Improvements in or related to wearable optical devices

Abstract

A wearable optical device comprises: a supportable adjustment mechanism supported on a frame adapted to be worn by a user; one or more waveguides in a position pre-aligned with respect to the adjustment mechanism; and an optical element movably attached to the adjustment mechanism to enable the optical element to be moved based on user preference and to provide an output motion to the wearable optical device, wherein the waveguide output is formed to be larger in size compared to the input area of ​​the optical element.

Description

Technology Field

[0001] The present invention relates to improvements in or related to wearable optical devices, particularly adjustable wearable devices, but is not entirely limited to this. Background Technology

[0002] Wearable optical devices are common in many aspects of life. These include automotive applications, aviation, military applications, engineering, pharmaceuticals, gaming, and any general applications for viewing media and others. Wearable optical devices are often referred to as head-mounted displays (HMDs) or head-worn displays (HWDs); the term 'HMD' is used herein to refer to HMDs, HWDs, and any other wearable optical devices, such as, for example, goggles, glasses, and handheld devices with viewing capabilities. Most HMDs include two eyepieces, one for each eye.

[0003] An exemplary HMD (100) is illustrated in FIG. 1. HMDs such as the HMD (100) can be worn by a support (102) suitable for the user. The support includes one or more optical elements (104) that can be viewed by one or both eyes of the user. Although not illustrated in detail, the optical elements (104) include a substantially transparent display medium. The user can see the external environment through the optical elements (104). The user can also see images transmitted to the user's eyes through the HMD.

[0004] In conventional systems, images are transmitted to the user's eye using lens trains or folded optical designs. The lens trains or folded optical designs are integrated into the HMD (100). Traditionally, the lens trains or folded optical designs are integrated within the support (102) of the HMD (100).

[0005] Conventional optical lens trains are linear and do not fold for the sake of simplicity. Multiple elements are typically used to achieve the required performance. For this reason, they are not suitable for use in modern HMDs, which must be particularly compact, lightweight, and optimized for anthropometric data.

[0006] Conventional folded optical designs can be more compact, but they can also introduce optical loss mechanisms, which can reduce system efficiency. One of the simplest folded optical designs consists of an optical array (200) as shown in FIG. 2.

[0007] The optical array (200) includes a beam splitter (202) and a spherical coupler (204). When in use, images are directed from a display source (206) or a relay lens onto the beam splitter (202). The beam splitter (202) partially reflects the images onto the concave surface of the spherical coupler (204). The spherical coupler (204) reflects the collimated emission beam through the beam splitter (202) toward the user's eye (208).

[0008] As noted above, while HMDs are used in numerous applications, they face persistent issues during use. This is because they tend to suffer from alignment problems related to aligning the visible output with the human eye. This makes viewing less comfortable or more difficult than intended. When designing HMDs, anthropometric data (regarding skull dimensions and body proportions) is considered. This helps with viewing comfort, but only to a limited extent. One major problem is that each user has a different interpupillary distance (IPD). Consequently, the ideal positions of the eyepieces will vary for each user. It has proven difficult to achieve a reliable means of adjusting the IPD for individual users.

[0009] Numerous proposals have been made to accommodate different IPDs. For example, the use of a large eye box enables the accommodation of a greater number of IPDs. However, this necessitates the creation of a larger emission chamber and a larger optical system, which adds weight to the HMD and is undesirable. Furthermore, brightness and optical performance may be adversely affected by the increased size of the emission chamber.

[0010] Some HMDs / HWDs utilize IPD adjustment to move the optical system around a 3D volume to align the emission pupil with the user's eye. Particularly in wearable / smaller form factor systems, one challenge in moving the entire optical system is making the mechanics compact enough to allow movement while maintaining alignment between the eye and the optical system, and, in binocular systems, alignment between the two binocular optical systems. Introducing such mechanics also adds mass, complexity, and additional points of failure. However, adjustment may allow for smaller optical systems, as the system emission pupil can be reduced due to the fact that it can be moved in space to create an eyebox. Within fixed-frame waveguide displays, it is desirable to keep the waveguides in place, especially when they are built as a unit with a binocular system, and to align the two waveguides so that they are angularly and positionally aligned with respect to the nominal design eye. Any movement of the optical system can lead to misalignment, and even very small optical changes can cause eye strain for the user. Therefore, IPD adjustment mechanisms are difficult to implement because the waveguides (the primary elements that generate the eyebox of the HMD / HWD) are fixed in place and cannot move.

