Wireless charging-enabled heavy equipment battery system

Abstract

The present invention relates to a battery system for heavy equipment, and more specifically, to a wireless charging-supported battery system for heavy equipment that wirelessly charges a battery mounted on heavy equipment using a magnetic induction method, and includes an active safety response function that precisely diagnoses the condition of the battery in real time and physically disconnects the battery in the event of an unpredictable dangerous situation.

Description

Technology Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a battery system for heavy equipment, and more specifically, to a wireless charging-supported battery system for heavy equipment that wirelessly charges a battery mounted on heavy equipment using a magnetic induction method, and includes an active safety response function that precisely diagnoses the condition of the battery in real time and physically disconnects the battery in the event of an unpredictable dangerous situation. Background Technology

[0002] Recently, the introduction of electrified heavy equipment has been actively increasing in various industrial fields, including construction, logistics, and agriculture. Compared to internal combustion engine heavy equipment, such electric heavy equipment produces less noise and vibration and eliminates harmful emissions, making it advantageous for improving working environments and complying with environmental regulations.

[0003] The operational efficiency of electric heavy equipment is largely dependent on the battery charging method. Conventional wired charging methods involve the inconvenience of operators having to directly connect heavy and contaminated charging cables, and frequent wear or damage to charging connectors occurs during the process of connecting and disconnecting. In particular, in harsh heavy equipment working environments with high levels of dust, moisture, and oil vapors, poor electrical contact in charging connectors is a major cause of charging failure, or in severe cases, can cause sparks, posing a risk of safety accidents.

[0004] To address these issues, attempts are being made to apply wireless charging technology to heavy equipment. Since wireless charging technology transmits power without physical contact, it fundamentally resolves the problem of connector wear and enables the automation of the charging process.

[0005] However, high-capacity, high-output battery packs used in heavy equipment generate significant heat during charging and pose a serious risk that could lead to a fire in the entire vehicle if thermal runaway occurs due to external impact or internal defects. Conventional wireless charging systems provide only basic protection functions, such as simply shutting off charging when the battery temperature exceeds a specific threshold; they lack the ability to detect early warning signs of thermal runaway or to possess active response measures to prevent secondary damage once a dangerous state has been reached. Therefore, there is a need for a new wireless charging system that goes beyond simple charging convenience and integrates advanced safety management functions tailored to the characteristics of heavy equipment operating in high-risk environments. The problem to be solved

[0006] The present invention was devised to solve the problems of the prior art as described above, and aims to solve the following problems.

[0007] The purpose is to provide a battery risk state judgment function that goes beyond simple temperature detection and comprehensively analyzes various physicochemical states of the battery to predict and determine early warning signs of catastrophic failures, such as thermal runaway.

[0008] The purpose is to provide an active emergency response function that goes beyond a passive response of simply cutting off charging when the dangerous state of the battery is determined to exceed a critical level and be unrecoverable, and instead physically and quickly and safely separates the battery pack from the main body of the heavy equipment to fundamentally prevent secondary damage such as a fire in the entire vehicle.

[0009] The purpose is to provide a dynamic drive control function that can stably complete the disconnection within a set time, in response to various variables (battery mass, frictional resistance, etc.) that may occur during the emergency battery disconnection process.

[0010] The purpose is to ensure the stability of the charging system itself by precisely detecting unpredictable abnormal conditions (e.g., ingress of foreign substances) that may occur during the wireless charging process.

