Antenna apparatus for vehicle, and vehicle comprising the same

Abstract

A vehicle antenna device and a vehicle including the same are disclosed. The vehicle antenna device comprises a substrate, a dipole-type radiation pattern disposed on a first surface of the substrate for transmitting or receiving radio waves, and a coupling pattern disposed on a second surface facing the first surface of the substrate and electromagnetically coupled with the radiation pattern.

Description

Technology Field

[0001] The disclosed embodiment relates to a vehicle antenna device and a vehicle including the same, and more specifically to a broadband vehicle antenna device and a vehicle including the same. Background Technology

[0002] Various features are being developed and applied to further enhance the needs and convenience of vehicle users.

[0003] For example, vehicle devices are being developed to provide users with radio, TV, content, and various information necessary for driving. The information to be provided to the user can be received by the vehicle via wireless communication. Therefore, to provide various information to the user, an antenna for performing wireless communication must be equipped within the vehicle. Here, the antenna can be installed inside or outside the vehicle.

[0004] This can be accomplished by transmitting and receiving signals through various antennas mounted inside the vehicle. Various studies are being attempted to improve radiation performance by efficiently arranging different types of antennas within a limited mounting space and reducing interference between them.

[0005] In particular, in the case of an embedded antenna mounted inside a vehicle, the amount of wireless signals radiated by the antenna that escape to the outside of the vehicle may be limited due to factors such as the influence of the metal body included in the vehicle. The problem to be solved

[0006] The disclosed embodiment provides an antenna with excellent performance and reduced signal imbalance, and a vehicle including the same.

[0007] The disclosed embodiment provides a compact broadband antenna and a vehicle including the same. means of solving the problem

[0008] A vehicle antenna installed in a vehicle according to a disclosed embodiment comprises: a substrate; a dipole-type radiation pattern disposed on a first surface of the substrate for transmitting or receiving a radio wave signal; and a coupling pattern disposed on a second surface facing the first surface of the substrate for being electromagnetically coupled with the radiation pattern.

[0009] And, the radiation pattern includes first and second radiation patterns that are spatially spaced apart from each other, and the coupling pattern may be arranged to overlap with some of the first and second radiation patterns in the thickness direction of the substrate.

[0010] In addition, the similarity between the first radiation pattern and the second radiation pattern may be 80% or more.

[0011] And, at least one of the first and second radiation patterns comprises: a first radiation area having a first area; a second radiation area having a second area smaller than the first area; and a third radiation area having one end in contact with the first radiation area and the other end in contact with the second radiation area; and the coupling pattern may not be arranged so as not to overlap with at least a portion of the first radiation area in the thickness direction of the substrate.

[0012] In addition, both the second radiation region of the first radiation pattern and the second radiation region of the second radiation pattern may overlap with the coupling pattern in the thickness direction of the substrate.

[0013] And, the width of the third radiation region may be smaller than the width of the first radiation region and the width of the second radiation region.

[0014] In addition, the distance between the second radiation area of ​​the first radiation pattern and the second radiation area of ​​the second radiation pattern may be greater than the distance between the first radiation area of ​​the first radiation pattern and the first radiation area of ​​the second radiation pattern.

[0015] And, the coupling pattern may include a first coupling region that overlaps with the second radiation region of the first radiation pattern; a second coupling region that overlaps with the second radiation region of the second radiation pattern; and a third coupling region, one end of which is in contact with the first coupling region and the other end of which is in contact with the first coupling region.

[0016] Additionally, the coupling pattern may further include a first slot that spatially separates the first coupling region and the second coupling region.

[0017] And, the first slot can correspond to the distance between the first radiation pattern and the second radiation pattern.

[0018] Additionally, the coupling pattern may further include one or more second slots.

[0019] And, it may further include one or more slot adjustment elements connected to the coupling pattern across the second slot.

[0020] In addition, the slot adjustment element includes at least one of an inductor, a capacitor, a switching element, and an impedance tuner, and the slot adjustment element controls the length of the second slot.

[0021] And, it may further include a feed point disposed on the first radiation area of ​​the first radiation pattern; and a ground point disposed on the first radiation area of ​​the second radiation pattern.

[0022] In addition, the distance between the ground point and the second radiation area of ​​the second radiation pattern may be smaller than the distance between the feed point and the first radiation area of ​​the first radiation pattern.

[0023] In addition, the above vehicle antenna may have an operating frequency range of 3 GHz or more with a peak gain of -3 dB or more.

[0024] In addition, the vehicle antenna device may have a peak gain of -3dB or more in a frequency range of 1.8GHz to 5GHz.

[0025] Also, the thickness of the above substrate may be 0.5 mm or less.

[0026] In addition, the vehicle antenna may be positioned inside the vehicle, the radiation pattern may be positioned toward the outside of the vehicle, and the coupling pattern may be positioned toward the inside of the vehicle.

[0027] Meanwhile, a vehicle according to one embodiment comprises: a main body; a substrate; and an antenna element including a dipole-type radiation pattern spaced apart from the substrate and a coupling pattern electrically coupled to the radiation pattern, wherein the radiation pattern is positioned toward the outside of the main body and the coupling pattern is positioned toward the inside of the main body. Brief explanation of the drawing

[0028] FIG. 1 is a drawing showing a vehicle equipped with an antenna device according to a disclosed embodiment. FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of an antenna according to one embodiment. Figure 3a is a drawing showing the front view of the antenna shown in Figure 2. FIG. 3b is a drawing showing the rear side of the antenna (1) shown in FIG. 2. FIG. 4 is a drawing illustrating a coupling pattern according to another embodiment. FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating the current distribution of an antenna according to one embodiment. FIG. 6 is a graph showing the peak gain response of an antenna according to one embodiment. FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating the radiation pattern of a radio wave signal output from an antenna according to one embodiment. FIG. 8 is a drawing illustrating a coupling pattern according to another embodiment. FIG. 9 is a drawing illustrating a coupling pattern including a second slot with adjustable length according to another embodiment. Figure 10 is a graph showing the efficiency of the antenna according to the length of the second slot. FIG. 11 is a drawing illustrating a radiation pattern including holes according to another embodiment. FIG. 12 is a drawing illustrating a bent radiation pattern according to one embodiment. FIG. 13 is a drawing illustrating an antenna including a plurality of coupling patterns according to one embodiment. FIG. 14 is a block diagram showing an antenna device according to a disclosed embodiment. FIG. 15 is a block diagram showing a vehicle electronic device including the antenna device of FIG. 14. FIG. 16 is a flowchart illustrating a method for controlling the driving of a vehicle using an antenna according to one embodiment. Specific details for implementing the invention

[0029] Embodiments of the present invention are described below in detail with reference to the attached drawings so that those skilled in the art can easily implement the invention. However, the present invention may be embodied in various different forms and is not limited to the embodiments described herein. Furthermore, in order to clearly explain the present invention in the drawings, parts unrelated to the explanation have been omitted, and similar parts throughout the specification are denoted by similar reference numerals.