[0011] FIG. 3 is an example illustrating a problem with different IPDs. The drawing illustrates a user's eye (304) with a wide IPD. The collimator optical system (300) is in a nominal position where the waveguide output (304600b) is not aligned with this IPD position. As a result, the user cannot see the display. The problem may manifest with other IPD differences, such as a narrow IPD, different levels of the eyes, etc. The problem to be solved

[0012] Therefore, one objective of the present invention is to overcome the problems of existing HMDs.

[0013] An additional objective is to provide HMDs or other devices that can accommodate different IPDs in an adaptive system that is lightweight and does not suffer from the disadvantages of known systems. means of solving the problem

[0014] Aspects and embodiments of the present invention are defined according to the appended claims.

[0015] According to an embodiment of the present invention, a description of the drawings is provided. Brief explanation of the drawing

[0016] Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating the representation of a head-mounted display. Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating a cross-sectional view of a conventional optical array. Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating problems associated with different IPDs. FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a cross-sectional view of a folded optical array according to one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a binocular system including two collimation elements according to one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a first example of a binocular system including two collimation elements according to one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a second example of a binocular system including two collimation elements according to one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating different positions for sighting elements for different users according to one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating the slab configuration of elements of an optical device according to one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustrating steps for adjusting the settings of an optical device according to one embodiment of the present invention. Specific details for implementing the invention

[0017] Generally, the present invention relates to improvements in or related to wearable optical devices, such as HMDs, in which problems associated with variable IPD of different users are solved.

[0018] The present invention relates to a novel technique for providing an adjustable, modular HMD or a kit of associated parts in which the positions of the optical systems within the HMD can be changed to suit each user's IPD and other anthropometric characteristics.

[0019] FIG. 4 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a folded optical array (400) according to one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 4 illustrates the path of light rays from an image plane (402) to the user's eye (404) and from an external environment (406) to the user's eye (404) through the optical array (400).

[0020] The optical array (400) includes a collimation element (408), also described as a collimation optical system, and a pupil dilation element (450), also described as an output pupil dilator. Light forming an image from an image plane (402) is directed toward the collimation element (408). The collimation element (408) receives the light forming the image. The light is collimated by the collimation element (408), and the collimated light is output from the collimation element (408). The collimated light is incident on the input region of the pupil dilation element or waveguide optical system (450), and the pupil dilation element (450) transmits the collimated light toward the location of the user's eye (404). The pupil dilation element (450) receives light over a first input area and effectively extends the outgoing pupil output from the collimation element (408) so that the light exits from the pupil dilation element (450) toward the eye in use over a larger second output area. As a result, the size of the collimation element (408) can be reduced to a very compact size by generating a small outgoing pupil while still maintaining a large outgoing pupil through the outgoing pupil extension element directed toward the user's eye (404) to display an image. A light absorption element (not shown) may be placed behind the input area of ​​the pupil dilation device to absorb any light that is not coupled to the pupil dilation device.

[0021] For the purposes of the drawings, it is assumed that the user's eye (404) is at the depicted location, and references to the user's eye should be interpreted to mean that a typical use case is being described. However, it will be understood that the user's eye is not required for the invention to operate according to the principles disclosed herein. The optical arrays described below ultimately generate emission beams in the direction of the assumed location of the user's eye, regardless of where the user's eye is actually located when the device is in use. Furthermore, solid, dashed, and dotted lines indicate the field of view of the optical arrays. Also, it should be understood that the drawings are exemplary and do not depict exact line paths through the optical arrays.

[0022] The HMD may be any suitable type including goggles, glasses, a helmet, or a helmet visor, or may take the form of a handheld device that can be placed in front of the eyes. Ideally, the device is portable or adapted to be portable by a support. Although not illustrated in detail, the support may include a support adapted to support optical elements in front of the eyes. The support may include frames; side arms and supports for goggles and glasses; a helmet or visor; a headband; a neck or shoulder support; a gaming headset; or any other support that can be worn to hold the optical elements in a desired position.