[0011] The problems of the present invention are not limited to those mentioned above, and other problems not mentioned will be clearly understood by those skilled in the art from the description below. means of solving the problem

[0013] According to an embodiment of the present invention for solving the above problem

[0014] In a wireless charging-supported battery system for heavy equipment,

[0015] A power transmitter installed on the ground for transmitting alternating current power in the form of a magnetic field; and

[0016] A power receiving unit mounted on the above-mentioned heavy equipment; including,

[0017] The above power receiving unit is,

[0018] A receiving coil unit that receives an induced current in combination with the above magnetic field;

[0019] A battery charged by the received induced current;

[0020] A plurality of sensors for monitoring the status of the above battery;

[0021] A battery replacement unit for physically separating the battery from the heavy equipment; and

[0022] A central control unit that controls the operation of the power receiving unit; is included,

[0023] The above central control unit is,

[0024] Receiving battery status data from the plurality of sensors and determining the dangerous state of the battery based on the received data,

[0025] The above-determined danger state corresponds to a preset 'emergency' state, characterized by transmitting an emergency detachment command to the battery replacement unit to execute the physical separation of the battery.

[0026] The above plurality of sensors are,

[0027] A temperature sensor for measuring the temperature of the internal cell of the battery;

[0028] A gas sensor for measuring the concentration of electrolyte vapor or a specific gas inside the battery pack; and

[0029] It includes a measuring means for calculating the internal resistance of the above battery, and

[0030] The above central control unit is,

[0031] A primary evaluation for determining individual risk grades including 'normal', 'caution', and 'warning' by comparing each of the above-mentioned measured values ​​of temperature, gas concentration, and internal resistance with a plurality of preset threshold values; and

[0032] A second evaluation is performed to determine the final risk state by combining the individual risk grades determined above according to a pre-set priority rule table; and

[0033] The above priority rule table includes a rule that determines the final risk state as 'Urgent' regardless of the grade of other factors when the individual risk grade of the temperature or the gas is 'Warning', and determines the final risk state as 'Warning' when there is no 'Warning' grade and there are two or more factors of the 'Caution' grade.

[0034] The above battery replacement unit is,

[0035] One or more actuators that apply a direct physical force to the battery and push it out in response to the above emergency detachment command; and

[0036] A drive control unit for controlling the drive of the above actuator; is included,

[0037] The above central control unit or the above drive control unit is,

[0038] When the above emergency detachment command is transmitted, the total required driving force to move the battery by the 'removal required distance' within the preset 'target detachment time' is calculated, and

[0039] The total required driving force mentioned above is,

[0040] It is characterized by being dynamically determined in proportion to the mass of the battery and inversely proportional to the square of the target detachment time,

[0041] The power receiving unit further includes a position sensor that detects the actual location of the battery, and

[0042] The above central control unit or the above drive control unit is,

[0043] After driving the actuator, if it is determined that there is no movement of the battery based on the signal received from the position sensor, the total required driving force may be amplified to a preset maximum safety limit to re-drive the actuator. Effects of the invention

[0045] A wireless charging-supported battery system for heavy equipment according to the present invention for solving the above-mentioned problems provides the following effects.

[0046] The present invention enables early prediction and warning of precursor symptoms of complex failures that are difficult to detect with a single sensor, through a 'battery risk state determination process' that comprehensively analyzes multiple heterogeneous data such as temperature, gas, and internal resistance. This allows for a preemptive response to potential hazardous situations, thereby significantly improving the overall safety level of the system.

[0047] The present invention executes an "emergency detachment drive control process" that physically disconnects the battery pack when the battery is determined to be in an unrecoverable "emergency" state. This serves as the most reliable safety measure to fundamentally prevent the worst-case scenario where thermal runaway spreads into a fire throughout the entire vehicle, thereby protecting the driver and valuable heavy equipment assets from fatal risks.

[0048] The present invention dynamically calculates the driving force required for emergency detachment by considering variable physical conditions such as battery mass and frictional resistance, and responds to exceptional situations through feedback control. This ensures that battery disconnection can be successfully completed within a set safety time under any circumstances, thereby maximizing the reliability of the emergency response function itself.

[0049] The present invention precisely detects unpredictable problems, such as the ingress of metallic foreign matter between coils or circuit damage, through a 'charging abnormal state detection process' and blocks charging. This prevents damage to the charging system itself and provides the effect of increasing maintenance efficiency by notifying the user of the specific need for inspection.

