printed structures to the same location (e.g., rack) where the carrier was supplied to the printing station. For example, this may vary depending on optional post-processing steps for the printed 3D structures.

[0107] Different types of extrusion additive manufacturing batches may be used, for example, extrusion into viscous paste filaments, filament-fed extrusion, screw extrusion, or syringe extrusion. Combinations of these techniques are also possible.

[0108] Optionally, the deposition unit includes two or more nozzles. In some examples, the deposition unit includes four or more nozzles, or even six or more nozzles. By providing a larger number of nozzles (e.g., eight nozzles), the output of printed 3D structures can be increased. Some of the nozzles can also be used to print with different materials.

[0109] In syringe extruders, material can be placed within the syringe, and the printer can press the plunger at a controlled speed to extrude filaments through the nozzle. For example, syringes can be filled with viscous material. In some examples, an additionally heated jacket is used to heat or cool the syringe, allowing the viscosity of the build material paste to be adjusted or the material (e.g., polymer filaments or granules) to be melted in situ to a desired degree before printing. Various types of syringe extrusion systems are possible. Air pressure can be applied to the plunger. Alternatively, the plunger can be pressed by mechanical displacement, for example, achieved by an electric motor. While mechanical displacement can control the volumetric extrusion speed more directly, in pneumatic printers, the extrusion speed may additionally depend on the interaction between needle geometry, material viscosity, air pressure, and interference caused by previously extruded filaments. Other alternative designs are also possible.

[0110] In screw extruders, material can be fed into the screw enclosed by a close-fitting sleeve referred to as a barrel. As the screw rotates, the material can be pushed through a nozzle at the end of the barrel. The extrusion speed of the material from the nozzle may vary depending on the screw rotation speed. Screw extruders can accept materials in paste form, but, for example, polymer granules may also be used. The screw extruder may include a heating or cooling batch for the building material.

[0111] Filament-feed extruders can use reels of filaments that are fed into a heated melting chamber attached to a nozzle. The speed of material extrusion from the nozzle can vary depending on the speed at which the filaments are fed from the reels into the melting chamber. Additive manufacturing software can control the extrusion speed based on the desired diameter of the filaments being extruded and the speed at which the nozzle moves.

[0112] Various systems can be used to perform the extrusion-based additive manufacturing method according to the present invention.

[0113] It will be understood that the print head trajectory, speed, and / or acceleration are considered as print parameters that can be controlled by the system / method.

[0114] The system and method can be used to manufacture a three-dimensional porous structure, wherein the three-dimensional structure is formed to have interconnected pores. The system and method can be used to manufacture a three-dimensional dense or massive structure, wherein the filaments are positioned in an adjacent manner and the three-dimensional structure has no macro-pores between the filaments.

[0115] It will be understood that the three-dimensional structure can have spaced filaments or be a dense structure having fibers adjacent to each other. When the filaments are adjacent to each other, porosity may be provided by the filaments themselves. When the filaments are spaced apart from each other, porosity may be provided primarily by holes formed between the filaments. Additionally, the filaments themselves may be porous, having smaller holes.

[0116] According to one embodiment, the present invention relates to a computer-implemented method for printing a three-dimensional structure. The computer-implemented method may be configured to operate an additive manufacturing system to perform the steps of the printing method according to the present invention. Optionally, the computer-implemented method comprises the steps of receiving a model for an object (porous) to be manufactured, selecting one or more of a plurality of printing stations for printing the object (porous), and defining a print path according to desired characteristics of the object (porous) using the received model for the object to be manufactured. For example, the received model may be a 3D representation of the object to be printed.

[0117] Optionally, a material extrusion additive manufacturing process is used in which a builder material and, optionally, a builder material paste are continuously deposited in a selected batch.

[0118] It will be understood that extruded filaments are also known in the art by terms such as strut, fiber, rod, raster, extrudate, and others.

