Sweat absorbing and quick drying knitting properties fabric applied with both water repellent and wetting agent and manufacturing method thereof
Patent Information
- Application Number
- KR1020240057267
- Authority / Receiving Office
- KR · KR
- Patent Type
- Patents
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-04-30
- Publication Date
- 2026-09-18
- Estimated Expiration
- 2044-04-30
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Figure 112024047111633-PAT00001_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technology Field
[0001] The present invention relates to a moisture-wicking and quick-drying fabric, and more specifically, to a moisture-wicking and quick-drying fabric in which a water-repellent agent and a wetting agent are applied together to the surface of the fabric, and a method for manufacturing the same. Background Technology
[0002] Moisture-wicking and quick-drying fabric refers to a functional fabric that rapidly wicks moisture, such as sweat, from the skin to the outside for drying. In other words, it is a fabric capable of maintaining a refreshing sensation when worn by quickly absorbing moisture from the surface in contact with the skin and releasing it to the outside.
[0003] In order to manufacture fabrics with such moisture-wicking and quick-drying functions, moisture-wicking and quick-drying fabrics manufactured using various conventional methods have been proposed, developed, and marketed.
[0004] Representative examples include the inventions disclosed in Patent No. 10-0486881, Patent No. 10-0504674, Patent No. 10-0574065, etc., which achieve moisture-wicking and quick-drying functions by utilizing the difference in moisture absorption performance between the skin-contact fibers and the surface fibers by having different fiber structures and components for the skin-contact surface (back side) and the surface layer. Additionally, Patent No. 10-0653757, etc., has proposed a technology that provides moisture-wicking and quick-drying performance by coating a water-repellent layer at regular intervals on a portion of the back side that comes into contact with the skin to facilitate moisture release.
[0005] However, the aforementioned inventions have a problem in that the difficulty and cost burden of the processing itself are significant compared to the expected effects of processing fabrics with two characteristics, hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity.
[0006] Meanwhile, conventional inventions disclosed in Patent Application Publication No. 10-2014-0134984, Patent No. 10-1608406, Patent No. 10-1878452, etc., form a coating layer containing a water-repellent agent and a binder with gaps on the back surface of a fiber sheet that comes into contact with the skin, so that moisture can be pushed into the gaps by the coating layer and discharged to the surface.
[0007] However, coating the fabric with a combination of water-repellent components and binders in this manner results in moisture-wicking and quick-drying functions based solely on uniform water-repellent ability, so there are bound to be limitations in performance. The problem to be solved
[0008] Accordingly, the objective of the present invention is to provide a moisture-wicking fabric and a method for manufacturing the same, which is superior in terms of moisture release function and effect while having a much simpler process compared to conventional moisture-wicking fabrics, by simultaneously applying a water-repellent agent with a repellent force against moisture and a wetting agent with a hydrophilic force against moisture to process the fabric through a simple and simple coating process. means of solving the problem
[0009] To achieve the above objective, the present invention provides a moisture-wicking and quick-drying fabric characterized in that, in the moisture-wicking and quick-drying fabric, a water-repellent layer and a wetting layer are printed alternately on the surface of the fiber fabric, the gap between the boundary of the water-repellent layer and the boundary of the wetting layer is 0.2 to 2 mm, and the printing area of the water-repellent layer and the wetting layer is water-repellent layer:wetting layer = 3:1 to 10:1.
[0010] Here, the water-repellent layer is obtained by thickening a water-repellent mixture obtained by mixing 10% by weight of a water-repellent, 50% by weight of a water-based binder, 0.5% by weight of a penetrating agent, and the remaining by weight of water, and then printing and drying it on the surface of the fiber fabric; the wetting agent layer can be obtained by thickening a wetting agent mixture obtained by mixing 0.5% by weight of a fluorine-based or silicone-based wetting agent, 10% by weight of a water-based binder, 5~10% by weight of PVA, 0.5~0.6% by weight of a crosslinking agent, and the remaining by weight of water, and then printing and drying it on the surface of the fiber fabric.