[0030] Throughout the specification, when a part is described as being "connected" to another part, this includes not only cases where they are "directly connected," but also cases where they are "electrically connected" with other components interposed between them. Furthermore, when a part is described as "including" a certain component, this means that, unless specifically stated otherwise, it does not exclude other components but may include additional components.

[0031] Phrases such as "in some embodiments" or "in one embodiment" appearing in various places in this specification do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment.

[0032] Some embodiments may be represented by functional block configurations and various processing steps. Some or all of these functional blocks may be implemented by various numbers of hardware and / or software configurations that execute specific functions. For example, the functional blocks of the present disclosure may be implemented by one or more processors or microprocessors, or by circuit configurations for performing the intended functions. Additionally, for example, the functional blocks of the present disclosure may be implemented in various programming or scripting languages. The functional blocks may be implemented as algorithms executed on one or more processors. Furthermore, the present disclosure may employ prior art for electronic configuration, signal processing, and / or data processing, etc. Terms such as modules and configurations may be used broadly and are not limited to mechanical and physical configurations.

[0033] Furthermore, the connecting lines or connecting members between the components depicted in the drawings are merely illustrative of functional connections and / or physical or circuit connections. In the actual device, connections between components may be represented by various alternative or added functional connections, physical connections, or circuit connections.

[0034] Additionally, the description 'at least one of A, B, and C' means that it may be any one of 'A', 'B', 'C', 'A and B', 'A and C', 'B and C', and 'A, B, and C'.

[0035] A vehicle antenna device and a vehicle according to the disclosed embodiment will be described in detail below with reference to the attached drawings. In the attached drawings, identical components are illustrated using identical drawing symbols. Additionally, throughout the detailed description, identical components are described using identical terms.

[0036] The location where the antenna device according to the disclosed embodiment is installed is described in detail below with reference to FIG. 1.

[0037] FIG. 1 is a drawing showing a vehicle equipped with an antenna device according to a disclosed embodiment.

[0038] A vehicle antenna device according to the disclosed embodiment may be placed outside or inside a vehicle.

[0039] Specifically, the vehicle antenna device can be installed within a shark fin module located on the exterior of the vehicle, such as the glass or roof.

[0040] Alternatively, the vehicle antenna device according to the disclosed embodiment may be installed inside the vehicle body. When an antenna is installed on the vehicle's glass, if the glass is damaged by external impact, the antenna may also be damaged, and the length of the cable connecting the antenna and the PCB (printed circuit board) module may increase. Furthermore, if two or more antennas are installed or mounted on the glass to support diversity, there may be isolation issues between the antennas. Additionally, since the shark fin module is exposed to the outside of the vehicle, there is also a risk of damage due to external impact. Moreover, due to the small size of the shark fin module, the antenna size is also reduced, which may degrade the antenna's radiation capability (or broadcast reception capability), and if multiple antennas must be installed to receive various broadcast signals, the number of shark fin modules may increase. When the vehicle antenna device is installed inside the vehicle body, unlike the antennas installed on the glass or shark fin module mentioned above, it is not exposed to the outside of the vehicle. Therefore, the risk of damage can be reduced.

[0041] In the following, a case in which a vehicle antenna device is installed inside a vehicle will be explained and illustrated using an example.

[0042] Referring to FIG. 1, an antenna device (not shown) may be installed on the lower part of a region (150) on an upper panel (115) forming the body of a vehicle (110). Specifically, the region (150) of the metal panel (e.g., 115) may be opened so that the antenna device (not shown) is positioned on the lower part of the region (150) inside the vehicle (110). Additionally, the region (150) may not be formed of a metallic material. Specifically, the region (150) on the metal panel (e.g., 115) may be formed of a material that does not block radio waves (e.g., a non-metallic material).

[0043] In addition, FIG. 1 illustrates an example in which an antenna device (not shown) is installed in a region (150) on the upper part of the vehicle (110), which is the interior of the vehicle (110), but it can be installed anywhere as long as it is installed inside or outside the vehicle (110).

[0044] Specifically, the antenna device (not shown) may be installed in a lower or inner area of ​​at least one of the vehicle's bonnet panel (121), door panel (122), fender panel (123), pillar panel (124), roof panel (115), bumper panel (126) and trunk panel (127).

[0045] Here, the door panel (122) may include not only the front door panel on the driver's side shown in FIG. 1, but also the rear door panel on the driver's side, the front door panel on the passenger's side, and the rear door panel on the passenger's side. Additionally, the fender panel (123) may include not only the front fender panel on the driver's side shown in FIG. 1, but also the rear fender panel on the driver's side, the front fender panel on the passenger's side, and the rear fender panel on the passenger's side. Additionally, the wheeler panel (124) may include not only the front wheeler panel on the driver's side shown in FIG. 1, but also the rear wheeler panel on the driver's side, the front wheeler panel on the passenger's side, and the rear wheeler panel on the passenger's side. Additionally, the bumper panel (126) may include not only the front bumper panel shown in FIG. 1, but also the rear bumper panel.

[0046] FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of an antenna (1) according to one embodiment, FIG. 3a is a drawing showing the front view of the antenna (1) shown in FIG. 2, and FIG. 3b is a drawing showing the rear view of the antenna (1) shown in FIG. 2.

[0047] As illustrated in FIGS. 2, 3a, and 3b, the antenna (1) may include a substrate (10), a dipole-type radiation pattern (20) disposed on a first surface of the substrate (10), and a coupling pattern (30) disposed on a second surface of the substrate (10) and electromagnetically coupled with the radiation pattern (20). It may further include a feed line (40) for feeding the radiation pattern (20).