[0023] Refer to FIG. 5. The optical element (500) comprises a frame (502) of two eyepieces (504a and 504b) held together by a bridging element (506). The frame is connected to two arms (508) that support the optical device on the user's head. Each eyepiece comprises a display element (510a and 510b) that relays an image to the user's eye. The display element includes, for example, a collimating element, a waveguide, a lens system, a prism, or other optical components. In FIG. 5, the device is depicted as binocular, but it is possible for the device to be monocular by replacing one of the display media with a blank element. The optical elements may also be adapted for use in the non-optical domain. Thus, it will be understood that the term "optics" is not limited herein to mean visible light frequencies and may include non-visible frequencies.

[0024] Two eyepieces are separated by a bridging element (506). The bridging element may be a band having a combination of different curvatures and different lengths. The bridging element may have a specific shape to position or orient the eyepieces at a predetermined location. The display element may be supported by user adjustment on an adjustment mechanism (512), typically such as a slide rail. This mechanism allows the unit to slide across the input area of ​​the waveguide optical system, thereby moving the output motion generated by the display system in line with the user's eye. In some cases, asymmetric alignment may be required to accommodate asymmetric IPDs. Furthermore, the display elements may be made inclined to facilitate different fields of view (FOV) and different levels of FOV overlap for each eye. Other types of movement may be enabled to ensure a full range of movement to adapt the HMD to the different viewing needs of each user.

[0025] Generally, when moving, the display elements of the system may be misaligned or altered in an optically detrimental way. To compensate for this, the present invention includes a control system, generally denoted as 514, capable of recalibrating or adjusting various settings on the fly. A mini gyroscope (516) or an equivalent monitoring device is located on each display element. This measures the precise position of the display elements relative to one another and provides instantaneous correction of any optical aberrations caused by moving the display elements or the elements.

[0026] A gyroscope or IMU that reports an angular offset to the display control system when mounted on each display element. Knowing the amount of angular offset (off normal) after adjustment of each display element, the system can compensate for and / or re-correct binocular alignment by digitally shifting the displays to realign them between the two eyes. Generally, if binocular displays have errors caused by binocular disparity (caused by relative misalignment), they may cause discomfort and fatigue to the user. This is typically attributed to residual errors in aiming, convergence, and / or divergence.

[0027] The control system is variable depending on the use of the HMD. The control unit may be in place or located away from the HMD. The control device may include a communication module for communicating with optical elements and with other modules located on or away from the HMD. Communications may be wireless and / or wired. The control module may include different modules that perform different functions. These functions are not limited in any way, but may include imaging, tracking, scene generation, processing, storage, power supply, audio, etc.

[0028] In the present invention, each display element includes a compact guide element (510a and 510b) that can be used to generate images for injection into a waveguide optical system. Thus, the waveguide optical system can be pre-aligned and attached to a frame at a suitable location. This means that the calibration and settings of the waveguide parts of the system will not change during normal use of the system.

[0029] Waveguides may be formed in a larger size to ensure that the pupil formed by the output region of the waveguides covers an area that matches the IPD range of the target population. In other words, the waveguide is configured to be large enough to substantially overlap the positions of the display elements (at the farthest and nearest extremes) for individual IPD requirements. Then, since the compact collimation element is designed to generate only enough outgoing pupils to cover a single user's eye motion box (calculated, for example, considering the pupil size and eye rotation corresponding to the display's FOV, and typically an area of ​​5 mm in diameter), the size and / or volume of the display element is significantly reduced. The waveguide output is likely to exceed the dimensions of the input in only one dimension (the direction of pupil dilation). The input region of the waveguide is likely to be wider than the output region.

[0030] Subsequently, collimation elements can be arranged on top of waveguides adjacent to the input area on the waveguide and along a movable adjustment mechanism that allows the collimation elements to be moved in any necessary manner. Then, for example, the collimation elements can be adjusted along the axis of the plane according to changes in the IPD of the target user base. By the present invention, small collimation elements can be used with a fixed and / or pre-aligned waveguide optical system and adjusted across a range of users, thereby maintaining a small optical system with large IPD coverage among users and minimizing the amount of movement required for the elements to be housed within a single full frame.

[0031] Waveguides may also be implemented using different technologies. For example, waveguides may be facilitated by diffraction, holographic, and / or reflection components.