[0011] In addition, to achieve the above objective, the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a moisture-wicking and quick-drying fabric, comprising the steps of: mixing 10% by weight of a water-repellent agent, 50% by weight of a water-based binder, 0.5% by weight of a penetrating agent, and the remaining by weight of water to obtain a water-repellent agent mixture; mixing 0.5% by weight of a fluorine-based or silicone-based wetting agent, 10% by weight of a water-based binder, 5~10% by weight of PVA, 0.5~0.6% by weight of a crosslinking agent, and the remaining by weight of water to obtain a wetting agent mixture; thickening the water-repellent agent mixture and printing and drying it on the surface of a fiber fabric at regular intervals to form a water-repellent agent layer; and thickening the wetting agent mixture and printing and drying it on the surface of the fiber fabric so as to intersect with the water-repellent agent layer to form a wetting agent layer.
[0012] Here, the gap between the boundary of the water-repellent layer and the boundary of the wetting agent layer is 0.2 to 2 mm, and it is preferable that the printing area of the water-repellent layer and the wetting agent layer is water-repellent layer:wetting agent layer = 3:1 to 10:1.
[0013] In addition, the above PVA may have a saponification degree of 99%, and in this case, the relative weight ratio of the above PVA to the above crosslinking agent is preferably 10:1. Effects of the invention
[0014] According to the moisture-wicking and quick-drying fabric and the manufacturing method thereof according to the present invention as described above, by applying a water-repellent agent having a repellent force against moisture and a wetting agent having a hydrophilic force against moisture simultaneously to the surface of the fabric, processing treatment of the fabric is achieved through a simple and simple printing process, thereby making the process much simpler compared to conventional moisture-wicking and quick-drying fabrics, and furthermore, by combining the repellent force against moisture of the water-repellent layer and the affinity against moisture of the adjacent wetting agent layer to create a synergistic effect, the moisture-wicking and quick-drying effect of the fabric can be maximized. Brief explanation of the drawing
[0015] FIGS. 1 to 3 are cross-sectional views of a moisture-wicking and quick-drying fabric that may appear according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figures 4 and 5 are plan views of a moisture-wicking and quick-drying fabric that may appear according to the cross-section of Figure 3. Specific details for implementing the invention
[0016] The water-repellent agents applied in this invention include silicone-based, fluorine-based, and surfactant agents, and are printed on the surface of the fabric to increase the contact angle with water, thereby controlling (i.e., blocking) water absorption into the fabric.
[0017] Fluorine-based water repellents are the most commonly used water repellents. In particular, fluorine-based water repellents have the characteristic of providing both water and oil repellency simultaneously. While silicone-based water repellents are functionally inferior to fluorine-based ones, they are widely used in cotton, polyester, and blends due to their soft texture. However, unlike fluorine-based ones, it is difficult to expect oil-repellent functionality from them. Additionally, these water repellents are highly sensitive to pH. Generally, their water-repellent function deteriorates rapidly at pH 9 or higher and pH 4 or lower. Fluoro alkylacrylated phosphorous ester co-polymer is the most representative raw material for the aforementioned fluorine-based water repellents.
[0018] The wetting agent applied in this invention is a substance generally added to lower the surface tension of a solution. That is, in the case of a surface printed with the wetting agent, the surface tension is rapidly reduced, significantly decreasing the phenomenon of water droplet formation caused by environmental changes. In addition, when the wetting agent is applied to a surface during printing processing, if additional moisture components adhere to the surface, it provides a leveling action that maintains a very slippery surface. Wetting agents with these functions, mainly silicone-based and fluorine-based ones, exhibit excellent performance. In addition, various other types of wetting agents are available on the market.
[0019] Among the various usable wetting agents, fluorine-based surfactants and fluorine acrylate-based polymers offer the best performance, but fluorine-based agents have the disadvantage of being very expensive. Next, silicone-based wetting agents can be used, and in practice, silicone-based wetting agents with excellent performance are widely used. Silicone-based trisiloxane ethoxylates exhibit excellent performance. In addition, low-cost wetting agents having alkyl chains of fatty acid derivatives can be used. However, such low-cost wetting agents have the disadvantage of reduced washability during fiber processing due to increased usage.
[0020] The present invention provides a high-performance moisture-wicking and quick-drying processed fabric that is different from the prior art by performing a technical pattern printing process on the surface of a fabric fabric together with the water-repellent agent and the wetting agent as described above.
