Air purifier using mof capable of dehumidification, deodorization and antibacterial functions and air purification method using the same

Abstract

The present invention relates to air purification technology using Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) materials, and more specifically, to an air purifier comprising an MOF capable of simultaneously implementing dehumidification, deodorization, and antibacterial functions using a single material, and an air purification method using the same. In particular, the invention relates to a next-generation air purification system in which advanced material technologies such as quantum dot hybrid MOFs, pH-responsive MOFs, and biodegradable MOFs are fused with smart control technologies such as user biosignal linkage and pet behavior pattern linkage.

Description

Technology Field

[0001] The present invention relates to air purification technology using Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) materials, and more specifically, to an air purifier comprising an MOF capable of simultaneously implementing dehumidification, deodorization, and antibacterial functions using a single material, and an air purification method using the same. In particular, the invention relates to a next-generation air purification system in which advanced material technologies such as quantum dot hybrid MOFs, pH-responsive MOFs, and biodegradable MOFs are fused with smart control technologies such as user biosignal linkage and pet behavior pattern linkage. Background Technology

[0003] In modern society, indoor air quality management is recognized as an essential element for creating a healthy living environment. In particular, ongoing urbanization, industrial development, and the recent pandemic have significantly increased interest in indoor air quality. Indoor air pollutants can be broadly classified into physical, chemical, and biological pollutants, each requiring different removal mechanisms.

[0004] Traditional air purification technology has primarily relied on physical filtration methods. HEPA filters are effective in removing physical contaminants such as dust, pollen, and bacteria, as they can remove over 99.97% of particles larger than 0.3 μm. However, they have limitations regarding gaseous contaminants at the molecular level or ultrafine particles such as viruses. Additionally, they have disadvantages such as short filter replacement cycles and high waste generation.

[0005] Activated carbon filters are widely used for the removal of chemical pollutants. Due to its high specific surface area, activated carbon can effectively adsorb volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and odor-causing substances. However, its performance deteriorates rapidly in high-humidity environments, and there is a risk of adsorbed substances being re-released once saturation is reached. Additionally, due to its low selectivity for polar gases, its removal efficiency is reduced for specific odor-causing substances such as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide.

[0006] Technologies such as ultraviolet sterilization, photocatalysis, and plasma are used to remove biological contaminants such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Ultraviolet sterilization operates on the principle of inactivating microorganisms by destroying DNA / RNA, and UV-C with a wavelength of 254 nm is the most effective. However, direct exposure to ultraviolet rays can be harmful to the human body, and its effectiveness is limited in shadow areas.

[0007] Photocatalytic technology is based on the principle that photocatalytic materials, such as TiO2, generate reactive oxygen species upon receiving ultraviolet light, thereby decomposing organic matter. It has the advantage of being able to simultaneously remove not only microorganisms but also chemical pollutants. However, since its activity is low in visible light, a separate UV light source is required, and the possibility of secondary pollution caused by reaction byproducts has also been raised.

[0008] Plasma technology is a method that uses high voltage to ionize air, and the generated active species decompose pollutants. While it can effectively remove various pollutants due to its strong oxidizing power, there are safety concerns regarding indoor use due to the high amount of ozone generated.

[0009] The biggest limitation of existing air purification technologies is that it is difficult to effectively remove all types of pollutants with a single technology. To address this, multi-stage filter systems have been developed, but this leads to problems such as increased system complexity, volume and weight, and higher maintenance costs.

[0010] Recently, Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have been attracting attention as next-generation adsorption materials. MOFs are porous crystalline structures in which metal ions or metal clusters are connected by organic linkers; they possess significantly higher specific surface areas and controllable pore structures compared to conventional porous materials. In particular, since pore size, surface chemical properties, and metal type can be controlled during the design phase, they can be customized for specific applications.

[0011] Research on the application of MOFs in the field of air purification is in its early stages and is primarily focused on single functions. For CO2 capture MOFs, research is actively underway to enhance selectivity for CO2 by introducing amine functional groups. For moisture adsorption MOFs, high moisture adsorption capacities are achieved by utilizing hydrophilic metal ions and polar linkers. For antimicrobial MOFs, microbial inhibition effects are obtained by introducing antimicrobial metal ions such as silver and copper.

[0012] However, research on simultaneously realizing dehumidification, deodorization, and antibacterial functions using a single MOF material is very limited. This is because the active sites required for each function are different and sometimes demand conflicting characteristics. For example, hydrophilic sites are necessary for moisture adsorption, while hydrophobic sites are advantageous for the adsorption of hydrophobic VOCs.

[0013] In the field of smart air purification technology, various intelligent products are being launched, driven by advancements in IoT, AI, and sensor technologies. Real-time monitoring via air quality sensors, remote control through smartphone apps, and air quality prediction algorithms have been commercialized. However, personalized air quality management that considers users' circadian rhythms or individual lifestyle patterns is still in its early stages.

[0014] With the advancement of wearable technology, it has become possible to measure biosignals such as heart rate, body temperature, and sleep patterns in real time, but cases of integrating this with air purification systems are very rare. Although the need for differentiated air quality management based on sleep stages has been raised, concrete technical implementation remains insufficient.

[0015] While advancements in computer vision and AI technologies have made it possible to analyze pet behavior patterns, there is almost no research linking this to air purification. Although the need for customized air quality management based on pet health, stress levels, and shedding seasons is increasing, the development of related technologies is still in its early stages.

[0016] With increasing interest in environmental friendliness, research on biodegradable materials is active, but it remains limited in the field of MOFs. Conventional MOFs primarily use transition metals and synthetic organic linkers, which can place a significant environmental burden. There is a need to develop eco-friendly MOFs using biocompatible metals and natural organic linkers.

[0017] Against this backdrop, there is increasing demand for next-generation air purification systems that enable multifunctionality using a single MOF material, allow for user-customized smart control, and are environmentally friendly. The problem to be solved

[0019] The problem that the present invention aims to solve is to overcome the limitations of existing air purification technology and provide a next-generation smart air purification system.

[0020] Conventional air purifiers require separate filters or devices for dehumidification, deodorization, and antibacterial functions, resulting in complex systems, bulky structures, and high maintenance costs. To address this, there is a need for technology capable of simultaneously implementing dehumidification, deodorization, and antibacterial functions using a single MOF material.

[0021] Conventional air purifiers operate with a uniform mode, which limits their ability to consider users' individual lifestyles or biological rhythms. In particular, since breathing becomes shallow and immunity weakens during sleep, making individuals more sensitive to air quality, optimized air quality management tailored to each sleep stage is necessary.

[0022] As the number of households raising pets increases, the demand for air purification technology specialized for pets is rising; however, existing products have the problem of failing to consider the health status or behavioral patterns of pets. There is a need for technology that provides customized air quality management by detecting pet stress, shedding, and signs of disease in real time.

[0023] While existing MOF materials offer excellent performance, they have limitations in terms of sustainability due to potential high environmental burdens. There is a need for biodegradable MOF technology that can minimize environmental pollution upon disposal.

[0024] Conventional air purification technologies rely primarily on physical adsorption, which presents a problem of low removal efficiency for chemically stable pollutants. Therefore, quantum dot hybrid MOF technology capable of chemical decomposition through photocatalytic reactions is required. means of solving the problem

[0026] According to one aspect of the present invention, an air purifier may be provided comprising: an air purification filter comprising a Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) material; an air circulation unit that circulates air through the air purification filter; a sensor unit that detects air quality; and a control unit that controls the air circulation unit based on air quality information detected by the sensor unit, wherein the MOF material is composed of metal nodes and organic linkers and simultaneously performs dehumidification, deodorization, and antibacterial functions.

[0027] For example, an air purifier may be provided in which the MOF material includes a hydrophilic site for a dehumidifying function that adsorbs moisture, a selective adsorption site for specific odor molecules for a deodorizing function that removes odors, and a metal ion having antibacterial activity for an antimicrobial function that inhibits bacteria and viruses.

[0028] For example, an air purifier may be provided that further includes a regeneration unit for regenerating the MOF material, wherein the regeneration unit desorbs a substance adsorbed on the MOF material through heat treatment or vacuum treatment.

[0029] For example, an air purifier may be provided in which the sensor unit comprises at least one of a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, a gas sensor, and a microorganism sensor.

[0030] According to another aspect of the present invention, an air purification method using MOF may be provided, comprising the steps of: passing air through an air purification filter containing an MOF material to simultaneously perform dehumidification, deodorization, and antibacterial treatment; detecting the quality of the treated air through a sensor unit; and adjusting air purification conditions based on the detected air quality information.

[0031] For example, an air purification method using an MOF may be provided, which further includes the step of periodically desorbing a substance adsorbed on the MOF material to regenerate the MOF material.

[0032] For example, an air purifier may be provided in which the MOF material is a quantum dot hybrid MOF with semiconductor quantum dots inserted therein, and the quantum dots generate electron-hole pairs and produce active oxygen when irradiated with visible light.

[0033] For example, an air purifier may be provided in which the quantum dots comprise at least one of CdSe, InP, and ZnS, and the size of the quantum dots is in the range of 2 nm to 10 nm.

[0034] For example, the above MOF material is a pH-responsive MOF in which the pore structure changes reversibly in response to a change in pH in air, and an air purifier may be provided in which the pores expand in an alkaline environment and contract in a neutral environment.

[0035] For example, the MOF material is a biodegradable MOF composed of a biocompatible metal ion and a natural organic linker, and the biocompatible metal ion is Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Fe 3+ An air purifier may be provided that includes at least one of the following.

[0036] For example, an air purifier may be provided in which the natural organic linker comprises at least one of an amino acid derivative and a sugar derivative, and is decomposed to release minerals in the presence of a specific enzyme.

[0037] For example, an air purifier may be provided, further comprising: a wearable sensor for measuring a user's biosignal; and a sleep-linked control unit that analyzes the biosignal received from the wearable sensor to determine the user's sleep stage and selectively controls the function of the MOF material according to the determined sleep stage.

[0038] For example, an air purifier may be provided in which the wearable sensor measures at least one of heart rate, body temperature, and brain waves, and the sleep-linked control unit enhances the antibacterial function during REM sleep, focuses on the dehumidification function during deep sleep, and maximizes the deodorization function during light sleep.

[0039] For example, an air purifier may be provided that further comprises: a camera for filming the behavior of a pet; and an animal behavior interlocking control unit that analyzes images acquired from the camera to recognize the behavior pattern of the pet and controls the operation of the MOF material based on the recognized behavior pattern.

[0040] For example, an air purifier may be provided in which the animal behavior-linked control unit releases an antibacterial agent with a calming effect when signs of stress in a pet are detected, activates an allergen removal mode during shedding season, and operates an enhanced antibacterial mode when a disease is suspected. Effects of the invention

[0042] According to the present invention, the following effects can be obtained.

[0043] By simultaneously implementing dehumidification, deodorization, and antibacterial functions using a single MOF material, system complexity can be significantly reduced and space efficiency maximized. Since a separate multi-filter system is unnecessary, manufacturing and maintenance costs can be substantially reduced.