[0048] Since the radiation pattern (20) transmits or receives radio signals, when the antenna (1) is positioned on the body of the vehicle (110), the radiation pattern (20) may be positioned to face the outside of the vehicle (110), and the coupling pattern (30) may be positioned to face the inside of the vehicle (110). For example, when the antenna (1) is positioned within the upper panel (115) of the vehicle (110), the radiation pattern (20) may be positioned to face the top of the vehicle (110), and the coupling pattern (30) may be positioned to face the bottom of the vehicle (110).

[0049] The substrate (10) may be formed of a dielectric material. The thickness of the substrate (10) may be such that the coupling pattern (30) can be coupled to the radiation pattern (20). For example, the thickness of the substrate (10) may be about 0.1 mm to about 0.5 mm. The dielectric constant of the substrate (10) may be about 1 to about 4 or more.

[0050] A radiation pattern (20) may be disposed on a first surface of a substrate (10). The radiation pattern (20) may be formed of a conductive material. The radiation pattern (20) may include first and second radiation patterns (20a, 20b) that are spatially spaced apart from each other on a first surface of the substrate (10). The spacing distance (d1) of the first and second radiation patterns (20a, 20b) may be a distance at which the first radiation pattern (20a) and the second radiation pattern (20b) can be coupled. For example, the spacing distance (d1) of the first and second radiation patterns (20a, 20b) may be about 0.1 mm to about 0.5 mm.

[0051] The first radiation pattern (20a) includes a feed point (27) connected to a feed conductor (42), and the second radiation pattern (20b) may include a ground point (28) connected to a ground conductor (44). Either of the first and second radiation patterns (20a, 20b) may be connected to a feed conductor (42).

[0052] The first and second radiation patterns (20a, 20b) may have a symmetrical structure. The first and second radiation patterns (20a, 20b) may be symmetrical with respect to the central axis (X) of the antenna (1). Even if the similarity between the first and second radiation patterns (20a, 20b) is 80% or more, they may be referred to as having a symmetrical structure. This is because the structures of the first and second radiation patterns (20a, 20b) may be slightly different for adaptive impedance matching to the external environment.

[0053] The first radiation pattern (20a) may include first to third radiation regions (22a, 24a, 26a) with different numerical values. The dimensions of the first to third radiation regions (22a, 24a, 26a) may correspond to a quarter wavelength radio wave signal resonating with each of the first to third radiation regions (22a, 24a, 26a).

[0054] The first radiation area (22a) has a first area, and the second radiation area (24a) is spatially spaced apart from the first radiation area (22a) and may have a second area. The third radiation area (26a) is positioned between the first radiation area (22a) and the second radiation area (24a) and may have a third area. One end of the third radiation area (26a) may be in contact with the first radiation area (22a), and the other end may be in contact with the second radiation area (24a).

[0055] Each of the first to third radiation regions (22a, 24a, 26a) may have a polygonal shape. However, it is not limited thereto. Each of the first to third radiation regions (22a, 24a, 26a) may have a polygonal, elliptical, circular, or a modified shape thereof. Each of the first to third radiation regions (22a, 24a, 26a) may have a length (l) and a width (W) within a similar range. For example, the width (W) relative to the length (l) of each of the first to third radiation regions (22a, 24a, 26a) may be 0.5 to 2. That is, each of the first to third radiation regions (22a, 24a, 26a) may be a patch type. Thus, the first radiation pattern (20a) is compact, so the overall size of the antenna (1) can be reduced.

[0056] Meanwhile, the width (W3) of the third radiation region (26a) may be smaller than the width (W1) of the first radiation region (22a) and the width (W2) of the second radiation region (24a). Thus, since the distinction between the first to third radiation regions (22a, 24a, 26a) is clear, it is possible to implement a broadband antenna (1) by resonating various frequency bands in the radiation pattern (20).

[0057] The operating frequency may vary depending on the length (l1, l2, l3), width (W1, W2, W3), material, etc. of the first to third radiation regions (22a, 24a, 26a).

[0058] The second radiation pattern (20b) may also include first to third radiation regions (22b, 24b, 26b) with different numerical values. The first radiation region (22b) has a first area, and the second radiation region (24b) is spatially spaced apart from the first radiation region (22b) and may have a second area. The third radiation region (26b) is positioned between the first radiation region (22b) and the second radiation region (24b) and may have a third area. One end of the third radiation region (26b) may be in contact with the first radiation region (22b), and the other end may be in contact with the second radiation region (24b). Since the second radiation pattern (20b) has a symmetrical structure to the first radiation pattern (20a), a detailed description is omitted.

[0059] Since the radiation pattern described above includes radiation regions of various dimensions, radio waves of various frequencies can resonate. For example, radio waves can resonate in the first radiation region (22a, 22b), the second radiation region (24a, 24b), the third radiation region (26a, 26b), the sum of the first and third radiation regions (22a, 22b, 26a, 26b), the sum of the second and third radiation regions (24a, 24b, 26a, 26b), and the sum of the first to third radiation regions (22a, 22b, 24a, 24b, 26a, 26b).

[0060] The antenna (1) may further include a feed line (40) comprising a feed conductor (42) and a ground conductor (44). In FIG. 2, the feed line (40) may be a coaxial cable. The inner conductor of the coaxial cable may be the feed conductor (42), and the outer conductor of the coaxial line may be the ground conductor (44). However, it is not limited thereto. It is also obvious that other feed lines, such as a microstrip or strip line, or a coplanar wavelength (CPW) line or a slot line, may be used for the feed line (40).

[0061] The power supply conductor (42) of the power supply line (40) can be connected to the first radiation pattern (20a) at the power supply point (27), and the grounding conductor (44) can be connected to the second radiation pattern (20b) at the grounding point (28). The power supply point (27) is positioned on the first radiation area (22a), which has the largest area among the first radiation patterns (20a), so that current can be smoothly supplied to the first radiation pattern (20a). The grounding point (28) can also be positioned on the first radiation area (22b), which has the largest area among the second radiation patterns (20b).

[0062] However, the feed point (27) and the ground point (28) may be positioned symmetrically with respect to the central axis (X) of the antenna (1). This is so that the ground point (28) may be positioned so as to be offset from the feed point (27) in the second radiation area (24b) of the second radiation pattern (20b) to mitigate signal imbalance caused by leakage current in the feed line (40). That is, the distance between the ground point (28) and the second radiation area (24b) of the second radiation pattern (20b) may be smaller than the distance between the feed point (27) and the second radiation area (24a) of the first radiation pattern (20a).

