Puffed dried product for calorie restriction and satiety effects, its uses, and method of manufacturing

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a dry feed composition having a caloric density in the range of about 500 kcal / L to about 900 kcal / L and, based on weight relative to the total weight of the composition, comprising at least: a. an amount of protein in the range of about 20% to about 36%, b. an amount of total dietary fiber in the range of about 15% to about 30%, and c. an amount of starch in the range of about 15% to about 32%. The present disclosure also relates to a method of use for managing body weight and feed intake using the disclosed composition, and a method of preparing said composition.

Description

Technology Field

[0001] The present disclosure relates to low-density feed compositions, in particular low-density expanded feed compositions having hollow cavities or holes, and their use for weight management. Additionally, the present disclosure relates to a method for preparing said low-density feed compositions. Background Technology

[0002] In recent years, it has become increasingly important to address weight issues in livestock, particularly dogs and cats, as quickly as possible. The management of overweight and obesity has become a priority for pet owners, veterinarians, and pet food manufacturers.

[0003] To manage weight issues, particularly in overweight or obese animals, various strategies can be implemented to control the animal's feed intake, specifically calorie intake. Calorie intake can be controlled by feeding low-calorie pet food or by providing smaller portions of regular-calorie pet food. Low-calorie pet food achieves lower energy density by increasing fiber levels and decreasing fat levels in the diet, which often results in less palatability. Additionally, because pets consume less of these products, owners often feel the need to compensate by providing more treats. Treats provide additional calories, leading to continued weight gain. Furthermore, while adhering to feeding instructions often results in weight loss, there is a risk of a decrease in lean body mass along with a reduction in body fat. Another possible strategy to reduce calorie intake is to decrease the calorie density of the food by increasing its volume through the inclusion of air within its structure, as in puffed or expanded feed compositions. Low-density, volume-based feeds can reduce an animal's calorie intake. In fact, an increase in the volume of swallowed food and consequently an increase in the volume of the food bowl provides a satiety effect and helps slow down the rate of food intake and thus daily calorie intake.

[0004] 240 kg / m 3Low-energy-density puffed animal feed containing high-amylose starch and long-chain amylose with a lower bulk density is described in US Patent No. 7,678,406. However, said feed does not contain sufficient amounts of protein and fiber to significantly contribute to weight management or to control overweight or obesity. Such high-amylose starch and long-chain amylose generally consist of non-natural starch and, more generally, chemically modified starch (pregelatinized starch). Such pregelatinized starch may be prepared by cooking or acid hydrolysis to provide its textural characteristics. If such pregelatinized starch is cooked a second time in an extruder, said starch may be overprocessed due to the degradation effect of the material and the appearance of potentially dangerous and negative unwanted molecules.

[0005] On the other hand, protein and fiber are negative in terms of puffing, and if there is too much of them in the mixture, it can prevent puffing of the composition or drastically reduce puffing, which can hinder obtaining puffed feed with sufficient low-density volume and low-calorie density.

[0006] In the conventional manufacture of puffed feed products, raw pet food materials are hydrated, heated, and mixed during a preconditioning process to produce a dough. Additional liquids, such as oils, fats, and coloring agents, may also be added during the preconditioning step. The preconditioner may use steam and water in sufficient quantities to initiate starch gelatinization while hydrating and mixing the materials. In such a conventional system, the dough enters an extruder from the outlet of the preconditioner, is pushed through the extruder, and is forced through the orifice of the die plate. At this stage, additional moisture may be added to further hydrate the dough and adjust the texture of the final product. Steam may also be added during this process to further cook the dough and / or provide density control. When the dough is passed through the orifice of the die plate to produce an extruder, the pressure difference between the extruder and the die plate outlet may puff the extruder. The extruder typically contains a large amount of moisture and must be further dried in a separate dryer to achieve a composition safe for consumption. Due to the specific amount of protein and fiber and the relatively small amount of starch in the new composition of the present disclosure, the above-mentioned conventional process for obtaining a puffed feed composition appears to be unsuitable for the new composition.

[0007] Therefore, it is necessary to provide a low-bulk density, for example, puffed feed composition containing a large amount of protein and / or fiber. It is necessary to provide a low-calorie density feed composition containing a large amount of protein and / or fiber. It is necessary to provide a low-bulk density and low-calorie density feed composition.

[0008] It is necessary to provide a highly aerated (highly porous) feed composition.

[0009] It is necessary to provide a low-bulk density feed composition that can slow down animal feed intake and, in particular, prevent overeating.

[0010] It is necessary to provide a low-bulk density feed composition that can induce a complete satiety effect while reducing calorie intake.

[0011] There is a need to provide a low-bulk density feed composition that can be used in a method for managing or controlling body weight in animals, particularly in a method for preventing overweight in animals. There is also a need to provide a low-calorie density feed composition that can provide an appropriate satiety effect.

[0012] There is a need to provide a low-density feed composition that is less prone to breakage and is therefore easier to handle and store.

[0013] It is necessary to provide a low-density feed composition that maintains the characteristic of stimulating the appetite of animals and pet owners.

[0014] It is necessary to provide a method for manufacturing a low-density feed composition, in particular a low-density feed kibble.

[0015] It is necessary to provide a manufacturing method capable of obtaining a puffed low-density feed composition having a large amount of protein and fiber and a relatively small amount of starch.

[0016] The present disclosure is intended to satisfy all or part of the above requirements.

[0017] The purpose and benefits of the essence of the disclosed invention will be presented in the following description and will be evident from the following description as well as learned through the practice of the essence of the disclosed invention. Additional benefits of the essence of the disclosed invention will be realized and achieved by the embodiments specifically indicated in the description and claims of this application.

[0018] According to one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a dry feed composition having a caloric density in the range of about 500 kCal / L to about 900 kCal / L and comprising, on a weight basis relative to the total weight of the composition:

[0019] a. An amount of protein ranging from about 20% to about 36%,

[0020] b. Total dietary fiber in an amount ranging from about 15% to about 30%, and

[0021] c. Starch in an amount ranging from about 15% to about 32%.

[0022] The low-density feed composition of the present disclosure is a puffed composition.

[0023] As shown in the examples, a puffed, low-bulk density, low-calorie density dry feed composition is disclosed herein, which can provide a suitable compromise between low bulk density and the cosmetic and health benefits of the product. Surprisingly, by working along three different axes of manner, form, and process, the present disclosure includes a manner advantageous to a feed composition that can contain high levels of fiber and protein while remaining puffable to minimize bulk density. Furthermore, as shown in the examples, the present disclosure includes a specific form for the feed composition to further reduce bulk density. In a specific embodiment, the form is a hollow cylindrical-like kibble that advantageously increases the volume effect.

[0024] Advantageously, the feed composition of the present disclosure is a low-calorie density composition. Advantageously, the feed composition of the present disclosure is a low-bulk density composition. According to another advantage, the composition of the present disclosure can be puffed to become an effective low-bulk density, low-calorie density, high-volume composition.

[0025] According to another advantage, the feed composition of the present disclosure may be used to manage or regulate feed intake in animals. Furthermore, the feed composition of the present disclosure may be used to reduce calorie intake in animals. The feed composition of the present disclosure may be particularly useful for preventing or reducing overeating in animals. Furthermore, the feed composition of the present disclosure may be particularly useful for preventing or treating overweight or obesity in animals that require it. According to one advantage, the feed composition of the present disclosure may induce a complete satiety effect while reducing calorie intake.

[0026] According to another advantage, the feed composition of the present disclosure may exhibit appetite-stimulating characteristics. Furthermore, when the feed composition is provided to an animal in a bowl, its high-volume characteristics may provide the animal with the comfort of having a full bowl while containing a reduced calorie intake. According to another advantage, the feed composition of the present disclosure may be particularly useful in helping animals adhere to and follow a low-calorie diet.

[0027] Furthermore, according to another advantage, the feed composition of the present disclosure is particularly resistant to breakage, which makes it possible to provide and maintain appetizing visual features. Furthermore, its resistance to breakage allows the feed composition of the present disclosure to be easily handled and stored. These advantages are particularly remarkable for such low-density compounds, especially when considering both the high porosity and high capacity of the empty cavity. The resistance to breakage of the composition of the present disclosure, such as kibble, enables improved durability and storage, and easier handling. The composition of the present disclosure, such as kibble, has a breakage rate in the range of about 7% or less, preferably about 6% or less, preferably about 5% or less, preferably about 4% or less, preferably about 3% or less, preferably about 2% or less, preferably about 1% or less, most preferably about 0.5 to about 0.7% with respect to the total amount of the composition or kibble.

[0028] According to embodiments, the dry feed composition of the present disclosure may have a porosity in the range of about 40% to about 85%, optionally about 40% to about 70%, optionally about 49% to about 68%, optionally about 45% to about 65%, and more preferably about 55% to about 65% with respect to the total volume of the composition.

[0029] According to one embodiment, the present disclosure has a caloric density in the range of about 500 kCal / L to about 900 kCal / L and, based on weight relative to the total weight of the composition,

[0030] a. An amount of protein ranging from about 20% to about 36%,

[0031] b. Total dietary fiber in an amount ranging from about 15% to about 30%, and

[0032] c. Amount of starch ranging from about 15% to about 32%

[0033] The present invention relates to a dry feed composition characterized by including and having a porosity in the range of about 40% to about 70%.

[0034] According to embodiments, the dry feed composition of the present disclosure may consist of discrete elements, each discrete element having at least one empty cavity within the total volume, which limits the total volume and includes at least one opening, said cavity having at least about 20%, preferably at least about 25%, of the total volume of the discrete elements.

[0035] According to one embodiment, the common volume of each of the discrete elements may occupy about 20% to about 70%, preferably about 25% to about 65% of the total volume of the discrete elements, preferably about 30% to about 60%, and more preferably about 40% to about 50%.

[0036] According to one embodiment, the empty cavity includes at least two openings, and preferably includes two or fewer openings.

[0037] According to one embodiment, the discrete elements may have a substantially circular or elliptical cross section.

[0038] According to one embodiment, the discrete elements may have a cylinder-like shape having a central hole containing two openings at each end of the cylinder, said hole occupying about 20 to about 70% of the total volume of each discrete element.

[0039] According to one embodiment, the discrete elements are cylindrical-like kibbles, preferably containing a central or substantially central cylindrical-like hollow cavity.

[0040] According to one embodiment, the discrete elements may have a substantially circular or elliptical cross-sectional shape having an outer diameter in the range of about 8 mm to about 25 mm, preferably about 10 mm to about 20 mm, more preferably about 11 mm to about 18 mm, and an inner diameter in the range of about 2 mm to about 15 mm, preferably about 2 mm to about 12 mm.

[0041] According to one embodiment, the discrete elements may have an outer diameter to inner diameter ratio in the range of about 1.5 to about 4, preferably about 2 to about 3.

[0042] According to one embodiment, the discrete elements may have longitudinal dimensions in the range of about 5 mm to about 22 mm, preferably about 7 mm to about 20 mm, more preferably about 9 mm to about 17 mm.

[0043] According to one embodiment, the discrete elements may have a length-to-width ratio of about 1.0 to about 1.5, preferably about 1.1 to about 1.3, more preferably about 1.2.

[0044] According to another embodiment, the dry feed composition of the present disclosure may include plant protein.

[0045] According to another embodiment, the dry feed composition of the present disclosure may comprise a protein that is at least partially hydrolyzed, preferably completely hydrolyzed.

[0046] According to one embodiment, the dry feed composition of the present disclosure may comprise partially or completely hydrolyzed plant protein, preferably completely hydrolyzed plant protein, as the sole source of protein.

[0047] According to one embodiment, the plant protein is a soybean protein.

[0048] According to another embodiment, the dry feed composition of the present disclosure may include starch selected from wheat, barley, wheat flour, corn flour, rice, potatoes, peas, and oats.

[0049] According to one embodiment, the starch may be grain starch.

[0050] According to one embodiment, the grain starch may be natural grain starch.

[0051] According to one embodiment, the starch may be a starch having an amylose to amylopectin ratio of about 30:70 or less, optionally about 25:75 or less, more optionally about 20:80 or less, more preferably about 15:85, preferably a grain starch.

[0052] According to another embodiment, the dry feed composition of the present disclosure may have fat in an amount ranging from about 5% to about 15% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition, optionally from about 8% to about 12.5%.

[0053] According to another embodiment, the dry feed composition of the present disclosure may have a moisture content of less than about 15% water or moisture per total weight of the composition, preferably less than about 10% water or moisture per total weight of the composition, preferably about 6% to about 10%, more preferably about 5% to about 9% water or moisture.

[0054] According to another embodiment, the dry feed composition of the present disclosure may have a caloric density in the range of about 500 kCal / L to about 900 kCal / L, preferably about 510 kCal / L to about 850 kCal / L, preferably about 525 kCal / L to about 825 kCal / L, preferably about 530 kCal / L to about 800 kCal / L, more preferably about 550 kCal / L to about 770 kCal / L.

[0055] According to another embodiment, the dry feed composition of the present disclosure may have a bulk density in the range of about 150 g / L to about 300 g / L, more preferably about 160 g / L to about 270 g / L, more preferably about 180 g / L to about 250 g / L, and more preferably about 190 g / L to about 240 g / L.

[0056] According to another embodiment, the dry feed composition of the present disclosure is a nutritionally complete feed or functional supplement.

[0057] Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a kibble containing the dry feed composition of the present disclosure.

[0058] According to another aspect, the dry feed composition of the present disclosure or the kibble of the present disclosure may be used in a treatment method to prevent overweight in animals that need it.

[0059] According to another aspect, the dry feed composition of the present disclosure or the kibble of the present disclosure may be used in a treatment method for preventing and / or treating overweight and / or obesity in animals in need thereof.

[0060] According to another aspect, the dry feed composition of the present disclosure or the kibble of the present disclosure may be used in a therapeutic method for weight management or weight control of animals in need thereof.