[0050] The effects according to the present invention are not limited to those exemplified above, and a wider variety of effects are included within the present invention. Brief explanation of the drawing

[0052] Figure 1 illustrates an overall relationship diagram according to the present invention. Figure 2 illustrates a flowchart between all components according to the present invention. Figure 3 illustrates a flowchart of Process 1 according to the present invention. Figure 4 illustrates a flowchart of process 2 according to the present invention. Figure 5 illustrates a flowchart of process 3 according to the present invention. Figure 6 illustrates a flowchart of process 4 according to the present invention. Specific details for implementing the invention

[0053] Hereinafter, various embodiments are described in more detail with reference to the attached drawings. The embodiments described in this specification may be modified in various ways. Specific embodiments may be depicted in the drawings and described in detail in the detailed description. However, specific embodiments disclosed in the attached drawings are intended only to facilitate understanding of various embodiments. Accordingly, the technical concept is not limited by specific embodiments disclosed in the attached drawings, and it should be understood that it includes all equivalents or substitutions that fall within the spirit and scope of the invention.

[0054] Terms including ordinal numbers, such as first, second, etc., may be used to describe various components, but these components are not limited by the aforementioned terms. The aforementioned terms are used solely for the purpose of distinguishing one component from another.

[0055] Functions related to artificial intelligence according to the present disclosure are operated through a processor and memory. The processor may be composed of one or more processors. In this case, the one or more processors may be general-purpose processors such as CPUs, APs, and DSPs (Digital Signal Processors), graphics-dedicated processors such as GPUs and VPUs (Vision Processing Units), or artificial intelligence-dedicated processors such as NPUs. The one or more processors control the processing of input data according to predefined operation rules or artificial intelligence models stored in memory. Alternatively, if the one or more processors are artificial intelligence-dedicated processors, the artificial intelligence-dedicated processors may be designed with a hardware structure specialized for processing a specific artificial intelligence model.

[0056] The predefined rules of operation or artificial intelligence models are characterized by being created through learning. Here, being created through learning means that a basic artificial intelligence model is trained using a number of training data by a learning algorithm, thereby creating predefined rules of operation or artificial intelligence models configured to perform desired characteristics (or objectives). Such learning may be performed on the device itself where the artificial intelligence according to the present disclosure is executed, or it may be performed through a separate server and / or system. Examples of learning algorithms include supervised learning, unsupervised learning, semi-supervised learning, or reinforcement learning, but are not limited to the examples described above.

[0057] An artificial intelligence model can be composed of multiple neural network layers. Each of the multiple neural network layers has multiple nodes and weight values, and performs neural network operations through calculations between the results of previous layers and the multiple weights. The multiple weights possessed by the multiple neural network layers can be optimized based on the learning results of the artificial intelligence model. For example, multiple weights can be updated so that the loss value or cost value obtained by the artificial intelligence model during the learning process is reduced or minimized. Additionally, to minimize the loss value or cost value, multiple weights can be updated in a direction that minimizes the gradient associated with the loss value or cost value. Artificial neural networks may include deep neural networks (DNNs), such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBMs), Deep Belief Networks (DBNs), Bidirectional Recurrent Deep Neural Networks (BRDNNs), or Deep Q-Networks, but are not limited to the examples mentioned above.

[0058] A network is a network that serves as a transmission path for web pages; it may be a closed network such as a LAN (Local Area Network) or WAN (Wide Area Network), but it is desirable for it to be an open network such as the Internet. The Internet refers to a global open computer network structure that provides the TCP / IP protocol and various services existing at its upper layers, namely HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol), Telnet, FTP (File Transfer Protocol), DNS (Domain Name System), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), NFS (Network File Service), and NIS (Network Information Service).

[0059] Terminals can be implemented in various forms. For example, the terminals described in this specification may include mobile terminals such as smartphones, tablet PCs, PDAs, portable multimedia players, and MP3 players, as well as fixed terminals such as smart TVs and desktop computers.