[0063] The feed line (40) is connected to the first radiation area (22a) which has a large area, but it may be shifted to optimize impedance matching. For example, if the sum of the areas of the second radiation area (24a) and the third radiation area (26a) of the first radiation pattern (20a) is greater than the area of ​​the first radiation area (22a), the feed point (27) may be placed in the second radiation area (24a) of the first radiation pattern (20a).

[0064] Meanwhile, the first radiation pattern (20a) is connected to the feed conductor (42) of the feed line (40), and the second radiation pattern (20b) is connected to the ground conductor (44) of the feed line (40), and it is preferable that the magnitude of the current flowing in the feed conductor (42) and the current flowing in the ground conductor (44) are the same. However, leakage current may occur between the second radiation pattern (20b) and the ground conductor (44) of the feed line (40). Such leakage current may generate several additional radiation sources combined with the radiation pattern (20). Furthermore, it may result in an increase in the directionality and cross-polarization of the antenna (1), and a deformation of the shape of the radiation pattern (20). A separate device called a balun may be used to resolve such leakage current or signal imbalance.

[0065] A balun can be inserted between the feed line (40) and the antenna (1). For example, various baluns such as a folded balun, a sleeve balun, a split coaxial balun, a half-wavelength balun, or a candelabra balun may be used. However, the above baluns incur additional costs, and when a balun is inserted into the antenna (1), the interaction between the antenna (1) and the balun may deform the shape of the radiation pattern (20) or additionally deform the directionality.

[0066] An antenna (1) according to one embodiment can resolve signal imbalance of the radiation pattern (20) through a coupling pattern (30) without an additional balun. The coupling pattern (30) may be placed on a second surface facing a first surface of the substrate (10). Since the coupling pattern (30) must be electromagnetically coupled with the radiation pattern (20), the coupling pattern (30) may also be formed of a conductive material, just like the radiation pattern (20). The coupling pattern (30) may be formed of the same material as the radiation pattern (20) or of a different material. If the coupling pattern (30) is formed of a material different from the radiation pattern (20), it may be formed of a material with lower electrical conductivity than the radiation pattern (20).

[0067] At least a portion of the coupling pattern (30) may overlap with the radiation pattern (20) in the thickness direction of the substrate (10). In FIG. 1, the coupling pattern (30) may be positioned to overlap the entire second radiation region (24a, 24b) of the radiation pattern (20), overlap a portion of the third radiation region (26a, 26b) of the radiation pattern (20), and not overlap the first radiation region (22a, 22a) of the radiation pattern (20). Of course, the degree of overlap between the coupling pattern (30) and the radiation pattern (20) can be adjusted to mitigate signal imbalance.

[0068] The coupling pattern (30) may include a first coupling region (32) that overlaps with the first radiation pattern (20a), a second coupling region (34) that overlaps with the second radiation pattern (20b), and a third coupling region (36) disposed between the first coupling region (32) and the second coupling region (34). The first coupling region (32) may overlap the entire second radiation region (24a) of the first radiation pattern (20a) in the thickness direction of the substrate (10), and the second coupling region (34) may overlap the entire second radiation region (24b) of the second radiation pattern (20b) in the thickness direction of the substrate (10). However, the third coupling region (36) may not overlap with either the first radiation region (22a) of the first radiation pattern (20a) or the first radiation region (22b) of the second radiation pattern (20b).

[0069] The first coupling region (32) and the second coupling region (34) may also have a symmetrical structure with respect to the central axis (X) of the antenna (1). Although the first and second coupling regions (32, 34) may be completely symmetrical with respect to the central axis (X) of the antenna (1), they may also be described as symmetrical if the similarity between the first coupling region (32) and the second coupling region (34) is 80% or more.

[0070] A third coupling region (36) is positioned between the first coupling region (32) and the second coupling region (34), so that one end is connected to the first coupling region (32) and the other end is connected to the second coupling region (34). The third coupling region (36) can facilitate current flow by connecting the first and second coupling regions (32, 34). The third coupling region (36) can be defined as an area that does not overlap with the first and second radiation patterns (20a, 20b).

[0071] Meanwhile, the coupling pattern (30) may further include one or more slots (37, 38). For example, the coupling pattern (30) may include a first slot (37) positioned on the central axis (X) of the antenna (1) to separate the first coupling region (32) and the second coupling region (34), and a second slot (38) positioned between the first slot (37) and the third coupling region (36).

[0072] One end of the first slot (37) may be open at the edge of the coupling pattern (30), and the other end of the first slot (37) may be connected to the second slot (38). The side end of the second slot (38) is connected to the first slot (37), and both ends of the second slot (38) may be closed by the first and second coupling regions (32, 34).

[0073] The width (W4) of the first slot (37) may be a size such that the first coupling area (32) and the second coupling area (34) can be coupled. For example, the width (W4) of the first slot (37) may be approximately 0.1 mm to approximately 0.5 mm. However, it is not limited thereto. Since the first coupling area (32) and the second coupling area (34) are connected by the third coupling area (36), the width (W4) of the first slot (37) may be 0.5 mm or more.

[0074] The size of the second slot (38) may vary depending on the resonant frequency. The size of the second slot (38) will be explained later.

[0075] Meanwhile, in order for the first and second radiation patterns (20a, 20b) to be smoothly coupled with the coupling pattern (30), the separation distance (d2) between the second radiation area (24a) of the first radiation pattern (20a) and the second radiation area (24b) of the second radiation pattern (20b) may be greater than the separation distance (d1) between the third radiation area (26a) of the first radiation pattern (20a) and the third radiation area (26a) of the second radiation pattern (20b). Thus, current may flow from the second radiation area (24a) of the first radiation pattern (20a) to the first coupling area (32) by coupling, and through the third coupling area (36) and the second coupling area (34), to the second radiation area (34b) of the second radiation pattern (20b) by coupling.

[0076] The above-described coupling pattern (30) can facilitate the current flow between the first radiation pattern (20a) and the second radiation pattern (20b) to resolve signal imbalance. Additionally, the coupling pattern (30) is arranged to overlap with the radiation pattern (20) on the substrate (10) so that the antenna (1) can be implemented compactly.

[0077] To resolve signal imbalance, the coupling pattern (30) can be superimposed more on the radiation pattern (20).