[0061] Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to the use of the dry feed composition of the present disclosure or the kibble of the present disclosure for reducing animal feed intake.

[0062] Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method for managing or controlling the body weight of an animal in need, comprising at least one step of feeding the animal a dry feed composition of the present disclosure or a kibble of the present disclosure.

[0063] According to another embodiment, the dry feed composition of the present disclosure, the use of the composition according to the present disclosure, or the method of the present disclosure may be for companion animals, optionally cats or private animals.

[0064] According to another aspect, the present disclosure relates to a method for preparing a feed composition comprising at least the following steps:

[0065] a. Extrude a dough from an extruder chamber through an extruder orifice to produce an extruder at a first pressure (the orifice is configured to be partially closed by a closing portion to form at least one empty cavity containing at least one opening in the extruder);

[0066] b. Expanding the extruded product at the outlet of the orifice at a second pressure lower than the first pressure to form pores in the extruded product;

[0067] c. Cut the expanded extruded material into pieces;

[0068] d. A step of drying the above piece to a moisture content of about 10% or less, optionally about 8.5% or less, based on weight relative to the total weight of the piece.

[0069] According to one embodiment, the closure is configured to increase the pressure within the orifice of the extruder.

[0070] According to one embodiment, the closure is configured to be centrally aligned within the orifice.

[0071] According to one embodiment, the orifice and the closure are configured to define an annular ring for extruding the dough.

[0072] According to one embodiment, the closure is a pin.

[0073] According to one embodiment, the orifice and the closure of the die are configured for the extrusion of a cylindrical-like extruder having a cylindrical-like cavity.

[0074] According to one embodiment, the orifice is approximately 130 mm 2 / T / h to about 300 mm 2 Range of / T / h, preferably about 150 mm 2 / T / h to about 250 mm 2 Range of / T / h, preferably about 160 mm 2 / T / h to about 230 mm 2 It has an open area of ​​ / T / h.

[0075] According to one embodiment, the total die orifice (or "total of orifices") is approximately 1000 mm 2 up to about 3000 mm 2 The range, preferably about 1100 mm 2 Up to about 2800 mm 2 The range, preferably about 1200 mm 2 Up to about 2500 mm 2 It can have an area of.

[0076] According to one embodiment, the total closure (or "total of the closures") is approximately 50 mm 2 Up to about 2200 mm 2 , preferably about 100 mm 2 Up to about 1800 mm 2 , preferably about 150 mm 2 up to about 1600 mm 2 It can have an area of ​​range.

[0077] According to one embodiment, the orifice and the closure may have an orifice:closure area ratio in the range of about 1 to about 10, preferably in the range of about 1.5 to about 9.0, and preferably in the range of about 2.0 to about 8.0.

[0078] According to embodiments, the method may include the step of heating the extruded material passing through the orifice at a temperature in the range of about 120°C to about 180°C, preferably about 130°C to about 170°C, preferably about 140°C to about 155°C.

[0079] According to another embodiment, the dough may pass through the orifice of an extruder at a speed ranging from about 2 T / h to about 12 T / h, preferably about 3 T / h to about 10 T / h, preferably about 3.5 T / h to about 8 T / h, preferably about 4 T / h to about 7 T / h.

[0080] According to another embodiment, the method may include, prior to step a, a step of passing the dough through at least the second orifice of the second extruder die.

[0081] According to another embodiment, the method may include the step of preparing a dough in a conditioner by hydrating and heating a milled composition having, at least, on a weight basis relative to the total weight of the composition:

[0082] a. An amount of protein ranging from about 20% to about 36%,

[0083] b. An amount ranging from about 15% to about 30% is total dietary fiber, and

[0084] c. Starch in an amount ranging from about 15% to about 32%.

[0085] According to another embodiment, the method may additionally include a step of coating the piece.

[0086] According to another embodiment, the method is for producing a composition of the present disclosure or a kibble as described herein.

[0087] definition

[0088] The terms used herein generally have the ordinary meaning of said terms in the art within the context of the disclosure and in the specific context in which each term is used. Specific terms are discussed below or elsewhere in the specification to provide further guidance in describing the compositions and methods of the disclosure and methods for manufacturing and using them. The following definitions are provided for this specification, including in the claims.

[0089] The term “approximately” or “roughly” means within an acceptable margin of error for a specific value as determined by a person skilled in the art, which will depend in part on the method by which the value is measured or determined, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. For example, “approximately” may mean within three or more standard deviations according to practice in the art. Alternatively, “approximately” may mean a range of 20% or less of a given value, preferably 10% or less, more preferably 5% or less, and even more preferably 1% or less. Furthermore, particularly in relation to a system or process, the term may mean within a single digit of the value, preferably within five times, and more preferably within two times.

[0090] "Aerated" (or "whipped") refers to the incorporation of gas into a food material. For the purposes of the present invention, the gas is not particularly limited and may be, for example, air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and mixtures thereof. The gas may be added or may be a byproduct of a manufacturing process. Optionally, according to the present disclosure, the gas consists of air generated from "instant evaporation," which refers to a process in which a portion of the liquid—here, a portion of the water in the dough—is heated and sent through a depressurization chamber and immediately boils—or instantaneously evaporates. It is the pressure reduction between the inside of the extruder and the atmospheric pressure at the outlet that causes a portion of the liquid to vaporize. This phenomenon generates numerous small bubbles within the kibble. Aeration refers to a puffed kibble having numerous bubbles inside, and the inventors measure the internal "aeration" (the texture itself) by measuring the porosity (as described above). The total volume that kibble can occupy within a bowl (providing what is called the "full bowl effect") is measured by determining its volumetric density (as previously mentioned): due to internal aeration (the more bubbles, the higher the porosity) and a specific shape (a hole in the center = also "air"), kibble is considered lighter the lower its volumetric density.

[0091] As used herein, the terms “animal” or “companion animal” refer to domesticated animals, including but not limited to dogs, cats, horses, cattle, ferrets, rabbits, pigs, rats, mice, gerbils, hamsters, horses, etc. Domesticated dogs and cats are specific examples of companion animals.

[0092] As used herein, the terms “animal feed,” “animal feed composition,” “animal feed kibble,” “companion animal feed,” or “companion animal feed composition” all refer to compositions intended for consumption by companion animals. Companion animal feed may include, without limitation, nutritionally balanced compositions suitable for daily feeding, such as kibble, as well as supplements and / or treats that may or may not be nutritionally balanced.

[0093] With respect to the compositions of the present disclosure, for example, kibble, the expression "calorie density" refers to the amount of calories per liter of the feed composition. The calorie density of the feed composition of the present disclosure can be measured according to any method known in the art. Calorie density can be calculated by multiplying the energy of the product (kcal / kg) by the bulk density expressed in kg / L. The unit is kcal / L.

[0094] The terms "include," "have," or "constitute" should be interpreted as specifying the presence of the mentioned feature, integer, step, or component, but not excluding the presence of one or more other features, integers, steps, or components, or groups thereof. Additionally, the said terms may strictly specify the mentioned feature, integer, step, or component, and thus, in such cases, the said terms may be replaced with "constitute."

[0095] As used herein, the term “coating” refers to a partial or complete covering, typically on a core, of a surface, for example, at least a portion of the core surface. In one example, the core may be partially covered with a coating such that only a portion of the core is covered and a portion of the core is left uncovered and exposed. In another example, the core may be completely covered with a coating such that the entire core is covered and not exposed. Thus, the coating may cover from a negligible amount to the entire surface. The coating may also be applied over another coating so that a layering of coatings may exist. For example, the core may be completely coated with coating A and coating A may be completely coated with coating B so that coating A and coating B each form a layer.

[0096] As used herein, the terms “core” or “core matrix” refer to a particulate pellet of kibble, which is typically formed from a core matrix of components and has a moisture or water content of less than about 12 weight percent. The particulate pellet may be coated to form a coating on the core, which may be a coated kibble. The core may be uncoated or may have a partial coating. In one embodiment without a coating, the particulate pellet may comprise the entire kibble. The core may comprise a proteinaceous material, a fibrous material, starch, and mixtures and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the core may comprise a core matrix of protein, fiber, and starch.

[0097] The expressions “dry feed composition” or “dry feed” typically relate to a feed or composition having a moisture content of about 20% or less than about 20% of the total weight of the composition / feed, preferably about 14% or less than about 14% of the total weight of the composition. Generally, such dry feed or dry composition may have a moisture content much less than about 14% of the total weight of the composition, for example, about 1% to about 14%. Although the above definition is not limited to one specific delivery form, dry feed or dry composition is generally provided in the form of (biscuit-like) kibble and / or dry core ingredients. For example, a dry composition may be prepared by mixing and kneading ingredients to produce a certain dough that can be cooked. The process of producing dry pet food is typically carried out by baking and / or extrusion. The dough is typically fed to a machine called a puffer and / or extruder, which cooks the ingredients using pressurized steam or hot water. Inside the extruder, the dough is subjected to extreme pressure and high temperature. Subsequently, the dough is pushed through a die (a hole of a specific size and shape) and then cut using a knife. The puffed dough pieces are passed through a dryer to reduce moisture to a predetermined target level, thereby ensuring the stability of the feed until consumption, and thus the puffed dough pieces are manufactured into a dry product such as kibble. Subsequently, the product / kibble can be coated with fat, oil, minerals, vitamins, a mixture of natural extracts, and flavorings, and optionally sealed in a package.

[0098] The analysis of the water content of feed compositions, particularly dry feed compositions such as kibble, can be performed based on a simple three-step method known to those skilled in the art. This method comprises weighing the sample to be analyzed, followed by drying the sample in an oven, and finally weighing the sample after drying. The sample according to the present disclosure is an individual kibble. Various ISO standards have been published that describe requirements, specifications, guidelines, or characteristics that can be used for measuring the moisture content of animal feed (e.g., see ISO Standard 6496:1999, which is incorporated herein by reference).

[0099] In relation to the compositions of the present disclosure, particularly kibble, the term “empty cavity” is used to refer to a void space contained in the composition that defines a substantial amount of the volume of the composition, at least about 20%. Therefore, the empty cavity is distinguished from pores or a series of pores by its size and structure. The empty cavity essentially comprises one or more opening(s) that allow a connection between the interior and exterior of the cavity. The interior of the empty cavity is the interior of the composition. The exterior of the empty cavity is the exterior of the composition. Therefore, the empty cavity defines a void within the material of the composition.

[0100] In the sense of the present disclosure, "puffed product" means an alveolate product in which air-filled bubbles occupy at least about 40%, preferably at least about 50%, of the product volume with respect to the volume of the composition, or, if necessary, at least about 65% of the volume, or at least about 80% of the volume, or even about 85% of the volume. The puffed structure imparts a crispy characteristic to the product according to the present disclosure that is desirable to consumers, which can be quantified, if necessary, particularly by measuring the breaking force (represented by N).

[0101] As used herein, the term “extrude” refers to animal feed processed by an extruder, for example, by being fed through an extruder. In one embodiment of extrusion, kibble is produced by an extrusion process, in which raw materials, including starch, are extruded under heat and pressure to produce pelletized kibble, which may serve as a core. Any type of extruder may be used, and non-limiting examples thereof include single-screw extruders and twin-screw extruders.

[0102] In the present disclosure, the expression “highly aerated” in relation to the compositions of the present disclosure, e.g., kibble, refers to a composition having a porous matrix. Such a composition has a porosity in the range of about 40% to about 85%, preferably about 40% to about 70%, and optionally about 49% to about 68% with respect to the total volume of the composition.

[0103] The inventors also measure the total volume of the kibble contained in a bowl (providing what is called the "full bowl effect") by measuring the volumetric density (as described above): due to internal aeration (the more bubbles, the higher the porosity) and a specific shape (a hole in the center = also "air"), the lower the volumetric density, the lighter the kibble is considered to be.

[0104] As used herein, the term “kibble” comprises particulate pellets, such as the ingredients of animal feed, e.g., dog and cat food, which typically have a moisture or water content of less than about 20 weight percent relative to the total weight of the kibble. Kibble may vary in texture from hard to soft. Kibble may vary in internal structure from puffed to dense. Kibble may be produced by an extrusion process. For example, kibble may be produced from a core and a coating to produce coated kibble, also known as coated kibble. It should be understood that when the term “kibble” is used, the term may refer to uncoated kibble or coated kibble.

[0105] In the present disclosure, the expression “low-calorie density feed composition” refers to a composition having a calorie density of about 500 kCal / L to about 900 kCal / L.

[0106] In accordance with the present disclosure, the expression “low-density feed composition” refers to a composition having a bulk density of about 300 g / L or less, preferably about 270 g / L or less. Low density and low-bulk density are used interchangeably.

[0107] As used herein, the term “macronutrient” means a source or sources of protein, fiber, starch, fat, carbohydrates, and / or combinations and / or mixtures thereof.

[0108] As used herein, the term “nutritiously balanced” means that a composition, such as pet food, contains known nutrients necessary for sustaining life in appropriate amounts and proportions based on the recommendations of accredited authorities in the field of pet nutrition, including but not limited to the United States Food and Drug Administration’s Center for Veterinarian Medicine and American Feed Control Officials Incorporated.

[0109] In this disclosure, the term "open area" refers to mm 2 / T / h(mm 2 It refers to the surface through which the dough passes at the outlet of the extruder, represented as / not T). The above-mentioned open area is the total area of ​​the outlet (the area obtained by multiplying one die by the number of dies, mm). 2 It is calculated by dividing ) by the preconditioner flow rate (T / h).

[0110] In this disclosure, the terms “porous” or “porous” in relation to a composition of this disclosure, such as a kibble, refer to a measure of void (i.e., “empty”) space within the composition. Such porosity is expressed as a fraction of the void volume relative to the total volume, ranging from 0 to 1, or as a percentage ranging from 0% to 100% of the total volume of the composition. The porosity of a composition of this disclosure may be measured according to any method known in the art. Porosity may be measured by X-rays. Porosity is a measure of void (i.e., “empty”) space within the kibble, expressed as a fraction (as a percentage) of the void volume relative to the total volume of the kibble.