[0044] Quantum dot hybrid MOFs can overcome the limitations of conventional physical adsorption methods and add chemical decomposition capabilities through photocatalytic reactions. By generating active oxygen even under visible light conditions, they can effectively remove even recalcitrant pollutants.

[0045] Through a pH-responsive MOF structure, smart material characteristics that autonomously adapt to environmental changes can be realized. The pore structure dynamically changes in response to changes in the composition of airborne pollutants, enabling the maintenance of optimal performance at all times.

[0046] An eco-friendly air purification system can be implemented using biodegradable MOFs. It naturally decomposes after use, minimizing waste generation, and provides additional benefits by releasing useful minerals during the decomposition process.

[0047] Personalized air quality management can be provided through sleep pattern analysis linked with wearable sensors. Through differentiated control based on sleep stages, it can improve sleep quality and contribute to health promotion.

[0048] We can provide air purification services specialized for pet care through pet behavior analysis using computer vision. By monitoring the health status of pets in real time, diseases can be detected and prevented early.

[0049] By utilizing the renewable properties of MOFs, long-term use without filter replacement is possible, significantly enhancing cost-effectiveness and convenience. The automatic regeneration system allows for the continuous maintenance of optimal performance without user intervention. Brief explanation of the drawing

[0051] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the overall configuration of an air purifier using an MOF according to one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a flowchart of an air purification method using MOF according to one embodiment of the present invention. Specific details for implementing the invention

[0052] Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the attached drawings. However, embodiments of the present invention may be modified in various other forms, and the scope of the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described below.

[0053] The air purifier according to the present invention can implement dehumidification, deodorization, and antibacterial functions using a single material by utilizing the unique porous structure and controllable surface chemical properties of MOF materials. Each component of the system is organically interconnected to provide real-time air quality monitoring and optimized purification performance.

[0054] The air purification filter can be placed inside a housing as shown in FIG. 1 and may have a structure in which MOF material is filled in the form of pellets, powder, or molded bodies. The specific surface area of ​​the MOF material may be in the range of 300 m² / g to 3000 m² / g, 500 m² / g to 2500 m² / g, 800 m² / g to 2000 m² / g, or 1000 m² / g to 1800 m² / g. The pore size may be in the range of 0.3 nm to 10 nm, 0.5 nm to 8 nm, 0.8 nm to 6 nm, or 1.0 nm to 5 nm, and may have a hierarchical pore structure in which micropores and mesopores are mixed. The molar ratio of the metal node to the organic linker may be in the range of 1:1 to 1:6, 1:1.5 to 1:4, 1:2 to 1:3.5, or 1:2.5 to 1:3, and the crystal structure may be any one of cubic, tetragonal, hexagonal, monoclinic, or triclinic.

[0055] The air circulation unit may be installed within a duct connecting an intake port and an exhaust port as shown in FIG. 1, and may include a motor, an impeller, guide vanes, and a noise-blocking material. The motor may be any one of a DC brushless motor, an AC induction motor, a stepping motor, or a servo motor, and the output may be in the range of 5W to 200W, 10W to 150W, 20W to 120W, or 30W to 100W. The diameter of the impeller may be in the range of 50 mm to 300 mm, 80 mm to 250 mm, 100 mm to 220 mm, or 120 mm to 200 mm, and the number of blades may be in the range of 3 to 20, 6 to 16, 8 to 14, or 10 to 12. The rotational speed can be variably controlled in the range of 300 rpm to 5000 rpm, 500 rpm to 4000 rpm, 800 rpm to 3500 rpm, or 1000 rpm to 3000 rpm.

[0056] As illustrated in FIG. 1, the sensor unit may be positioned at least one of the front, rear, or side of the air purification filter and may include at least one of a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, a gas sensor, a microorganism sensor, a particle sensor, and a pressure sensor. The number of sensors may be in the range of 2 to 20, 4 to 16, 6 to 12, or 8 to 10. Each sensor may transmit data via analog output, digital output, or wireless communication, and the measurement cycle may be set within the range of 0.1 to 300 seconds, 1 to 180 seconds, 5 to 120 seconds, or 10 to 60 seconds. The sensor unit may transmit the measured data to the control unit via wired communication, wireless communication, or optical communication.

[0057] As illustrated in FIG. 1, the control unit may include a microcontroller, memory, a communication module, a power management circuit, and an interface circuit, and can analyze and process air quality information received from the sensor unit in real time. The microcontroller may be an 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, or 64-bit processor, and the clock frequency may be in the range of 10 MHz to 1 GHz, 50 MHz to 500 MHz, 100 MHz to 300 MHz, or 150 MHz to 250 MHz. The memory may include at least one of flash memory, RAM, and EEPROM, and the capacity may be in the range of 64 KB to 10 MB, 32 KB to 5 MB, 16 KB to 2 MB, or 128 KB to 1 MB, respectively. The control unit can automatically adjust the operating conditions of the air circulation unit according to a preset algorithm, machine learning algorithm, fuzzy logic, or expert system, and the control signal can be output in a PWM method, voltage control method, current control method, or digital communication method.

[0058] Quantum dots are semiconductor nanocrystals comprising at least one of CdSe, InP, and ZnS, and can exhibit optical properties tunable by size-dependent quantum confinement effects. Each material possesses a unique bandgap, optical properties, and chemical stability, and can be selectively used depending on the application.

[0059] CdSe quantum dots are group II-VI semiconductors that can exhibit strong light absorption and fluorescence emission across the entire visible light range. The bandgap can be adjusted according to size within the ranges of 1.4 eV to 2.8 eV, 1.6 eV to 2.6 eV, 1.7 eV to 2.5 eV, or 1.8 eV to 2.3 eV. The emission wavelength can be precisely controlled within the ranges of 450 nm to 700 nm, 480 nm to 650 nm, 500 nm to 620 nm, or 520 nm to 600 nm. The absorption coefficient may be in the range of 10^4 M^-1 cm^-1 to 10^6 M^-1 cm^-1, 5x10^4 M^-1 cm^-1 to 8x10^5 M^-1 cm^-1, 10^5 M^-1 cm^-1 to 6x10^5 M^-1 cm^-1, or 2x10^5 M^-1 cm^-1 to 5x10^5 M^-1 cm^-1.

[0060] InP quantum dots can be an eco-friendly material that is a III-V semiconductor and does not contain cadmium. The bandgap may be in the range of 1.1 eV to 2.2 eV, 1.2 eV to 2.0 eV, 1.3 eV to 1.9 eV, or 1.4 eV to 1.8 eV, and the emission wavelength may be in the range of 550 nm to 800 nm, 580 nm to 750 nm, 600 nm to 720 nm, or 620 nm to 700 nm. The luminescence efficiency may be in the range of 20% to 90%, 30% to 85%, 40% to 80%, or 50% to 75%. InP quantum dots have excellent biocompatibility due to lower toxicity compared to CdSe, and may be advantageous in the context of tightening environmental regulations.

[0061] ZnS quantum dots can be a material having a wide bandgap as a group II-VI semiconductor. The bandgap may be in the range of 3.2 eV to 4.0 eV, 3.4 eV to 3.9 eV, 3.5 eV to 3.8 eV, or 3.6 eV to 3.7 eV, and may exhibit strong light absorption in the UV and blue regions. ZnS can also be widely used as a shell material for other quantum dots, and can improve quantum yield by passivating surface defects in a core / shell structure. The thickness of the ZnS shell may be in the range of 0.5 nm to 5 nm, 1 nm to 4 nm, 1.5 nm to 3.5 nm, or 2 nm to 3 nm.

[0062] The size of the quantum dots may be limited to a range of 2 nm to 10 nm to exhibit a distinct quantum confinement effect. Specifically, it may be in the range of 2.5 nm to 9 nm, 3 nm to 8 nm, or 3.5 nm to 7 nm. To exhibit monodispersity in the size distribution, the standard deviation may be in the range of 5% to 20%, 8% to 18%, 10% to 16%, or 12% to 15% of the mean value. The shape of the quantum dots may be any one of spherical, elliptical, rod-shaped, tetrapod-shaped, or branch-shaped, and the aspect ratio may be in the range of 1:1 to 1:10, 1:1 to 1:5, 1:1 to 1:3, or 1:1 to 1:2.

[0063] The crystal structure can be any one of zinc blend type, rock salt type, or hexagonal type, and the lattice constant is 5.4 depending on the material and size. to 6.5 , 5.6 to 6.3 , 5.8 to 6.1 , or 5.9 to 6.0 It may be a range. Crystallinity may be evaluated by the full width at half maximum in XRD analysis and may be in the range of 0.2° to 2.0°, 0.3° to 1.5°, 0.4° to 1.2°, or 0.5° to 1.0°.

[0064] The quantum dot surface can be stabilized with an organic ligand to ensure stability and dispersibility. The ligand may be at least one of oleic acid, oleylamine, hexadecylamine, dodecanettiol, and stearic acid, and the chain length may be in the range of 6 to 22 carbon atoms, 8 to 20 carbon atoms, 10 to 18 carbon atoms, or 12 to 16 carbon atoms. The surface ligand density may be in the range of 1 / nm² to 10 / nm², 2 / nm² to 8 / nm², 3 / nm² to 7 / nm², or 4 / nm² to 6 / nm². Interaction with the MOF can be optimized through ligand exchange, and surface modification with a hydrophilic ligand, a hydrophobic ligand, or an amphiphilic ligand may be possible.

[0065] pH-responsive MOFs are smart porous materials in which the pore structure changes reversibly in response to changes in air pH, enabling them to autonomously adapt to environmental conditions and exhibit optimal adsorption performance. Structural changes can be induced by acid-base equilibrium reactions of organic linkers and changes in the coordination environment around metal nodes.

[0066] Organic linkers exhibiting pH responsiveness may include functional groups capable of protonation / deprotonation. Imidazole-based linkers may have a pKa range of 6.0 to 8.5, 6.5 to 8.0, 7.0 to 7.8, or 7.2 to 7.6, and pyridine-based linkers may have a pKa range of 4.5 to 6.5, 5.0 to 6.0, 5.2 to 5.8, or 5.3 to 5.7. Carboxylic acid-based linkers may have a pKa range of 3.0 to 5.5, 3.5 to 5.0, 4.0 to 4.8, or 4.2 to 4.6, and amine-based linkers may have a pKa range of 8.5 to 11.0, 9.0 to 10.5, 9.2 to 10.2, or 9.5 to 10.0.

[0067] The response time of the linker to changes in pH is related to the diffusion characteristics of the MOF and may be in the range of 30 seconds to 60 minutes, 1 minute to 45 minutes, 3 minutes to 30 minutes, or 5 minutes to 20 minutes. The response speed may be affected by the particle size of the MOF, the pore structure, and the ionic strength of the solution.

[0068] Pore ​​expansion in an alkaline environment can occur due to electrostatic repulsion caused by the deprotonation of linkers and the rearrangement of hydrogen bond networks. Under pH 8.0 to 10.0, pH 8.5 to 9.5, pH 8.7 to 9.3, or pH 8.8 to 9.2 conditions, the pore size can increase by 5% to 80%, 10% to 60%, 20% to 50%, or 25% to 40% compared to the neutral state. The specific surface area can increase by 10% to 120%, 20% to 100%, 30% to 90%, or 40% to 80%, and the pore volume can increase by 15% to 100%, 25% to 80%, 35% to 70%, or 40% to 60%.