[0032] In this system, the collimation elements may be paired with a flat panel display source. This optical system and the display panel may be attached together and arranged as a single unit. This unit may be separated from the waveguide element. In a binocular system, two collimation elements arranged across the waveguide optical system (one per eye) are used. The waveguide optical system may include one waveguide (602a and 602b) per eye (600a and 600b) for each collimation element (610a and 610b), as shown in FIG. 6. FIG. 6b and FIG. 6c illustrate individual top and side views for one eye (600b).

[0033] Alternatively, the waveguide optical system may include a single waveguide (700) arranged to cover two eyes and used for two collimation elements (710a and 710b), as illustrated in FIG. 7. It should be noted that the goal is to ensure the formation of an output pupil suitable for a given FOV aligned with the eyes. As a result, the user's eyes must be within the output pupil or eye motion box to view the entire FOV.

[0034] FIG. 8 illustrates three arrangements of collimation elements (810a and 810b) arranged for different eyes (800). The collimation elements may be moved by the user to the most suitable position, examples of which are shown in FIG. 8a, 8b and 8c. In some embodiments, the movement may be relative to the waveguide.

[0035] Mechanisms enabling movement of the collimation elements relative to each other may include sliders; screw mechanisms; levers; any other mechanical mechanism or electronic control system that automatically adjusts the positions of the elements. An electronic movement system may cause optical elements to automatically move to a required position. This may be based on user profiles or settings detected by the system to align the optical elements based on the user's eye positions or other user-related or environmental conditions. Automatic adjustment may be implemented by a motor that causes the optical element to move to one or more predetermined positions relative to the adjustment mechanism. The automatic adjustment mechanism may be connected to a control system. The control system may cause the display elements to move to positions based on user profiles or commonly used IPD or FOV settings. Furthermore, the primary movement may be automatic, and the final fine-tuning of the display elements may be manual or vice versa.

[0036] As can be seen from the different arrangements, the separation of the pupil centers varies from arrangement to arrangement. This is due to the fact that each individual user has a different interpupillary distance (IPD), for example. Generally, the IPD ranges from approximately 55 mm to approximately 75 mm. IPD is an anthropometric characteristic measured to determine where to position eyepieces for a specific user. This is not the only anthropometric characteristic or constraint that can be used; others include eye spacing and height, pupil size, head width, nose position, nose size, etc. Furthermore, the position of a user's eyes may be sunken, bulging, or inherently variable. Sometimes, users may have eyes at different heights relative to one another or may have strabismus. Additionally, nose shape and width can have a significant impact. Each of the differences mentioned above affects the location of the active optical area required for each user's respective pupil. If the pupil is not accurately oriented relative to the active area, parts of the display image may not be visible, or visual artifacts themselves may appear.

[0037] To overcome the different positions and orientations of the users' pupils, the present invention provides sliding or moving a collimator across an input area as illustrated in FIG. 7, which moves the output pupil output by a waveguide along a horizontal axis (the same axis on which the IPD varies among users). Thus, a large number of users with varying IPDs can use the display with personalized adjustments, but the display optical system remains small and compact because it generates only a limited output pupil size rather than a large output pupil intended to cover a large number of users.

[0038] FIG. 9 illustrates a slab configuration of the optical device of the present invention in which a two-dimensional exit pupil dilator may be used. The optical system group (900) may replace the collimation element in this alternative arrangement. The optical system group (900) has the same level of adjustment as described for the collimation element, but includes a collimation element (902) and a horizontal pupil dilator (904). The collimation element may include a series of lenses. The horizontal pupil dilator (904) is formed to a size that produces the exit pupil required for the eye (908) for a given eye position, also referred to as an IPD setting. The horizontal pupil dilator (904) further reduces the size of the required collimation element (902) compared to previous examples, and thus allows the collimation element (902) to be offset from the eye (908), thereby enabling a greater degree of freedom regarding the optical system layout. The vertical pupil dilator (906) is also provided and operated in a manner similar to other pupil dilators described herein.

[0039] Generally, discharge tunnel expanders are depicted as flat or planar structures. However, they may have shapes and sizes different from those depicted. For example, a curved discharge tunnel expander.