[0111] As used herein, the terms “preventing” or “preventing” used in conjunction with an event mean reducing the risk or likelihood of the occurrence of said event. The term “preventing” does not require the 100% elimination of the likelihood or possibility of said event occurring. Rather, the term means that the likelihood of said event occurring has been reduced in the presence of a feed composition or method as described herein. For example, in relation to “overweight” or “obesity,” the terms “preventing” or “preventing” refer to reducing the risk or likelihood of overweight or obesity, or related symptoms.

[0112] In this disclosure, the term “significantly” as used in relation to change means that the observed change is significant and / or has statistical significance.

[0113] In this disclosure, the term “substantially” as used in conjunction with the features of this disclosure defines a series of embodiments related to said features that are generally similar to said features but not entirely similar. For example, “substantially circular cross-section” refers not only to strictly circular cross-sections but also to circular cross-sections that are not exactly circular but do not deviate significantly from a circular aspect. Such cross-sections may be defined as being circular in whole.

[0114] In the text, the terms “treat,” “treatment,” or “therapy” refer to administering or ingesting a composition according to the present disclosure for the purpose of treating, curing, alleviating, reducing, altering, correcting, enhancing, improving, or affecting the disease or symptoms of the said condition according to the present disclosure, or preventing or delaying the onset of said symptoms or complications, or otherwise stopping or inhibiting the subsequent progression of said disease in a statistically significant manner.

[0115] In this disclosure, the terms “bulk density” or “volume density” are used interchangeably and refer to the degree of compressibility of a material. The density of the feed composition of this disclosure may be measured according to any method known in the art. As an example of a suitable method, bulk density may be measured and then measured using a 10-liter pot filled with kibble, and thus expressed in g / L.

[0116] The density of a dry feed composition (kibble) according to the present disclosure can be measured using the following method. Clean and level a calibrated scale having a resolution of at least 1 gram. Weigh the scale's container using a clean, dry, calibrated 10-liter cup (10-L). Place a funnel approximately 2 inches above the top of the 10-L cup with the bottom (outlet) of the funnel closed, having a minimum diameter sufficient to allow the kibble to flow freely and a maximum diameter at the same point for sending the kibble into the 10-L cup or container. Gently fill the funnel with slightly more than 10-L of kibble to be tested. Place the 10-L cup under the funnel, remove the closure from the funnel, and allow the kibble to flow into the 10-L cup. Remove excess kibble by using a straight ruler (e.g., a ruler or a strike stick) and sliding the straight ruler gently across the top of the 10-L cup. The kibble must not be level with the edge of the 10-L cup. Place the 10-L cup on a scale weighing the container and record the result. Density is the scale reading (grams) divided by 10-L. The measurement must be repeated to calculate the average.

[0117] The list of sources, ingredients, and components described below is listed so that combinations and mixtures thereof are also considered and within the scope of the present invention.

[0118] It should be understood that all maximum numerical limits given throughout this specification include all lower numerical limits as explicitly stated herein. All minimum numerical limits given throughout this specification include all higher numerical limits as explicitly stated herein. All numerical ranges given throughout this specification will include all narrower numerical ranges that fall within the broader numerical ranges as explicitly stated herein.

[0119] For example, lists of items, such as lists of ingredients, are all intended as Markush groups and must be interpreted as Markush groups. Therefore, all lists can be read and interpreted as "items" selected from a group consisting of "...lists of items..." and their combinations and mixtures.

[0120] Trademark names for components, including various components used in this disclosure, may be mentioned herein. The inventors are not limited to any specific trademarked material in this disclosure. Substances equivalent to those mentioned by trademarks (e.g., those obtained from different sources of different names or reference numbers) may be substituted and used in this description.

[0121] In the description of various embodiments of the present disclosure, various embodiments or individual features are disclosed. As will be obvious to a person skilled in the art, all combinations of such embodiments and features are possible and may provide a preferred practice of the present disclosure. Although various embodiments and individual features of the present disclosure have been illustrated and described, various other changes and modifications may be made without departing from the true meaning and scope of the present disclosure. Also, as will be obvious, all combinations of the embodiments and features disclosed above are possible and may provide a preferred practice of the present disclosure.

[0122] composition

[0123] In some embodiments, the dry feed composition of the present disclosure has a caloric density in the range of about 500 kCal / L to about 900 kCal / L and comprises, at least, the following based on weight relative to the total weight of the composition:

[0124] a. An amount of protein ranging from about 20% to about 36%,

[0125] b. Total dietary fiber in an amount ranging from about 15% to about 30%, and

[0126] c. Starch in an amount ranging from about 15% to about 32%.

[0127] In some embodiments, the dry feed composition of the present disclosure has a caloric density in the range of about 500 kCal / L to about 900 kCal / L, and at least, on a weight basis relative to the total weight of the composition:

[0128] a. An amount of protein ranging from about 20% to about 36%,

[0129] b. Total dietary fiber in an amount ranging from about 15% to about 30%, and

[0130] c. Amount of starch ranging from about 15% to about 32%

[0131] It contains and has a porosity in the range of about 40% to about 70%.

[0132] In some embodiments, the dry feed composition of the present disclosure is a puffed feed composition.

[0133] In another embodiment, the dry feed composition of the present disclosure has a bulk density in the range of about 150 g / L to about 300 g / L and comprises, at least, the following based on weight relative to the total weight of the composition:

[0134] a. An amount of protein ranging from about 20% to about 36%,

[0135] b. Total dietary fiber in an amount ranging from about 15% to about 30%, and

[0136] c. Starch in an amount ranging from about 15% to about 32%.

[0137] In some embodiments, the dry feed composition of the present disclosure is a low-calorie density feed composition.

[0138] In another embodiment, the dry feed composition of the present disclosure is a low-bulk density feed composition.

[0139] In another embodiment, the low-calorie density composition of the present disclosure is a low-volume density composition.

[0140] In some embodiments, the feed composition of the present disclosure comprises a porous matrix. The porous matrix of the composition provides a high surface area. This is achieved by a low-volume density porous matrix comprising a skeletal structure defining pores that are dispersed in a number of interconnected pores across the porous matrix and its surface, having uniform or arbitrary sizes.

[0141] The dry feed composition may have a porosity in the range of about 40% to about 85%, optionally about 40% to about 70%, optionally about 49% to about 68%, optionally about 45% to about 65%, and more preferably about 55% to about 65% with respect to the total volume of the composition.

[0142] According to another embodiment, the dry feed composition of the present disclosure may have a caloric density in the range of about 500 kCal / L to about 900 kCal / L, preferably about 510 kCal / L to about 850 kCal / L, preferably about 525 kCal / L to about 825 kCal / L, preferably about 530 kCal / L to about 800 kCal / L, more preferably about 550 kCal / L to about 770 kCal / L.

[0143] The low-bulk density composition may have a bulk density of less than 300 g / L, preferably less than 270 g / L. In embodiments, the low-density dry feed composition of the present disclosure may have a bulk density in the range of about 150 g / L to about 300 g / L, more preferably about 160 g / L to about 270 g / L, more preferably about 180 g / L to about 250 g / L, and more preferably about 190 g / L to about 240 g / L.

[0144] A low-calorie density and low-bulk density feed composition of the present disclosure is obtained thanks to a combination of specific components, specific ranges of amounts, porosity, and shape.

[0145] According to embodiments, the feed composition of the present disclosure is an aerated or puffed feed composition having low bulk density and low calorie density. Preferably, the composition is a high-volume aerated feed composition having low bulk density and low calorie density. More preferably, the feed composition of the present disclosure is a low bulk density and low calorie density kibble. Preferably, the composition is an aerated kibble having low bulk density and low calorie density. Preferably, the composition is a high-volume aerated kibble having low bulk density and low calorie density.

[0146] The puffed feed composition of the present disclosure may be of any three-dimensional shape, for example, a sphere or sphere-like shape, an ellipse (having at least three diameters), a cylinder-like shape, a disc-like shape, or any other three-dimensional geometric shape. Preferably, the feed composition of the present disclosure is of a cylinder-like shape.

[0147] The feed composition of the present disclosure has empty cavities. The size or volume of said cavities may be at least about 20% to about 70% or less of the total volume of the composition, optionally about 30% to about 60%, and more optionally about 40% to about 50%.

[0148] The dry feed composition of the present disclosure may consist of discrete elements or pieces. Herein, the terms “discrete element” or “piece” are used interchangeably. Each discrete element or piece comprises at least one empty cavity that defines a total volume and includes at least one opening within said total volume. The cavity may occupy at least 20%, preferably at least 25%, of the total volume.

[0149] According to one embodiment, the empty cavity of a piece of the composition of the present disclosure may occupy about 20% to about 70% of the total volume of the discrete element, optionally about 25% to about 65%, preferably about 30% to about 60%, and more preferably about 40% to about 50%.

[0150] The empty cavity is located approximately around the center of the volume consisting of pieces or elements of the feed composition of the present disclosure.

[0151] The empty cavity may include at least two openings, and preferably two or fewer openings.

[0152] The discrete elements or pieces constituting the feed composition of the present disclosure may have any three-dimensional shape having any cross-sectional shape. The discrete elements or pieces of the composition of the present disclosure may have a shape selected from shapes having a circular or elliptical cross-section or substantially circular or elliptical cross-section, a parallelepiped such as a square, a right angle or a rhombus, or substantially parallelepiped cross-section. The cross-sectional shape of the pieces or discrete elements of the composition of the present disclosure may also represent a contour showing the shape of an object, plant or animal, such as a flower, a heart, a bowl, a dog or a cat, or any other possible shape. Preferably, the discrete elements may have a shape having a circular or elliptical cross-section or substantially circular or elliptical cross-section.

[0153] Preferably, an element or piece of the composition of the present disclosure may have a parallelepiped shape such as a square, rectangular or rhombus, or an elongated shape having substantially a parallelepiped cross section.

[0154] According to one embodiment, the discrete element or piece may have a cylinder-like shape having a central hole or empty cavity with two openings at each end of the cylinder. The hole may occupy about 20 to about 70% of the total volume of each discrete element or piece.

[0155] A discrete element or piece of the composition of the present disclosure may be a kibble. The kibble may be a cylindrical-like kibble having a central or substantially central cylindrical-like hollow cavity or hole.

[0156] Since the discrete elements or pieces of the feed composition of the present disclosure have a central hollow cavity located approximately around the center of the volume comprising said piece or element, it is possible to characterize said element or piece by outer diameter and inner diameter. Because the piece or element contains a hollow cavity located approximately around the center of the volume comprising said piece or element, the starting point for the dimensions taken for the inner diameter and outer diameter is approximately at the center of the hollow cavity.

[0157] The outer diameter represents the dimension extending from the center or approximately the center of the piece or element to the periphery of the piece or element. If the piece or element has an irregular three-dimensional shape, the dimension taken for the outer diameter is the longest possible dimension.

[0158] The inner diameter refers to the dimension extending from the center or approximately the center of a piece or element to the inner wall of the hollow cavity.

[0159] The discrete element or piece may have an outer diameter in the range of about 8 mm to about 25 mm, preferably about 10 mm to about 20 mm, more preferably about 11 mm to about 18 mm, and an inner diameter in the range of about 2 mm to about 15 mm, preferably about 2 mm to about 12 mm.

[0160] The discrete elements or pieces of the composition of the present disclosure may have an outer diameter to inner diameter ratio in the range of about 1.5 to about 4.0, preferably about 2.0 to about 3.8, more preferably about 2.1 to about 3.6.

[0161] According to one embodiment, the discrete element has longitudinal dimensions ranging from about 5 mm to about 22 mm, preferably from about 7 mm to about 18 mm, more preferably from about 9 mm to about 16 mm. The discrete element or piece of the composition of the present disclosure may have a width-to-length ratio (or outer diameter:height) in the range of about 1.0 to about 1.5, preferably from about 1.1 to about 1.3, more preferably about 1.2.

[0162] As indicated above, the pieces or elements of the composition of the present disclosure and the empty cavities contained therein may have any shape or size. The size and shape of the cross-section of the empty cavity may be similar or substantially similar to the size and shape of the cross-section of the discrete element. Preferably, the empty cavity may have a circular or elliptical cross-section shape or substantially a circular or elliptical cross-section shape. The cavity may have at least two openings. Preferably, the cavity has two or fewer openings. The openings may have any shape or size. Preferably, the openings may have a shape similar or substantially similar to the cross-section shape of the composition or the discrete element constituting the composition. Preferably, the openings may have a circular or elliptical cross-section shape or substantially a circular or elliptical cross-section shape.

[0163] The size of the puffed feed composition is such that a pet can easily chew and swallow it. The size of the feed composition of the present disclosure may be larger or smaller than that of the non-limiting example by modifying any one or more of the extruder orifice(s), extrusion temperature and pressure conditions, and the moisture content in the extruded material.

[0164] The composition of the present disclosure is a dried composition. The dried composition may contain water in the range of about 20% or less, preferably 15% or less, preferably 12% or less, preferably 10% or less, preferably about 3% to about 10%, more preferably about 4% to about 9%, more preferably about 5% to about 8.5%, based on weight relative to the total weight of the composition.

[0165] The analysis of moisture or water content may be performed according to any method known in the art. For example, the analysis may be performed by the following three-step method: 1. Weighing of the sample to be analyzed, 2. Oven drying at 103 ℃ ± 2 ℃ for 4 hours ± 5 minutes, 3. Weighing of the sample after drying.

[0166] In embodiments, the feed composition of the present disclosure may be a nutritionally complete feed or a functional supplement. A complete feed is a nutritionally suitable animal feed that can be supplied as a single feeding amount and can sustain life without additional food (other than water).