[0069] Pore ​​shrinkage in a neutral environment may occur due to electrostatic attraction caused by the protonation of linkers and the strengthening of intermolecular interactions. Under pH 6.0 to 8.0, pH 6.5 to 7.5, pH 6.8 to 7.2, or pH 6.9 to 7.1 conditions, the pore size may decrease by 5% to 60%, 10% to 50%, 15% to 40%, or 20% to 35% compared to the alkaline condition. The pore volume may decrease by 10% to 80%, 15% to 70%, 25% to 60%, or 30% to 50%.

[0070] The reversibility of structural changes can be verified through pH switching experiments and can be repeated 5 to 50 times, 10 to 40 times, 15 to 30 times, or 18 to 25 times or more between pH neutral and alkaline conditions. Structural stability can be maintained in the range of 80% to 100%, 85% to 98%, 90% to 96%, or 92% to 95% of the initial performance after each cycle.

[0071] pH measurement and monitoring can indirectly reflect the concentrations of basic compounds in the air, such as ammonia, methylamine, and ethylamine, and acidic compounds, such as acetic acid, formic acid, and hydrogen sulfide. It is possible to detect the pH of microaqueous solutions formed by the interaction of moisture in the air with these compounds, thereby enabling real-time assessment of indoor air quality.

[0072] Changes in the crystal structure of MOFs can occur dynamically depending on pH and may change from orthorhombic to monoclinic, or from tetragonal to trigonal. The rate of change in lattice constants may be in the range of 1% to 25%, 3% to 20%, 5% to 18%, or 8% to 15%. The change in unit cell volume may be in the range of 2% to 40%, 5% to 30%, 8% to 25%, or 10% to 20%.

[0073] The adsorption selectivity of pH-responsive MOFs can vary depending on structural changes. Under alkaline conditions, the adsorption affinity for large molecules increases, while under neutral conditions, the selectivity for small molecules can be enhanced. By utilizing these characteristics, customized responses to real-time changes in air composition can be achieved.

[0074] pH-responsive MOFs are smart porous materials in which the pore structure changes reversibly in response to changes in air pH, enabling them to autonomously adapt to environmental conditions and exhibit optimal adsorption performance. Structural changes can be induced by acid-base equilibrium reactions of organic linkers and changes in the coordination environment around metal nodes.

[0075] Organic linkers exhibiting pH responsiveness may include functional groups capable of protonation / deprotonation. Imidazole-based linkers may have a pKa range of 6.0 to 8.5, 6.5 to 8.0, 7.0 to 7.8, or 7.2 to 7.6, and pyridine-based linkers may have a pKa range of 4.5 to 6.5, 5.0 to 6.0, 5.2 to 5.8, or 5.3 to 5.7. Carboxylic acid-based linkers may have a pKa range of 3.0 to 5.5, 3.5 to 5.0, 4.0 to 4.8, or 4.2 to 4.6, and amine-based linkers may have a pKa range of 8.5 to 11.0, 9.0 to 10.5, 9.2 to 10.2, or 9.5 to 10.0.

[0076] The response time of the linker to changes in pH is related to the diffusion characteristics of the MOF and may be in the range of 30 seconds to 60 minutes, 1 minute to 45 minutes, 3 minutes to 30 minutes, or 5 minutes to 20 minutes. The response speed may be affected by the particle size of the MOF, the pore structure, and the ionic strength of the solution.

[0077] Pore ​​expansion in an alkaline environment can occur due to electrostatic repulsion caused by the deprotonation of linkers and the rearrangement of hydrogen bond networks. Under pH 8.0 to 10.0, pH 8.5 to 9.5, pH 8.7 to 9.3, or pH 8.8 to 9.2 conditions, the pore size can increase by 5% to 80%, 10% to 60%, 20% to 50%, or 25% to 40% compared to the neutral state. The specific surface area can increase by 10% to 120%, 20% to 100%, 30% to 90%, or 40% to 80%, and the pore volume can increase by 15% to 100%, 25% to 80%, 35% to 70%, or 40% to 60%.

[0078] Pore ​​shrinkage in a neutral environment may occur due to electrostatic attraction caused by the protonation of linkers and the strengthening of intermolecular interactions. Under pH 6.0 to 8.0, pH 6.5 to 7.5, pH 6.8 to 7.2, or pH 6.9 to 7.1 conditions, the pore size may decrease by 5% to 60%, 10% to 50%, 15% to 40%, or 20% to 35% compared to the alkaline condition. The pore volume may decrease by 10% to 80%, 15% to 70%, 25% to 60%, or 30% to 50%.

[0079] The reversibility of structural changes can be verified through pH switching experiments and can be repeated 5 to 50 times, 10 to 40 times, 15 to 30 times, or 18 to 25 times or more between pH neutral and alkaline conditions. Structural stability can be maintained in the range of 80% to 100%, 85% to 98%, 90% to 96%, or 92% to 95% of the initial performance after each cycle.

[0080] pH measurement and monitoring can indirectly reflect the concentrations of basic compounds in the air, such as ammonia, methylamine, and ethylamine, and acidic compounds, such as acetic acid, formic acid, and hydrogen sulfide. It is possible to detect the pH of microaqueous solutions formed by the interaction of moisture in the air with these compounds, thereby enabling real-time assessment of indoor air quality.

[0081] Changes in the crystal structure of MOFs can occur dynamically depending on pH and may change from orthorhombic to monoclinic, or from tetragonal to trigonal. The rate of change in lattice constants may be in the range of 1% to 25%, 3% to 20%, 5% to 18%, or 8% to 15%. The change in unit cell volume may be in the range of 2% to 40%, 5% to 30%, 8% to 25%, or 10% to 20%.

[0082] The adsorption selectivity of pH-responsive MOFs can vary depending on structural changes. Under alkaline conditions, the adsorption affinity for large molecules increases, while under neutral conditions, the selectivity for small molecules can be enhanced. By utilizing these characteristics, customized responses to real-time changes in air composition can be achieved.

[0083] MOF materials can simultaneously perform three functions—dehumidification, deodorization, and antibacterial action—by including hydrophilic sites, selective adsorption sites, and antimicrobial active metal ions. The active sites for each function are integrated within the single structure of the MOF to produce synergistic effects.

[0084] The hydrophilic site may include at least one of a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, an amino group, or a sulfonic acid group, and may be bonded to the side chain, terminal group, or coordination number of a metal node of an organic linker within the MOF structure. The bonding position of the hydrophilic site may be any one of the ortho, meta, or para positions of the benzene ring of the linker, and the bonding angle with the metal node may be in the range of 90 to 180 degrees, 100 to 170 degrees, 110 to 160 degrees, or 120 to 150 degrees. The density of the hydrophilic site may be in the range of 1 mmol / g to 15 mmol / g, 2 mmol / g to 12 mmol / g, 3 mmol / g to 10 mmol / g, or 4 mmol / g to 8 mmol / g per unit mass of MOF. The amount of moisture adsorbed may be in the range of 10 wt% to 50 wt%, 15 wt% to 45 wt%, 20 wt% to 40 wt%, or 25 wt% to 35 wt% relative to the weight of the MOF at 50% relative humidity.

[0085] Selective adsorption sites are aromatic rings, straight-chain alkyl chains, branched alkyl chains, polar groups, It may include at least one of the interaction sites and can perform selective adsorption through intermolecular interactions with specific odor molecules. The aromatic ring may be at least one of benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, pyridine, and imidazole, and the ring size may be a 5-membered to 7-membered ring. The number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain may be in the range of 2 to 20, 3 to 18, 4 to 15, or 6 to 12. The odor molecule to be adsorbed may be at least one of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, acetaldehyde, toluene, xylene, butanol, and acetone. The adsorption capacity may be in the range of 50 mg / g to 800 mg / g, 100 mg / g to 700 mg / g, 150 mg / g to 600 mg / g, or 200 mg / g to 500 mg / g relative to the weight of the MOF, depending on the type of odor molecule.

[0086] The antimicrobial active metal ion may be at least one of silver ions, copper ions, zinc ions, iron ions, and manganese ions, and may be present as a metal node of the MOF, a guest molecule, or introduced via post-treatment. The content of silver ions may be in the range of 0.1 wt% to 15 wt%, 0.5 wt% to 12 wt%, 1 wt% to 10 wt%, or 2 wt% to 8 wt% relative to the total weight of the MOF. The content of copper ions may be in the range of 0.2 wt% to 20 wt%, 1 wt% to 18 wt%, 2 wt% to 15 wt%, or 3 wt% to 12 wt%. The antibacterial activity may exhibit an inhibition rate in the range of 99% to 99.99%, 99.5% to 99.95%, or 99.8% to 99.9% against at least one of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterococcus. The duration of the antibacterial effect may be in the range of 24 hours to 168 hours, 48 ​​hours to 144 hours, 72 hours to 120 hours, or 96 hours to 100 hours.

[0087] The regeneration unit can restore the adsorption performance of the MOF to its initial state by desorbing substances such as moisture, odor molecules, and microorganisms adsorbed on the MOF material. Heat treatment and vacuum treatment methods are used individually or in combination, and the operating conditions of each method can be precisely controlled.

[0088] As shown in FIG. 1, the regeneration unit may include at least one of a heating device, a vacuum pump, a temperature controller, a pressure controller, a flow controller, and a safety valve. The heating device may be any one of an electric resistance heater, a ceramic heater, an infrared heater, a microwave heater, or an ultrasonic heater, and the heating capacity may be in the range of 100W to 2000W, 200W to 1800W, 300W to 1500W, or 500W to 1200W. The heating temperature may be set in the range of 80℃ to 250℃, 100℃ to 220℃, 120℃ to 200℃, or 140℃ to 180℃. The heating time may be adjusted in the range of 30 minutes to 5 hours, 45 minutes to 4 hours, 1 hour to 3.5 hours, or 1.5 hours to 3 hours. The rate of temperature increase may be in the range of 5℃ / min to 50℃ / min, 10℃ / min to 40℃ / min, 15℃ / min to 35℃ / min, or 20℃ / min to 30℃ / min.

[0089] The vacuum pump may be any one of a rotary vane pump, a diaphragm pump, a turbomolecular pump, or a scroll pump, and the pumping speed may be in the range of 10 L / min to 200 L / min, 20 L / min to 180 L / min, 30 L / min to 150 L / min, or 50 L / min to 120 L / min. The achievable vacuum level may be in the range of 1 Pa to 5000 Pa, 10 Pa to 3000 Pa, 50 Pa to 2000 Pa, or 100 Pa to 1000 Pa. The vacuum processing time may be set in the range of 10 minutes to 4 hours, 20 minutes to 3 hours, 30 minutes to 2.5 hours, or 45 minutes to 2 hours.