[0040] All diagrams represent the radial outlet as a one-dimensional radial outlet expander. Note that the radial outlet can be a two-dimensional radial outlet expander. Similarly, as illustrated, the radial outlet can be planar or flat, or instead, curved or shaped in different ways.

[0041] As previously mentioned, the sighting elements may be titled for each angular orientation. This has the effect of allowing the HMD to generate a wider perceived field of view (FOV) than when the eyepieces are not angularly displaced. Since each eyepiece is oriented away from the nominal axial display path, the perceived display FOV will now consist of a central stereoscopic area where the FOVs from each eyepiece overlap, and an FOV area outside this central area where the FOVs from each eyepiece do not overlap. This will typically result in a wider binocular FOV that includes the central FOV area and the FOVs of the edges of the central area; this will be perceived by the user as a wider FOV.

[0042] The present invention aims to provide a flexible and adjustable HMD that can be adapted for use with different users by a combination of user adjustment of collimation elements and optical compensation through a control system.

[0043] The optical compensation provided by the control system is now described. The control system will provide data used to modify the images generated on the display device for each eye. In the case of stereoscopic displays, the user's IPD is required to render stereoscopic images that accurately correspond to nominal image depths in the real world. The tracking position of the collimating optical system can be measured (e.g., by using a small gyroscope or any other positional measuring device). When adjustments are made to accommodate new users, the IPD can be used in the generation of images. The angular offset of the collimating optical system's position, caused by an intentional offset (i.e., to create a larger FOV) or mechanical tolerances in the adjustment mechanism, can also be measured, for example, using a small gyroscope. Then, the control system can use the measured offset data to calculate the adjustments required for the generated images to maintain the alignment of the images so that they are presented to the user's left and right eyes. This will help ensure display accuracy and reduce user eye strain.

[0044] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a simple flowchart (1000) representing steps executed by a control system upon use. In the first instance, the positions of the left and right collimation elements are determined (1002, 1004). In step 1006, the position of each collimation element is compared, if possible, with previous calibration data. If this is the first use for the user, calibration data may be collected based on user preferences, eye positions, etc. In step 1008, if the comparison identifies a position change exceeding a predetermined threshold (e.g.), the process continues. Otherwise, the process returns to the step of newly identifying the positions of the collimation elements. If yes in step 1010, the control system determines the adjustments required for the displayed image. In step 1012, the calibration data is updated to reflect the new adjustments. The image is then transmitted to the display in step 1014.

[0045] Adjustments made to the optical device can be performed by the user based on data supplied by the control system. Alternatively, the eyepieces may be moved automatically by the use of a motor or other suitable device associated with the optical device. In some situations, known user profiles may be stored so that the optical device automatically adjusts based on the user profiles.

[0046] It should be noted that while the description relates to a head-worn device, it can be equally well applied to other optical display systems. For example, the optical system may be mounted on a fixed frame and may form part of, for example, a head-up display (HUD) of a 3D cinema display or any other suitable optical device. In the case of such a device, the embodiment will include a large waveguide and an emission tube directed toward the user or the user's eyes.

[0047] Waveguides enable the expansion of the exit pupil, accommodating a small input pupil and expanding into a larger exit pupil. The images illustrate this motion along the vertical axis; thus, the design enables a large vertical eyebox, meaning that the user can still view the display without adjustment even if the display slides up or down on the head. By minimizing the vertical size of the input pupil, the collimating optical system can also be made small along the vertical axis.

[0048] The waveguide is designed to be much larger than the individual exit pupils to enable horizontal shift. The horizontal shift is intended to meet the requirement for horizontal alignment of the exit pupils with respect to the user's eye. In the case of a 1D exit pupil expander, since there is no horizontal exit pupil expansion, the size of the horizontal exit pupil is equal to the size of the horizontal input pupil. To accommodate large population, this generally requires making this size larger, implying a large collimating optical system. By introducing an adjustment mechanism, the size of the horizontal exit pupil is reduced for population coverage, and the collimating optical system can also be made smaller along the horizontal axis.

[0049] By combining these two advantages, it is possible to design an optical system with large population coverage on both the horizontal axis (through adjustment) and the vertical axis (through waveguide expansion) while maintaining a small optical system.