[0167] Functional supplements may contain functional ingredients for special effects specific to animals. Various functional ingredients may be included. Functional ingredients may include vitamins, minerals, conjugated linoleic acid, antioxidants, microorganisms, exemplarily probiotic microorganisms, parts such as metabolites or culture supernatants of said microorganisms, plant extracts that may contain any of these, dietary supplements, or combinations and mixtures thereof. Exemplarily, a functional ingredient or a mixture thereof is selected for its properties in a weight management diet.

[0168] In addition to the many other advantages of the composition of the present disclosure as described above and as shown in the examples, the inventors have surprisingly observed improved resistance to breakage of the composition of the present disclosure. This improved resistance is remarkable due to the aerated structure (porous), and the presence of at least 20% of the volume of empty cavities may have resulted in reduced resistance compared to compositions conventionally manufactured or conventionally formulated.

[0169] Resistance to breakage can be measured by any known method in the field. An appropriate method is to measure the amount of broken kibbles relative to the total amount of kibbles in a pack after packing.

[0170] Compared to compositions that are conventionally manufactured and / or conventionally formulated, the composition of the present disclosure has a breakage rate of about 7% or less, preferably about 6% or less, preferably about 5% or less, preferably about 4% or less, preferably about 3% or less, preferably about 2% or less, preferably about 1% or less, most preferably about 0.5 to about 0.7% with respect to the total amount of the packed composition or kibble.

[0171] The resistance to breakage of the composition of the present disclosure enables improved durability, storage, and easier handling.

[0172] Furthermore, due to the resistance to breakage mentioned above, the feed composition of the present disclosure maintains its appetite-stimulating characteristics and also maintains the large dimensions of the kibble, thereby maintaining the advantages of high volume effect and low bulk density.

[0173] protein

[0174] A feed composition according to the present disclosure may contain one or more distinct protein source(s). Generally, a pet food composition as described herein comprises a plurality of protein sources.

[0175] In embodiments, the low-density dry feed composition contains protein in an amount ranging from about 20% by weight to about 36% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition.

[0176] The protein content of the composition of the present disclosure should be high enough to ensure the maintenance of lean body weight. In some embodiments, the composition according to the present disclosure may contain hydrolyzed or unhydrolyzed protein in an amount ranging from about 20% by weight to about 36% by weight of the total weight of the composition.

[0177] As used herein, a protein content in the range of about 20% by weight to about 36% by weight includes a protein content of 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, and 35% based on weight relative to the total weight of the composition.

[0178] In one embodiment, a feed composition designed for dogs may preferably contain protein in an amount ranging from about 25 to about 30 weight percent, more preferably from about 26 to about 28 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0179] In one embodiment, a food composition designed for cats may preferably contain protein in an amount ranging from about 30 to about 35 weight percent, more preferably from about 32 to about 35 weight percent, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0180] Proteins suitable for the compositions of the present disclosure may be plant or animal proteins. Preferably, plant proteins are used.

[0181] As animal protein, animal protein from poultry, beef, chicken, chicken meal, lamb, lamb meal, dried eggs, fish, fish meal, meat and bone meal, meat by-products, meat meal, turkey, plasma, insects, or bone marrow may be selected. The preferred animal protein is poultry.

[0182] As a plant protein, plant protein from soybeans, chickpeas, peas, corn gluten, rice, lentils, or barley may be selected. The preferred plant protein is soybean or corn gluten, preferably soybean protein.

[0183] In one embodiment, the composition of the present disclosure does not contain protein from wheat gluten, dried egg, beef, and pea protein.

[0184] The composition of the present disclosure may contain animal and plant proteins in an animal / plant ratio in the range of about 1:4 to about 3:1, preferably about 1:3 to about 2:1, more preferably about 1:2 to about 1:1.

[0185] According to one embodiment, the protein may be a hydrolyzed protein. The hydrolyzed protein may be partially or completely hydrolyzed. Preferably, the hydrolyzed protein may contain at least about 95% hydrolyzed protein, preferably at least about 98%, and more preferably at least about 99% hydrolyzed protein.

[0186] In the embodiments, hydrolyzed protein is used. Preferably, hydrolyzed plant protein is used. In a preferred embodiment, hydrolyzed protein is the only protein source in the composition of the present disclosure.

[0187] Depending on the embodiments, the composition of the present disclosure may comprise partially or completely hydrolyzed plant protein, preferably completely hydrolyzed plant protein, as the sole protein source.

[0188] Methods for partially or completely hydrolyzing proteins are known. Hydrolysates may be produced by any known chemical or enzymatic method, such as the methods disclosed in US 5,589,357, US 4,879,131, US 5,039,532 or EP 1 236 405 B1 (as incorporated herein by reference), with non-limiting examples.

[0189] In some embodiments, at least partially hydrolyzed proteins have a molecular weight in the range of about 1,000 Da to about 11,000 Da.

[0190] As used herein, the range of about 1,000 Da to about 11,000 Da is 1,250 Da, 1,500 Da, 1,750 Da, 2,000 Da, 2,250 Da, 2,500 Da, 2,750 Da, 3,000 Da, 3,250 Da, 3,500 Da, 3,750 Da, 4,000 Da, 4,250 Da, 4,500 Da, 4,750 Da, 5,000 Da, 5,250 Da, 5,500 Da, 5,750 Da, 6,000 Da, 6,250 Da, 6,500 Da, 6,750 Da, 7,000 Da, 7,250 Da, 7,500 Da, 7,750 Da, Includes 8,000 Da, 8,250 Da, 8,500 Da, 8,750 Da, 9,000 Da, 9,250 Da, 9,500 Da, 9,750 Da, 10,000 Da, 10,250 Da, 10,500 Da, 10,750 Da.

[0191] In some embodiments, at least partially hydrolyzed proteins have a molecular weight in the range of about 2,000 Da to about 5,000 Da.

[0192] fiber

[0193] A feed composition according to the present disclosure may contain one or more distinct fiber source(s) and fiber types. Generally, a pet food composition as described herein comprises a plurality of fiber sources.

[0194] In embodiments, the low-density dry feed composition contains total dietary fiber in an amount ranging from about 13% by weight to about 30% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition.

[0195] Total dietary fiber (TDF) is the residue of edible plant cell wall polysaccharides, lignin, and related substances that resist hydrolysis by human digestive tract enzymes. As used herein, dietary fiber refers to the undigestible portion of plant foods. The official definition of TDF is found in the literature [Trowell H, Southgate DA, Wolever TM, Leeds AR, Gassull MA, Jenkins DJ. Letter: Dietary fibre redefined. Lancet Published in . 1976;1(7966):967. doi:10.1016 / s0140-6736(76)92750-1] (cited by reference in this source).

[0196] TDF is described in Prosky L, Asp NG, Furda I, DeVries JW, Schweizer TF, Harland BF. Determination of total dietary fiber in foods and food products: collaborative study. J Assoc Off Anal Chem It can be analyzed according to the method described in [1985;68(4):677-679] (cited by reference in this source).

[0197] The most common dietary fibers are lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, gum, and resistant starch (also referred to as beta-glucan).

[0198] For example, dietary fiber sources suitable for implementing the composition according to the present disclosure include rice bran, corn and corn by-products, soybean hulls, beet pulp, dried potato products, cellulose, wheat bran, peanut shells, pectin, and mixtures thereof.

[0199] As used herein, total dietary fiber includes soluble fiber (also referred to as fermentable fiber) and insoluble fiber (also referred to as non-fermentable fiber). Soluble fiber may be defined as being resistant to digestion and absorption in the small intestine and undergoing complete or partial fermentation in the large intestine. Insoluble fiber may be defined as non-starch polysaccharides that are resistant to digestion and absorption in the small intestine and resistant to fermentation in the large intestine.

[0200] In fact, sources of soluble fiber suitable for the purposes of the present disclosure may be selected from beet pulp, guar gum, chicory pulp, chicory root, psyllium husk, pectin, blueberries, cranberries, pumpkins, apples, oats, beans, citrus fruits, barley, and peas.

[0201] For example, sources of insoluble fiber suitable for the purposes of the present disclosure may be selected from cellulose, whole wheat products, wheat, oats, corn bran, flaxseed, grapes, celery, mung beans, cauliflower, potato peels, fruit peels, vegetable peels, peanut shells, and soybean fiber.

[0202] The total dietary fiber content of the composition according to the present disclosure should be high to help reduce the energy density of the diet and to promote satiety in pets undergoing a weight loss program or a weight stabilization program.

[0203] In some embodiments, the composition according to the present disclosure comprises a total dietary fiber in an amount ranging from about 15% by weight to about 30% by weight based on the total weight of the composition, preferably about 15% by weight to about 28% by weight based on the total weight of the composition, more preferably about 20% by weight to about 28% by weight based on the total weight of the composition.

[0204] As used herein, about 15 wt% to about 30 wt% of total dietary fiber comprises 16 wt%, 17 wt%, 18 wt%, 19 wt%, 20 wt%, 21 wt%, 22 wt%, 23 wt%, 24 wt%, 25 wt%, 26 wt%, 27 wt%, 28 wt%, and 29 wt% of total dietary fiber based on the total weight of the composition.

[0205] In some embodiments, the composition according to the present disclosure comprises a total dietary fiber in an amount ranging from about 22% by weight to about 30% by weight based on the total weight of the composition.

[0206] In some embodiments, the composition according to the present disclosure comprises an amount of soluble fiber ranging from about 1% by weight to about 10% by weight based on the total weight of the composition, preferably about 1% by weight to about 7% by weight, more preferably about 1% by weight to about 4% by weight based on the total weight of the composition.

[0207] In some embodiments, the composition according to the present disclosure comprises an amount of insoluble fiber ranging from about 15% by weight to about 28% by weight based on the total weight of the composition, preferably about 18% by weight to about 25% by weight, more preferably about 20% by weight to about 25% by weight based on the total weight of the composition.

[0208] Within the scope of this disclosure, the term “crude fiber (CFIB)” refers to a type of dietary fiber that remains as a residue after standardized laboratory treatment of food with dilute acid and alkali. Such treatment dissolves all soluble fibers and some of the insoluble fibers in the food. The residue or crude fiber consists mainly of cellulose and lignin. CFIB can be analyzed according to the method described in the literature [Henneberg, Wilhelm and Friedrich Stohmann, Beitrage Zur Begrundung einer RationelIen Futterung Der Wiederkauer, Vol. I, II, Schwetschke U. Sohn, Brunswick, 1860, 1865] (incorporated herein by reference).

[0209] In some embodiments, the composition according to the present disclosure comprises an amount of crude fiber ranging from about 6% by weight to about 18% by weight based on the total weight of the composition, preferably about 8% to about 16% by weight based on the total weight of the composition.

[0210] As used herein, crude fibers of about 6 wt% to about 18 wt% comprise 7 wt%, 8 wt%, 9 wt%, 10 wt%, 11 wt%, 12 wt%, 13 wt%, 14 wt%, 15 wt%, 16 wt%, and 17 wt%.

[0211] carbohydrates or NFE

[0212] As used herein and as commonly recognized in the art, a nitrogen-free extract (NFE) consists of a soluble carbohydrate fraction present in the feed composition disclosed herein.

[0213] NFE, when present in the above feed composition, includes soluble polysaccharides, starch, gum, mucilage, and pectin.

[0214] Accordingly, as is commonly recognized in the field, NFE does not contain, in some embodiments, an insoluble carbohydrate fraction within the crude fiber material that may be present in the feed composition.

[0215] Typically, the content of the nitrogen-free extract in the feed composition is determined by subtracting the content of each of the other components (protein, fat, crude fiber, ash) from the total dry matter of the feed composition.

[0216] NFE or carbohydrates may be supplied from any suitable source(s) as known in the art. Suitable NFE sources may be selected from oat fiber, cellulose, peanut shells, beet pulp, soft-boiled rice, corn starch, corn gluten flour, and any combination of these sources. Grains supplying carbohydrates include, but are not limited to, wheat, corn, barley, and rice.

[0217] In some embodiments, the NFE content in the composition according to the present disclosure is in the range of about 28% to about 50% by weight, particularly about 30% to about 45% by weight, preferably about 32% to about 37% by weight, based on the total weight of the dry material of the composition.

[0218] As used herein, about 28 wt% to about 50 wt% of NFE comprises 29 wt%, 30 wt%, 31 wt%, 32 wt%, 33 wt%, 34 wt%, 35 wt%, 36 wt%, 37 wt%, 38 wt%, 39 wt%, 40 wt%, 41 wt%, 42 wt%, 43 wt%, 44 wt%, 45 wt%, 46 wt%, 47 wt%, 48 wt%, and 49 wt% of NFE based on the total weight of the dry material of the composition.

[0219] starch

[0220] The composition of the present disclosure further comprises an amount of starch up to about 32 weight percent with respect to the total weight of the composition, particularly an amount of starch ranging from about 15 weight percent to about 32 weight percent, preferably from about 18 weight percent to about 28 weight percent, preferably from about 20 weight percent to about 25 weight percent with respect to the total weight of the composition.

[0221] Various starch types and sources can be used as long as the desirable properties of the puffed feed product are exhibited by the formulation used.

[0222] Whole grains, shredded grains, flour, roots, and tubers can be used as sources of starch for manufacturing porous matrices. Examples of suitable starch sources include rice, brewer's rice, corn, barley, oats, wheat, potatoes, legumes, and / or other biopolymers. If necessary, pure or substantially pure starch may be used. Porous matrices can be produced using the above and other starch sources. The selection of starch having known amylose and amylopectin content can be made using the ordinary knowledge of the art. For example, waxy corn, rice, and sorghum starch are known to contain nearly 100% amylopectin. Conversely, many high-amylose starches, for example, high-amylose corn starch, contain an amylose content of about 75% or more. The ratio of amylose to amylopectin can be selected by using starting materials having a selected ratio of starch, by mixing various starches from various starting materials, or by supplementing starch obtained from natural sources with modified starch, such as acid-thinning starch, high-amylopectin starch, or high-amylose starch. Starch may contain other components such as moisture, protein, and fat.