[0021] As explained above, wetting agents basically have the function of attracting moisture (water) from the processed surface and spreading it quickly and evenly across the surface. In contrast, water-repellent agents have the function of repelling moisture (water) through repulsion when moisture comes into contact with the processed surface. The present invention aims to provide a moisture-wicking fabric that is improved and exhibits superior performance compared to existing moisture-wicking fabrics by utilizing the opposing properties of these two materials. Specifically, the invention aims to dramatically improve the moisture-wicking performance of the processed fabric surface by bringing about a synergistic effect through the combined use of the moisture-repelling force of the water-repellent agent and the moisture-absorbing force of the wetting agent.
[0022] According to the present invention, when a water-repellent agent and a wetting agent are appropriately printed onto a fabric, performance similar to a well effect is exhibited in the wetting agent treatment layer due to their opposing functions. That is, moisture emitted by the repulsive force of the water-repellent agent processed on the surface of the fabric is actively attracted to the adjacent wetting agent layer processed by printing, thereby exhibiting a moisture-wicking and quick-drying function. Ultimately, the moisture-wicking and quick-drying effect of the fabric is maximized by combining the repulsive force of the water-repellent agent against moisture with the affinity of the wetting agent against moisture.
[0023] To this end, since wetting agents have moisture-friendly properties, applying the wetting agent itself to the fabric results in very poor washfastness. To improve this weakness, the present invention prefers to mix the wetting agent with a water-based binder when processing the fabric. The water-based binder that can be used at this time may include types such as emulsion-type acrylic, urethane, and polyethylene vinyl acetate. Additionally, a general water-based binder that is not in emulsion form may also be used.
[0024] Acrylic and urethane binders for processing water-based textile fabrics, used together with wetting agents in this way, increase the adhesion of the wetting agent to the fibers, thereby enhancing the durability of the textile fabric.
[0025] FIG. 1 is an example in which a water-repellent layer (12) and a wetting agent layer (13) are printed alternately on the surface of a fabric (11). In the case of a moisture-wicking and quick-drying fabric (10) processed in this manner, when moisture is generated, the water-repellent layer (12) has a characteristic of trying to expel moisture to the outside of the water-repellent layer (12) due to the repulsive force against moisture. Conversely, the wetting agent layer (13) exhibits a function of actively attracting surrounding moisture. When cross-processing is performed using characteristics where the reactions to moisture are opposite to each other, moisture accumulates in the wetting agent layer (13) at a very fast speed due to the synergistic effect of adding each function. That is, such a synergistic effect can be realized by utilizing the opposite characteristics of the water-repellent and wetting agents regarding moisture. In other words, due to the repulsive force of the water-repellent agent against moisture and the absorption power of the wetting agent against moisture, an overall well effect occurs, resulting in a more effective moisture-wicking and quick-drying function.
[0026] At this time, it is desirable to maintain a gap (d) between the boundary of the water-repellent layer (12) and the boundary of the wetting agent layer (13) of 0.2 to 2 mm. That is, it is desirable to maintain the width of the non-coated area between the water-repellent layer (12) and the wetting agent layer (13) of 0.2 to 2 mm. If they are too close together, a phenomenon of concentrated moisture generation may occur at the boundary line, and if the gap (d) is 2 mm or more, it becomes difficult to expect a synergistic effect where the repulsive force of the water-repellent and the absorbent force of the wetting agent are added together.
[0027] In terms of the thickness of the water-repellent layer (12) and the wetting layer (13), as shown in FIG. 1, it is more preferable to form the water-repellent layer (12) thicker than the wetting layer (13). In this case, since the water-repellent layer (12) comes into closer contact with the skin, moisture such as sweat can be pushed more actively into the wetting layer (13), and the wetting layer (13) can create a fine gap between itself and the skin to provide a ventilation effect, as well as provide a space for moisture to flow in from the adjacent water-repellent layer (12), thereby inducing a smooth flow.
[0028] However, the present invention is not limited to cases where there is a difference in layer thickness between the water-repellent layer (12) and the wetting layer (13) as described above, and the above-mentioned synergistic effect can also be achieved when the layer thicknesses of the water-repellent layer (22) and the wetting layer (23) are formed to be the same as each other, as shown in FIG. 2.