[0090] The temperature controller may use any one of PID control, fuzzy control, or adaptive control methods, and the temperature precision may be in the range of ±1℃ to ±10℃, ±2℃ to ±8℃, ±3℃ to ±6℃, or ±4℃ to ±5℃. The pressure controller may include a pressure sensor, a control valve, and a feedback loop, and the pressure measurement accuracy may be in the range of ±5 Pa to ±50 Pa, ±10 Pa to ±40 Pa, ±15 Pa to ±30 Pa, or ±20 Pa to ±25 Pa.

[0091] The regeneration cycle can be automatically set according to the saturation of the MOF, the usage environment, and the air quality conditions, and may be in the range of 12 to 336 hours, 24 to 240 hours, 48 ​​to 192 hours, or 72 to 168 hours. The regeneration process may include steps such as detecting saturation, entering regeneration mode, preheating, main heating or vacuum treatment, cooling, performance verification, and regeneration completion, as shown in the flowchart in FIG. 2.

[0092] The sensor unit includes at least one of a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, a gas sensor, and a microorganism sensor, enabling precise real-time measurement of various air quality parameters. Each sensor operates independently or is used in combination, ensuring the reliability and accuracy of the measurement data.

[0093] The temperature sensor may be any one of a K-type thermocouple, a J-type thermocouple, a T-type thermocouple, an NTC thermistor, a PTC thermistor, or an RTD, and the sensor element size may be in the range of 1mm x 1mm x 0.5mm to 10mm x 10mm x 3mm, 2mm x 2mm x 0.8mm to 8mm x 8mm x 2.5mm, 3mm x 3mm x 1mm to 6mm x 6mm x 2mm, or 4mm x 4mm x 1.2mm to 5mm x 5mm x 1.8mm. The measurement range may be -30℃ to 100℃, -20℃ to 80℃, -10℃ to 60℃, or 0℃ to 50℃. The measurement accuracy may be in the range of ±0.5℃ to ±3℃, ±0.8℃ to ±2.5℃, ±1℃ to ±2℃, or ±1.2℃ to ±1.8℃, and the response time may be in the range of 5 seconds to 120 seconds, 10 seconds to 90 seconds, 15 seconds to 60 seconds, or 20 seconds to 45 seconds.

[0094] The humidity sensor may be any one of the capacitive, resistive, thermally conductive, or gravimetric types, and the sensor surface area may be in the range of 1 mm² to 100 mm², 5 mm² to 80 mm², 10 mm² to 60 mm², or 20 mm² to 50 mm². The measurement range may be 0% to 100% RH, 5% to 95% RH, 10% to 90% RH, or 15% to 85% RH. The measurement accuracy may be in the range of ±1% RH to ±5% RH, ±1.5% RH to ±4% RH, ±2% RH to ±3.5% RH, or ±2.5% RH to ±3% RH, and the response time may be in the range of 10 seconds to 300 seconds, 20 seconds to 240 seconds, 30 seconds to 180 seconds, or 60 seconds to 120 seconds.

[0095] The gas sensor may be any one of an electrochemical method, a semiconductor method, an infrared absorption method, a photoionization method, or a catalytic combustion method, and the sensor size may be in the range of diameter 10 mm x height 5 mm to diameter 50 mm x height 30 mm, diameter 15 mm x height 8 mm to diameter 40 mm x height 25 mm, diameter 20 mm x height 10 mm to diameter 35 mm x height 20 mm, or diameter 25 mm x height 12 mm to diameter 30 mm x height 18 mm. The gas to be measured may be at least one of CO2, CO, NO2, SO2, NH3, H2S, VOCs, formaldehyde, benzene, and toluene. The CO2 measurement range may be 400 ppm to 50,000 ppm, 500 ppm to 30,000 ppm, 800 ppm to 20,000 ppm, or 1,000 ppm to 10,000 ppm, and the measurement accuracy may be in the range of ±2% to ±10%, ±3% to ±8%, ±4% to ±7%, or ±5% to ±6% of the measured value.

[0096] The microbial sensor may be any one of a laser scattering method, an impedance method, a fluorescence detection method, or a biosensor method, and the detection particle size may be in the range of 0.1 μm to 50 μm, 0.3 μm to 30 μm, 0.5 μm to 20 μm, or 1 μm to 10 μm. It may detect at least one of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and spores, and the detection range may be 10 CFU / m³ to 10⁷ CFU / m³, 10² CFU / m³ to 10⁶ CFU / m³, 10³ CFU / m³ to 10⁵ CFU / m³, or 10³.5 CFU / m³ to 10⁴.5 CFU / m³. The detection time may be in the range of 30 seconds to 30 minutes, 1 minute to 20 minutes, 2 minutes to 15 minutes, or 5 minutes to 10 minutes.

[0097] Each sensor may be connected to a control unit via a digital interface, and the communication protocol may be any one of I2C, SPI, UART, RS485, or CAN. The data transmission speed may be in the range of 9600 bps to 1 Mbps, 19200 bps to 500 kbps, 38400 bps to 250 kbps, or 115200 bps to 125000 bps. The measurement accuracy may be within ±3% RH, and the response time may be in the range of 30 seconds to 120 seconds.

[0098] The gas sensor may be any one of an electrochemical, semiconductor, or optical type, and the gas to be measured may be at least one of CO2, CO, NO2, VOCs, and ammonia. The measurement range may be 1 ppm to 10,000 ppm depending on the type of gas, and the measurement accuracy may be within ±5% of the measured value.

[0099] The microbial sensor may be any one of a light scattering method, an impedance method, or a biosensor method, and may detect at least one of bacteria, fungi, or viruses. The detection range may be 10^2 CFU / m^3 to 10^6 CFU / m^3, and the detection time may be in the range of 1 minute to 10 minutes.

[0100] Each sensor can be connected to the control unit via a digital interface, and the communication protocol can be any one of I2C, SPI, or UART.

[0101] An air purification method using MOFs enables systematic and efficient air quality management by including steps for simultaneously performing dehumidification, deodorization, and antibacterial treatment, detecting air quality, and controlling air purification conditions. Each step is performed sequentially or simultaneously, and optimal performance can be maintained through real-time feedback control.

[0102] The step of simultaneously performing dehumidification, deodorization, and antibacterial treatment can be carried out as air passes through an air purification filter containing MOF material, as shown in FIG. 2. The air flow rate can be controlled to a range of 0.05 m / s to 5 m / s, 0.1 m / s to 3 m / s, 0.2 m / s to 2.5 m / s, or 0.5 m / s to 2 m / s, and the flow rate uniformity can be in the range of 90% to 99%, 92% to 97%, 93% to 96%, or 94% to 95%. The contact time may be in the range of 0.1 to 20 seconds, 0.5 to 15 seconds, 1 to 10 seconds, or 2 to 5 seconds, and the residence time distribution may be in the range of ±10% to ±50%, ±15% to ±40%, ±20% to ±35%, or ±25% to ±30% of the average value.

[0103] The processing temperature may be maintained in the range of 10°C to 50°C, 15°C to 45°C, 20°C to 40°C, or 25°C to 35°C, and the temperature fluctuation range may be in the range of ±1°C to ±10°C, ±2°C to ±8°C, ±3°C to ±6°C, or ±4°C to ±5°C. The processing pressure may be in the range of 90% to 110%, 95% to 108%, 98% to 105%, or 99% to 102% of atmospheric pressure, and the pressure fluctuation may be in the range of ±50 Pa to ±500 Pa, ±100 Pa to ±400 Pa, ±150 Pa to ±300 Pa, or ±200 Pa to ±250 Pa.

[0104] The step of detecting air quality may include measuring at least one of temperature, humidity, gas concentration, microbial concentration, and particle concentration through a sensor unit. Measurements may be performed continuously or at set intervals, and the measurement interval may be set within the range of 1 second to 600 seconds, 5 seconds to 300 seconds, 10 seconds to 180 seconds, or 30 seconds to 120 seconds. The data collection frequency may be in the range of 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz, 0.2 Hz to 5 Hz, 0.5 Hz to 2 Hz, or 0.8 Hz to 1.2 Hz.

[0105] Sensor calibration can be performed in cycles of 24 to 168 hours, 48 ​​to 144 hours, 72 to 120 hours, or 96 to 100 hours, and noise filtering of the measurement data can be performed using at least one method among a moving average, a Kalman filter, and a wavelet transform.

[0106] The step of controlling air purification conditions may include controlling at least one of the airflow volume, rotational speed, operating time, and MOF activation mode of the air circulation unit based on detected air quality information. The airflow control range may be 10% to 100%, 20% to 90%, 30% to 80%, or 40% to 70% of the maximum airflow volume, and the airflow control precision may be ±2% to ±15%, ±3% to ±12%, ±5% to ±10%, or ±6% to ±8%. The rotational speed control range may be 20% to 100%, 30% to 90%, 40% to 80%, or 50% to 70% of the maximum rotational speed.

[0107] The control method may use at least one of proportional control, integral control, derivative control, PID control, and fuzzy control, and the control response time may be in the range of 1 second to 300 seconds, 5 seconds to 180 seconds, 10 seconds to 120 seconds, or 30 seconds to 60 seconds.

[0108] The step of regenerating the MOF material involves periodically desorbing substances such as moisture, odor molecules, and microorganisms adsorbed on the MOF to restore its adsorption performance to its initial state and maintain stable performance over a long period. The regeneration process can be optimized and executed by an automatic control system.

[0109] As illustrated in FIG. 2, the regeneration step may include detailed steps of detecting MOF saturation, determining entry into regeneration mode, preliminary processing, main desorption processing, cooling and stabilization, performance verification, and confirming completion of regeneration. MOF saturation may be detected by at least one of pressure drop measurement, weight change measurement, adsorption capacity measurement, and processing efficiency measurement. The saturation determination criterion may be at a level of 50% to 90%, 60% to 85%, 70% to 80%, or 72% to 78% of the initial performance.

[0110] The desorption treatment may be performed using at least one of a heating method, a vacuum method, a purge gas method, an ultrasonic method, or a microwave method, either alone or in combination. In the heating method, the preheating temperature may be in the range of 40°C to 100°C, 50°C to 90°C, 60°C to 80°C, or 65°C to 75°C, and the main heating temperature may be in the range of 80°C to 250°C, 100°C to 200°C, 120°C to 180°C, or 140°C to 160°C. The heating time may be in the range of 10 minutes to 8 hours, 30 minutes to 6 hours, 1 hour to 5 hours, or 2 hours to 4 hours. The rate of temperature increase can be controlled to a range of 2℃ / min to 100℃ / min, 5℃ / min to 50℃ / min, 10℃ / min to 30℃ / min, or 15℃ / min to 25℃ / min.

[0111] In the vacuum method, the vacuum level may be in the range of 0.1 Pa to 10,000 Pa, 1 Pa to 5,000 Pa, 10 Pa to 2,000 Pa, or 50 Pa to 1,000 Pa, and the vacuum attainment time may be in the range of 1 minute to 60 minutes, 3 minutes to 45 minutes, 5 minutes to 30 minutes, or 10 minutes to 20 minutes. The vacuum processing time may be set in the range of 5 minutes to 6 hours, 15 minutes to 4 hours, 30 minutes to 3 hours, or 1 hour to 2 hours.