[0078] FIG. 4 is a drawing illustrating a coupling pattern according to another embodiment. Compared to FIG. 2, the coupling pattern (30a) illustrated in FIG. 4 may be arranged to overlap with all of the second radiation pattern (20b). Specifically, the coupling pattern (30a) may include a first coupling area (32) that overlaps with all of the second radiation area (24a) of the first radiation pattern (20a), a second coupling area (34a) that overlaps with all of the second radiation pattern (20b), and a third coupling area (36) connecting the first coupling area (32) and the second coupling area (34a).

[0079] Since the second coupling region (34a) overlaps with the entire second radiation pattern (20b), signal imbalance can be further mitigated.

[0080] An antenna (1, 1a) according to one embodiment was simulated using the HFSSTM 3D electromagnetic simulation tool. Some related dimensions are as follows.

[0081] Thickness of the substrate (10); about 0.2 mm

[0082] Thickness of the radiation pattern (20) and coupling pattern (20): approximately 0.15 mm

[0083] Maximum width of the first radiation area (22a): approximately 31.87 mm

[0084] Length of the first radiation region (22a): 15.5 mm

[0085] Length of the second radiation region (24a): 7 mm

[0086] Width of the second radiation region (24a): 7 mm

[0087] Length of the third radiation region (26a): 8.5 mm

[0088] Width of the third radiation region (26a): 6 mm

[0089] Width of coupling pattern (30): 38 mm

[0090] Length of coupling pattern (30): 11 mm

[0091] Maximum length of coupling pattern (30a): 47 mm

[0092] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating the current distribution of an antenna according to one embodiment. As shown in FIG. 5, it can be seen that current flows in the coupling pattern (30, 30a). In addition, it can be seen that the current density is increased in the second and third radiation regions (24a, 24b, 26a, 26b) by the coupling pattern (30). Furthermore, when the coupling pattern (30a) overlaps with the second radiation pattern (20b), it can be seen that the current density is increased in the first radiation region (22b) of the second radiation pattern (20b).

[0093] FIG. 6 is a graph showing the peak gain response of an antenna according to one embodiment. As shown in FIG. 6, it can be confirmed that the antenna (1, 1a) according to one embodiment has a frequency width (W) of 3 GHz or more at which it obtains a peak gain of -3 dB or more, and a frequency range of 1.7 GHz to 5 GHz at which it obtains a peak gain of -3 dB or more. Since the above frequency bands correspond to LTE Band 3 (1710~1880 MHz) to NR Band (5G, Sub 6 GHz), it can be confirmed that the antenna (1) according to one embodiment can operate in a wideband frequency band.

[0094] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating the radiation pattern of a radio signal output from an antenna according to one embodiment. As a result of measuring the radiation pattern of the radio signal at 2.1 GHz, where the peak gain is highest, it can be confirmed that the radiation pattern at Theta 90° and Phi 90° is improved compared to an antenna equipped with a balloon (comparative example). This means that the antenna (1, 1a) having a coupling pattern according to one embodiment has reduced signal imbalance.

[0095] The coupling pattern (30) can be modified according to impedance matching, operating frequency range, etc.

[0096] FIG. 8 is a drawing illustrating a coupling pattern according to another embodiment. As shown in FIG. 8, the coupling pattern (30b) may not include a slot. In order to facilitate smoother coupling between the coupling pattern (30b) and the radiation pattern (20), the gap between the coupling pattern (30b) and the radiation pattern (20), i.e., the thickness of the substrate (10), may be smaller than the gap between the first radiation pattern (20a) and the second radiation pattern (20b).

[0097] FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating a coupling pattern including a second slot that is adjustable in length according to another embodiment. The coupling pattern (30c) may include first and second slots (37, 38a). The antenna may further include one or more switching elements (SW) electrically connected to the coupling pattern (30) across the second slot (38a). The length of the second slot (38a) may be adjusted depending on the on / off state of the switching element (SW).

[0098] For example, as illustrated in FIG. 9, four switching elements (SW1, SW2, SW3, SW4) electrically connected to the coupling pattern (30) across the second slot (38a) may be disposed on the coupling pattern (30). When all four switching elements (SW1, SW2, SW3, SW4) are in an off state, the operating size of the coupling pattern (30) may be the size of the coupling pattern (30) itself.

[0099] On the other hand, if two of the four switching elements are turned off and two switching elements are turned on, the operating size of the coupling pattern (30) may be larger than the size of the coupling pattern (30) itself. For example, if the first and fourth switching elements (SW1, SW4) are turned on and the second and third switching elements (SW2, SW3) are turned off, the length (l5) of the second slot (38a) becomes the distance to the first to third switching elements, and the operating size of the coupling pattern (30) increases. As the operating size of the coupling pattern (30) changes, the resonant frequency of the antenna (1) may also change.

[0100] The second slot length is adjusted by the switching element (WS) described above, and the switching element described above may be referred to as a slot adjustment element. In addition to the switching element, the slot adjustment element may include a capacitor, an inductor, etc., and may also include an impedance tuner, etc.

[0101] FIG. 10 is a graph showing the efficiency of the antenna according to the length of the second slot. As shown in FIG. 10, it can be seen that the peak gain varies according to the length of the second slot (38a) at an operating frequency of 4000 MHz or higher. For example, it can be seen that the peak gain in the high frequency band increases as the length of the second slot (38a) decreases. Since the peak gain in a specific frequency band increases according to the length of the second slot (38a), the length of the second slot (38a) can be adjusted according to the frequency of interest.

[0102] Since the length of the second slot (38a) can be easily adjusted by the operation of a slot adjustment element (e.g., the on / off operation of a switching element) arranged across the second slot (38a), the operating frequency of the antenna (1) can also be easily adjusted.

[0103] It was stated that the second slot (38) is connected to the first slot (37), but is not limited thereto. The second slot (38) for controlling the operating frequency may be placed in at least one of the radiation pattern (20) and the coupling pattern (30), and there may be multiple second slots. Additionally, the length of the first slot (37) may be adjusted by connecting a switching element to the first slot (37) without a separate second slot (38).