[0029] Meanwhile, the above synergistic effect can be achieved even when the water-repellent layer (12) and the wetting layer (13) are printed with an equal width (W) as shown in FIG. 1, but as shown in FIG. 3, it is more effective in terms of function or operation to process the printing area of the water-repellent layer (32) to be wider than the printing area of the wetting layer (33). At this time, it is preferable to process the printing areas of the water-repellent layer (32) and the wetting layer (33) in a ratio of water-repellent layer : wetting layer = 3:1 to 10:1. This is because if the area of the water-repellent layer is excessively small, the repellency performance against moisture is basically reduced, so it is advantageous to process the water-repellent layer to be wider and larger than the wetting layer.
[0030] FIG. 4 is a plan view of a moisture-wicking and quick-drying fabric (30) that can be implemented according to the printing method of FIG. 3. This is a case where a relatively wide water-repellent layer (32) and a relatively narrow wetting layer (33) are printed on one side surface of a fiber fabric (31) with a constant interval (d) between the boundaries. That is, the width of the non-coated area between the water-repellent layer (32) and the wetting layer (33) is constant, and this value is equal to the interval (d).
[0031] FIG. 5 is another plan view of a moisture-wicking and quick-drying fabric (40) that can be realized by the printing method of FIG. 3. In this case, a regular hexagonal water-repellent layer (42) is printed on one side surface of a fiber fabric (41) so as to be distributed in a planar manner at regular intervals, and a wetting layer (43) having boundaries at regular intervals (d) at each boundary of the water-repellent layer (42) is printed so as to be distributed in a regular hexagonal mesh shape. That is, the width of the non-coated area between the water-repellent layer (42) and the wetting layer (43) is constant, and this value is equal to the interval (d).
[0033] [Composition Manufacturing Process]
[0034] 1. Processing process for printing water-repellent agents
[0035] General water-repellent agents available on the market can be used. However, the viscosity is adjusted (thickened) or the formulation is modified according to the printing process. Viscosity and printing properties are controlled by using a viscosity agent with properties suitable for processing methods such as screen printing or gravure.
[0036] 2. Processing process for printing wetting agents
[0037] In the case of wetting agents, if viscosity is adjusted and the fabric is processed using a wetting agent alone, the washability becomes very poor. Therefore, it is desirable to mix the wetting agent with a binder for screen printing or gravure printing. At this time, it is preferable to use a water-based binder, and a binder that exhibits sufficient water resistance characteristics after processing and drying must be selected.
[0038] In the case of wetting agents, the ratio with the binder varies depending on the type of wetting agent used; however, fluorine-based agents are used within 0.2%, and silicone-based agents are used within 0.5%, which is higher (see [Table 1] below). In addition, for fatty acid surfactants, a blend of up to 3% is appropriate. Fluorine-based and silicone-based wetting agents have the characteristic that the wetting agent impregnated inside the cured binder is gradually released when mixed with an aqueous binder and subjected to drying or curing treatment; therefore, an appropriate amount must be used when blending, taking this into consideration.
[0040] [Example of composition manufacturing process]
[0041] 1. Formulation of printing materials with fluorine-based water repellents
[0042] A mixture of 10% fluorine-based water repellent, 50% water-based acrylic binder, 0.5% penetrator, and water was used. The viscosity was thickened to a level suitable for printing processes (screen printing, gravure printing, etc.). A fluorine-based water repellent from the Fluoro alkylacrylated phosphorous ester co-polymer series was used.
[0043] 2. Blending of printing materials with wetting agents
[0044] It was carried out with five different mixing ratios as shown in [Table 1] below.
[0045] Mixture 1 Mixture 2 Mixture 3 Mixture 4 Mixture 5 acrylic binder 10% 10% 40% PVA 1 40% 30% PVA 2 40% 30% silicone-based humectants 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% fatty acid system 1% 1% water Mix to a total of 100% Mix to a total of 100% Mix to a total of 100% Mix to a total of 100% Mix to a total of 100%
[0046] In the table above,
[0047] Acrylic Binder: JONCRYL 624
[0048] PVA 1 : 100% PVA 217 20% solution + 1.5% crosslinking agent added
[0049] PVA 2 : 100% PVA JF-17 15% solution + 1.5% crosslinking agent added
[0050] Silicone-based wetting agent: SILWET L-77
[0051] After mixing according to [Table 1] above, the mixture is thickened to suit the suitability for screen printing or gravure printing and used. A general water-based thickener may be used as the thickener.