[0112] In the purge gas method, the purge gas may be any one of nitrogen, argon, helium, dry air, or carbon dioxide, and the purity may be in the range of 99% to 99.999%, 99.5% to 99.99%, 99.8% to 99.95%, or 99.9% to 99.92%. The flow rate may be in the range of 0.5 L / min to 100 L / min, 1 L / min to 80 L / min, 5 L / min to 50 L / min, or 10 L / min to 30 L / min. The purging temperature may be in the range of 20°C to 150°C, 30°C to 120°C, 50°C to 100°C, or 60°C to 90°C, and the purging time may be in the range of 5 minutes to 4 hours, 10 minutes to 3 hours, 20 minutes to 2 hours, or 30 minutes to 1 hour.

[0113] Regeneration completion can be determined by at least one of the MOF adsorption capacity recovery rate, pressure drop recovery rate, and treatment efficiency recovery rate, and the recovery rate may be at a level of 80% to 100%, 85% to 98%, 90% to 95%, or 92% to 94% of the initial capacity. The regeneration cycle may be automatically set within the range of 6 to 720 hours, 12 to 480 hours, 24 to 240 hours, or 48 to 168 hours depending on operating conditions, air quality conditions, and seasonal changes. The regeneration efficiency may be maintained within the range of 95% to 99.9%, 96% to 99.5%, 97% to 99%, or 98% to 98.5%.

[0114] Quantum dot hybrid MOFs are composite materials in which semiconductor quantum dots are uniformly dispersed and embedded within the MOF structure. The optical properties of the quantum dots and the porous structure of the MOF are synergistically combined to enable photochemical air purification. Air purification can be performed via chemical decomposition by generating active oxygen under visible light irradiation.

[0115] Semiconductor quantum dots may exist in at least one form among inside the pores of the MOF, on the surface, bonding with organic linkers, and coordination with metal nodes. The method of inserting quantum dots may be any one of post-synthetic introduction, in situ synthesis, encapsulation, co-precipitation, or impregnation, and the insertion efficiency may be in the range of 70% to 99%, 80% to 95%, 85% to 92%, or 87% to 90%. The content of quantum dots may be in the range of 0.1 wt% to 30 wt%, 0.5 wt% to 25 wt%, 1 wt% to 20 wt%, or 2 wt% to 15 wt% relative to the total weight of the MOF.

[0116] The dispersion uniformity of the quantum dots can be evaluated by the change in the full width at half maximum of the diffraction peaks in XRD analysis, and the rate of change may be in the range of 5% to 50%, 10% to 40%, 15% to 30%, or 18% to 25%. The interfacial contact area between the quantum dots and the MOF may be in the range of 50 m² / g to 500 m² / g, 100 m² / g to 400 m² / g, 150 m² / g to 300 m² / g, or 200 m² / g to 250 m² / g when measured by BET analysis.

[0117] Quantum dots can generate electron-hole pairs upon irradiation with visible light, and the excitation wavelength may be in the range of 350 nm to 800 nm, 400 nm to 750 nm, 450 nm to 700 nm, or 500 nm to 650 nm. The light absorption coefficient may be in the range of 10^3 cm^-1 to 10^7 cm^-1, 10^4 cm^-1 to 10^6 cm^-1, 5x10^4 cm^-1 to 5x10^5 cm^-1, or 10^5 cm^-1 to 2x10^5 cm^-1, and the quantum yield may be in the range of 5% to 95%, 10% to 90%, 20% to 80%, or 30% to 70%. Here, the state lifetime may be in the range of 1 ns to 1000 ns, 10 ns to 500 ns, 50 ns to 300 ns, or 100 ns to 200 ns.

[0118] Reactive oxygen species generated from electron-hole pairs are hydroxyl radicals ( It may be at least one of OH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion (O2^-), and singlet oxygen (^1O2). The amount of active oxygen generated may be in the range of 10^-9 mol / min·g to 10^-4 mol / min·g, 10^-8 mol / min·g to 10^-5 mol / min·g, 10^-7 mol / min·g to 10^-6 mol / min·g, or 5x10^-7 mol / min·g to 2x10^-6 mol / min·g at a light irradiation intensity of 1 mW / cm^2. The lifetime of active oxygen may be in the range of 1 μs to 1000 μs, 10 μs to 500 μs, 50 μs to 200 μs, or 80 μs to 120 μs.

[0119] The dispersion of quantum dots within the MOF structure can be confirmed by TEM analysis to be in the range of average interparticle distances of 5 nm to 200 nm, 10 nm to 150 nm, 20 nm to 100 nm, or 30 nm to 80 nm. The interaction between the quantum dots and the MOF may be at least one of electrostatic attraction, coordinate bonding, hydrogen bonding, and van der Waals forces, and the binding energy may be in the range of 10 kJ / mol to 200 kJ / mol, 30 kJ / mol to 150 kJ / mol, 50 kJ / mol to 120 kJ / mol, or 70 kJ / mol to 100 kJ / mol.

[0120] Natural organic linkers include at least one of amino acid derivatives and sugar derivatives, exhibiting biocompatible properties, and can selectively decompose in the presence of specific enzymes in vivo or in the environment to sustainably release minerals useful to the human body.

[0121] The amino acid derivative may be at least one of a glycine derivative, an alanine derivative, a serine derivative, a cysteine ​​derivative, a histidine derivative, and a tryptophan derivative, each having a unique side chain structure and coordination ability. The glycine derivative may be any one of N,N'-bis(carboxymethyl)glycine and glycinediacetic acid, and the molecular weight may be in the range of 150 g / mol to 400 g / mol, 180 g / mol to 350 g / mol, 200 g / mol to 320 g / mol, or 220 g / mol to 300 g / mol. The length of the amino acid linker may be in the range of 0.5 nm to 3.0 nm, 0.8 nm to 2.5 nm, 1.0 nm to 2.2 nm, or 1.2 nm to 2.0 nm, and the distance between functional groups may be in the range of 0.3 nm to 2.0 nm, 0.5 nm to 1.8 nm, 0.7 nm to 1.5 nm, or 0.9 nm to 1.3 nm.

[0122] The sugar derivative may be at least one of a gluconic acid derivative, a galactonic acid derivative, a mannulinic acid derivative, an alginic acid derivative, and a chitosan derivative, and may include a plurality of hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups, and amino groups. The molecular weight of the sugar linker may be in the range of 200 g / mol to 1200 g / mol, 300 g / mol to 1000 g / mol, 400 g / mol to 900 g / mol, or 500 g / mol to 800 g / mol, and the number of coordination sites may be in the range of 4 to 12, 5 to 10, 6 to 9, or 7 to 8. The number of hydroxyl groups per molecule may be in the range of 3 to 15, 4 to 12, 5 to 10, or 6 to 8.

[0123] The specific enzyme may be at least one of protease, glycosidase, esterase, lipase, amylase, and cellulase, and each enzyme may selectively cleave a specific bond. The activity of the protease may promote the decomposition reaction in the range of 10 U / mL to 1000 U / mL, 50 U / mL to 800 U / mL, 100 U / mL to 600 U / mL, or 200 U / mL to 500 U / mL. The enzyme reaction temperature may be in the range of 25°C to 60°C, 30°C to 55°C, 35°C to 50°C, or 37°C to 45°C, and the optimal pH may be in the range of 5.5 to 9.0, 6.0 to 8.5, 6.5 to 8.0, or 7.0 to 7.5.

[0124] Mineral release may occur simultaneously with or in stages with MOF decomposition, and the release rate may be proportional to enzyme concentration, temperature, and pH. The Ca^2+ release rate may be in the range of 0.1 mg / h to 10 mg / h, 0.5 mg / h to 8 mg / h, 1 mg / h to 6 mg / h, or 2 mg / h to 5 mg / h, and the Mg^2+ release rate may be in the range of 0.05 mg / h to 5 mg / h, 0.1 mg / h to 4 mg / h, 0.2 mg / h to 3 mg / h, or 0.5 mg / h to 2 mg / h. The Fe^3+ release rate may be in the range of 0.01 mg / h to 2 mg / h, 0.05 mg / h to 1.5 mg / h, 0.1 mg / h to 1.2 mg / h, or 0.2 mg / h to 1.0 mg / h. The duration of mineral release may be in the range of 6 to 72 hours, 12 to 60 hours, 18 to 48 hours, or 24 to 36 hours.

[0125] A wearable sensor that measures the user's biosignals and a sleep-linked control unit can analyze the individual's sleep patterns and biological rhythms in real time to optimize the functions of the MOF material in a user-customized manner. This allows for the improvement of sleep quality through differentiated air quality management according to sleep stages.

[0126] The wearable sensor may be a wrist-worn type, a chest-worn type, a forehead-worn type, or an ear-worn type, and the sensor size may be in the range of 10mm x 10mm x 3mm to 50mm x 30mm x 10mm, 15mm x 12mm x 4mm to 45mm x 28mm x 9mm, 20mm x 15mm x 5mm to 40mm x 25mm x 8mm, or 25mm x 18mm x 6mm to 35mm x 22mm x 7mm. The sensor weight may be in the range of 5g to 50g, 8g to 45g, 10g to 40g, or 15g to 35g. The battery life may be in the range of 12 to 168 hours, 24 to 144 hours, 48 ​​to 120 hours, or 72 to 96 hours.

[0127] The wearable sensor may include at least one of a heart rate sensor, a body temperature sensor, a brainwave sensor, a motion sensor, and a blood oxygen saturation sensor. The heart rate measurement range may be 30 bpm to 220 bpm, 40 bpm to 200 bpm, 50 bpm to 180 bpm, or 60 bpm to 160 bpm, and the measurement accuracy may be in the range of ±1 bpm to ±5 bpm, ±2 bpm to ±4 bpm, or ±2 bpm to ±3 bpm. The body temperature measurement range may be 30℃ to 45℃, 32℃ to 42℃, 34℃ to 40℃, or 35℃ to 38℃, and the measurement accuracy may be in the range of ±0.1℃ to ±1.0℃, ±0.2℃ to ±0.8℃, ±0.3℃ to ±0.6℃, or ±0.4℃ to ±0.5℃.

[0128] The sleep-linked control unit may include a microprocessor, memory, a wireless communication module, and a signal processing algorithm, and can perform real-time biosignal analysis and sleep stage determination. The clock frequency of the microprocessor may be in the range of 50 MHz to 500 MHz, 100 MHz to 400 MHz, 150 MHz to 350 MHz, or 200 MHz to 300 MHz. The memory capacity may be in the range of 512 KB to 16 MB, 1 MB to 12 MB, 2 MB to 10 MB, or 4 MB to 8 MB. Wireless communication may use any one of Bluetooth, WiFi, or Zigbee, and the communication distance may be in the range of 1 m to 100 m, 5 m to 80 m, 10 m to 60 m, or 20 m to 50 m.

[0129] The sleep stage determination algorithm may use at least one of machine learning, deep learning, and neural networks, and the sleep stages may be classified into wakefulness, light sleep, deep sleep, and REM sleep. The accuracy of sleep stage determination may be in the range of 80% to 98%, 85% to 95%, 88% to 93%, or 90% to 92%. The biosignal sampling frequency may be in the range of 100Hz to 2000Hz, 250Hz to 1500Hz, 500Hz to 1200Hz, or 750Hz to 1000Hz.