[0119] It will be understood that the term filament diameter can be understood as the characteristic length of the cross-section of the filament being deposited. For example, other terms such as filament width, fiber diameter, filament size, strut width, etc., may also be used for this characteristic. Filaments can have various cross-sectional shapes.

[0120] It will be understood that layer thickness can be viewed as layer height or slice thickness. This represents the z-increment during 3D printing of a three-dimensional structure.

[0121] A wide range of materials can be used to construct building materials with a wide range of properties. Examples include metals, composites, ceramics, polymers, and natural materials. Different materials can result in different mechanical properties. Therefore, the print path may vary depending on the specific material used during deposition.

[0122] Examples of materials that can be used to constitute building materials for extrusion-based additive manufacturing processes include ceramic materials (e.g., alumina, zirconia, silica, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, etc.), composite materials (e.g., polymer ceramic composites), metals (RVS, titanium, copper, aluminum, silver, etc.), zeolites, metal organic frameworks, carbon, and graphene. For example, other materials suitable for extrusion-based additive manufacturing, such as polymer-based materials, are also expected.

[0123] It will be understood that porosity can represent the fraction of holes (volume). In a three-dimensional porous structure, the hole width or hole size can define the porosity at a location or region of the porous structure.

[0124] Some embodiments may be implemented using a machine or type of computer-readable medium or article capable of storing an instruction or a set of instructions that, when executed by a machine, can cause the machine to perform methods and / or operations according to the embodiments.

[0125] It will be understood that any of the modes, features, and options described in terms of the system apply equally to the method and the device described. Furthermore, it will be clear that any one or more of the above modes, features, and options may be combined. Brief explanation of the drawing

[0126] The present invention will be further described based on exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawings. Exemplary embodiments are provided as non-limiting examples. It should be noted that the drawings are merely schematic representations of embodiments of the invention provided as non-limiting examples. In the drawing, FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of a system of one embodiment; FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic diagram of a system of one embodiment; FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic diagram of a system of one embodiment; FIG. 4 illustrates a schematic diagram of a system of one embodiment; FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate schematic diagrams of a system of one embodiment; FIG. 6 illustrates a schematic diagram of a system of one embodiment; FIG. 7 illustrates a schematic diagram of a system of one embodiment; FIG. 8 illustrates a schematic diagram of a storage unit of one embodiment; FIG. 9 illustrates a schematic diagram of a method for an extrusion process; and Figure 10 illustrates a schematic diagram of a three-dimensional structure. Specific details for implementing the invention

[0127] FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of a system (1) of one embodiment for manufacturing three-dimensional structures, the system comprising a plurality of printing stations (3) for performing parallel printing within a confined space, e.g., a confined space enclosed by a housing (not shown). Each printing station (3) comprises a carrier (7), a deposition unit (9) having at least one nozzle (11) disposed to distribute filaments of a buildable material paste through its opening, and a station controller configured to operate the deposition unit (9) for depositing filaments of the buildable material paste onto the carrier (7) in an interconnected arrangement of a plurality of stacked layers to form one or more three-dimensional structures. The at least one nozzle (11) and the detachable carrier (7) are movable relative to each other. The deposition unit (9) is coupled to a storage unit (13) configured to receive the buildable material paste, wherein the storage unit (13) comprises at least one storage (15) disposed outside the confined space. Tubing (17) can be arranged to provide fluid communication for the build material paste between at least one reservoir and a deposition unit.

[0128] Paste reservoirs (15) may be placed outside the workspace of the printing station (3) where three-dimensional structures are printed by filament deposition on the carrier (7). In this way, the paste reservoir (15) can be isolated without requiring operations within the workspace of the printing station (3). A more efficient, continuous, and / or safe printing process can be achieved. The reservoirs (15) may be easily replaceable without requiring access to the deposition head (9). This provides significant advantages compared to placing the reservoir (15) at or adjacent to the deposition head (9) of the printing station (3). The reservoir (15) may be mounted at a remote location relative to the deposition head (9). A build material paste (e.g., viscous paste) may be provided to the deposition head by means of tubing, etc., to provide fluid communication between the reservoir (15) and the deposition head (9).