[0052] For the above PVA, products such as OCI's P-024 and P-05A, J-POVAL JF-17 from Japan's JAPAN VAM & POVAL Co., Ltd., and PVA 117, 205, and 217 from Japan's KURARAY can be used. Since PVA has a variety of molecular weights and physical properties depending on the degree of saponification, a PVA with properties suitable for the intended purpose can be selected. In the case of J-POVAL JF-17, the degree of saponification is approximately 99%. To enhance durability through cross-linking reactions, it is advantageous to use PVA with a high degree of saponification.
[0053] For the aforementioned crosslinking agents, Solenis’ Kymene 777, 557H, glutaraldehyde, formalin, etc., may be used. The amount of crosslinking agent used should be within approximately 20% of the PVA solid content. In this case, when using a PVA-based binder, heating must be performed at a minimum of 150 degrees Celsius for at least 5 seconds to induce a sufficient crosslinking reaction. If a PVA binder is used without a crosslinking agent, the washfastness after processing is insufficient, resulting in a function that is only suitable for a single use. However, sufficient water resistance can be imparted by dissolving a PVA polymer with a hydroxy saponification degree above a certain level and reacting it with a crosslinking agent. While various crosslinking agents can be used, conventional agents such as glutaraldehyde and formalin pose a risk to human health if residual amounts remain in the fiber after processing. Therefore, it is desirable to use an environmentally friendly crosslinking agent for PVA.
[0054] Various types of binders can be selectively used for fiber attachment. Generally, water-based acrylic and urethane binders are commonly used. In this embodiment, by using PVA, an eco-friendly polymer with a high degree of saponification among polyvinyl alcohols, we aimed to achieve an attachment process with a soft touch and excellent water resistance through a cross-linking reaction process. Additionally, since PVA exhibits excellent compatibility with the wetting agent used in conjunction, it has the characteristic of slowly releasing the wetting agent from within the cured polymer after the cross-linking reaction.
[0055] For silicone-based trisiloxane ethoxylates, various commercially available products can be used as wetting agents. In this example, SILWET L-77 and SILWET-L-7280 from Momentive Performance Materials, as well as alpha-methyl omega-(3-(1,3,3,3-tetramethyl-1-((trimethylsilyl)oxy)disiloxanyl propoxy)poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) and PEG-8 TRISILOXANE were used. For fluorine-based products, ZONYL FSO can be used.
[0056] 3. Processing of textile fabric
[0057] This is a process of treating the fabric with the previously formulated moisture-wicking and quick-drying composition.
[0058] Printing methods such as screen printing and gravure printing can be used. As long as the printing method can form a certain pattern on the fabric, it is not limited to a specific printing method. In this case, it is desirable to process the water-repellent and wetting agent layers in a ratio of approximately 3:1 to 10:1. Since a water-repellent layer being excessively small reduces the basic moisture-repelling function, it is advantageous to process the water-repellent layer to be wider and larger than the wetting agent layer.
[0059] In addition, it is desirable to maintain a gap of 0.2 to 2 mm between the boundary of the water-repellent and wetting agent pattern printing treatment layers. If they are too close together, it may cause concentrated moisture generation at the interface, and if the gap is greater than 2 mm, it becomes difficult to expect the repulsive effect between the water-repellent and wetting agents. Performance is affected in this way depending on the difficulty of the printing process technology.
[0060] After printing, the product is finished by sufficiently drying it using a tenter or drying device.
[0061] 4. Performance of moisture-wicking and quick-drying fabric
[0062] Performance tests for moisture-wicking and quick-drying fabrics manufactured by the formulations and processes of 1 to 3 above are shown in [Table 2] and [Table 3] below.