[0130] The wearable sensor can quantitatively evaluate the quality and depth of sleep by precisely measuring at least one of heart rate, body temperature, brain waves, oxygen saturation, and respiratory rate. The sleep-linked control unit can perform optimized MOF function control for each sleep stage by comprehensively analyzing the measured biosignals.

[0131] The heart rate sensor may use any one of the photoplethysmography (PPG), electrocardiogram (ECG), or piezoelectric methods, and the measurement cycle may be in the range of 0.1 to 10 seconds, 0.5 to 8 seconds, 1 to 6 seconds, or 2 to 5 seconds. The accuracy of heart rate variability (HRV) analysis may be in the range of 90% to 99%, 92% to 97%, 93% to 96%, or 94% to 95%.

[0132] The body temperature sensor may be any one of an infrared thermometer, a thermistor, or a thermocouple, and the measurement resolution may be in the range of 0.01℃ to 0.5℃, 0.02℃ to 0.3℃, 0.03℃ to 0.2℃, or 0.05℃ to 0.1℃. The sensitivity to detect changes in body temperature may be in the range of 0.1℃ to 1.0℃, 0.2℃ to 0.8℃, 0.3℃ to 0.6℃, or 0.4℃ to 0.5℃.

[0133] The brainwave sensor may use any one of dry electrodes, wet electrodes, or non-contact electrodes, and the measurement frequency band may be in the range of 0.5 Hz to 100 Hz, 1 Hz to 80 Hz, 2 Hz to 60 Hz, or 5 Hz to 50 Hz. The brainwave signal amplification rate may be in the range of 1,000 to 100,000 times, 5,000 to 80,000 times, 10,000 to 60,000 times, or 20,000 to 50,000 times.

[0134] The sleep-linked control unit can enhance the antibacterial function during REM sleep to levels of 120% to 300%, 150% to 250%, 180% to 220%, or 190% to 210% compared to normal levels. During deep sleep, the dehumidification function can be operated intensively to levels of 110% to 400%, 150% to 350%, 200% to 300%, or 220% to 280% compared to normal levels. During light sleep, the deodorization function can be maximized to levels of 130% to 500%, 180% to 400%, 250% to 350%, or 280% to 320% compared to normal levels.

[0135] The control switching time for each sleep stage may be in the range of 1 minute to 30 minutes, 3 minutes to 25 minutes, 5 minutes to 20 minutes, or 8 minutes to 15 minutes, and the control mode maintenance time may be in the range of 30 minutes to 4 hours, 1 hour to 3.5 hours, 1.5 hours to 3 hours, or 2 hours to 2.5 hours.

[0136] A camera that records the behavior of pets and an animal behavior-linked control unit can create a pet-friendly air quality environment by monitoring the health status and stress levels of pets in real time. Early detection of diseases and preventive air quality management can be performed through changes in the animals' behavioral patterns.

[0137] The camera may include at least one of a visible light camera, an infrared camera, and a thermal imaging camera, and the resolution may be in the range of 720p to 4K, 1080p to 3K, 1440p to 2.5K, or 1600p to 2K. The frame rate may be in the range of 15fps to 120fps, 24fps to 100fps, 30fps to 80fps, or 60fps to 70fps. The shooting range may be in the range of horizontal 60 degrees to 180 degrees, 80 degrees to 160 degrees, 100 degrees to 140 degrees, or 110 degrees to 130 degrees, and in the range of vertical 45 degrees to 120 degrees, 60 degrees to 100 degrees, 70 degrees to 90 degrees, or 75 degrees to 85 degrees.

[0138] The animal behavior-linked control unit may include computer vision, artificial intelligence, and machine learning algorithms, and can analyze the activity level, posture, movement patterns, eating and drinking behaviors, and defecation behaviors of the pet. The behavior recognition accuracy may be in the range of 85% to 99%, 88% to 96%, 90% to 94%, or 91% to 93%. The real-time processing speed may be in the range of 10ms to 1000ms, 50ms to 800ms, 100ms to 500ms, or 200ms to 300ms.

[0139] Estimation of the health status of pets can be achieved by comprehensively analyzing the rate of change in activity level, sleep patterns, changes in appetite, and changes in body temperature. The accuracy of activity level measurement may be in the range of 90% to 99%, 92% to 97%, 93% to 96%, or 94% to 95%, and the sensitivity of abnormal behavior detection may be in the range of 80% to 98%, 85% to 95%, 87% to 93%, or 89% to 91%.

[0140] The MOF control reaction time may be within the range of 30 seconds to 10 minutes, 1 minute to 8 minutes, 2 minutes to 6 minutes, or 3 minutes to 5 minutes after detection of abnormal signs, and the control duration may be within the range of 10 minutes to 6 hours, 30 minutes to 5 hours, 1 hour to 4 hours, or 2 hours to 3 hours.

[0141] The animal behavior-linked control unit can execute air quality management strategies optimized for each situation by meticulously analyzing changes in the physiological and psychological state of pets. This enables the creation of a customized environment for promoting pet health and alleviating stress.

[0142] The detection of signs of stress can comprehensively analyze excessive movement, repetitive behavior, changes in breathing patterns, and changes in posture. The stress level can be classified into five stages, and the judgment criteria for each stage may be a change rate in behavioral frequency ranging from 10% to 200%, 30% to 180%, 50% to 150%, or 70% to 120%. The sedative antimicrobial agent may include at least one of lavender extract, chamomile extract, and valerian extract, and the release amount may be in the range of 1μg / m³ to 100μg / m³, 5μg / m³ to 80μg / m³, 10μg / m³ to 60μg / m³, or 20μg / m³ to 50μg / m³.

[0143] The timing of shedding can be determined through changes in shedding amount, grooming frequency, and activity patterns. The accuracy of shedding detection may be in the range of 80% to 95%, 83% to 92%, 85% to 90%, or 86% to 89%. In allergen removal mode, the air circulation volume may be increased to a level of 150% to 400%, 200% to 350%, 250% to 300%, or 270% to 280% compared to normal. The allergen adsorption capacity of the MOF may be improved to a level of 120% to 300%, 150% to 250%, 180% to 220%, or 190% to 210% compared to normal.

[0144] Suspected signs of disease may include a sharp decrease in activity, loss of appetite, maintaining an abnormal posture, and respiratory abnormalities. The accuracy of early disease detection may be in the range of 70% to 90%, 75% to 87%, 78% to 85%, or 80% to 83%. In enhanced antimicrobial mode, antimicrobial activity may be increased to levels of 200% to 600%, 300% to 500%, 350% to 450%, or 380% to 420% compared to normal, and the duration of operation may be in the range of 2 hours to 24 hours, 4 hours to 20 hours, 6 hours to 16 hours, or 8 hours to 12 hours.

[0145] The present invention will be described in detail below using specific embodiments. It should be understood that the following embodiments are not intended to limit the scope of the invention, but are intended to illustrate the practice of the invention.

[0146] Example 1

[0147] In this embodiment, an air purifier was fabricated using a MOF material based on zinc ions and terephthalic acid.

[0148] The MOF material was synthesized by dissolving 4.39 g of zinc acetate dihydrate and 3.32 g of terephthalic acid in 200 mL of N,N-dimethylformamide and then proceeding with a solvothermal reaction at 120°C for 24 hours. The synthesized MOF was obtained in the form of a white crystalline powder with a yield of 85%. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed characteristic peaks at 2θ = 7.3°, 10.4°, 12.7°, 14.7°, and 16.1°, confirming that the target structure was successfully synthesized.

[0149] The specific surface area of ​​the synthesized MOF was measured using a nitrogen adsorption isotherm and found to be 1,247 m² / g. The pore size distribution exhibited a double pore structure in which micropores centered at 1.2 nm and mesopores centered at 2.8 nm coexisted. The pore volume was 0.58 cm³ / g. SEM observation revealed that the average particle size of the MOF crystal was 15 μm, and the surface exhibited a smooth and uniform octahedral shape.

[0150] Hydrophilic sites for dehumidification were formed at coordination number positions around the carboxyl groups of the terephthalic acid linker and zinc ions. Under conditions of 50% relative humidity, 27 wt% of moisture was adsorbed per 1 g of MOF, and the moisture adsorption isotherm exhibited a Type IV form, confirming that efficient moisture removal through capillary condensation is possible.

[0151] The selective adsorption site for the deodorizing function is where the benzene ring of terephthalic acid interacts with aromatic malodor molecules and It was formed through interactions. The adsorption capacity for ammonia was 184 mg / g at 25°C, while it showed adsorption capacities of 312 mg / g for hydrogen sulfide and 428 mg / g for toluene. Adsorption isotherm analysis results matched the Langmuir model well, confirming that monolayer adsorption is the main mechanism.

[0152] To enhance antibacterial function, silver ions were introduced using a silver nitrate solution after MOF synthesis. A silver ion-introduced MOF was prepared by impregnating 5g of MOF in 100mL of 0.01M silver nitrate solution for 24 hours and then drying it. ICP analysis revealed a silver content of 3.2 wt% relative to the weight of the MOF. Antibacterial tests against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus showed inhibition rates of 99.2% and 99.7%, respectively, confirming excellent antibacterial performance.

[0153] The air purification filter was manufactured by filling 500g of the above MOF powder between stainless steel mesh. The filter had dimensions of 30cm in width, 20cm in length, and 5cm in thickness, and the MOF packing density was 0.8 g / cm³. Pre-filters were installed on the front and back of the filter to remove dust particles larger than 5 μm.

[0154] The air circulation unit consists of a DC brushless motor and a centrifugal impeller. The motor has a rated output of 50W and a maximum rotational speed of 2,400 rpm. The impeller is manufactured with a 120mm diameter and 12 blades in a backward-facing configuration to enable low-noise operation. The maximum airflow is 180 m³ / h, and the static pressure is 250 Pa. Motor control utilizes a PWM method, allowing the rotational speed to be adjusted in 10 steps.

[0155] The sensor unit consists of a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, a gas sensor, and a microbial sensor. The temperature sensor is an NTC thermistor type with a measurement range of -10℃ to 60℃ and an accuracy of ±0.5℃. The humidity sensor is a capacitive type with a measurement range of 0 to 100% RH and an accuracy of ±2% RH. The gas sensor is a semiconductor composite sensor capable of simultaneously measuring CO2, VOCs, and NH3, with a CO2 measurement range of 400 to 5,000 ppm. The microbial sensor estimates microbial concentration by counting particles larger than 0.5 μm using a laser scattering method.

[0156] The control unit uses a 32-bit ARM Cortex-M4 microcontroller with a clock frequency of 168 MHz. It has 1 MB of flash memory and 192 KB of SRAM. Sensor data is collected via I2C communication, and the sampling period is 10 seconds. Air circulation control is performed via PWM output, and a PID control algorithm is applied to automatically adjust the airflow according to the target air quality.