[0129] An externally mounted reservoir (15) can facilitate its replacement. Even during printing operations by the printing station (3), the reservoir (15) may be more easily accessible for replacement. Replacement may be performed while protected from moving parts (e.g., at least one of the deposition unit and carrier of the printing station). The reservoir (15) for holding the build material paste may be placed outside the confined environment where printing is performed by paste extrusion, and the confined area may be at least partially defined by a housing (e.g., including doors). The paste reservoir (15) may be easily accessible for replacement, refilling, etc. The printing process may be greatly improved in this way. The reservoir may have tubing (e.g., a hose) providing a fluid connection (for transporting the build material paste) between the nozzle of the deposition unit (9) and the paste reservoir (15).

[0130] A detection system configured to detect when the storage (15) needs to be replaced or replenished may be set up. Different types of detection are possible (e.g., optical detection, visual detection, etc.).

[0131] Each printing station may have a printing station housing (not shown). The housing may be formed of walls, frames, cages, etc. Combinations of housing elements are also possible. Instead of using individual housings for each printing station, it is also possible to place a system housing (not shown). Combinations of station housings and system housings are also possible. The housing may define one or more restricted areas where access (e.g., by people) is restricted.

[0132] FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic diagram of a system of one embodiment. In the illustrated example, a deposition unit (9) and a storage unit (13) of a printing station (3) of the system (1) are illustrated. The storage unit (13) has a storage (15) placed outside the confined space formed by the printing station (3) or the system (1). In this example, each nozzle (11) of the deposition head (9) of the printing station (3) is coupled to the storage (15) for supplying a build material paste.

[0133] FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic diagram of a system of one embodiment. In the illustrated example, a deposition unit (9) and a storage unit (13) of a printing station (3) of the system (1) are illustrated. The storage unit (13) has a storage (15) placed outside a confined space formed by the printing station (3) or the system (1). For example, the confined space may be formed by a housing, etc. In the illustrated embodiment, the deposition head (9) includes two nozzles (11), namely, a first nozzle (11a) and a second nozzle (11b) spaced apart from the first nozzle (11a). A buildable material paste is provided to the first nozzle (11a) by tubing (17a). A buildable material paste is provided to the second nozzle (11b) by tubing (17b). Both the first nozzle (11a) and the second nozzle (11b) are fluidly connected to two storage units (15a, 15b). In this way, a redundant system can be obtained in which another reservoir provides a build material paste to the first nozzle (11a) and / or the second nozzle (11b) while the first reservoir can be replaced.

[0134] In this example, the deposition unit (9) comprises at least a first nozzle (11a) and a second nozzle (11b), wherein the first nozzle (11a) is coupled to a first reservoir (15a) for supplying a first builder material paste, and the second nozzle (11b) is coupled to a second reservoir (15b) for supplying a second builder material paste, and the first nozzle (11a) is further coupled to the second reservoir (15b), and the second nozzle (11b) is further coupled to the first reservoir (15a). Optionally, valves are provided so that the fluid supply from the first and second reservoirs (15a, 15b) can be optionally controlled. In some examples, the first nozzle (11a) is intended to receive builder material paste from the first reservoir (15a) when the first reservoir (15a) still holds a sufficient amount of builder material paste. And, the first nozzle (11a) can receive a build material paste from the second reservoir (15b) when the first reservoir (15b) is depleted (recharging or replacement is required). Likewise, the same applies to the second nozzle (11b) of the deposition unit (9). It will be understood that a larger number of nozzles and / or reservoirs may be deployed.

[0135] FIG. 4 illustrates a schematic diagram of a system of one embodiment. In the illustrated example, a deposition unit (9) and a storage unit (13) of a printing station (3) of the system (1) are illustrated. The storage unit (13) has a storage unit (15) placed outside a confined space. The nozzle (11) of the deposition unit (9) is coupled to two storage units (15a, 15b) for supplying a build material paste. Advantageously, when one of the first or second storage units (15a, 15b) is replaced, the other storage unit (15b, 15a) still supplies the build material paste to the nozzle, thereby improving the continuity of the printing process.