[0104] An antenna according to one embodiment may include one or more holes (h). FIG. 11 is a drawing illustrating a radiation pattern including holes (h) according to another embodiment. As illustrated in FIG. 11, the radiation pattern (50) may include one or more holes (h). The holes (h) may be circular or elliptical. However, they are not limited thereto. The shape of the holes (h) may be polygonal, elliptical, circular, or a combination thereof. An antenna according to one embodiment may include a folded radiation pattern. FIG. 12 is a drawing illustrating a folded radiation pattern according to one embodiment. A radiation region among the radiation pattern (60) that does not overlap with the coupling pattern (30) may be folded one or more times. As illustrated in FIG. 12, a first radiation region (22a, 22b) among the radiation pattern (50) may be folded and positioned perpendicularly to a third radiation region (26a, 26b). The overall dimensions of the antenna (1) can be adjusted by bending the radiation pattern (20). Additionally, communication performance can be improved by bending the antenna (1). The bending of the radiation pattern (60) can be performed in an area that does not overlap with the coupling pattern. For example, there may be bending in the third radiation area (26a, 26b) as well.

[0105] FIG. 13 is a drawing illustrating an antenna including a plurality of coupling patterns according to one embodiment. As shown in FIG. 13, the coupling pattern (70) includes a first and second coupling pattern (30a, 30), and a substrate (10a) may be further included between the first and second coupling patterns (30a, 30). Signal imbalance with the antenna (1) can be further mitigated with the plurality of coupling patterns (30a, 30). The coupling pattern is merely an example, and other types of coupling patterns may be applied.

[0106] FIG. 14 is a block diagram showing an antenna device according to a disclosed embodiment. The antenna device (200) shown in FIG. 1 can be installed in an area inside or outside a vehicle as described in FIG. 1.

[0107] The vehicle antenna device (200) according to the disclosed embodiment is an antenna device installed in a vehicle for wireless communication between a vehicle and an external device, and transmits and receives radio waves through the antenna described above.

[0108] Additionally, the vehicle antenna device (200) according to the disclosed embodiment may be an antenna device that performs wireless communication in a predetermined frequency band. The frequency band used for wireless communication may vary depending on the communication standard or type of communication to be used.

[0109] In addition, the vehicle antenna device according to the disclosed embodiment may be formed in a form integrated with a vehicle communication module (not shown). Here, the vehicle communication module (not shown) may be referred to as a TCU (Transmission Control Unit). The TCU is configured to control the transmission and reception of data via wireless communication within the vehicle and may be responsible for communication between the vehicle and external electronic devices (e.g., a server, a mobile device, etc.). The antenna device according to the disclosed embodiment may be installed inside the vehicle communication module or formed in a form integrated with the vehicle communication module.

[0110] Referring to FIG. 14, a vehicle antenna device (200) includes an antenna (210) and a processor (220). The antenna may include the antenna described above. The antenna element may be a single antenna or an array-type antenna.

[0111] An antenna can transmit and / or receive radio signals. Specifically, an antenna according to a given example can transmit and / or receive omnidirectional radio signals. However, if the antenna is equipped with multiple antennas, the radio signals output from the antennas can be transmitted or received in a desired direction. Thus, when an array-type antenna (210) has the directivity to transmit or receive radio signals in a desired direction, the radio signal output with directivity can be referred to as a beam.

[0112] The processor (220) performs operations according to the disclosed embodiment by executing at least one instruction. That is, the processor (220) can control the execution of an intended operation by executing at least one instruction.

[0113] For example, the processor can obtain information from an external device by adjusting the phase of at least one radio signal output from the antenna. The processor (220) may also control the operation of the vehicle based on the obtained information. In addition, the processor (220) may control the antenna so that a specific range is output based on the vehicle operation information.

[0114] The processor (220) may include an internal memory (not shown) and at least one processor (not shown) that executes at least one stored program. Here, the internal memory (not shown) of the processor (220) may store one or more instructions. And, the processor (220) may execute at least one of the one or more instructions stored in the internal memory (not shown) to perform a predetermined operation.

[0115] Specifically, the processor (220) may include a RAM (not shown) used as a storage area for storing signals or data input from the outside or for various tasks performed in the antenna device (200), a ROM (not shown) in which a control program and / or a plurality of instructions for controlling the antenna device (200) are stored, and at least one processor (not shown).

[0116] Alternatively, the processor (220) may be implemented as a System On Chip (SoC) integrating a core (not shown) and a GPU (not shown). Alternatively, the processor (220) may include more than one core. For example, the processor (220) may include a dual core, triple core, quad core, hexa core, octa core, deca core, dodeca core, hexa-double core, etc.

[0117] Additionally, the processor (220) may include components for implementing a hardware platform (e.g., an application processor (AP), memory, etc.) and components for implementing a software platform (an operating system (OS) program, software for phase control of a radio signal output from an array antenna (210) (Automotive safety Software), an application, etc.).

[0118] Additionally, at least one of the operations performed in the processor (220) can be performed using artificial intelligence (AI) technology.

[0119] FIG. 15 is a block diagram showing a vehicle electronic device including the antenna device of FIG. 14.

[0120] The vehicle electronic device (300) of FIG. 15 may include the vehicle antenna device (200) described in FIG. 14. Additionally, the vehicle electronic device (300) may represent a computing device installable in a vehicle that is formed by integrating with the vehicle antenna device (200). Therefore, in describing the vehicle electronic device (300), parts that overlap with the description of the vehicle antenna device (200) are omitted. Furthermore, in the vehicle electronic device (300) shown in FIG. 3, configurations identical to those described in FIG. 2 are described using the same drawing symbols and terms.

[0121] Referring to FIG. 15, the vehicle electronic device (300) may include a processor (220), an input / output unit (230), and a communication unit (240). Specifically, the vehicle electronic device (300) may include a vehicle antenna device (200), and the vehicle antenna device (200) may be formed in a form that is integrated with a communication unit (240), which is a TCU (Transmission Control Unit) that performs communication within the vehicle.

[0122] Additionally, the vehicle electronic device (300) may be an electronic device for implementing in-vehicle infotainment (IVI) technology. For example, the vehicle electronic device (300) may provide services, information, and / or content customized to a specific user based on user location information. Specifically, the vehicle electronic device (300) may be used to obtain information necessary for the operation or use of the vehicle by performing communication between the vehicle and an external device. Alternatively, the vehicle electronic device (300) may provide services, information, and / or content to the user by performing communication between the vehicle and an external device.