[0157] The regeneration unit consists of an electric resistance heater and a small vacuum pump. The heater is made of ceramic material with a maximum output of 800W and a temperature control range of 80℃ to 180℃. It controls the temperature with a precision of ±3℃ in conjunction with a temperature sensor. The vacuum pump is a rotary vane type with a maximum vacuum of 100 Pa and a pumping speed of 30 L / min. The regeneration process starts automatically when the MOF saturation reaches 75%, and performs vacuum treatment for 1 hour after heating at 150℃ for 2 hours.

[0158] The overall dimensions of the air purifier are 40cm in width, 35cm in depth, and 25cm in height, and it weighs 8.5kg. Power consumption is 35W during normal operation and 850W during regeneration operation. The control panel consists of a combination of a touchscreen LCD and physical buttons, and displays the current air quality status, operating mode, filter replacement timing, etc.

[0159] As a result of the performance test, it took 45 minutes to reduce the relative humidity from 70% to 45% in a 30 m³ test chamber. It took 20 minutes to reduce ammonia from 100 ppm to 10 ppm or less, and 35 minutes to reduce toluene from 50 ppm to 5 ppm or less. It took 60 minutes to reduce E. coli from 10^5 CFU / m³ to 10^2 CFU / m³ or less, confirming that all functions are operating normally.

[0160] In continuous operation tests, it operated stably for 720 hours without performance degradation, and maintained over 95% of its initial performance by performing a regeneration process every 48 hours. The noise level was measured at 45 dB(A) at maximum airflow, enabling quiet operation.

[0161] Example 2

[0162] In this embodiment, an air purifier with enhanced photocatalytic function was fabricated using a quantum dot hybrid MOF with inserted CdSe quantum dots.

[0163] First, CdSe quantum dots were synthesized. 0.533 g of cadmium acetate and 0.158 g of selenium powder were dissolved in 10 mL of oleic acid and 5 mL of trioctylphosphine, respectively, and then heated to 280°C under a nitrogen atmosphere and reacted for 20 minutes. After the reaction, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, ethanol was added to precipitate it, and then separated by centrifugation and redispersed in hexane. TEM observation revealed that the synthesized CdSe quantum dots were spherical particles with an average diameter of 4.2 nm, and the size distribution was very uniform with a standard deviation of ±8%.

[0164] Analysis of the optical properties of the quantum dots revealed an absorption peak at 580 nm and a fluorescence emission peak at 595 nm. The quantum yield was measured to be 68% in toluene solvent. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed characteristic peaks of the zinc blend structure at 2θ = 25.3°, 42.0°, and 49.7°.

[0165] The base MOF was synthesized in the same manner as in Example 1, and then a post-synthetic introduction method was used for quantum dot insertion. 2 g of the synthesized MOF was immersed in 50 mL of a CdSe quantum dot solution dispersed in hexane for 24 hours. During this process, ultrasonic treatment was performed for 10 minutes every hour to promote uniform dispersion of the quantum dots. After the reaction, the solid was separated by centrifugation, washed three times with hexane, and then dried at 80°C for 12 hours.

[0166] The quantum dot content of the completed quantum dot hybrid MOF was 8.3 wt% relative to the total weight, according to ICP-MS analysis. TEM analysis confirmed that the quantum dots were evenly dispersed within the MOF pores and on the surface, with an average inter-particle distance of 45 nm. The specific surface area decreased slightly from 1,247 m² / g before quantum dot insertion to 1,089 m² / g, but still maintained a high value.

[0167] Visible light LEDs were installed to evaluate the photocatalytic performance of quantum dot hybrid MOFs. The LEDs emitted blue light with a wavelength of 455 nm, and the light intensity was set to 50 mW / cm². As a result of measuring the amount of reactive oxygen species produced under light irradiation, 2.3 x 10^-6 mol / min·g of hydroxyl radicals and 1.8 x 10^-6 mol / min·g of superoxide anions were produced.

[0168] The air purification filter was fabricated using 400g of quantum dot hybrid MOF, and its size is the same as in Example 1. Six LED modules were placed on the top of the filter to uniformly irradiate the MOF surface. Each LED module provides a total of 60W of light with a 10W output.

[0169] A light sensor was additionally installed to detect indoor illuminance, and a control logic was configured to automatically operate the LED when the illuminance is 100 lux or higher. In nighttime or dark environments, the LED is turned off and only general physical adsorption is performed, while during the day, a photocatalytic reaction is additionally activated to enable the chemical decomposition function.

[0170] The air circulation section and the sensor section used the same configuration as in Example 1, but a light sensor and an LED control circuit were added to the control section. The brightness of the LED can be adjusted by PWM control and can be set to 5 levels.

[0171] Performance test results showed that under light irradiation conditions, it took 25 minutes to decompose 50 ppm of formaldehyde to less than 1 ppm, which is a 60% improvement in performance compared to conditions without light irradiation. Acetaldehyde of 30 ppm was reduced to less than 0.5 ppm in just 15 minutes. For aromatic compounds such as toluene, physical adsorption and photodegradation acted simultaneously, removing more than 99% in 40 minutes.

[0172] In the antibacterial performance test against bacteria, a 99.99% inhibition rate was achieved within 30 minutes of light irradiation, showing significantly improved performance compared to Example 1. It also showed an inactivation effect of more than 99.9% against viruses within 60 minutes.

[0173] To confirm the stability of the quantum dots, a 1,000-hour continuous light irradiation test was performed. As a result, the quantum yield decreased slightly from an initial 68% to 61%, but still maintained high photoactivity. In the dissolution test of the quantum dots, the results were found to be below the detection limit, confirming that there were no safety issues.

[0174] The total power consumption of the system was 95W when the LED was operating and 35W when the LED was not operating. A photocatalytic mode selection button and an LED brightness adjustment function were added to the control panel, and real-time light intensity and the amount of active oxygen generated are estimated and displayed on the screen.

[0175] As a result of conducting a complex pollutant removal test in a 30 m^3 test chamber, all pollutants were reduced to below the permissible limit in 60 minutes under light irradiation conditions in an environment containing 40 ppm of formaldehyde, 30 ppm of toluene, and 50 ppm of ammonia. This result is 25% faster than the simple sum of the removal times of individual pollutants, suggesting a chain reaction effect caused by active oxygen.

[0176] Example 3

[0177] In this embodiment, an air purifier was fabricated using an eco-friendly MOF having a pH-responsive structural change function and biodegradability.

[0178] pH-responsive MOFs were synthesized using zinc ions and 2-methylimidazole as linkers. 2.97 g of zinc nitrate hexahydrate and 1.64 g of 2-methylimidazole were dissolved in 100 mL of methanol and reacted by stirring at room temperature for 24 hours. The resulting white precipitate was separated by centrifugation, washed three times with methanol, and dried at 60°C. The yield was 92%, and characteristic peaks of the sodalite structure were confirmed by XRD analysis.

[0179] To confirm the pH responsiveness of the synthesized MOF, structural changes were observed under various pH conditions. The pore size was 1.16 nm at pH 7, but increased by 31% to 1.52 nm at pH 9. The specific surface area increased by 42% from 1,580 m² / g at pH 7 to 2,247 m² / g at pH 9, confirming a distinct structural change. These changes are attributed to protonation / deprotonation due to pH changes, with the pKa of the 2-methylimidazole linker being 7.85.

[0180] A biodegradable MOF was synthesized using calcium ions and gluconic acid. 1.47 g of calcium chloride dihydrate and 2.18 g of sodium gluconate were dissolved in 50 mL of distilled water, and the pH was adjusted to 8.5. After heating and stirring at 80°C for 6 hours, the resulting precipitate was filtered, washed with distilled water, and freeze-dried. In FTIR analysis of the resulting MOF, characteristic peaks of gluconic acid at 1735 cm⁻¹ (C=O stretching) and 1620 cm⁻¹ (CO stretching) and peaks indicating the coordination bonding of calcium ions were observed.

[0181] For biodegradability testing, an aerobic biodegradation test was performed according to the OECD 301D method. After incubation with activated sludge for 28 days, the results showed a biodegradability of 74%, confirming that it is an easily biodegradable material. The concentration of calcium ions released during the decomposition process was an average of 15 mg / L per day, which is a level harmless to the human body.

[0182] The air purification filter was fabricated by mixing 300g of pH-responsive MOF and 200g of biodegradable MOF in a 3:2 ratio. To ensure the complementary functions of the two MOFs, they were arranged in a layered structure, with the pH-responsive MOF filled in the upper layer and the biodegradable MOF filled in the lower layer. A functional membrane was installed between each layer to allow airflow while preventing the mixing of MOF particles.

[0183] A pH sensing system was additionally configured to indirectly measure changes in the concentration of ammonia or organic acids in the air. The pH sensor operates by collecting moisture from the air to form a trace amount of aqueous solution and then measuring the pH. The measurement range is pH 6.0 to 9.0, and the accuracy is ±0.1.

[0184] An adaptive control algorithm based on pH changes was implemented in the control unit. When an alkaline environment is detected (pH > 7.5), the air flow rate is increased to maximize the utilization of the expanded pores, and in a neutral environment, the residence time is increased to enhance moisture adsorption efficiency. The response time to pH changes was an average of 8 minutes.

[0185] A lifespan prediction algorithm integrating usage time and environmental conditions was developed to manage the replacement cycle of biodegradable MOFs. Under conditions of 25°C and 60% humidity, the expected lifespan is 6 months, which is shortened to 3 months in high-temperature and high-humidity environments. When it is time for replacement, a notification is displayed on the screen, and the used MOF can be recycled as a soil conditioner for potted plants.

[0186] To verify the effectiveness of the pH-responsive function in the performance test, the test was conducted in a complex environment containing both ammonia and acetic acid. Under conditions of 80 ppm ammonia and 30 ppm acetic acid, the pH was measured at 8.2; at this level, the pores of the MOF expanded, improving the removal efficiency of the large molecule acetic acid. After 60 minutes, ammonia decreased to 5 ppm and acetic acid to 2 ppm or less, demonstrating excellent performance.

[0187] To verify the mineral release effect of the biodegradable MOF, the concentration of calcium ions in the indoor air was monitored. During normal operation, an average of 0.8 mg of calcium was released daily, which had the effect of naturally replenishing the mineral content of the indoor air. This is 0.1% of the recommended daily calcium intake for adults, which is within a safe range.

[0188] As a result of conducting a life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate environmental friendliness, the carbon footprint was reduced by 45% compared to existing synthetic filters. In particular, the environmental burden was significantly lower as it naturally decomposed without landfilling or incineration during the disposal stage.

[0189] As a result of conducting long-term performance tests in a 30 m^3 test chamber, stable performance was maintained for 180 days. The pH response function operated without performance degradation even after more than 500 repeated tests, and the biodegradable MOF maintained its adsorption performance until it reached its expected lifespan of 6 months.

[0190] To minimize the overall environmental impact of the product, biodegradable materials were used for the packaging, and the product was designed so that more than 95% of its components are recycled or naturally decompose after the end of its life.

[0191] Example 4

[0192] In this embodiment, a smart air purifier was manufactured that monitors the user's sleep patterns in real time and performs optimized air quality management according to the sleep stage.