[0063] Mixture 1 Mixture 2 Mixture 3 Mixture 4 Mixture 5 OMMC 5 5 5 5 4
[0064] (OMMC: Moisture Control Performance)
[0066] Mixture 1 Mixture 2 Mixture 3 Mixture 4 Mixture 5 Initial moisture-wicking performance Grade 5 Grade 5 Grade 5 Grade 5 Grade 5 Moisture-wicking and quick-drying performance after 30 washes Grades 4~5 Grade 5 Grades 4~5 Grade 5 Grades 3~4
[0067] (Performance degradation test based on number of washes)
[0069] Formulations 2 and 4 are printed fabrics produced by cross-linking PVA with a saponification degree of approximately 99%. Formulations 1 and 3 use PVA with a relatively low saponification degree. In this case, durability is somewhat reduced after the cross-linking reaction, which may result in slightly lower washfastness. Rather than using pure PVA polymer alone, mixing a portion with an acrylic binder and blending it appropriately results in superior durability after processing.
[0070] Formulation 5 is a case where acrylic binder is used alone, and since there is insufficient compatibility with the wetting agent (see [Table 2]) and the effect of slowly releasing the wetting agent from the surface of the cured polymer after curing is relatively small, the washfastness is lower than that of the case where it is mixed with PVA.
[0071] Meanwhile, the moisture-wicking and quick-drying fabric and the method of manufacturing the same, which have been described above with a water-repellent agent and a wetting agent applied together, are merely examples to aid in understanding the present invention, and therefore, the scope of rights or technical scope of the present invention as defined by the claims set forth below should not be interpreted as being limited to what has been described above. Explanation of the symbols
[0072] 10, 20, 30, 40: Moisture-wicking and quick-drying fabric 11, 21, 31, 41: Textile fabric 12, 22, 32, 42: Water-repellent layer 13, 23, 33, 43: Wet layer
Claims
Claim 1 delete Claim 2 In a moisture-wicking and quick-drying fabric, a water-repellent layer and a wetting agent layer are printed on the surface of a fiber fabric such that they are arranged in an alternating pattern without overlapping, wherein the gap between the boundary of the water-repellent layer and the boundary of the wetting agent layer is 0.2 to 2 mm, and the printing area of the water-repellent layer and the wetting agent layer is characterized in that the ratio of water-repellent layer to wetting agent layer is 3:1 to 10:1; wherein the water-repellent layer is obtained by printing and drying on the surface of the fiber fabric a water-repellent mixture obtained by mixing 10 wt% of a water-repellent, 50 wt% of a water-based binder, 0.5 wt% of a penetrator, and the remaining wt% of water, adjusting the viscosity to be suitable for screen printing or gravure printing; and wherein the wetting agent layer is obtained by mixing 0.5 wt% of a fluorine-based or silicone-based wetting agent, 10 wt% of a water-based binder, 5 to 10 wt% of PVA, 0.5 to 0.6 wt% of a crosslinking agent, and the remaining wt% of water. A moisture-wicking and quick-drying fabric characterized by being obtained by adjusting a wetting agent mixture to a viscosity suitable for screen printing or gravure printing, printing it on the surface of the fiber fabric, and drying it. Claim 3 A method for manufacturing a moisture-wicking and quick-drying fabric, comprising: a step of obtaining a water-wicking agent mixture by mixing 10% by weight of a water-wicking agent, 50% by weight of a water-based binder, 0.5% by weight of a penetrating agent, and the remaining by weight of water; a step of obtaining a wetting agent mixture by mixing 0.5% by weight of a fluorine-based or silicone-based wetting agent, 10% by weight of a water-based binder, 5~10% by weight of PVA, 0.5~0.6% by weight of a crosslinking agent, and the remaining by weight of water; a step of forming a water-wicking agent layer by adjusting the water-wicking agent mixture to a viscosity suitable for screen printing or gravure printing, printing it on the surface of a fiber fabric at regular intervals, and drying it; and a step of forming a wetting agent layer by adjusting the wetting agent mixture to a viscosity suitable for screen printing or gravure printing, printing it on the surface of the fiber fabric so as to intersect with the water-wicking agent layer, and drying it. Claim 4 A method for manufacturing a moisture-wicking and quick-drying fabric according to claim 3, characterized in that the gap between the boundary of the water-repellent layer and the boundary of the wetting layer is 0.2 to 2 mm, and the printing area of the water-repellent layer and the wetting layer is water-repellent layer:wetting layer = 3:1 to 10:
1. Claim 5 A method for manufacturing a moisture-wicking and quick-drying fabric according to claim 3, characterized in that the PVA has a saponification degree of 99%, and the relative weight ratio of the PVA to the crosslinking agent is 10:1.
Citation Information
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