[0123] The processor (220) and the input / output unit (230) included in the vehicle electronic device (300) may be collectively referred to as an IVI head unit. Additionally, the vehicle electronic device (300) may be positioned between the center front of the driver's seat and the passenger seat within the vehicle. In this case, the array antenna (210) included in the vehicle electronic device (300) may be installed at a position spaced apart from other components included in the vehicle electronic device (300), and the array antenna (210) may be connected to other components of the vehicle electronic device (300) via a wired communication interface, such as a wired cable, or interconnected via a wireless communication interface.

[0124] Additionally, the communication unit (240) may be referred to as a TCU (Transmission Control Unit).

[0125] Here, the TCU is a component that controls the transmission and reception of data within the vehicle and can be responsible for communication between the vehicle and external electronic devices (e.g., servers, mobile devices, etc.).

[0126] The processor (220) can be formed with components (341) for implementing a hardware platform (e.g., an application processor (AP), memory, etc.) and components (350) for implementing a software platform (an operating system (OS) program, automotive safety software, an application, etc.).

[0127] Specifically, the configurations (341) implementing the hardware platform may include at least one application processor (AP) (341) and memory (342). Here, the case where the memory (342) is included within the processor (220) has been described as an example. Additionally, the memory (420) may be included as a separate configuration that is not included within the processor (220) but is included in the vehicle electronic device (300).

[0128] Additionally, the configurations (341) implementing the hardware platform may further include a USB module (not shown), an FM / DMB tuner (not shown), etc. Here, the USB module (not shown) may include a USB insertion part (not shown) to read data from the inserted USB. Additionally, the FM / DMB tuner (not shown) may selectively receive FM / DMB broadcast signals. Specifically, the FM / DMB tuner (not shown) may select only the frequency of the channel to be received by the vehicle electronic device (300) from among many radio wave components by tuning through amplification, mixing, resonance, etc. of the broadcast signal received wirelessly. The broadcast signal received by the FM / DMB tuner (not shown) may include audio, video, and additional information (e.g., EPG (Electronic Program Guide)).

[0129] Configurations (350) for implementing a software platform may include an operating system (OS) program, automotive safety software, applications, etc. Here, the operating system program may include a QNX, Linux, or Android-based operating system program.

[0130] The input / output unit (230) is configured to provide data to a user or receive a request from a user and may include at least one of a display (331), a camera module (335), an audio output unit (338), and a user interface (339).

[0131] The camera module (335) is configured to acquire video and / or audio data and may include a camera (336) and a microphone (337). Additionally, the camera module (335) may include a speaker (not shown) to output the sound of operation of the camera (336). Furthermore, if the camera module (335) does not include a separate speaker (not shown), the sound of operation of the camera (336) may be output through an audio output unit (338).

[0132] For example, the camera module (335) can operate as a detection sensor to recognize the user's gestures and voice.

[0133] Specifically, the camera (336) can receive images (e.g., consecutive frames) corresponding to user motions including gestures within the camera recognition range. For example, the recognition range of the camera (336) may be within a distance of 0.1 to 5 m from the camera (336) to the user. User motions may include, for example, motions of parts of the user's body such as the user's face, facial expressions, hands, fists, fingers, etc. or motions of parts of the user. The camera (336) converts the received images into electrical signals and recognizes them under the control of the processor (220), and can select a menu displayed on the vehicle electronic device (300) or perform control corresponding to the motion recognition result using the recognition result corresponding to the user's motion. For example, the processor (220) can control channel selection, channel change, volume adjustment, execution of available services, etc. in FM / DMB using the recognition result obtained from the camera (336).

[0134] The camera (336) may be implemented as an integral or separate unit with the vehicle electronic device (300). The separate camera (336) may be electrically connected to the processor (220) of the vehicle electronic device (300) through the communication unit (240) or the input / output unit (230). For example, if the camera (336) is implemented as a separate unit with the vehicle electronic device (300), the camera (336) may be positioned at a location corresponding to the front of the driver's face and upper body so as to capture an image corresponding to the driver's face and upper body.

[0135] The microphone (337) can receive audio signals such as voice signals. The microphone (337) receives a user's voice signal, and the processor (220) can recognize a control command corresponding to the voice received from the microphone (337) and control the execution of a corresponding operation. Additionally, the microphone (337) may be included in the vehicle electronic device (300) as a separate module, rather than being included in the camera module (335).

[0136] The user interface (339) can receive user input for controlling the vehicle electronic device (300). The user interface (339) may include a push button, wheel, keyboard, jog dial, touch panel and haptic sensor, etc. for receiving user input.

[0137] The communication unit (240) may include at least one communication module that performs wireless communication. Specifically, the communication unit (240) may include at least one of a Bluetooth module (361), a Wi-Fi module (362), a GPS module (363), an RF module (364), and a CP module (Communication Processor module) (365). Here, the CP module is a modem chipset, and the network may perform communication with an external electronic device through a communication network according to 3G, 4G, 5G, or 6G communication standards. Additionally, the communication unit (240) may further include at least one communication module (not shown) that performs communication according to communication standards such as BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy), NFC / RFID, Wi-Fi Direct, UWB, and / or ZIGBEE.

[0138] An antenna according to one embodiment may be a component of a communication module included in the communication unit (240). For example, the antenna may be included in at least one of the RF module (364) and the CP module (365) and may be responsible for transmitting and receiving radio waves of the RF module (364) and the CP module (365), respectively.

[0139] In addition, in the vehicle electronic device (300), each component included, for example, a processor (220), an input / output unit (230), and a communication unit (240), can communicate with each other through a vehicle network. In addition, the vehicle electronic device (300) and other components included in a vehicle (not shown) can communicate with each other through a vehicle network. Here, the vehicle network may be a network based on CAN (Controller Area Network) and / or MOST (Media Oriented Systems Transport), etc.

[0140] The processor (220) can control the driving of the vehicle based on information received from the antenna.

[0141] FIG. 16 is a flowchart illustrating a method for controlling the driving of a vehicle using an antenna according to one embodiment. Referring to FIG. 16, a processor (220) can receive an electrical signal from an antenna (S410). As previously described, the antenna may include a substrate, a radiation pattern spaced apart from the substrate, and a coupling pattern. The antenna can output an electrical signal corresponding to the received radio signal.

[0142] The processor (220) can obtain environmental information from an electrical signal received from an antenna (S420). The environmental information may be traffic information, construction information, accident information, weather information, information on external objects, etc.

