Utilization of increased feed feeding for Hanwoo cow breeding cattle during the middle-to-late period of pregnancy

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for promoting recovery of a breeding cow after calving and a method for inducing the development of the digestive organs of a calf, comprising increasing the amount of feed given to the breeding cow during the mid and late stages of pregnancy. The method can be utilized as basic data for improving farm productivity and breeding cow management by inducing recovery of the breeding cow after calving and the development of the calf's digestive organs.

Description

Technology Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a method for promoting recovery of a breeding cow after calving and a method for inducing digestive organ development in a calf, comprising feeding increased amounts of feed during the mid and late stages of pregnancy of a Hanwoo breeding cow. Background Technology

[0002] Feeding management for Hanwoo breeding cows generally aims to maximize the productivity of calves and improve reproductive efficiency. The reproductive stages are divided into the empty, gestation, and lactation phases, with the gestation phase further subdivided into early, mid, and late pregnancy. It has been reported that feeding management during pregnancy not only aids in the development of the pregnant cow and fetus but also that meeting required nutrients has an overall impact on fetal delivery and postpartum uterine recovery. In particular, as fetal growth accelerates from the mid-pregnancy stage onwards, the nutritional requirements of the pregnant cow increase. Accordingly, research focusing on appropriate nutrient supply for each pregnancy stage and reproductive efficiency is being conducted to enhance the productivity of pregnant cows.

[0003] Regarding feed intake, Hanwoo cows consume 1.65% of their body weight in roughage, compared to 2.05% for castrated fattening Hanwoo. While large amounts of compound feed are not required during the early stages of pregnancy, it should be provided at a level of 1.0–1.5% of body weight during the late stages of pregnancy and lactation, when high weight gain occurs. However, excessive feeding of compound feed can lead to liver damage, resulting in labor complications, impaired uterine recovery after delivery, and ovarian dysfunction. To prevent such reproductive disorders, it is necessary to provide an appropriate level of nutrients by monitoring the Body Condition Score (BCS) and blood levels of nutrient metabolites.

[0004] BCS is an indicator that determines the Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) by checking milk production, health, and physical condition in cows, and serves as a standard that can be used to predict ovarian status and reproductive capacity after calving. In addition, it has been confirmed that cows with a BCS of 2.5 to 3 show a significantly reduced frequency of reproductive disorders.

[0005] Blood nutrient metabolite content is used in dairy cows to evaluate metabolic status, diagnose metabolic disorders, and verify nutritional status. In addition, total cholesterol and fatty acid concentrations in the serum are measured and used as a measure of energy imbalance.

[0006] However, despite the ongoing various studies, research on the optimal feed intake for each gestation stage of Hanwoo cattle, as well as the effects of increased feed intake on BCS, reproductive efficiency, and calves, remains insufficient. The problem to be solved

[0007] The present invention aims to provide a method for promoting recovery in breeding cows after calving, comprising increasing the amount of feed given during the mid and late stages of pregnancy.

[0008] In addition, another objective of the present invention is to provide a method for inducing the development of the digestive organs of a calf, comprising increasing the amount of feed given during the mid and late stages of pregnancy of Hanwoo breeding cows. means of solving the problem

[0009] To solve the above problem, the inventors investigated the effects of feed amounts at each stage of pregnancy on calf production and reproduction after calving in Hanwoo breeding cows. As a result, they confirmed that increasing feed amounts during the mid and late stages of pregnancy in Hanwoo breeding cows leads to weight gain in pregnant cows but does not affect reproductive capacity after calving, and that in calves, the digestive system develops from the fetal stage, which aids in subsequent growth. Based on these findings, the present invention was completed.

[0010] Accordingly, in one aspect, the present invention provides a method for promoting recovery of a breeding cow after calving, comprising increasing the amount of feed given during the mid and late stages of pregnancy of a Hanwoo breeding cow.

[0011] In one embodiment, the second trimester of pregnancy may be from the fourth month of pregnancy to the sixth month of pregnancy.

[0012] In one embodiment, the end of pregnancy may be from the 7th month of pregnancy to the 9th month of pregnancy.