[0136] FIGS. 5A and FIGS. 5B illustrate schematic diagrams of a system (1) of one embodiment in perspective and plan views, respectively. The system (1) includes a plurality of printing stations (3) grouped together. In this illustrated example, twelve individual printing stations are integrated in the system (1). Additionally, the system has an optical robot unit (5) having a handling device (5a). The robot unit (5) is operable in a restricted area (20) defined by the system housing (10). The robot unit (5) may be configured to transport detachable carriers (7) from and to a collection system (21). In this example, the collection system (21) includes a plurality of racks arranged to hold the carriers (7).

[0137] In this example, six printers are placed on both sides of a rail of a robot unit that allows a handling device to move to access multiple printing stations (3). In this example, three printers are grouped within a housing. Each housing has two extraction channels. It will be understood that other arrangements are also expected.

[0138] A collection system (21) may be provided to transport or hold carriers removed from a printing station (3). In some examples, the collection system (21) includes one or more racks having slots into which carriers (7) can be placed by a robot unit (5). The robot unit (5) may be configured to unload empty carriers from printing stations and load carriers having one or more printed three-dimensional structures into the collection system (e.g., a rack in the collection system).

[0139] Multiple printing stations may be arranged within a system housing. Each printing station may have one or more deposition units (9) having one or more nozzles (11) or print heads. A build material paste (e.g., viscous paste) may be supplied to each nozzle (11) or print head of the deposition unit of the printing station from one or more removable build material paste reservoirs, for example, located outside the housing. The reservoirs may be arranged to be removable by quick couplings (allowing the reservoirs to be installed, removed, and / or replaced quickly and easily).

[0140] Optionally, an atmosphere is maintained within the system housing. This controlled atmosphere may also be obtained from optional individual housings of the printing stations. In some alternative examples, an open system is provided. For example, such an open system may have a cage enclosing the work areas (e.g., for security purposes). The atmosphere can be controlled collectively (e.g., within the system enclosure) or per print station (e.g., individually within each printing station).

[0141] Each printing station may have one or more doors, windows, panels, or hatches for accessing the station. The system may be configured so that the operation of an individual printing station is paused, stopped, or interrupted when the door of an individual printing station is opened. When the door is opened, the robot unit may stop automatically.

[0142] Printing of filaments can be performed on carriers formed of printing plates or printing tables. The plates can be placed or positioned within a printing station using a positioning structure.

[0143] In some examples, all printing stations (3) are accessible by a robot unit (5). To this end, the robot unit (5) may be at least partially surrounded by the printing stations (3) (e.g., placed in the center). The robot unit (3) may be positioned to install and place empty carriers, and may also be positioned to remove carriers containing printed three-dimensional structures. Carriers containing printed three-dimensional structures may be removed from the printing station and placed on a cart for removal.

[0144] In some examples, the system (1) further includes a positioning structure positioned to position a carrier inside the printing station (3). The positioning structure may be important for enabling accurate positioning of the carrier on the cart. For example, if handling by the robot unit is not performed correctly due to incorrect positioning, the edge of the cart may unintentionally collide with previously positioned carriers and damage printed 3D structures.

[0145] The positioning structure can effectively ensure that the carrier is correctly positioned within the printing station. As a result, the robot unit can correctly transport the carrier.

[0146] A positioning structure may be positioned to ensure the correct positioning of the carrier (7) within the printing station (3). For example, when a print job is ready, a robot unit (5) may transport the carrier (7) away from the printing station (e.g., to a collection system). The robot unit (5) can handle and transport the carrier more accurately as the positioning structure ensures more accurate positioning of the carrier within the printing station. In some examples, sensors are provided to detect how and where the carrier (7) is placed within the printing stations. This can better prevent the carrier from being picked up in various different ways. Thus, collisions with the collection system (e.g., having a cart) can be better prevented without requiring advanced sensing systems. Accordingly, instead of working purely with sensing data, mechanical positioning means are used to ensure improved positioning of the carrier in the printing system of the system. However, additionally or alternatively, sensory systems for handling and positioning the carriers may also be provided. In some examples, a combination of multiple sensors and one or more mechanical positioning structures is provided to enable accurate positioning of the carriers.