[0223] In one embodiment, the starch may be natural starch. Natural starch is unmodified starch. In one embodiment, the starch may be grain starch. Preferably, the natural starch may be unmodified grain starch.

[0224] Starch suitable for the present disclosure may be selected from cereal starch having an amylose to amylopectin ratio of about 30:70 or less, optionally about 25:75 or less, more optionally about 20:80 or less, more preferably about 15:85.

[0225] According to embodiments, the composition of the present disclosure may comprise starch from wheat, barley, wheat flour, corn flour, rice, potatoes, peas, and oats, preferably unmodified or natural starch.

[0226] The preferred starch is starch from barley, wheat flour, corn flour, or rice, preferably unmodified or natural starch.

[0227] According to embodiments, the composition of the present disclosure does not contain high-amylose starch or pre-gelatinized starch. The high-amylose starch has an amylose-to-amylopectin ratio of at least 40:60, more preferably about 50:50.

[0228] According to embodiments, the composition of the present disclosure does not contain any tapioca starch.

[0229] province

[0230] In some embodiments, the composition according to the present disclosure may contain an amount of fat ranging from about 5% by weight to about 15% by weight with respect to the total weight of the composition, preferably about 8% to about 12.5%, preferably about 7% to about 12%, preferably about 7% to about 10% by weight with respect to the total weight of the composition.

[0231] As used herein, about 5% by weight to about 15% by weight of fat comprises 6.0% by weight, 6.5% by weight, 7.0% by weight, 7.5% by weight, 8.0% by weight, 8.5% by weight, 9.0% by weight, 9.5% by weight, 10.0% by weight, 10.5% by weight, 11.0% by weight, 11.5% by weight, 12.0% by weight, 12.5% ​​by weight, 13.0% by weight, 13.5% by weight, 14.0% by weight, and 14.5% by weight of fat based on the total weight of the dry material of the composition.

[0232] As used herein, the terms “fat,” “crude fat,” or “fat source” refer to fats and / or oils permitted in any food. Fats according to the present disclosure may typically be in fluid and / or solid form. Compositions according to the present disclosure may include fats of animal origin and / or plant origin. Fats may be supplied by any suitable source known to those skilled in the art.

[0233] Plant fat sources suitable for the purposes of the present disclosure may include, without limitation, wheat, sunflower, safflower, rapeseed, olive, borage, flaxseed, peanut, blackcurrant seed, cottonseed, wheat sprout, corn sprout, as well as oils obtained from these and other plant fat sources.

[0234] Animal fat sources suitable for the purposes of the present disclosure may include, for example, but not limited to, meat, meat by-products, for example, chicken fat, turkey fat, beef fat, duck fat, pork fat, lamb fat, fish oil, seafood, dairy products, and eggs. The fat content of the feed composition according to the present disclosure may be measured by any method known in the art.

[0235] For example, the crude fat content may include sources of linoleic acid, alpha-linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, omega-6 fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and mixtures thereof.

[0236] For the purposes of the present disclosure, the EPA / DHA content may improve metabolic status and provide anti-inflammatory effects. Optionally, the feed composition comprises about 0.05 wt% to about 0.75 wt% of EPA / DHA based on the total weight of the dry material of the composition, more optionally about 0.10 wt% to about 0.50 wt% of EPA / DHA.

[0237] As used herein, about 0.05 wt% to about 0.75 wt% of EPA / DHA comprises 0.01 wt%, 0.15 wt%, 0.20 wt%, 0.25 wt%, 0.30 wt%, 0.35 wt%, 0.40 wt%, 0.45 wt%, 0.50 wt%, 0.55 wt%, 0.60 wt%, 0.65 wt%, and 0.70 wt% of EPA / DHA based on the total weight of the dry material of the composition.

[0238] Ash

[0239] According to some embodiments, the composition according to the present disclosure may contain ash in an amount of ash ranging from about 5% by weight to about 9% by weight with respect to the total weight of the composition, preferably about 4% to about 8%, preferably about 4% to about 9% by weight with respect to the total weight of the composition.

[0240] Within the scope of the present disclosure, ash refers to minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, sodium, chloride, potassium, and magnesium.

[0241] As used herein, about 5 wt% to about 9 wt% ash comprises 5.5 wt%, 6.0 wt%, 6.5 wt%, 7.0 wt%, 7.5 wt%, 8.0 wt%, and 8.5 wt% and 11.5 wt% ash with respect to the total weight of the composition.

[0242] Other ingredients

[0243] The composition according to the present disclosure may further comprise one or more trace element(s), in particular a trace element selected from iron, copper, manganese, zinc, iodine, and selenium.

[0244] The composition according to the present disclosure may further comprise one or more vitamin(s), in particular vitamin selected from vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, ascorbic acid, vitamin K, thiamine, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, niacin, pyridoxine, folic acid, biotin, vitamin B12, and choline.

[0245] In some embodiments, the feed composition according to the present disclosure may additionally include an antioxidant source.

[0246] As used herein, the term "antioxidant" refers to a substance capable of reacting with free radicals and neutralizing them. Exemplary examples of such substances include, but are not limited to, carotenoids including beta-carotene, lycopene, and lutein, selenium, coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone), tocotrienols, soy isoflavones, S-adenosylmethionine, glutathione, taurine, N-acetylcysteine, vitamin E, vitamin C, lipoic acid, and L-carnitine.

[0247] In some embodiments, the feed composition contains about 1% to about 4% by weight of arginine based on the total weight of the dry material of the composition.

[0248] As used herein, about 1 wt% to about 4 wt% of arginine comprises 1.25 wt%, 1.50 wt%, 1.75 wt%, 2.00 wt%, 2.25 wt%, 2.50 wt%, 2.75 wt%, 3.00 wt%, 3.25 wt%, 3.50 wt%, and 3.75 wt% of arginine based on the total weight of the dry material of the composition.

[0249] In some embodiments, the composition further comprises at least one flavoring agent, in particular a natural flavoring agent.

[0250] In some embodiments, the flavoring is a protein-derived flavoring.

[0251] manufacturing process

[0252] The feed composition of the present disclosure may be manufactured by various processes. While the details of the various manufacturing processes may differ and may be modified to achieve the desired final composition, the overall process comprises the following steps:

[0253] 1) A dough is prepared in a preconditioner (or conditioner, wherein the two terms are used interchangeably) under temperature, shear, and pressure conditions sufficient to comprise a protein, fiber, starch (ground to a particle size of less than 1.2 mm), and water, and any optional liquid additive and / or dry additive mixed with the protein, fiber, starch, and water in said dough;

[0254] 2) (i) extrude the dough by passing it through the orifice of the die(s) of the extruder chamber under a first set of conditions (pressure, temperature, orifice closure) to produce an extruder having one empty cavity including at least one opening, and then (ii) puff the extruder under a second set of conditions (pressure and temperature) to allow rapid puffing of water vapor (steam) from the moisture contained in the dough and to form pores within the extruder;

[0255] 3) Cut the expanded extruded material into pieces and divide it;

[0256] 4) The above pieces are dried (at ambient temperature or under a heating process) and / or cooled (under a cooling process) to a desired moisture content, preferably at least 15% or less of the total weight of the composition of each piece;

[0257] 5) Coat the above pieces with additional fluid components such as fat, dry flavor(s), wet flavor(s) and / or flavor.

[0258] The preparation of the dough comprises, at least, the step of combining the ingredients used to produce the dough mass, e.g., at least protein, fiber, starch, and water, and then initiating the hydration and cooking of the dough to sufficiently heat the mixture of ingredients while mixing in a preconditioner to achieve sufficient gelatinization of the starch. The starch portion will be subjected to pressure and higher temperature through an extruder to complete the starch gelatinization.

[0259] The preconditioner initiates the cooking process of the raw materials before they enter the extruder. Under controlled conditions, the dough or its ingredients are mixed with steam and / or water in the preconditioner to pre-cook or preheat the dough, thereby mixing all ingredients into a dough or preparing the dough (such as by hydration) to meet the desired conditions for extrusion cooking. Additional liquids, including oils / fats and colorings, may be added. The preconditioner may utilize high steam and water flow rates to initiate the gelatinization process while hydrating and mixing the materials.

[0260] It is considered important to combine and bind a sufficient amount of protein, particularly hydrolyzed protein and starch, for example, about 25% to about 35% by weight of protein and about 15% to about 30% of starch, so that the extruder passes through the orifice of the extruder die and forms a central structure of a porous matrix upon drying and / or cooling of the extruder after puffing occurs due to partial vaporization of moisture in the dough and pressure drop.

[0261] Additionally, processing conditions may influence the formation of surface pores and cavities within the extruder, and said processing conditions may include extruder speed, extruder temperature in one or more heating zones, the amount of treatment water blended with the batch-mixed components, the amount of batch-mixed components supplied to the extruder, the amount of non-mechanical energy (SME) generated by the extruder per unit of product, and the temperature of the extruder exiting the extruder (e.g., product exit temperature). The components constituting the formulation may also influence the formation of surface pores, said components may include the selection of starches such as rice, corn, wheat, etc., the selection of said plant or animal proteins that are hydrolyzed or unhydrolyzed, the selection of fats such as poultry fat, resin, white grease, etc., and the addition of water. The level of each component may also be important in achieving the formation of surface pores in the porous matrix.

[0262] To start the process, ingredient(s), e.g., protein, fiber, starch, and other optional drying and / or wetting additives, such as preservatives (BHA), are combined with water and thoroughly mixed in a preconditioner to produce a dough.

[0263] In one embodiment, the components are separately or combined into a composition and are ground at least once to a desired size using a mill (e.g., a hammer mill or other milling equipment) before being combined with water. This operation may be performed in a grinder. Preferably, the components are reduced to particles that may be less than 1.2 mm in size.

[0264] The ground ingredients are fed separately or mixed into a composition to a conditioner (or pre-conditioner) at a predetermined feed rate via a dry material hopper or line. Water may be supplied to the conditioner at a predetermined flow rate via a water or steam line. The feed rate and flow rate may be adjusted to reach a desired moisture content of the puffed porous matrix after kneading and extrusion under extrusion conditions.

[0265] The amount of water added to the ingredients is determined by the desired moisture content of the dough to be extruded and puffed. The water may be tap water, purified water, or other types of drinking water. The target moisture content of the molten dough during extrusion may be about 30% by weight or less relative to the weight of the dough.

[0266] The amount of water added to the conditioner can vary, for example, from about 3% by weight to about 20% by weight, preferably from about 5% by weight to about 17% by weight, relative to the weight of the dough.

[0267] The amount of steam water added to the conditioner can vary, for example, from about 2% by weight to about 25% by weight, preferably from about 4% by weight to about 17% by weight, relative to the weight of the dough.

[0268] The mixing rate in the conditioner may be, for example, in the range of about 70 to about 90%, and preferably about 80%. The device(s) used to mix the protein, fiber, starch, water, and other optional ingredients and to heat the mixture are not important, and any equipment capable of substantially achieving the above task may be used. Equipment designed to perform mixing and heating operations on very viscous materials may be used. For example, a dough may be prepared by mixing the ingredients in any available wide variety of conditioners (e.g., Wenger) and heating the resulting mixture under pressure.

[0269] In a non-limiting embodiment, the dough is heated in a conditioner to a temperature in the range of about 50 to about 110°C, preferably about 60 to 100°C, preferably about 80 to about 95°C.

[0270] After preparing the dough, it is transferred to the extruder chamber. According to one embodiment, the conditioner and the extruder may be the same device, and the preparation of the dough takes place in the extruder chamber.

[0271] The dough from the preconditioning process is discharged from the preconditioner and enters the extruder. Here, the dough is pushed through the extruder toward the die to produce an extruder, which is further formed into kibble by the die. During this step, dyes, oils, water, and steam may be added to the extruder. Extruders, such as but not limited to single-screw or twin-screw extruders, apply high temperature, pressure, and shear to induce gelatinization of starch molecules.

[0272] Extruders that allow for control of the material passing through them are suitable for producing extruded products. For example, a suitable extruder may be a biaxial type having high or low step shapes to generate a sufficient amount of high or low shear (e.g., friction) during extrusion. Single-axis extruders, or any device or combination of devices useful for mixing, heating, and mixing to produce a molten dough, and then extruding the dough through a die or other orifice, may also be used. Of course, other types of extruders and shaft structures, such as ribbon blenders, can also be used.

[0273] While the dough passes through the extruder, additional water and steam are added to obtain a suitable viscosity that allows the dough to be pushed through the orifice of the die.

[0274] The amount of water added to the extruder may vary, for example, from about 0% to about 10% by weight, preferably from about 0% to about 8% by weight, and preferably from about 0% to about 5.5% by weight with respect to the weight of the dough.

[0275] The amount of steam water added to the extruder can vary, for example, from about 0% to about 8% by weight, preferably from about 1% to about 6.5% by weight, with respect to the weight of the dough, and preferably from about 1.5% to about 4.5% by weight.

[0276] During extrusion, the mixture is mechanically sheared by an extruder under conditions of shear, pressure, and temperature to gelatinize the starch to a desired weight percentage. The extruder may be set to a temperature in the range of about 50°C to about 140°C or other temperatures suitable for gelatinizing the starch. The processing temperature of the dough within the extruder may be higher due to the shear applied to the dough. The amount of non-mechanical work (SME) applied to the molten dough by the extruder must be sufficient to produce a molten dough capable of forming a porous matrix having the desired properties.

[0277] The magnitude of non-mechanical work (SME) applied to the dough by the extruder may be about 15 kWh / t to about 80 kWh / t, preferably about 25 kWh / t to about 70 kWh / t, preferably about 35 kWh / t to about 65 kWh / t, or other SME sufficient to produce a molten dough used to form a porous matrix having desirable properties.