[0013] In one embodiment, the increased feeding amount may be increased from 100% to 150%.

[0014] In one embodiment, 100% feeding may be a combination of 3 kg of compound feed and 5 kg of rice straw, and 150% feeding may be a combination of 4.5 kg of compound feed and 6.5 kg of rice straw.

[0015] In one embodiment, 100% feeding may result in a TDN (total digestible nutrient) of 3.55 kg, and 150% feeding may result in a TDN of 5.33 kg.

[0016] In one embodiment, 100% feeding may result in a CP (Crude Protein) of 608 g, and 150% feeding may result in a CP of 912 g.

[0017] In one embodiment, the body weight of Hanwoo breeding cows fed an increased amount of feed may be significantly higher at the end of pregnancy compared to Hanwoo breeding cows fed a normal amount of feed, but may not show a significant difference in body weight after calving.

[0018] In one embodiment, the Body Condition Score (BCS) of Hanwoo breeding cows fed an increased amount of feed may be significantly higher during the mid and late stages of pregnancy and after delivery compared to Hanwoo breeding cows fed a normal amount of feed.

[0019] In one embodiment, the return to estrus date of Hanwoo breeding cows fed an increased amount of feed may not show a significant difference compared to Hanwoo breeding cows fed a normal amount of feed.

[0020] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for inducing the development of the digestive organs of a calf, comprising increasing the amount of feed given during the mid and late stages of pregnancy of a Hanwoo breeding cow.

[0021] In one embodiment, the second trimester of pregnancy may be from the fourth month of pregnancy to the sixth month of pregnancy.

[0022] In one embodiment, the end of pregnancy may be from the 7th month of pregnancy to the 9th month of pregnancy.

[0023] In one embodiment, the increased feeding amount may be increased from 100% to 150%.

[0024] In one embodiment, 100% feeding may be a combination of 3 kg of compound feed and 5 kg of rice straw, and 150% feeding may be a combination of 4.5 kg of compound feed and 6.5 kg of rice straw.

[0025] In one embodiment, 100% feeding may have a TDN of 3.55 kg, and 150% feeding may have a TDN of 5.33 kg.

[0026] In one embodiment, 100% feeding may result in a CP of 608 g, and 150% feeding may result in a CP of 912 g.

[0027] In one embodiment, a calf born from a Hanwoo breeding cow fed an increased amount of feed may have a longer rumen villi length compared to a calf born from a Hanwoo breeding cow fed a normal amount of feed.

[0028] In one embodiment, the villi of the small intestine may be more developed in calves born from Hanwoo breeding cows fed an increased amount of feed compared to calves born from Hanwoo breeding cows fed a normal amount of feed.

[0029] In one embodiment, a calf born from a Hanwoo breeding cow fed an increased amount of feed may show a significantly higher yield of ribs with a large cut meat ratio compared to a calf born from a Hanwoo breeding cow fed a normal amount of feed. Effects of the invention

[0030] The present invention relates to a method for promoting recovery of a breeding cow after calving and a method for inducing the development of the digestive organs of a calf, comprising increasing the amount of feed given to the breeding cow during the mid and late stages of pregnancy. The method can be utilized as basic data for improving farm productivity and breeding cow management by inducing recovery of the breeding cow after calving and the development of the calf's digestive organs. Brief explanation of the drawing

[0031] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram showing the test design and investigation items of the present invention. Figure 2 is a graph showing changes in body weight (top) and body condition score (BCS) (bottom) according to the nutrient feeding level during pregnancy of Hanwoo cattle. Figure 3 shows the histological staining results showing the difference in rumen villi of birth calves in the 100% (top) and 150% (bottom) feeding groups. Figure 4 shows the results of histological staining showing the difference in small intestinal villi of live calves in the 100% (left) and 150% (right) feeding groups. Specific details for implementing the invention

[0032] The gestation and lactation periods of Hanwoo are critical times that determine fetal growth and the formation of muscle and fat in calves after birth; therefore, precise nutritional management is essential to maximize subsequent growth and the development of potential intramuscular fat. Potential intramuscular fat cells in calves begin to form around blood vessels starting from the mid-pregnancy stage, and the surface area of ​​these cells shows an increase in the late stages of pregnancy compared to the mid-pregnancy stage.