[0147] FIG. 6 illustrates a schematic diagram of a system (1) of one embodiment. A portion of the system (1) as illustrated in FIG. 5 is shown in a perspective view. In this example, a detachable carrier (7) is formed into trays that can be handled by a handling device (5a) of a robot unit (5). A collection system (21) includes a plurality of slots (23) in which the carriers (7) can be positioned. In this example, each printing station has a deposition unit (9) having two nozzles (11). However, a different number of nozzles may be used. It is also possible for the deposition unit (9) to include a deposition head in which a plurality of nozzle openings are arranged. It is also expected that a plurality of printing stations (3) may have different deposition units (9) having different numbers of nozzles (11), for example.

[0148] FIG. 7 illustrates a schematic diagram of a system (10) of one embodiment as a side view. In this example, the paste reservoirs (15) are positioned outside the workspace of the printing station (3) where three-dimensional structures are printed by filament deposition on the carrier (7). In this way, the paste reservoirs (15) can be isolated without requiring operations within the workspace of the printing station (3). A more efficient, continuous, and / or safe printing process can be achieved. The reservoirs (15) can be easily replaced without requiring access to the deposition head (9). This provides significant advantages compared to positioning the reservoir (25) at or adjacent to the deposition head (9) of the printing station (3). The reservoir (25) can be mounted at a remote location relative to the deposition head (9). A build material paste (e.g., viscous paste) can be provided to the deposition head by means of tubing, etc., to provide fluid communication between the reservoir (15) and the deposition head (9).

[0149] An externally mounted reservoir (15) can facilitate its replacement. Even during printing operations by the printing station (3), the reservoir (15) may be more easily accessible for replacement. Replacement may be performed while protected from moving parts (e.g., at least one of the deposition unit and carrier of the printing station). The reservoir (15) for holding the build material paste may be placed outside the confined environment where printing is performed by paste extrusion, and the confined area is at least partially defined by the housing (10) and doors (27). The paste reservoir (15) may be easily accessible for replacement, refilling, etc. The printing process may be greatly improved in this way. The reservoir may have tubing (e.g., a hose) providing a fluid connection (for transporting the build material paste) between the nozzle of the deposition unit (9) and the paste reservoir (15).

[0150] A detection system configured to detect when the storage (15) needs to be replaced or replenished may be set up. Different types of detection are possible (e.g., optical detection, visual detection, etc.).

[0151] FIG. 8 illustrates a schematic diagram of a storage unit (13) of one embodiment. A storage unit (15) is positioned outside the housing of a printing station (3) or a system (1). Storage units (15) may be detachably connected to the housing by an attachment device (50). In this example, the housing includes a holder (51) positioned to secure the storage units (15) in place. The holder (51) includes a coupling interface for detachably coupling at least one storage unit to the housing of the printing station (3) or the housing of the system (1). The holder (51) includes a first interface (53) for providing fluid communication for a build material paste between at least one storage unit and a deposition unit, and a second interface for providing fluid pressure to at least one storage unit (not shown). Advantageously, at least one storage unit is replaceable and / or interchangeable. The holder (51) can be positioned to provide a universal connection that enables the attachment of different types of reservoirs (e.g., reservoirs having different volumes, shapes, or dimensions) to the housing.

[0152] FIG. 9 illustrates a schematic diagram of the print path of an extrusion process for manufacturing a three-dimensional porous structure (1). The print path illustrates how filaments of the porous structure are deposited on multiple layers. The system is configured to deposit interconnected filaments in a predetermined arrangement of multiple stacked layers. The filaments of consecutive layers are connected to each other to obtain a porous structure having interconnected holes. Additionally, the filaments of consecutive layers may be angled with respect to each other.