[0060] In this specification, terms such as “comprising” or “having” are intended to specify the existence of the features, numbers, steps, actions, components, parts, or combinations thereof described in the specification, and should be understood as not precluding the existence or addition of one or more other features, numbers, steps, actions, components, parts, or combinations thereof. When a component is described as being “connected” or “connected” to another component, it should be understood that it may be directly connected to or connected to that other component, or that there may be other components in between. On the other hand, when a component is described as being “directly connected” or “directly connected” to another component, it should be understood that there are no other components in between.

[0061] Meanwhile, a "module" or "part" for a component as used in this specification performs at least one function or operation. Furthermore, a "module" or "part" may perform a function or operation by hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. Additionally, a plurality of "modules" or a plurality of "parts," excluding a "module" or "part" that must be performed on specific hardware or on at least one processor, may be integrated into at least one module. A singular expression includes a plural expression unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0062] In addition, power, power transmission, and control therefor for the following assembly configurations and embodiments, including "by control," follow conventional technology including terminals, applications, hardware control modules, etc., so they are omitted to avoid redundancy.

[0063] In addition, the operation embodiments and configurations described in a general manner without being explained in detail below follow the prior art and are omitted in order to focus on describing the purpose of the present invention and the resulting effects.

[0064] Furthermore, in describing the present invention, if it is determined that a detailed description of related known functions or configurations may unnecessarily obscure the essence of the invention, such detailed description is abbreviated or omitted.