[0278] As used herein, non-mechanical energy (SME) refers to the energy applied to the dough when pushing the dough through the die plate. SME may be adjusted unintentionally or indirectly to control process speed or throughput. In certain embodiments, SME may be increased by increasing the speed of the shaft, or by deforming the shaft itself, such as by increasing the number of shaft cycles, or by reducing the opening area of ​​the extruder orifice, or by reducing the flow rate passing through the extruder, or by closing the back pressure valve, or by reducing the total water content added to the conditioner and / or extruder.

[0279] Preferably, the heat applied to the extruder may be increased sequentially so that the dough follows a series of increasing temperatures as the dough is pushed from the extruder toward the orifice(s) of the die. The series of increasing temperatures may include at least two stages, preferably at least three stages, preferably at least four stages, and more preferably at least five stages. The first stage of temperature is the temperature introduced into the extruder of the dough.

[0280] In a single-axis extruder, the useful shaft speed can range from about 350 rpm to about 600 rpm. Manipulation of the SME can contribute to improved texture in at least two ways. First, a higher SME can help break down starch granules, which causes amylose to leach out from the starch and allows amylopectin or other molecules from the starch granules to puff more or faster. Second, a higher SME can help thoroughly mix and hydrate the dough at the last moment before pushing it through the die plate, which promotes starch gelatinization and prepares the dough to puff during extrusion. Third, a higher SME can increase instantaneous evaporation, providing superior puffing.

[0281] If the conditioner (or pre-conditioner) and the extruder are the same device and the dough is prepared in the extruder chamber, the first temperature stage is the temperature at which the dough is prepared.

[0282] In one embodiment, a series of increasing temperatures may include 2 to 7 steps, preferably 3 to 6 steps, preferably 4 to 5 steps, and preferably 5 steps of temperature.

[0283] A series of increasing temperatures starts at about 50°C and ends at about 140°C, preferably starting at about 60°C and ending at about 130°C. Between each temperature step, the temperature may increase by about 10 to 40°C, preferably about 15 to about 30°C, preferably about 20°C.

[0284] The temperature of the molten dough placed under pressure in the extruder may exceed the boiling point of water present in the extruded dough so that the vaporization of water in the dough can be anticipated when the pressure applied to the molten dough in the extruder is released as the dough exits the extruder. The dough may be extruded at a predetermined extrusion speed.

[0285] In the extruder, the dough can be conveyed by one or more axes, for example, at least two axes or two or fewer axes, at a speed suitable for increasing the pressure within the dough so that the extruder can be puffed. For example, the processing speed in the extruder can be suitably achieved by an axle speed in the range of about 300 to about 600 rpm, preferably in the range of about 400 to about 500 rpm.

[0286] The cooked dough is forced through a forming die and cut, causing the extruder to expand due to the temperature and pressure difference between the extruder and the immediate external environment. This causes more flash-off, that is, the loss of moisture in the form of steam caused by the difference between the ambient temperature of the external environment and the temperature of the extruder.

[0287] From an extruder, molten dough is pushed through an orifice of a die plate, nozzle, or piping to produce an extruded product formed at ambient pressure. In one embodiment, the orifice is an orifice of the die plate. In another embodiment, the die plate may have at least one orifice, preferably five to six orifices. The number of orifices is adjusted to maintain sufficient pressure within the extruder chamber and within the dough.

[0288] The orifice is configured to be partially closed by a closing portion to form at least one empty cavity containing at least one opening in the extruded material.

[0289] The orifice can be set according to the desired size and shape of the extruder. For example, the orifice can be of any shape, such as rectangular, circular, square, triangular, elliptical, or other symmetrical or asymmetrical shapes.

[0290] The closure of the orifice can also be set according to the desired size and shape of the extruder and the cavity. For example, the closure can be of any shape, such as rectangular, circular, square, triangular, elliptical, or other symmetrical or asymmetrical shapes.

[0291] In one embodiment, the closure is configured to increase the pressure within the orifice of the extruder. The closure may be positioned within any part of the orifice. Preferably, the closure is aligned centrally or substantially centrally within the orifice.

[0292] In one embodiment, the closure is a pin.

[0293] The size of the orifice having a closure can be any size sufficient to manufacture a porous matrix and a cavity.

[0294] In one embodiment, the closure and orifice are configured similarly to an annular ring for extruding the dough. The annular ring will form the extruder into a cylindrical shape containing a cylindrical-like cavity (or cylindrical-like hole).

[0295] According to one embodiment, the orifice is approximately 130 mm 2 / T / h to about 300 mm 2 / T / h range, preferably about 150 mm 2 / T / h to about 250 mm 2 / T / h range, preferably about 160 mm 2 / T / h to about 230 mm 2 It has an open area in the range of / T / h.

[0296] In a non-limiting embodiment, the total die orifice (or "total of orifices") is about 1000 mm 2 up to about 3000 mm 2 Range, preferably about 1100 mm 2 Up to about 2800 mm 2 Range, preferably about 1200 mm 2Up to about 2500 mm 2 It can have an area of ​​range.

[0297] In a non-limiting embodiment, the total closure (or "total of the closures") is about 50 mm 2 Up to about 2200 mm 2 , preferably about 100 mm 2 Up to about 1800 mm 2 , preferably about 150 mm 2 up to about 1600 mm 2 It can have an area of ​​range.

[0298] In one embodiment, where the orifice has a circular or substantially circular cross-section, the orifice may have a diameter in the range of about 4 mm to about 15 mm, preferably about 5.5 mm to about 14 mm.

[0299] In embodiments, where the pin has a circular or substantially circular cross-section, the pin may have a diameter in the range of about 1 mm to about 11 mm, preferably about 1.5 mm to about 10 mm.

[0300] According to one embodiment, the orifice and the closure may have an orifice:closure area ratio in the range of about 1 to about 10, preferably in the range of about 1.5 to about 9.0, and preferably in the range of about 2.0 to about 8.0.

[0301] The closure or pin is preferably aligned with the orifice of the die plate to maintain a specific empty space between the edge of the closure or pin and the edge of the orifice so that the dough can be extruded. The length of the space may be in the range of about 1.6 mm to about 2.6 mm, preferably about 1.8 mm to about 2.4 mm, and preferably about 2 mm.

[0302] In embodiments where the orifice and the pin each have a circular or substantially circular cross-section, they may have an orifice diameter:pin diameter ratio in the range of about 1.0 to about 3.5, preferably about 1.2 to about 3.0.

[0303] In another non-limiting embodiment, the method may further include the step of heating the extruder as it passes through the extruder orifice. The temperature of the extruder orifice is the outlet temperature. In one embodiment, the temperature may be in the range of about 120°C to about 180°C, preferably about 130°C to about 170°C, preferably about 140°C to about 155°C.

[0304] When the extruded material exits the extruder into ambient air and atmospheric conditions, the extruded material expands immediately and rapidly due to a sudden drop in pressure (from the pressure inside the extruder to the atmospheric pressure outside the extruder) and the instantaneous boiling of water vapor (steam) from the moisture contained within the molten mass. This expansion of the extruded material forms a porous matrix containing numerous pores within a skeletal structure of a porous matrix that may have some pores open on its surface. The level of vaporization can be controlled by maintaining sufficient temperature and pressure inside the extruder, by venting gas before the dough passes through the extruder orifice, or by a combination thereof. As a result of instantaneous evaporation, the moisture content of the dough in its expanded form may be about 30 weight percent or less.

[0305] Thanks to the presence of the closure, in addition to the pores, the expanded extruded material can be forced around the closure to include additional cavities. The size, shape, and location of the cavities within the extruded material will depend on the size, shape, and location of the closure within the orifice.

[0306] The cavity is open at one end of the extruder. In one embodiment, the cavity may have a longitudinal opening within the longitudinal wall of the extruder.

[0307] Preferably, the closure will be a pin located centrally or substantially centrally within the orifice. The extruded product obtained with the above structure will be a cylindrical-like or tube-like shape having a cylindrical-like cavity location centrally or substantially centrally within the extruded product.

[0308] After extrusion, the puffed extruder may be divided into three-dimensional pieces of extruder (e.g., pellets, kibble, etc.) having length, width, and height by a cutting device (e.g., knife, cutter, rotary knife, etc.) immediately after exiting the orifice of the extruder. For example, the length of a piece or element of the composition of the present disclosure will be adjusted by matching the extrusion speed and the cutting speed.

[0309] At this stage, the extruded product may be transferred to a post-extrusion operation. The post-extrusion operation may include crimping, crushing, stamping, conveying, drying, cooling, and / or coating in any combination or multiple process flows. Crimping is any process of tightening the feed. Crushing is any process of reducing the size of the feed during extrusion, preferably by tearing it. Stamping is any process of embossing the surface or piercing the feed. Conveying is used to transfer the feed from one operation to another and may change or maintain the state of the feed during transfer; often, the process is mechanical or pneumatic. Drying may be used to reduce processing moisture or water to a level suitable for the shelf life of the final product. Pellet, as puffed moist pellets such as kibble, may be transferred from the extruder outlet to a dryer, e.g., a drying oven, by a conveying, airveying, or augering system.

[0310] After the extruded material is divided into pieces, each piece may undergo a drying process to dehydrate it to a desired moisture content. The drying process may include exposing the piece to heat in a heating device (e.g., an oven, a drum dryer, a food dryer). The heat may include infrared radiation, microwave radiation, radio frequency radiation, direct hot air, direct flame, steam, an electric heat source, or other types of heat sources. In a non-limiting embodiment, the heat may be applied at about 80°C to about 100°C for about 1 minute to about 5 minutes.

[0311] When the piece is heated, depending on the amount of moisture trapped within the skeletal structure of the porous matrix (if present), the piece dries and hardens, and even expands further.

[0312] Heat may be applied to dehydrate the pieces to a final moisture content of water, preferably about 20% or less, preferably 15% or less, preferably 12% or less, preferably 10% or less, preferably in the range of about 3% to about 10%, more preferably about 4% to about 9%, more preferably about 5% to about 8.5%, based on weight relative to the total weight of the composition.

[0313] In the above moisture content, the bulk density of the piece or kibble may be less than 300 g / L, preferably from about 150 g / L to about 300 g / L.

[0314] The dried extruded pieces can be stored indefinitely under suitable storage conditions, or can be transferred directly to a process for vacuum injecting a fluid component into a porous matrix and / or coating with a fluid component. Alternatively, the pieces can be dried by exposure to ambient air.

[0315] In the absence of heat drying, the extruded pieces may be subjected to a cooling process after reaching a desired bulk density and moisture content. The cooling process is used to lower the post-extrusion temperature of the extruded pieces to a desired temperature by passing them through a cooling chamber. The cooled extruded pieces may also be stored indefinitely under appropriate storage conditions, or transferred to a vacuum injection process for injection and / or coating with a fluid component.

[0316] In another embodiment, the extruded piece may undergo a drying process (heating or ambient air) and then a cooling process so as to reach a desired bulk density and temperature for vacuum injection and / or coating processes or storage.

[0317] In an additional embodiment, the extruded piece may undergo a coating step.

[0318] Coating can be performed to manufacture intermediate or final products by adding carbohydrates, proteins, fats, water, vitamins, minerals, and other nutritionally or health-beneficial ingredients to the feed.

[0319] Coating operations are known in the art. Coating operations can be performed, for example, as described in WO 2011 / 091111 A1 (incorporated herein by reference).

[0320] For example, extruded pieces or core pellets can be fed into a fluid mixer to apply a coating during the manufacture of feed pellets, such as coated kibble. In one embodiment, the core pellets may be sent to a hopper before being fed into the fluid mixer. Coated kibble can be produced by bringing the core into contact with the coating in the fluid mixer. In one embodiment, the fluid mixer may be a counter-rotating dual-axis paddle mixer, wherein the axis in the mixer may be oriented horizontally with the paddle attached to the counter-rotating axis. Suitable counter-rotating dual-axis paddle mixers are available from Forberg International AS in Larvik, Norway; Eirich Machines in Gurney 111, USA; and Dynamic Air Inc. in St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. The movement of the paddles between the shafts forms a converging flow band, causing substantial fluidization of the particles in the center of the mixer. When the mixer is in operation, the inclination of the paddles on each shaft can generate an axially opposite convective flow field, thereby creating an additional shear field in the convergent flow band. The downward trajectory of the paddles outside the shaft constitutes a downward convective flow. In one embodiment, the flow mixer may have a convergent flow band located between the reverse paddle axes. In one embodiment, the swept volume of the reverse paddle axes overlaps within the convergent flow band. As used herein, the term "swept volume" refers to the volume crossed by the mixing tool attached to the rotating shaft while the shaft is fully rotated. In one embodiment, the swept volume of the reverse paddle axes does not overlap within the convergent flow band. In one embodiment, a gap may exist between the swept volumes of the reverse paddle axes in the convergent flow band.

[0321] Method and use of the composition

[0322] In another aspect, the dry feed composition or kibble of the present disclosure may be used in a treatment method to prevent overweight in animals that need it.

[0323] Depending on the embodiments, the dry feed composition or kibble of the present disclosure may be used in a therapeutic method for weight management or weight control of animals in need thereof.

[0324] According to one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to the use of the dry feed composition or kibble of the present disclosure for reducing feed intake in animals.

[0325] The present disclosure also relates to a dry feed composition or kibble of the present disclosure suitable for reducing animal feed intake.

[0326] According to one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a method for managing or controlling the body weight of an animal in need thereof, comprising at least one step of feeding the animal the dry feed composition or kibble of the present disclosure.

[0327] According to one embodiment, the present disclosure relates to a non-therapeutic method for managing or controlling the body weight of an animal in need, comprising at least one step of feeding the animal the dry feed composition or kibble of the present disclosure.

[0328] According to one embodiment, the low-density dry feed composition of the present disclosure, the use of the present disclosure, or the method of the present disclosure is for companion animals, optionally cats or private animals.