[0033] The inventors investigated the effects of feed amounts at different stages of pregnancy on calf production and reproduction after calving in Hanwoo breeding cows. As a result, they confirmed that increasing feed intake during the mid and late stages of pregnancy leads to increased body weight in pregnant cows but does not affect reproductive capacity after calving, while in calves, the development of digestive organs from the fetal stage aids in subsequent growth.

[0034] Accordingly, the present invention provides a method for promoting recovery of a breeding cow after calving, comprising increasing the amount of feed given during the mid and late stages of pregnancy of a Hanwoo breeding cow.

[0035] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for inducing the development of the digestive organs of a calf, comprising increasing the amount of feed given during the mid and late stages of pregnancy of a Hanwoo breeding cow.

[0036] The reproductive stages of Hanwoo are divided into the non-pregnancy stage, the gestation stage, and the lactation stage. The gestation stage is divided into the early gestation stage (from mating to 3 months of gestation), the middle gestation stage (from 4 months of gestation to 6 months of gestation), and the late gestation stage (from 7 months of gestation to calving, i.e., 9 months of gestation).

[0037] Accordingly, in the present invention, the mid-pregnancy period may be from the 4th month to the 6th month of pregnancy, and the late pregnancy period may be from the 7th month to the 9th month of pregnancy. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the method of the present invention may include increasing the amount of feed given to Hanwoo breeding cows from the 4th month of pregnancy to the 9th month of pregnancy.

[0038] In the present invention, the increased feeding of feed may refer to feeding feed that is increased by about 130% to 170% when the existing feed amount is considered as 100%, and specifically, may refer to feeding feed that is increased by 150%.

[0039] In one embodiment, 100% feeding may be a combination of 3 kg of compound feed and 5 kg of rice straw, and 150% feeding may be a combination of 4.5 kg of compound feed and 6.5 kg of rice straw. Specifically, in terms of TDN (total digestible nutrient), 100% feeding may have a TDN of 3.55 kg, and 150% feeding may have a TDN of 5.33 kg. Specifically, in terms of CP (Crude Protein), 100% feeding may have a CP of 608 g, and 150% feeding may have a CP of 912 g.

[0040] In the examples described below, the control group was fed 3 kg of compound feed and 5 kg of rice straw throughout the entire gestation period, and the treatment group was fed the same amount as the control group during the first trimester, and the amount of compound feed was increased to 4.5 kg and rice straw to 6.5 kg during the second and third trimesters of gestation. That is, based on the Hanwoo feeding standards, the feed was increased from 100% (TDN 3.55 kg, CP 608 g) for the control group to 150% (TDN 5.33 kg, CP 912 g) for the treatment group during the second and third trimesters of gestation.

[0041] As a result, the body weight of pregnant Hanwoo cows was significantly higher in the increased feed group (150%, 476 kg) compared to the standard feed group (100%, 459 kg) at the end of pregnancy, but there was no significant difference in body weight after calving, and the Body Condition Score (BCS) was higher in the 150% group compared to the 100% group during the mid-to-late pregnancy and after calving, while there was no difference in the number of days to return to estrus.

[0042] Therefore, in the present invention, the body weight of Hanwoo breeding cows fed an increased amount of feed may be significantly higher at the end of pregnancy compared to Hanwoo breeding cows fed a normal amount of feed, but may not show a significant difference in body weight after calving.

[0043] In addition, in the present invention, the Body Condition Score (BCS) of Hanwoo breeding cows fed an increased amount of feed may be significantly higher during the mid and late stages of pregnancy and after delivery compared to Hanwoo breeding cows fed a normal amount of feed.

[0044] In addition, in the present invention, the estrus return date of Hanwoo breeding cows fed an increased amount of feed may not show a significant difference compared to Hanwoo breeding cows fed a normal amount of feed.