[0153] In the extrusion process, the nozzle (101) is scanned along the printed bed (103) that deposits filaments while following the illustrated print path (105). It will also be understood that the printed bed (103) may be moved (kinematic inversion) instead of the nozzle (101). A combination is also possible. In an alternative example, both the nozzle (101) and the printed bed (103) may be moved during at least parts of the deposition process.

[0154] In FIG. 9a, a print path (105) for a first layer on a print bed (103) is shown. In FIG. 9b, a print path (105) for two layers is shown. In FIG. 9c, a print path (105) on which a fourth layer is being deposited is shown. It will be understood that a wide variety of print path configurations are possible to obtain an arrangement of interconnected filaments of a porous structure.

[0155] By changing the deposition pattern, the local mechanical properties of the three-dimensional structure may be locally altered, and thus, different heat treatments for drying and / or firing may be required. In this example, the printed porous structure has non-uniform filament-to-filament spacing (interspacing). Uniform spacing is also possible.

[0156] This example illustrates the extrusion printing of a paste to form a porous structure, but it is also expected that the system can be used to deposit non-porous three-dimensional structures (i.e., no holes between the filaments).

[0157] FIG. 10 illustrates a schematic diagram of a porous structure (110) of one embodiment obtained by depositing filaments (102) in a predetermined interconnected arrangement of a plurality of stacked layers (111) to form a porous structure (110) having interconnected holes. In FIG. 10a, a side cross-sectional view of the porous structure (110) is shown. In FIG. 10b, a plan cross-sectional view of the porous structure (110) is shown.

[0158] Porosity affects stiffness or elastic modulus (see Young's modulus), which is the degree of the rate of change of stress with respect to deformation and defines the extent to which a material deforms in response to a given force. Whether the filaments (102) are aligned or staggered also affects the mechanical properties of the three-dimensional structure. For example, a three-dimensional structure (110) with staggered filaments (102) may have a lower elastic modulus than a three-dimensional structure (110) with aligned filaments (102). For example, in the case of an aligned filament arrangement (as illustrated in this example), there may be a solid column from top to bottom of the existing three-dimensional structure because the filaments (102) intersect at similar locations. This solid column can strongly resist compression. Conversely, in the case of staggered filament arrangement, the filaments (2) may be slightly bent, and stress may be concentrated at the hinge points.

[0159] In addition, filament orientation can also affect the mechanical properties of the three-dimensional structure. For example, three-dimensional structures with 0 / 90, 0 / 60 / 120, and 0 / 45 / 90 / 135 filament orientations may have different elastic moduli. It will be understood that other lay-down patterns, such as triangular, rectangular, hexagonal, curved, and zigzag patterns, are also expected. These lay-down patterns can also affect the hole size.

[0160] Three-dimensional (porous) structures can be created layer by layer in various ways. The embodiments of the drawings show flat layers in which all filaments are extruded for a single layer before the nozzle moves by the thickness of the layer to begin printing the next layer (the nozzle is at a constant height above the print bed), but it is also expected that curved layers will be printed by changing the distance between the nozzle and the print bed during the deposition of a single filament. By moving the nozzle closer to and further away from the print bed during the deposition, a curved shape can be obtained.

[0161] When the printing of three-dimensional structures on the carrier is completed (e.g., when the print job is finished or the carrier / plate is full), the robot unit may be operated to automatically remove the carrier containing the printed three-dimensional structures and place them in a receiving unit, such as a cart or holder, for transport. Each print station may be controlled individually. In some examples, different materials may be printed at each print station. Also, different shapes may be printed at each print station. Also, different quantities may be printed at each print station. The system may be configured to determine whether an exact number of three-dimensional structures are printed on the carrier, and then to determine whether the carrier containing the printed three-dimensional structures (e.g., objects, parts, pieces, etc.) can be removed by the robot unit when the print job is completed.