[0329] The dry feed composition of the present disclosure can be used as a complete feed or a supplement.

[0330] The dry feed composition of the present disclosure can be used as a low-calorie diet. The feed composition of the present disclosure can be used as a "standard" / daily diet for preventing overweight.

[0331] Alternatively, the dry feed composition of the present disclosure may be used as a supplementary feed to support a diet for preventing, treating, and / or managing overweight or obesity in animals in need.

[0332] The dry food composition of the present disclosure can also be used as a weight management method for the management of overweight / obese pets after a weight loss program. The dry food composition of the present disclosure can induce a high satiety effect in pets, preferably small and medium-sized dogs.

[0333] The dry feed composition of the present disclosure can be used to reduce the average voluntary intake per meal in companion animals.

[0334] The dry feed composition of the present disclosure can also be used to reduce the rate of food intake in pets.

[0335] The dry feed composition of the present disclosure can reduce the average voluntary intake per meal in companion animals, particularly small and medium-sized dogs, by at least about 10%, preferably about 10% to about 35%, preferably about 15% to about 30% compared to a non-puffed diet.

[0336] The dry food composition of the present disclosure can reduce the rate of food intake in companion animals, particularly small and medium-sized dogs, by at least about 20%, preferably about 30% to about 60%, preferably about 40% to about 55% compared to a non-puffed diet.

[0337] The following embodiments are provided for illustrative purposes only. As will be obvious to a person skilled in the art, all variations and combinations of such embodiments are possible without departing from the true intent of the present disclosure. Brief explanation of the drawing

[0338] In the following examples, refer to the following drawings: Fig. 1 : Body weight at the start and end of this study. Fig. 2 : Change in body weight of each dog supplied with the composition according to the present disclosure (the black line corresponds to the period during which the dog was supplied with Composition 2 of the present invention, and the gray line corresponds to the period after the dog was supplied with a typical low-calorie diet. Data are median values ​​(range). ***p<0.001 end of study vs. start). Fig. 3 : Percentage change in body weight for each dog supplied with the composition according to the present disclosure (the black line corresponds to the period during which the dog was supplied with Composition 2 of the present invention, and the gray line corresponds to the period after the dog was supplied with a typical low-calorie diet. Data are median values ​​(range). ***p<0.001 end of study vs. start). Fig. 4 : Time taken to finish eating the dry dog ​​food (in the drawing, the black bar corresponds to the result obtained from the current food used as a control, while the gray line corresponds to the result obtained by Composition 4 of the present invention). Specific details for implementing the invention

[0339] Examples 1

[0340] manufacturing process

[0341] A feed composition for dogs according to the present disclosure (referred to as the “invention”) and a comparative composition for dogs (referred to as the “comparison”) were prepared by the same general process, except for an extrusion step in which, in the case of the composition of the present disclosure, the orifice of the extruder was partially closed by a pin screwed into it. The parameters applied in the conditioner and the extruder are listed in Table 1.

[0342] The parameters of this embodiment are for a pilot scale. Adjusting the parameters and converting the process to any industrial scale is within the general knowledge of a person skilled in the art.

[0343] The formulations for the compositions of the present invention 1 and 2, and comparisons 1 and 2 are described in Table 7 of Example 4.

[0344] The dry ingredients were ground in a grinder to obtain particles smaller than 1.2 mm. The ground ingredients were introduced into a conditioner and mixed with added water and steam to produce a dough.

[0345] Next, the dough was transferred to an extruder and heated under pressure. Then, the heated dough was pushed through a die plate to obtain a puffed extruder, which was then cut into kibble.

[0346] The process according to the present invention can be realized using any extruder available to a person skilled in the art. As a non-limiting example, the process may be used in a WENGER X115, X165, or X185 extruder or any similar extruder.

[0347] The kibble was dried, cooled, and coated.

[0348] The process parameters of the present invention and the comparative composition were as follows at the pilot scale (Table 1) and industrial plant scale (Table 2):

[0349] Comparison 1 Comparison 2 Comparison 3 The present invention 1 The present invention 2 The present invention 3 Flow rate (kg / h) 500 500 500 450-470 500-600 420-450 Mixing ratio ( % ) 80 80 60-80 80 80 80-85 Conditioner temperature (°C) 77-84 54-92 81-83 82-84 80-89 85-90 Conditioner steam (kg / h) 16 8-25 16-20 16-20 12-25 18 Conditioner water (kg / h) 35 40-45 40-50 50-57 40-50 20-42 Extruder steam (kg / h) 10 8-10 8-12 10 10 10-12 Extruder water (kg / h) 60 40-50 30-35 20 30-35 12-20 Shaft speed (rpm) 500 540 430-500 500 400 380-500 Product (Final Extrusion) T ℃ 138-145 137-145 144-146 156-167 157-166 152-167 Dryer temperature (℃) 110 95-100 110-125 95 90-100 105-110 Batch cycle time (seconds) 100 110-140 120-150 80-135 40-120 90-115 Air flow rate, Fan 1 (kg / h) 3500 2500-4000 4000 3500-4500 2500-4500 3500 Air flow rate, fan 2 (kg / h) 6000 3000-6000 6000-6500 6000-7500 5000-6000 5500-8000 Air flow rate, fan 3 (kg / h) 6000 3000-6000 6000-6500 6000-7500 5000-6000 5500-8000 Exit area ( mm 2 / T / h) 230-240 240-250 237 160-170 180-190 167-179

[0350] The present invention 1 The present invention 2 The present invention 3 Flow rate (kg / h) 6000-8000 4500-7000 5000-6000 Mixing ratio ( % ) 80 60-80 70 Conditioner temperature (°C) - 94-97 80-86 Conditioner vapor ( % ) 6,5-9 5-6,6 4,5-5,5 Conditioner water ( % ) 11-16 10-16 12-17 Extruder steam ( % ) 3-4,6 1-3,6 2,5-3 Extruder water ( % ) 0-1,2 1-5 0-1 Shaft speed (rpm) - 440-500 360-450 Product (Final Extrusion) T ℃ 148-150 141-147 147 Dryer temperature (°C) - 90 80-115 Batch cycle time (seconds) - 150-180 210 Air flow rate, fan 1 (kg / h) - 13000 36500 Air flow rate, fan 2 (kg / h) - 26000 40000 Exit area ( mm 2 / T / h) 172-212 211-272 234-281

[0351] Examples 2

[0352] Influence of feed composition form on density

[0353] Kibble of the following composition (comparative) was typically prepared as a round-like kibble or as a cylindrical-like kibble of the present disclosure according to Table 3:

[0354] raw materials Composition (Comparison) (Total weight% ) protein 27.0 crude fiber 14.8 NFE 34.9 province 8.0 Ash 5.8 moisture 9.5 Total 100

[0355] A first set of kibbles was produced conventionally as described in Example 1 using an extruder having an orifice die with a diameter of 4.8 mm to obtain a circular shape (circular-like kibbles).

[0356] A second set of kibbles was produced as described in Example 1 according to the manufacturing process of the present disclosure using an extruder having a diameter of 9.8 mm and a pin having a diameter of 5.5 mm to obtain a cylindrical-like kibble having a diameter of about 15 mm (outer diameter) and a length of about 12 mm, and containing a hollow cavity (central hole) inside the openings of the two ends of the kibble (cylindrical-like shaped kibble).

[0357] The volume of the empty cavity in each kibble accounts for about 12% of the total volume of each kibble.

[0358] The density of the above two sets of kibbles was measured as follows: a 10-liter metal bottle was filled to the brim with kibbles and then weighed using a numerical balance (1 gram accuracy), and thus expressed in g / L.

[0359] Round-like shaped kibble had a bulk density of approximately 255 g / L and exhibited unappetizing characteristics, whereas cylindrical-like shaped kibble had a density of approximately 205 g / L and exhibited satisfactory and palatable characteristics. The reduction in density obtained was approximately 19%.

[0360] This embodiment demonstrates that a composition made of kibble having empty cavities within the volume of the kibble can drastically reduce the density of the kibble.

[0361] This makes it advantageous to fill animal food bowls with the same volume but a smaller amount of food composition, giving the bowl a comfortable visual impression as if it contains the same amount of food as conventionally manufactured round-like kibble. This can help animals comply with and adhere to diets proposed to reduce the weight of overweight animals or diets proposed to control and manage their weight.

[0362] Examples 3

[0363] Reduced having density mixture

[0364] In order to further reduce the density of the feed composition of the present disclosure, it was decided to study the combination and properties of the ingredients included in the mixture.

[0365] The formulations for the compositions of the present invention 1, 2, and 3 are listed in Table 7 of Example 4. The compositions were prepared by the method of the present disclosure as described in Example 1. The diameters of the extruders and pins used for the different compositions were suitable for producing cylindrical-like kibbles having cylindrical-like holes suitable for animal size, and were as follows in Table 4:

[0366] The present invention 1 The present invention 2 The present invention 3 die diameter (mm) 8-10.5 10-12.5 5.5-7.5 pin diameter (mm) 4-6 5-8 2-3.5

[0367] The target densities and dimensions for the kibble (overall kibble diameter and wall thickness calculated by subtracting the hole diameter from the overall diameter) were as follows in Table 5:

[0368] The present invention 1 The present invention 2 The present invention 3 Target density (g / L) < 279 < 261 < 283 target kibble diameter (mm) 12.5 18.1 10.6 Thickness (mm) 13.1 15.4 9.6

[0369] To leave no room for doubt, here thickness corresponds to height.

[0370] The density of the kibble was measured as follows: a 10-liter metal bottle was filled to the brim with kibble and weighed using a numerical balance (1 gram accuracy), expressed in g / L. The density results shown in Table 6 below were obtained:

[0371] The present invention 1 The present invention 2 The present invention 3 Measured density (g / L) 195 205 215

[0372] According to the composition of the present disclosure, the reduction in density obtained relative to the target density is in the range of 20 to 30%. Therefore, at least a 10% reduction in density was significantly exceeded and was better than expected.

[0373] Examples 4

[0374] Reduced having density mixture

[0375] A series of feed formulations were prepared into kibble that not only met the recommended daily intake of protein and total fiber for cats or dogs but also further reduced the impact on bulk density and achieved additional density reduction (see Table 7). The objective was to achieve a density reduction of approximately 10%.

[0376] Compositions 1, 2, and 3 of the present invention were prepared according to the present disclosure as shown in Example 1 to obtain a cylinder-like shaped kibble having a central hole.

[0377] Comparisons 1, 2, and 3 compositions were prepared as described in Example 1 using a pinless extruder to obtain round-like shaped kibble.

[0378] The process according to the present disclosure can be realized using any extruder available to a person skilled in the art. As a non-limiting example, the process can be used in a WENGER X165 or X185 extruder.

[0379] The present invention (total weight% ) Comparison (Total weight% ) raw materials 1 2 3 1 2 3 protein (%) 27 27 34 29,8 29,8 33,7 province (%) 9 8 8,5 9,5 9,5 8,9 Ash content (%) 6,1 5,7 8,2 6,7 5,8 8,5 Crude fiber (%) 15,4 14,8 13,7 16 16,9 14 Nitrogen-free extract (%) 33 35 29,1 28,5 28,5 28,9 moisture (%) 9,5 9,5 6,5 9,5 9,5 6 Total (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100

[0380] The compositions of the present invention 1, 2, and 3 and comparative 1, 2, and 3 are designed for small dogs, medium dogs, and cats, respectively.

[0381] The density of the kibble was measured and weighed using a 10-liter pot filled with kibble, and is therefore expressed in g / L.

[0382] The following bulk density results were obtained at the pilot scale (Table 8) and industrial plant scale (Table 9):

[0383] Comparison - Density (g / L) This invention - Density (g / L) difference Composition 1 335 195 - 42% Composition 2 330 200 - 39% Composition 3 335 235 - 30%

[0384] Comparison - Density (g / L) This invention - Density (g / L) difference Composition 1 330 225 - 32% Composition 2 300 225 - 25% Composition 3 340 250 - 26%

[0385] The difference between the present invention and the comparative composition is in the range of about 30% to about 42% at the pilot scale (see Table 8) and about 25% to about 32% at the industrial plant scale (see Table 9), significantly exceeding the expected and targeted values.

[0386] The following caloric density results were also obtained at the pilot scale (Table 10) and industrial plant scale (Table 11):

[0387] comparison - calorie Density (kcal / L) The present invention - calorie Density (kcal / L) difference Composition 1 906 527 - 42% Composition 2 897 544 - 39% Composition 3 1045 732 - 30%

[0388] comparison - calorie Density (kcal / L) The present invention - calorie Density (kcal / L) difference Composition 1 892 607 - 32% Composition 2 815 612 - 25% Composition 3 1055 764 - 26%

[0389] The difference between the present invention and the comparative composition is in the range of about 30% to about 42% at the pilot scale (see Table 10) and about 25% to about 32% at the industrial plant scale (see Table 11), significantly exceeding the expected and targeted values.

[0390] Examples 5

[0391] Regarding the reduction in bulk density mixture and influence of form

[0392] First, a formulation of a cat food composition was prepared in which the amount of starch was optimized to further reduce bulk density.

[0393] To measure the effect of the new formulation, the compositions of the present invention and the comparative composition were prepared using a pinless extruder to obtain round-like kibble as described in Example 1. Bulk density was measured at the outlet of the extruder before drying.

[0394] Composition 3 as described in Example 4 was prepared according to the manufacturing process as described in Example 1.

[0395] The results obtained were as follows in Table 12:

[0396] Comparison 3 The present invention 3 diameter (mm) 10.0 10.0 Density g / L 320 275

[0397] The composition of the present invention 3 resulted in a density reduction of about 14% compared to the comparative composition in the manufacture of kibble using the same process and parameters.

[0398] Secondly, the influence of shape on bulk density in the composition of the same formulation was evaluated.