[0045] As such, from the fact that breeding cows exhibit a high Body Condition Score (BCS) after calving, it can be seen that increasing feed intake during the mid and late stages of pregnancy promotes the recovery of Hanwoo breeding cows after calving.

[0046] Meanwhile, as shown in the examples described below, when the feed was increased during the mid and late stages of pregnancy in Hanwoo breeding cows, the length of the rumen villi of the calves that were born increased, and the villi of the small intestine tended to develop further, and a significantly higher yield was observed in the ribs of the large cut meat ratio.

[0047] Accordingly, in the present invention, a calf born from a Hanwoo breeding cow fed an increased amount of feed may have a longer rumen villi length compared to a calf born from a Hanwoo breeding cow fed a normal amount of feed.

[0048] In addition, in the present invention, the villi of the small intestine may be more developed in calves born from Hanwoo breeding cows fed an increased amount of feed compared to calves born from Hanwoo breeding cows fed a normal amount of feed.

[0049] In addition, in the present invention, calves born from Hanwoo breeding cows fed an increased amount of feed may exhibit a significantly higher yield of ribs with a large cut meat ratio compared to calves born from Hanwoo breeding cows fed a normal amount of feed.

[0050] As such, from the fact that the length of the rumen villi of the calf increases, the villi of the small intestine develop further, and the yield of ribs with a large cut meat ratio is significantly higher, it can be seen that increasing the feed intake during the mid and late stages of pregnancy in Hanwoo breeding cows induces the development of the digestive organs of the calf.

[0052] The structure and effects of the present invention will be explained in more detail below through examples. However, these examples are merely illustrative of the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is not limited by these examples.

[0054] Examples

[0055] Materials and Methods

[0056] 1. Public announcement axis and publicly disclosed feed

[0057] The animals used in this study were 326 pregnant Hanwoo cows (167 in the 100% feeding group, 160 in the 150% feeding group), 291 calves (162 in the 100% group, 156 in the 150% group), and 8 live slaughter subjects (4 in the 100% group, 4 in the 150% group) owned by the Hanwoo Research Institute of the National Institute of Animal Science. The study was conducted at the Hanwoo Research Institute of the National Institute of Animal Science from February 2021 to May 2023. The feed used was commercially available compound feed for pregnant Hanwoo cows and baled rice straw.

[0059] 2. Test Design and Specification Management

[0060] The study design was based on the fetal developmental stages during pregnancy, divided into the early pregnancy (from insemination to 3 months of gestation), mid-pregnancy (from 4 months to 6 months of gestation), and late pregnancy (from 7 months to delivery). The control group was fed 3 kg of compound feed and 5 kg of rice straw consistently throughout the entire pregnancy. The treatment group was fed the same amount as the control group during the early pregnancy, and the amount was increased to 4.5 kg of compound feed and 6.5 kg of rice straw during the mid-pregnancy and late pregnancy. Specifically, based on the Hanwoo feeding standards, feed was increased from 100% (TDN 3.55 kg, CP 608 g) in the control group to 150% (TDN 5.33 kg, CP 912 g) in the treatment group during the mid and late stages of pregnancy: TDN = total digestible nutrient and CP = crude protein. Feed was administered twice a day (07:00 and 17:00), and stanchions were installed for individual feed intake. Additionally, water and mineral blocks were provided for unlimited access.

[0062] 3. Survey Items and Survey Methods

[0063] 1) Im Shin-woo Weight by pregnancy stage Body Condition Score (BCS) and calving cow weight, BCS and Estrus return date

[0064] Body weight was measured using a bovine morphometer at 10:00 AM every three months during the study period until after delivery. BCS was measured at 3-month intervals from the start of the study until after delivery, using the average of observations by two observers according to KAIA evaluation criteria; to assess the recovery rate after delivery, BCS was measured one month after delivery. Additionally, 30 animals (15 in the control group and 15 in the treatment group) were randomly selected after weaning, and an estrus observation patch (Estrotect, Rockway, Spring Valley, WI, USA) was attached as an estrus observation aid. The number of days to return to estrus after weaning was measured by observing the animals' vaginal mucus, number of mountings, number of allowed mountings, and patch coloration for 30 days.