[0162] The system may be configured to control robot units in consideration of printing operations at multiple printing stations. (Sub)tasks for printing three-dimensional structure(s) may be sent individually or directly to the printing station selected to perform the printing of said three-dimensional structure(s). The system may be configured to enable individual control for each printing station. This may be separately adjusted by an operator, for example, via a terminal, if necessary. For example, individual control for the printing stations may be located on the printing station or on an external part of the system. In some examples, each printing station has an external terminal or interface to enable individual control for the printing station. Thus, the printing process can be easily adjusted for each of the printing stations.

[0163] In some examples, the system includes global process control to control the handling of carriers of multiple printing stations and to provide start signals to the printing stations to start a print job. Then, the printing station can indicate when the carrier is full or when a printing (sub)task is completed. Then, a robotic unit can be operated to obtain a carrier containing printed 3D structures. In some examples, the robotic unit can be configured to place a new carrier within the printing station. Then, the robotic unit can be operated to start printing again for the next printing (sub)task.

[0164] Individual control provided for each of the printing stations makes it possible, for example, for an operator to correct minor printing deviations. It is possible to fine-tune the printing conditions of multiple printing stations better relative to one another.

[0165] For example, the paste used in different printing stations of the system may have slightly different viscosities. It is possible to compensate for these deviations through individual control of the printing stations of the system. In some examples, each printing station may be controlled individually from outside the confined environment (e.g., housing) of the system or the printing stations. In some examples, all individual printing stations may be placed within the confined environment of the system (see system housing). This enables working with toxic substances in a safe environment.

[0166] In some examples, the robot unit is configured to place printed 3D structures or carriers having printed 3D structures on a transport medium (in this case, carts), and thus, they can be guided to the next process step (e.g., packaging and shipping or post-processing that may be required for 3D porous structures for catalytic action).

[0167] It will be understood that various transport systems can be used to secure or transport carriers or printed three-dimensional structures. Some examples of transport systems include racks, carts, and conveyor belts. However, other configurations are also possible.

[0168] It will be understood that the method may include computer implementation steps. All steps described above may be computer implementation steps. Embodiments may include a computer device, wherein processes are performed on the computer device. The invention also extends to computer programs, in particular to computer programs on or within a carrier configured to execute the invention. The program may be in the form of source or object code, or any other form suitable for use in implementing the processes according to the invention. The carrier may be any entity or device capable of carrying the program. For example, the carrier may include a storage medium such as ROM, e.g., semiconductor ROM, or a hard disk. Additionally, the carrier may be a transmittable carrier, such as an electrical or optical signal, which can be transmitted via an electrical or optical cable, or via radio or other means, e.g., the Internet or the cloud.

[0169] Some embodiments may be implemented using a machine or a type of computer-readable medium or article capable of storing instructions or a set of instructions that, when executed by a machine, enable the machine to perform methods and / or operations according to the embodiments.

[0170] Various embodiments may be implemented using hardware elements, software elements, or combinations thereof. Examples of hardware elements include processors, microprocessors, circuits, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), digital signal processors (DSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), logic gates, registers, semiconductor devices, microchips, chipsets, etc. Examples of software include software components, programs, applications, computer programs, application programs, system programs, machine programs, operating system software, mobile apps, middleware, firmware, software modules, routines, subroutines, functions, computer implementation methods, procedures, software interfaces, application program interfaces (APIs), methods, instruction sets, computing code, computer code, etc.

[0171] Hereinafter, the present invention is described with reference to specific examples of embodiments of the present invention. However, it will be apparent that various modifications, variations, alternatives, and changes may be made without departing from the essence of the present invention. For clarity and conciseness, features are described herein as part of identical or separate embodiments, but alternative embodiments having all or part of the features described in these separate embodiments are expected and understood to fall within the framework of the present invention as described by the claims. Accordingly, the detailed description, drawings, and examples should be considered illustrative rather than restrictive. The present invention is intended to include all alternatives, modifications, and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, many of the elements described are functional entities that may be implemented as individual or distributed components, or together with other components, in any appropriate combination and location. In the claims, any reference numerals within parentheses are not to be interpreted as limiting the claims. The word 'comprising' does not exclude the existence of features or steps other than those listed in the claims. Furthermore, the words 'one' and 'one' should not be interpreted as being limited to 'only one,' but are used to mean 'at least one,' and do not exclude the plural. The mere fact that specific measures are cited in different claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to one's advantage.