[0399] The same composition of the present invention 3 was prepared as a circular-like shape kibble or a cylindrical-like shape kibble having a cylindrical-like hole as described in Example 1.

[0400] Bulk density was measured at the outlet of the extruder before drying.

[0401] The results obtained were as follows in Table 13:

[0402] circular-like form kibble Cylindrical-like shape with a hole kibble diameter (mm) 10.0 10.5 Height (mm) 5.5 9.0 Density g / L 275 205

[0403] An additional reduction of about 25% in density was observed using the same formulation but different shapes (circular-like vs. cylindrical-like + hole).

[0404] The compositions of the present invention and the comparative compositions were prepared as cylindrical-like shaped kiblos having cylindrical-like holes or as circular kiblos, respectively, as described in Examples 4 and 1. The compositions of the present invention 1, 2 and 3 were compared under the same conditions as the comparative compositions (same day, same batch of raw materials, etc.) to compare their densities.

[0405] The bulk density of each composition was measured as described above.

[0406] The obtained volume density was converted into the useful volume occupied by the kibble in the bowl.

[0407] The useful volume allows the bulk density to be converted into the actual volume of the feed amount within the bowl. The said useful volume is determined by converting the bulk density (g / L) into a volume corresponding to a given daily caloric intake (kcal) using the product's energy (kcal / kg).

[0408] The results obtained at the pilot scale (Table 14) and industrial plant scale (Table 15) were as follows:

[0409] Comparison - Density (g / L) This invention - Density (g / L) Useful volume Composition 1 335 195 + 71 % Composition 2 330 200 + 65 % Composition 3 335 235 + 42 %

[0410] Comparison - Density (g / L) This invention - Density (g / L) Useful volume Composition 1 330 225 + 47 % Composition 2 300 225 + 33 % Composition 3 340 250 + 39 %

[0411] The above data shows a significant visual difference between the present invention and the comparative composition, providing the "effect" of a full bowl to the animal and its owner.

[0412] Furthermore, the aforementioned difference in volume can have a favorable effect on eating habits, particularly by preventing the phenomenon of overeating after swallowing kibble. This will lead to a reduction in calorie intake.

[0413] Examples 6

[0414] Research on Satiety Effects - This Invention Comparison of circular vs. comparison of cross-shaped

[0415] Comparisons 1 and 2 and the compositions of the present invention 1 and 2 were prepared according to the processes described in Examples 1 and 3, respectively. The purpose of this example was to investigate the effect of the composition of the present invention on voluntary energy intake in dogs. The satiety effect of the composition was evaluated by measuring the average voluntary intake per meal and the rate of meal intake during the first two meals.

[0416] Healthy female adult dogs (10 small dogs (6.53±0.34 kg) and 10 medium dogs (13.46±2.16 kg)) were randomized into two groups under a 14d crossover design and fed either the diet of the present invention or the control diet (2700 kcal / kg; 605 kcal / L vs. 870 kcal / L). The protocol was conducted over 3 discontinuous days (100% MER was provided during the first two meals, and 300% MER was provided during the remaining two meals). On other days, feed intake was reduced to 80% MER. On the day of the experiment, voluntary feed intake (kcal / kg 0 .75 ) and eating speed (kcal / kg 0 .75 ( / min) was measured. The untransformed data were analyzed using a linear mixed model procedure with product, meal, and interaction as fixed effects, and interactions with dog, week, and meal as random clauses.

[0417] In the compositions of the present invention, the average voluntary intake per meal was significantly reduced by 29% and 16% for compositions 1 and 2, respectively, compared to the original compositions of comparisons 1 and 2 (p<0.01) (Composition 1: 31.3±33.7 vs. 44±35.6 kcal / kg 0 .75 , Composition 2: 34.9±30.7 vs 41.7±33.6 kcal / kg 0 .75). During the first two meals, the rate of food intake was significantly reduced by 40% and 52% for Composition 1 and 2, respectively (p<0.001) (Composition 1: 8.0±2.7 vs. 13.3±3.4 kcal / kg 0 .75 / min, Composition 2: 8.0±2.2 versus 16.7±7.3kcal / kg 0 .75 / minute).

[0418] As shown in the present embodiment, due to the high satiety effect, the composition of the invention according to the present disclosure makes it possible to reduce the average spontaneous intake per meal in pets and to reduce the rate of meal intake in pets. Therefore, the composition of the invention according to the present disclosure has proven to be particularly useful as a balanced, nutritionally complete feed or as a functional supplement for the weight management or weight control of animals, more particularly for preventing and / or treating overweight or obesity in animals that require such management. In conclusion, the reduction in caloric density in the composition of the present invention 2 reduces the average spontaneous intake and the rate of meal intake in small and medium-sized dogs.

[0419] To test the effect of the composition of the present invention 2 versus the non-puffed cross-shaped Comparison 2 diet on spontaneous energy intake in dogs, the same experiment was performed on 10 medium-sized dogs (13.46 ± 2.16 kg). For composition 2 of the present invention, the average spontaneous intake per meal decreased by 14.6% compared to the non-puffed cross-shaped Comparison 2 composition (46.9 ± 47.5 vs. 54.9 ± 58.1 kcal / kg). 0 .75 The intake rate of the first meal decreased by 29.3% (17.8±10.5 vs. 25.2±13.8 kcal / kg 0 .75 / minute).

[0420] In conclusion, despite the fact that the cross shape reduces the average voluntary intake and the speed of meal intake, the composition of the present invention 2 had a greater effect on the two parameters.

[0421] Examples 7

[0422] Animal models for weight loss

[0423] Twelve female and two male Beagle dogs aged 7.7 ± 0.2 years were included in this protocol. All dogs were overweight (weight (BW): 14.6 ± 0.6 kg) according to their Body Condition Score (BCS of 7 on a 9-point scale) and were confirmed to be healthy based on clinical trials, blood counts, and serum biochemistry. The animals were housed in pairs based on social fitness in an outdoor fenced enclosure (2.0 x 5.0 m) with a protected sleeping area. The dogs were vaccinated, dewormed twice a year, and weighed at least once a week.

[0424] Prior to the study, all dogs were fed a controlled diet (14.0% fat, 25.0% protein, ME: 3910 kcal / kg). During the study, the dogs were fed the composition of the present invention 2 to induce body weight loss (approx. 1.5% per week). The optimal body weight of each dog was determined using the initial BCS (7) and optimal BCS (5) using the following formula: Optimal weight = 5 * initial weight / 7 Feeding amounts were adjusted twice weekly based on weight changes (feeding amounts were increased by 10% for weight loss greater than 3%). Dogs were fed once a day (in the morning), and water was freely available. BW was performed twice weekly, and ICC was performed once weekly. Once each dog reached optimal weight or a BCS of 4 to 5 (black in Figs. 2 and 3), the composition of the present invention 2 was replaced with a typical diet (gray in Figs. 2 and 3).

[0425] After the period in which the dogs were supplied with the composition of the present invention 2, their body weight was significantly lower compared to the start of the study (End: 12.35 (9.780 - 14.60) kg vs. Start: 14.80 (11.14 - 17.24); p<0.001 (Fig. 1). The average time taken to achieve the ideal weight was 5.8 ± 0.5 weeks (Fig. 2). The average weight loss was 15.58 ± 1.021% (Fig. 3). Once the dogs were fed a typical diet, weight loss stopped compared to the previous regimen using the composition of the present invention, and furthermore, it can also be noted that no dogs gained weight.

[0426] This clearly demonstrates that the composition according to the present disclosure i) affects weight loss during the period it is supplied to animals and ii) said effect persists even after a period of at least 7 weeks.

[0427] Examples 8

[0428] Novel inventive composition for the purpose of preventing overweight

[0429] In the first embodiment, the target of the composition of the present invention is sick, obese animals. In the second embodiment (“obesity treatment”), the disclosed composition was also used to develop a feed for the purpose of preventing weight gain (“obesity prevention”) in slightly overweight animals. The new composition was developed for dogs (invention 4) and cats (invention 5) according to Table 16.

[0430] comparison (gun weight% ) The present invention (gun weight% ) raw materials 4 5 4 5 protein (%) 26 36 26 36 province (%) 12 10 12 10 Ash content (%) 5,4 7,4 5,7 7,2 Crude fiber (%) 6,1 10,3 6,9 10,6 Nitrogen-free extract (%) 41 30,8 39,9 30,7 moisture (%) 9,5 5,5 9,5 5,5 Total (%) 100 100 100 100

[0431] The compositions of the present invention (4 and 5) and comparisons (4 and 5) were prepared as cylindrical-like shaped kibbles or circular kibbles having cylindrical-like holes, as described in Examples 4 and 1, respectively. Table 17 below rearranges the data for the densities of each of the compositions.

[0432] Comparison - Density (g / L) This invention - Density (g / L) Useful volume Composition 4 350 260 + 35 % Composition 5 305 270 + 13 %

[0433] The first experiment was performed on cats to determine whether cats would eat the composition according to the present disclosure. For this purpose, the composition of the present invention 5 was compared with the composition of comparative 5. The results obtained for cats (compositions of the present invention 5 and comparative 5) are summarized in Table 18 below.

[0434] Based on the above results, it appears that cats consume significantly more of the composition of the present invention 5 than of the comparative composition 5, despite the volume of the composition of the present invention that requires a lot of chewing.

[0435] The present invention 5 Comparison 5 Do not select Preference 44% 22% 34% First choice 58% 42% -

[0436] A second experiment was conducted on dogs for the same purpose to evaluate the time required for animals to finish a meal. To this end, a CTI ("Consumer Technical Insights") study was conducted in the UK on 104 owners of small dogs (4 to 12 kg) using the composition of the present invention. Participants were asked two questions: "How long does it usually take your dog to finish dry dog ​​food?" and "How long does it take your dog to finish the same amount of this new food?"

[0437] The results are shown in Table 19 and Figure 4. On average, people answered that it took their dogs more time to finish the bowl, which shows that the composition of the present invention tends to reduce the rate of intake and thus prevents weight gain in dogs prone to overweight.

[0438] Conventional dry feed The present invention 4 Average time it takes to finish eating 4.3 minutes 7.3 minutes Evaluated among dogs eating for up to 20 minutes

[0439] Examples 9

[0440] Novel inventive composition intended as a functional supplement

[0441] The composition disclosed in the present invention was also used to develop a new functional supplement for the purpose of manufacturing a very low-calorie pet treat that provides nutritional benefits without inducing weight gain. The composition of the present invention 6 has the following nutritional composition (Table 20):

[0442] Comparison 6 (gun weight% ) The present invention 6 (gun weight% ) raw materials 6 6 protein (%) 25 25 province (%) 12 8 Ash content (%) 5,8 6,0 Crude fiber (%) 3,5 9,6 Nitrogen-free extract (%) 44,2 41,9 moisture (%) 9,5 9,5 Total (%) 100 100

[0443] Composition 6 of the present invention was prepared as a cross-shaped kibble having a cylindrical-like hole, as described in Examples 4 and 1. Comparative Composition 6 is a conventional reference (Royal Canin).

[0444] The difference in bulk density between the compositions of the present invention 6 and comparative 6 is shown in Table 21 below:

[0445] Comparative density (g / L) Density of the present invention (g / L) Useful volume Composition 6 390 250 + 56 %

[0446] The difference in caloric density between the compositions of the present invention 6 and comparative 6 is shown in Table 22 below:

[0447] Comparative density (kcal / L) Density of the present invention (kcal / L) difference Composition 6 1405 769 - 45 %

[0448] The above difference in calorie density enables the composition of the present invention 6 to reduce the number of calories / kibble, thereby allowing pet owners to give their pets more treats. Palatability was evaluated in dogs and is very well accepted despite the low-calorie content (data not shown).

Claims

Claim 1 A dry feed composition having a caloric density in the range of 500 kCal / L to 900 kCal / L, wherein, based on weight relative to the total weight of the composition, a. an amount of protein in the range of 20% to 36%, b. an amount of total dietary fiber in the range of 15% to 30%, and c. an amount of starch in the range of 15% to 32%, wherein the composition has a porosity in the range of 40% to 70%, wherein the composition is composed of discrete elements, each of said discrete elements defines a total volume, and within said total volume, includes at least one empty cavity including at least one opening, said cavity occupying at least 20% of the volume of said total volume. Claim 2 delete Claim 3 A dry feed composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the discrete element of the composition is a kibble or a cylindrical-like kibble containing a central cylindrical-like hollow cavity. Claim 4 A dry feed composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the composition comprises partially hydrolyzed or completely hydrolyzed protein. Claim 5 A dry feed composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the starch is selected from starch having an amylose content of 30% by weight or less, 25% by weight or less, 20% by weight or less, or 15% by weight relative to the total weight of amylose and amylopectin. Claim 6 A dry feed composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the composition has a caloric density in the range of 500 kCal / L to 900 kCal / L, or 510 kCal / L to 850 kCal / L, or 525 kCal / L to 825 kCal / L, or 530 kCal / L to 800 kCal / L, or 550 kCal / L to 770 kCal / L. Claim 7 A dry feed composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the composition has a bulk density in the range of 150 g / L to 300 g / L, or 160 g / L to 270 g / L, or 180 g / L to 250 g / L, or 190 g / L to 240 g / L. Claim 8 A dry feed composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the composition consists of a nutritionally complete feed or a functional supplement. Claim 9 A kibble comprising a dry feed composition according to any one of paragraphs 1 and 3 through 8. Claim 10 A dry feed composition for use in a treatment method for preventing and / or treating overweight and / or obesity in animals requiring it, in any one of claims 1 and 3 to 8. Claim 11 A dry feed composition for reducing animal feed intake, in any one of claims 1 and 3 to 8. Claim 12 A method for managing or controlling the weight of an animal in need thereof, comprising at least one step of supplying a dry feed composition according to any one of claims 1 and 3 to 8 to an animal. Claim 13 delete

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