[0193] The wearable sensor is designed to be worn on the wrist, measures 45mm x 35mm x 12mm, and weighs 28g. The sensor housing is made of medical-grade silicone to ensure skin compatibility and water resistance. Internally, it is equipped with a photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor, a 3-axis accelerometer, an infrared temperature sensor, and a 32-bit low-power microcontroller.

[0194] The PPG sensor measures heart rate and heart rate variability using a green LED (wavelength 525 nm) and a photodiode. The sampling frequency is 250 Hz, the measurement range is 40–200 bpm, and the accuracy is ±2 bpm. A digital bandpass filter (0.5–5 Hz) was applied to remove signal noise.

[0195] The 3-axis accelerometer detects movement and changes in posture during sleep. The measurement range is ±8g, the resolution is 12-bit, and the sampling frequency is 50Hz. To determine sleep stages, movement intensity is analyzed by averaging it at 1-minute intervals.

[0196] The infrared temperature sensor monitors changes in body temperature by measuring the skin temperature of the wrist. The measurement range is 25–45°C, and the accuracy is ±0.2°C. Changes in body temperature have a high correlation with sleep depth, so they are used as an important indicator for determining sleep stages.

[0197] The wearable sensor's battery has a 250mAh lithium polymer capacity and can operate for 72 hours during continuous use. It adopts a wireless charging method to enhance user convenience, and a full charge takes 2 hours.

[0198] The sleep-linked control unit is integrated into the main body of the air purifier and communicates with wearable sensors via Bluetooth 5.0. The communication range is up to 30m, and the data transmission cycle is 30 seconds. Received biosignals are analyzed by machine learning algorithms to determine sleep stages in real time.

[0199] The sleep stage classification algorithm classifies sleep into four stages—wake, light sleep, deep sleep, and REM sleep—by combining heart rate, heart rate variability, movement intensity, and changes in body temperature. The algorithm uses a random forest model trained on sleep data from 1,000 people, and has a classification accuracy of 89%.

[0200] The MOF control system provides differentiated operating modes for each sleep stage. In the wake state, it operates in standard mode with relative proportions of 50% dehumidification, 70% deodorization, and 30% antibacterial.

[0201] The deodorizing function is maximized during the light sleep stage. This is because olfactory sensitivity increases during this period, so even faint odors can disturb sleep. The air circulation volume is increased by 40% compared to normal, and the adsorption sites for aromatic compounds in the MOF are activated. Deodorizing efficiency is improved by 280% compared to normal.

[0202] The dehumidification function is concentrated during the deep sleep stage. As body temperature drops during deep sleep, indoor humidity may rise, increasing the risk of condensation or mold growth. The dedicated MOF dehumidification zone is utilized first, and the regeneration unit is activated if necessary to maintain optimal humidity. Dehumidification capacity increases by 220% compared to normal operation.

[0203] The antibacterial function is enhanced during the REM sleep stage. This is because immune function is temporarily lowered during REM sleep, making individuals vulnerable to pathogens. It intensively utilizes antibacterial MOFs infused with silver ions and, if necessary, activates UV LEDs to eliminate airborne microorganisms. Antibacterial efficiency improves by 200% compared to normal levels.

[0204] It analyzes and optimizes sleep patterns for each user through personalized learning functions. Over a two-week learning period, it identifies an individual's average sleep time, duration of each sleep stage, and circadian rhythms. Subsequently, it uses a prediction algorithm to anticipate sleep stage transitions and preemptively adjusts air quality.

[0205] It also provides a sleep quality analysis function. Every morning, it analyzes sleep efficiency, the percentage of deep sleep, and the number of awakenings, providing a report via a smartphone app. It also analyzes the correlation between air quality and sleep quality to suggest an optimal personalized environment.

[0206] To verify performance, a 4-week real-world test was conducted with 20 users. The accuracy of sleep stage identification averaged 91%, and users reported experiencing improvements in sleep quality. In particular, nocturnal symptoms were significantly reduced in patients with allergies or asthma.

[0207] In terms of energy efficiency, there was a 15% savings compared to the previous model. This is because unnecessary energy consumption was reduced by selectively enhancing only the necessary functions. For quiet operation, the fan speed is automatically reduced during sleep hours to maintain noise levels below 35dB.

[0208] To ensure system stability, it is designed to switch to a basic timer mode and operate according to normal sleep times even if communication with the wearable sensor is lost. Additionally, to protect user privacy, all biometric data is processed locally and is not transmitted externally.

[0209] Example 5

[0210] In this embodiment, a pet care-specific air purifier was manufactured that analyzes the behavioral patterns of pets in real time to perform customized air quality management tailored to the health status and stress levels of pets.

[0211] The camera system features a triangular arrangement of three cameras to monitor the entire indoor space. Each camera uses a 1080p resolution, 120-degree wide-angle lens and is capable of infrared night vision. The frame rate is set to 30fps, allowing for the accurate capture of even the rapid movements of pets.

[0212] The main camera is installed on top of the air purifier to provide a view of the entire living room, while two wireless sub-cameras are placed in the bedroom and kitchen, respectively. All cameras support pan-tilt-zoom functions to automatically track pets based on their location.

[0213] The animal behavior-linked control unit utilized an edge computing system based on the NVIDIA Jetson Nano. Real-time video analysis was enabled through GPU acceleration, and the YOLO v5 model was retrained to be specialized for pet recognition. The recognition accuracy for major pets, such as dogs, cats, hamsters, and birds, is 94%.

[0214] The behavioral pattern analysis algorithm comprehensively analyzes the pet's activity level, movement path, posture, breathing patterns, and grooming frequency. In particular, it has been trained to accurately detect repetitive behaviors, excessive grooming, hiding behaviors, and loss of appetite, which are known signs of stress.

[0215] A non-contact vital sign measurement function utilizing computer vision technology has been implemented for health status monitoring. The respiratory rate of pets is estimated through the analysis of chest movements, and the heart rate is estimated through the analysis of minute blood vessel pulsations in the neck area. The measurement accuracy is 85% compared to conventional contact-based measurements.

[0216] The stress detection system classifies stress levels into five stages and provides a differentiated response for each stage. It operates in standard mode at stage 1 (calm) and gradually releases calming aromatic components starting from stage 2 (mild tension).

[0217] The soothing fragrance ingredients were implemented by adsorbing lavender, chamomile, and valerian extracts onto an MOF. Each extract was purified to a high concentration using supercritical CO2 extraction and stably immobilized on the MOF surface using microencapsulation technology. The release rate is automatically adjusted according to the size and stress level of the pet, and is released at a concentration of 25–40 μg / m³ for small dogs.

[0218] Shedding season detection is determined by analyzing the amount of airborne hair in camera footage in real time. It distinguishes between hair and dust using image processing algorithms and quantifies the number and size of the hair. If the amount of detected hair increases by more than 150% compared to normal levels, it is determined to be shedding season and automatically activates allergen removal mode.

[0219] In Allergen Removal Mode, air circulation is increased by 270% compared to normal levels, and adsorption sites specialized for protein and lipid components within the MOF are intensively utilized. Additionally, a HEPA filter is activated to remove over 99.97% of allergen particles larger than 0.3 μm. This mode continues until hair detection levels return to normal.

[0220] The disease early detection system learns the daily behavioral patterns of pets to detect abnormal signs. It comprehensively analyzes a sharp decrease in activity (less than 40% of normal), loss of appetite (less than 50% of water intake), maintaining an abnormal posture (staying in a crouched position for more than 30 minutes), and respiratory abnormalities (a change in respiratory rate of more than 30% compared to normal).

[0221] When a suspected disease signal is detected, an enhanced antimicrobial mode is automatically activated. In this mode, silver ion emission is increased by 400% compared to normal levels, and ozone generation is maximized within a safe range. Additionally, the concentration of airborne pathogens is monitored in real-time to maintain it at 10^3 CFU / m^3 or less.

[0222] Through individual pet recognition features, the health status of each pet is managed independently even in multi-pet households. Up to five pets can be identified individually through facial recognition and body shape analysis, and their respective health records are stored separately.

[0223] It establishes a veterinarian linkage system to automatically send notifications when abnormal signs are detected. It provides real-time health reports through a user's smartphone app and supports appointment booking at nearby veterinary clinics if necessary. In the event of an emergency, it automatically sends an SMS to emergency contacts.

[0224] Behavioral pattern data is anonymized and stored on cloud servers, and the accuracy of the disease prediction model is continuously improved through big data analysis. Based on 100,000 hours of behavioral data accumulated to date, the accuracy of early disease detection reaches 78%.

[0225] Customized settings are also provided for each pet species. Dogs are highly active, so the focus is on allergen management, while cats are sensitive to stress, so the emphasis is on calming effects. Birds have sensitive respiratory systems, so the removal of fine particles is prioritized, and small animals are specialized in humidity management to maintain body temperature.

[0226] To verify performance, a real-world test was conducted for 8 weeks with pets from 30 households. The average accuracy of stress detection was 86%, and the accuracy of shedding timing prediction was 92%. Through early disease detection, three diseases were actually discovered and treated in their early stages.

[0227] In a user satisfaction survey, it received high scores for reducing pet stress (85%), alleviating allergy symptoms (78%), and improving indoor odors (92%). Satisfaction with the health monitoring function was particularly high among elderly pets or those suffering from chronic diseases.

[0228] To protect system privacy, all video data is processed locally, and only the analysis results are transmitted to the cloud. Additionally, an LED indicator lights up when the camera is operating to signal that recording is in progress, and users can stop recording at any time.

[0229] In night mode, infrared lighting is minimized to avoid disturbing the pet's sleep, while instead detecting breathing patterns and movements through acoustic analysis. It maintains basic health monitoring even at night based on behavioral patterns learned during the day.

[0230] Although embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail above, the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations are possible within the scope of the technical concept of the present invention as described in the claims.

Claims

Claim 1 An air purification filter comprising a Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) material; an air circulation unit that circulates air through the air purification filter; a sensor unit that detects air quality; a control unit that controls the air circulation unit based on air quality information detected by the sensor unit; a regeneration unit that regenerates the MOF material; a camera that films the behavior of a pet; and an animal behavior-linked control unit that analyzes images acquired from the camera to recognize the pet's behavioral patterns and controls the operation of the MOF material based on the recognized behavioral patterns, wherein the MOF material is characterized by having a dehumidifying function that adsorbs moisture by including hydrophilic sites, a deodorizing function that removes odors by including selective adsorption sites for specific odor molecules, and an antibacterial function that inhibits bacteria and viruses by including metal ions having antibacterial activity, wherein the regeneration unit is characterized by desorbing substances adsorbed on the MOF material through heat treatment or vacuum treatment, and wherein the animal behavior-linked control unit is characterized by releasing an antibacterial agent with a calming effect when signs of stress in the pet are detected, activating an allergen removal mode during shedding season, and operating an enhanced antibacterial mode when a disease is suspected, and wherein the MOF An air purifier characterized by a material composed of metal nodes and organic linkers that simultaneously performs dehumidification, deodorization, and antibacterial functions. Claim 2 delete Claim 3 delete Claim 4 An air purifier according to claim 1, wherein the sensor unit comprises at least one of a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, a gas sensor, and a microorganism sensor. Claim 5 delete Claim 6 delete

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