[0065] 2) Analysis of calf birth and weaning body weight and histological characteristics, and disease incidence (respiratory, diarrhea)

[0066] Tissue samples from the rumen and small intestine were collected to measure the weight of the rumen and small intestine and to analyze their histological characteristics. The tissues were fixed in a 4% formaldehyde solution to correct their morphology. The fixed tissues underwent a sequential dehydration process, and then, using an automated histological processor (LeicaTP1020, Semi-enclosed benchtop tissue processor, Leica Wetzlar, Germany), tissue sections were prepared by placing the tissues in paraffin wax and cutting them to a thickness of 4 μm. These sections were stained with hematoxylin & eosin (H & E) and observed under a light microscope.

[0068] 4. Statistical Analysis

[0069] For statistical analysis, a t-test was performed using the observed values ​​to determine significance (p < 0.05) between the two groups, while differences according to pregnancy stage were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test. For correlation analysis, reproductive efficiency was measured by verifying correlation coefficients and significance using Pearson's correlation test for differences in body weight between late pregnancy and immediately after delivery, differences in body condition index between late pregnancy and one month after delivery, and estrus return date. Data cleaning, visualization, and statistical analysis of all observed data were performed using the Python (ver. 3.10.2) program.

[0071] result

[0072] 1. Im Shin-woo's Pregnancy stage and postpartum weight, Body condition index ( BCS ) change and Estrus return date

[0073] Changes in body weight, Body Condition Score (BCS), and return to estrus according to nutrient feeding levels during pregnancy in Hanwoo cattle are shown in Table 1 below; among these, changes in body weight and BCS were plotted as graphs and additionally presented in Figure 2. As shown in Table 1, maternal body weight was significantly higher in the group fed increased feed (150%, 476 kg) compared to the group fed standard feed (100%, 459 kg) at the end of pregnancy ( P <0.05), and there was no significant difference in postpartum weight. BCS was higher at 150% compared to 100% during the mid-to-late pregnancy and after delivery ( P <0.05), showed no difference in the number of days to return to estrus ( P <0.05).

[0074] Table 1. Body weight according to nutrient feeding levels during pregnancy in Hanwoo cattle, Body condition index ( BCS ) and changes in estrus return date

[0075]

[0077] 2. Korean beef Im Shin-woo's Postpartum calves according to nutritional level ( seasonable rain Histological characteristics and body weight changes

[0078] The results regarding the histological characteristics of calves born to pregnant Hanwoo cows according to nutrient feeding levels during pregnancy are shown in Table 2 below. As shown in Table 2, the length of the calf rumen villi increased when feed was increased during the mid and late stages of pregnancy (see Fig. 3), and pregnant cows fed increased feed during the mid and late stages of pregnancy showed a tendency for the small intestinal villi of their calves to be more developed ( P <0.1)(see Fig. 4).

[0079] Table 2. Histological characteristics of Hanwoo calves according to nutrient feeding levels during gestation.

[0080]

[0082] In addition, the lean meat yield of birth calves according to nutrient feeding levels during Hanwoo gestation is shown in Table 3 below. As shown in Table 3, calves born to pregnant cows fed increased feed during the mid and late stages of pregnancy showed a significantly higher yield in ribs of the large cut lean meat yield ( P <0.05).

[0083] Table 3. Birth calves according to nutrient feeding levels during Hanwoo gestation Meat yield

[0084]

[0086] Table 4 shows the calf body weight according to nutrient feeding levels during the gestation period of Hanwoo cattle; although the calf body weight at birth was higher at 100% compared to 150% depending on sex, ( P (<0.05), body weight at weaning was numerically similar or 150% higher ( P >0.05).

[0087] Table 4. Calf weight according to nutrient feeding levels during Hanwoo gestation

[0088]

[0090] Meanwhile, there was no significant difference in the incidence of disease in calves according to the feeding level. P >0.05)(See Table 5 below).