[0143] The processor (220) can control the driving of the vehicle in response to environmental information (S430). The processor (220) can control the drive unit so that at least one of the driving path and driving speed of the vehicle is changed in response to environmental information. The drive unit may include a steering control unit, a speed control unit, etc., although not shown. A vehicle control manual matched to environmental information may be stored in memory (not shown). The processor (220) can control the driving of the vehicle by reading the vehicle control manual matched to environmental information from memory. However, it is not limited thereto. The processor (220) may also control the driving of the vehicle in response to environmental information by using a learning network model of an artificial intelligence (AI) system. For example, the processor (220) may control the driving of the vehicle to prevent a collision with an accident vehicle.

[0144] Although it was stated that the antenna according to one embodiment is installed in a vehicle, it is not limited thereto. It is also obvious that it can be installed in a device requiring broadband communication.

[0145] Although the embodiments have been described in detail above, the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and various modifications and improvements by those skilled in the art using the basic concept of the present invention as defined in the following claims also fall within the scope of the present invention. Explanation of the symbols

[0146] 10: Substrate 20: Radiation pattern 20a: First radiation pattern 20b: Second radiation pattern 30: Coupling Pattern 32: First coupling region 34: Second coupling region 36: Third coupling region 37: 1st Slot 38: 2nd slot 40: Quick cash line

Claims

Claim 1 A vehicle antenna installed in a vehicle comprises: a substrate; a dipole-type radiation pattern disposed on a first surface of the substrate for transmitting or receiving a radio wave signal; and a coupling pattern disposed on a second surface facing the first surface of the substrate for being electromagnetically coupled with the radiation pattern; wherein the radiation pattern comprises first and second radiation patterns spatially spaced apart from each other, and each of the first and second radiation patterns comprises a first radiation region having a first area; A second radiation region having a second area smaller than the first area; a third radiation region having one end in contact with the first radiation region and the other end in contact with the second radiation region; wherein the coupling pattern is arranged such that it does not overlap with at least a portion of the first radiation region of the first radiation pattern and at least a portion of the first radiation region of the second radiation pattern in the thickness direction of the substrate, and the first radiation region of the first radiation pattern and the first radiation region of the second radiation pattern, the second radiation region of the first radiation pattern and the second radiation region of the second radiation pattern, and the third radiation region of the first radiation pattern and the third radiation region of the second radiation pattern are each spatially spaced apart from each other, and the spacing distance between the second radiation region of the first radiation pattern and the second radiation region of the second radiation pattern is greater than the spacing distance between the first radiation region of the first radiation pattern and the first radiation region of the second radiation pattern, a feed portion is disposed on the first radiation region of the first radiation pattern, and a ground point is disposed on the first radiation region of the second radiation pattern, and A vehicle antenna is a vehicle antenna having a peak gain of -3dB or more and an operating frequency range of 3GHz or more. Claim 2 delete Claim 3 A vehicle antenna according to claim 1, wherein the similarity between the first radiation pattern and the second radiation pattern is 80% or more. Claim 4 delete Claim 5 In claim 1, both the second radiation region of the first radiation pattern and the second radiation region of the second radiation pattern overlap with the coupling pattern in the thickness direction of the substrate for a vehicle antenna. Claim 6 In claim 1, the width of the third radiation region is smaller than the width of the first radiation region and the width of the second radiation region, for a vehicle antenna. Claim 7 delete Claim 8 In claim 1, the coupling pattern comprises: a first coupling region that overlaps with a second radiation region of the first radiation pattern; a second coupling region that overlaps with a second radiation region of the second radiation pattern; and a third coupling region, one end of which is in contact with the first coupling region and the other end of which is in contact with the first coupling region, for a vehicle antenna. Claim 9 In claim 8, the coupling pattern further comprises a first slot that spatially separates the first coupling region and the second coupling region; a vehicle antenna. Claim 10 In claim 9, the first slot is a vehicle antenna corresponding to the separation distance between the first radiation pattern and the second radiation pattern. Claim 11 In claim 1, the coupling pattern further comprises one or more second slots; a vehicle antenna. Claim 12 A vehicle antenna according to claim 11, further comprising one or more slot adjustment elements connected to the coupling pattern across the second slot. Claim 13 In claim 12, the slot adjustment element comprises at least one of an inductor, a capacitor, a switching element, and an impedance tuner, and a vehicle antenna that controls the length of the second slot. Claim 14 delete Claim 15 A vehicle antenna according to claim 1, wherein the distance between the ground point and the second radiation region of the second radiation pattern is smaller than the distance between the feed point and the first radiation region of the first radiation pattern. Claim 16 delete Claim 17 In claim 1, the vehicle antenna device is a vehicle antenna having a peak gain of -3dB or more in a frequency range of 1.8GHz to 5GHz. Claim 18 A vehicle antenna according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the substrate is 0.5 mm or less. Claim 19 In claim 1, the vehicle antenna is positioned inside the vehicle, the radiation pattern is positioned toward the outside of the vehicle, and the coupling pattern is positioned toward the inside of the vehicle. Claim 20 An antenna element comprising: a main body; a substrate; a dipole-type radiation pattern spaced apart from the substrate and a coupling pattern electrically coupled to the radiation pattern; wherein the radiation pattern is positioned toward the outside of the main body and the coupling pattern is positioned toward the inside of the main body, and the radiation pattern includes first and second radiation patterns spaced apart from each other, and each of the first and second radiation patterns has a first radiation region having a first area; A second radiation region having a second area smaller than the first area; a third radiation region having one end in contact with the first radiation region and the other end in contact with the second radiation region; wherein the coupling pattern is arranged such that it does not overlap with at least a portion of the first radiation region of the first radiation pattern and at least a portion of the first radiation region of the second radiation pattern in the thickness direction of the substrate, and the first radiation region of the first radiation pattern and the first radiation region of the second radiation pattern, the second radiation region of the first radiation pattern and the second radiation region of the second radiation pattern, and the third radiation region of the first radiation pattern and the third radiation region of the second radiation pattern are each spatially spaced apart from each other, and the spacing distance between the second radiation region of the first radiation pattern and the second radiation region of the second radiation pattern is greater than the spacing distance between the first radiation region of the first radiation pattern and the first radiation region of the second radiation pattern, a feed portion is disposed on the first radiation region of the first radiation pattern, and a ground point is disposed on the first radiation region of the second radiation pattern, and An antenna element is a vehicle having a peak gain of -3dB or more and an operating frequency range of 3GHz or more.

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