[0050] Since HMDs are relatively expensive equipment, it is not desirable to have more than is necessary. By providing an adaptable system according to the present invention, a single HMD can be easily adapted to all users without the need for a separate device for each user. Furthermore, by moving a relatively small collimation element to the required position, it adapts to each user's IPD, thereby reducing the size and weight of the optical system.

[0051] As is well known, the present invention relates to adjustable wearable optical system devices such as HMDs. The same may be applied to different devices including, but not limited to, HWDs and other optical devices.

[0052] As an example, this technique can be applied to head-up displays (HUDs) as part of a pupil control system. In this case, the control mechanism is associated with an optical device and enables the movement of optical elements to align with the user's presence. The entire system for achieving pupil control in a HUD is likely to be more complex, as it may need to include pupil tracking systems to ensure that the user's head can move relative to the waveguide and optical device and to ensure proper alignment.

[0053] Although the present invention has been described in relation to some embodiments, it is not intended to be limited to the specific forms disclosed herein. Instead, the scope of the invention is limited only by the appended claims.

[0054] Additionally, while it may appear that features have been described in relation to specific embodiments, a person skilled in the art will understand that various features of the described embodiments may be combined according to the present invention. In the claims, the term 'comprising' does not exclude the presence of other elements or steps.

[0055] Furthermore, the order of features in the claims does not imply any specific order in which the features must be performed, and in particular, the order of individual steps in method claims does not imply that the steps must be performed in such an order. Instead, the steps may be performed in any suitable order. Furthermore, singular references do not exclude the plural. Thus, references to 'one', 'one', 'first', 'second', etc. do not exclude the plural. In the claims, the terms 'comprising' or "comprising" do not exclude the presence of other elements.

Claims

Claim 1 As an optical device, a waveguide that can be supported on a frame at a position pre-aligned with respect to the frame—the frame is adapted to be positioned with respect to a user, and the waveguide has an input region for receiving light and an output region for providing an output for the optical device that can be directed toward the user's eye—; An optical device comprising an optical element for transmitting light across an input area of ​​an input area of ​​an input area of ​​a waveguide, so that the light leaves an output area of ​​the waveguide across an output area larger than the input area, wherein the input area and the output area of ​​the waveguide are parallel to each other and do not overlap each other; wherein the input area of ​​the waveguide is formed with a size larger than the input area, and the output area of ​​the waveguide is formed with a size larger than the output area, and the optical element is movably attached to an adjustment mechanism that can be supported on the frame, so that the optical element moves relative to the waveguide and moves the output duct relative to the frame so that it can be aligned with the eyes of individual users. Claim 2 In claim 1, the optical device comprises two optical elements, one for each eye of the user. Claim 3 An optical device according to claim 1 or 2, further comprising a control system that provides optical compensation to the optical element caused by the movement of the optical element. Claim 4 An optical device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the optical element is a collimation element. Claim 5 In paragraph 4, the above collimation element is an optical device including a display. Claim 6 An optical device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the optical element is adapted to move horizontally directly to adapt to the interpupillary distance of the user. Claim 7 An optical device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the optical element is adapted to be angularly displaceable to create a wider field of view for the display. Claim 8 An optical device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the waveguide comprises two sections, one for each eye. Claim 9 An optical device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the adjustment mechanism comprises a slider to which the optical element is movably attached. Claim 10 An optical device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the adjustment mechanism includes a tilting mechanism for changing the angular position of the optical element. Claim 11 An optical device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the optical elements are automatically adjusted to the adjustment mechanism to position the optical elements at one or more predetermined positions. Claim 12 In paragraph 11, the optical device, wherein the predetermined locations are based on a stored user profile. Claim 13 An optical device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the optical element comprises at least one of an active optical element and an inactive optical element. Claim 14 An optical device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the frame is adapted to be worn by the user. Claim 15 An optical device according to claim 1 or 2, further comprising at least one of a frame; side arms and supports for goggles or glasses; a helmet or visor; a headband; a neck or shoulder wearing support; and a headset. Claim 16 An optical device in the form of a head-mounted display, as in paragraph 1 or 2. Claim 17 An optical device in the form of a head-worn display, as in paragraph 1 or 2. Claim 18 An optical device according to claim 1 or 2, in the form of a head-up display or a 3D camera display. Claim 19 An optical element for use with the optical device of claim 1 or 2 as an optical element.

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