[0091] Table 5. Incidence of calf diseases according to nutrient feeding levels during Hanwoo gestation

[0092]

Claims

Claim 1 A method for promoting recovery of a breeding cow after calving, comprising increasing the amount of feed during the mid and late stages of pregnancy of a Hanwoo breeding cow, wherein the increased amount of feed is increased from 100% to 150%, the 100% amount is a combination of 3 kg of compound feed and 5 kg of rice straw, and the 150% amount is a combination of 4.5 kg of compound feed and 6.5 kg of rice straw. Claim 2 A method for promoting recovery of a breeding cow after calving, characterized in that, in claim 1, the mid-pregnancy period is from the 4th month of pregnancy to the 6th month of pregnancy. Claim 3 A method for promoting recovery of a breeding cow after calving, characterized in that, in claim 1, the late stage of pregnancy is between the 7th and 9th month of pregnancy. Claim 4 delete Claim 5 delete Claim 6 A method for promoting recovery of a breeding cow after calving, characterized in that, in claim 1, 100% feeding has a TDN (total digestible nutrient) of 3.55 kg and 150% feeding has a TDN of 5.33 kg. Claim 7 A method for promoting recovery of a breeding cow after calving, characterized in that, in claim 1, 100% feeding has a CP (Crude Protein) of 608 g and 150% feeding has a CP of 912 g. Claim 8 A method for promoting recovery of a breeding cow after calving, characterized in that, in claim 1, the body weight of a Hanwoo breeding cow fed an increased amount of feed is significantly higher at the end of pregnancy compared to a Hanwoo breeding cow fed a normal amount of feed, but does not show a significant difference in body weight after calving. Claim 9 A method for promoting recovery of breeding cows after calving, characterized in that, in claim 1, the Body Condition Score (BCS) of Hanwoo breeding cows fed increased feed is significantly higher during the mid and late stages of pregnancy and after calving compared to Hanwoo breeding cows fed a normal diet. Claim 10 A method for promoting recovery of a breeding cow after calving, characterized in that, in claim 1, the return to estrus date of a Hanwoo breeding cow fed an increased amount of feed does not show a significant difference compared to a Hanwoo breeding cow fed a normal amount of feed. Claim 11 A method for inducing the development of the digestive organs of a calf, comprising increasing the amount of feed during the mid and late stages of pregnancy of a Hanwoo breeding cow, wherein the increased amount of feed is increased from 100% to 150%, the 100% amount is a combination of 3 kg of compound feed and 5 kg of rice straw, and the 150% amount is a combination of 4.5 kg of compound feed and 6.5 kg of rice straw. Claim 12 A method for inducing the development of the digestive organs of a calf to be born, characterized in that, in claim 11, the mid-pregnancy period is between the 4th and 6th month of pregnancy. Claim 13 A method for inducing the development of the digestive organs of a calf to be born, characterized in that, in claim 11, the late stage of pregnancy is between the 7th and 9th month of pregnancy. Claim 14 delete Claim 15 delete Claim 16 A method for inducing digestive organ development in a calf born according to claim 11, characterized in that 100% feeding has a TDN of 3.55 kg and 150% feeding has a TDN of 5.33 kg. Claim 17 A method for inducing the development of the digestive organs of a calf born according to claim 11, characterized in that 100% feeding has a CP of 608 g and 150% feeding has a CP of 912 g. Claim 18 A method for inducing the development of the digestive organs of a calf born according to claim 11, characterized in that a calf born from a Hanwoo breeding cow fed an increased amount of feed has a longer rumen villi length compared to a calf born from a Hanwoo breeding cow fed a normal amount of feed. Claim 19 A method for inducing the development of the digestive organs of a calf born according to claim 11, characterized in that the villi of the small intestine of a calf born from a Hanwoo breeding cow fed an increased amount of feed are more developed than those of a calf born from a Hanwoo breeding cow fed a normal amount of feed. Claim 20 A method for inducing the development of the digestive organs of a calf born according to claim 11, characterized in that a calf born from a Hanwoo breeding cow fed an increased amount of feed shows a significantly higher yield of ribs with a large cut meat ratio compared to a calf born from a Hanwoo breeding cow fed a normal amount of feed.

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