Claims

Claim 1 A system for manufacturing three-dimensional structures, wherein the system comprises a plurality of printing stations for performing parallel printing within a confined space, and each printing station comprises a carrier, a deposition unit having at least one nozzle arranged to distribute filaments of a build material paste through its opening, and a station controller configured to operate the deposition unit for depositing filaments of the build material paste on the carrier in an interconnected arrangement of a plurality of stacked layers to form one or more three-dimensional structures, wherein the at least one nozzle and the carrier are movable relative to each other, and the deposition unit is coupled to a reservoir unit configured to receive the build material paste, and the reservoir unit comprises at least one reservoir disposed outside the confined space, and the deposition unit comprises at least a first nozzle and a second nozzle, wherein the first nozzle is coupled to a first reservoir for supplying a first build material paste, and the second nozzle is a 2. A system coupled to a second reservoir for supplying a construction material paste, wherein the first nozzle is further coupled to the second reservoir, and the second nozzle is further coupled to the first reservoir. Claim 2 In claim 1, the system wherein at least one storage unit is disposed on the outside of a housing surrounding the restricted space. Claim 3 In claim 2, the system wherein at least one storage unit is detachably connected to the housing by an attachment device. Claim 4 In claim 2, the housing comprises a holder for the at least one reservoir, the holder comprises a coupling interface for removably coupling the at least one reservoir to the housing of the printing station, the holder comprises a first interface for providing fluid communication for a buildable material paste between the at least one reservoir and the deposition unit, and a second interface for providing fluid pressure to the at least one reservoir. Claim 5 In any one of claims 1 to 4, the at least one storage unit is replaceable and / or interchangeable, the system. Claim 6 In claim 4, the system is configured such that the holder is positioned to provide a universal coupling that enables the attachment of different types of storage units to the housing. Claim 7 A system according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the at least one storage unit comprises a communication unit configured to enable communicative coupling with one or more controllers of the system, and the communication unit is configured to communicate data indicating the amount of construction material face inside the storage. Claim 8 A system according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the at least one storage unit comprises at least one sensor for providing data indicating the amount of construction material paste inside the storage unit. Claim 9 A system according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein each of the at least one nozzle is coupled to at least one reservoir for supplying a construction material paste. Claim 10 A system according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein each of the at least one nozzle is coupled to at least two reservoirs for supplying a construction material paste. Claim 11 delete Claim 12 delete Claim 13 In any one of claims 1 to 4, the at least one storage unit is a refillable system. Claim 14 A method for manufacturing three-dimensional structures comprises the step of providing a plurality of printing stations for performing parallel printing within a confined space, wherein each printing station is provided with a carrier, a deposition unit having at least one nozzle disposed to distribute filaments of a buildable material paste through an opening region, and a station controller configured to operate the deposition unit for depositing filaments of a buildable material paste on the carrier in an interconnected arrangement of a plurality of stacked layers to form one or more three-dimensional structures, wherein the at least one nozzle and the carrier are movable relative to each other, and the deposition unit is coupled to a storage unit configured to receive the buildable material paste, wherein the storage unit is provided with at least one storage unit disposed outside the confined space, and the deposition unit comprises at least a first nozzle and a second nozzle, wherein the first nozzle is coupled to a first storage unit for supplying a first buildable material paste, the second nozzle is coupled to a second storage unit for supplying a second buildable material paste, and the first nozzle is further coupled to the second storage unit. The above second nozzle is further coupled to the above first reservoir, method. Claim 15 A method of operation of a system according to any one of claims 1 to 4, comprising the step of operating the system to manufacture three-dimensional structures.

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