[0065] A battery system for heavy equipment that supports wireless charging according to the present invention is configured to include a power transmitter (100) installed on the ground or a specific structure to supply power wirelessly, and a power receiver (200) mounted on heavy equipment to receive power from the power transmitter (100) and charge a battery. The power transmitter (100) receives power from an external power source to form a magnetic field and performs the role of transmitting power to the power receiver (200), and for this purpose includes a power transmission unit (110) and a transmission coil unit (120). The power transmission unit (110) includes an inverter circuit that receives commercial AC power and converts it into AC power having a resonant frequency. The power transmission unit (110) variably controls the magnitude or frequency of the transmitted power based on battery status information received from the communication module (260) of the power receiver (200). More specifically, the power transmission unit primarily adjusts the magnitude (amplitude or duty ratio) of the AC power to respond to the charging current requirement of the power receiver received from the communication module, and may also use a method of finely adjusting the frequency of the AC power to re-search for the optimal resonance point when it is determined that the power transmission efficiency has decreased due to a lower coupling coefficient with the receiving coil. The transmitting coil unit (120) is electrically connected to the power transmission unit (110) and is composed of a primary coil that generates a time-varying magnetic field by the AC power applied from the power transmission unit (110). The power receiver (200) is installed at the bottom of the heavy equipment or near the battery pack and charges the battery by receiving power wirelessly from the power transmission unit (100). To this end, the power receiving unit (200) includes a receiving coil unit (210), a power conversion unit (220), a battery management unit (230), a central control unit (240), a charging control module (250), a communication module (260), and a position alignment module (270).The receiving coil unit (210) is composed of a secondary coil that generates an induced electromotive force by electromagnetically coupling with the time-varying magnetic field generated by the transmitting coil unit (120). The power conversion unit (220) converts the alternating current power received through the receiving coil unit (210) into direct current power suitable for charging the battery of heavy equipment, and includes a rectifier circuit and a DC-DC converter circuit for this purpose. The battery management unit (230) is provided inside the battery pack and measures and monitors the voltage, current, temperature, and charge status of the battery cells in real time. If the measured battery information deviates from a preset reference value, the battery management unit (230) transmits a warning signal to the central control unit (240) to perform a protection operation. The central control unit (240) is composed of a microprocessor device that controls the overall operation of the power receiving unit (200). The central control unit (240) receives battery information from the battery management unit (230) and executes the charging control module (250), the communication module (260), and the position alignment module (270) to comprehensively control the wireless charging process. The charging control module (250) is software logic executed by the central control unit (240) and controls the power conversion unit (220) to sequentially perform a constant current charging step and a constant voltage charging step according to the battery status transmitted from the battery management unit (230). The communication module (260) transmits and receives data with the power transmission unit (100) using a short-range wireless communication method. The communication module (260) transmits a charging start request, real-time battery status information, a charging completion signal, etc., to the power transmission unit (100) so that the charging procedure is stably performed through mutual information exchange. The above position alignment module (270) is composed of software logic that determines the alignment accuracy between the transmitting coil unit (120) and the receiving coil unit (210).The position alignment module (270) preferably uses the magnetic field distribution pattern measured by the magnetic field sensor as the primary judgment criterion to precisely calculate the alignment error. However, if the signal received from the magnetic field sensor is outside the valid range or communication is interrupted and the sensor is determined to be faulty, the module ensures the robustness of the system by using the strength of the received power as an auxiliary judgment criterion to roughly determine the alignment state. The position alignment module (270) determines whether the horizontal separation distance between the center axes of the two coils is located within a pre-set allowable error range based on the magnetic field sensor or the strength of the received power. Charging is initiated only when the allowable error range is satisfied, thereby allowing charging to proceed when the power transmission efficiency is secured above a certain level. The central control unit (240) performs a 'battery risk state judgment process' that comprehensively evaluates multiple heterogeneous data rather than a single physical quantity to diagnose the safety of the battery in real time. The process is configured to use three key judgment criteria. First, the battery temperature, which refers to the temperature of the internal cells of the battery, is determined to assess the current thermal stability of the battery and detect imminent danger. Second, the gas leakage concentration, which refers to the concentration of electrolyte vapor or specific gases generated when the battery cells are internally damaged or overcharged or overdischarged, is determined to predict potential danger by detecting early whether physical damage or chemical abnormal reactions have occurred. Third, the internal resistance, which is a resistance value for charge movement within the battery and tends to increase when the battery ages or internal micro-short circuits occur, is determined to diagnose long-term changes in the battery's state and potential internal defects. Of course, the battery management unit (230) monitors the voltage and current of the battery cells in real time and performs basic protection logic to block electrical abnormal conditions such as overcharging, overdischarging, and overcurrent.However, the 'battery risk state determination process' of the present invention goes beyond such basic electrical protection and is characterized by its technical features in predicting and detecting precursor symptoms of fatal failures that are irreversible once they occur, such as thermal runaway. Accordingly, the temperature, gas, and internal resistance, which directly indicate changes in the physicochemical state of the battery, are adopted as core determination criteria. The system does not adopt a method of simply summing or averaging the three determination criteria. The technical basis for this is established because the type and urgency of the risk indicated by each criterion differ. For example, a gradual increase in internal resistance is a 'long-term' signal requiring maintenance, whereas a rapid simultaneous rise in temperature and gas concentration is judged as a 'short-term' and fatal risk signal requiring immediate action. Accordingly, the system configures a logical processing procedure based on hierarchical priority rules. In the present invention, the final risk state is determined by adopting a hierarchical priority rule method capable of clearly distinguishing the type and urgency of risk, rather than a simple weighted summation method. The procedure first performs a primary evaluation in which each determination criterion is evaluated independently to assign an individual risk grade. Next, a secondary evaluation is performed to determine the final risk state by combining each grade and assigning a higher weight or priority to the grade of the judgment criterion with a high urgency of risk. The central control unit (240) acquires data for each judgment criterion in the following manner. The battery temperature is measured through multiple NTC thermistors installed inside the battery pack, and the unit is Celsius. Since the battery temperature shows rapid changes within a few seconds when a thermal runaway phenomenon occurs, the shortest measurement cycle of 1 second is set to avoid missing a dangerous situation. For example, it is set so that it can be measured as 62 Celsius. The gas leakage concentration is measured through a MOS type gas sensor for detecting electrolyte vapor installed in the sealed space of the battery pack, and the unit is ppm.Since it takes a certain amount of time for the gas generated by internal damage to reach the sensor and for the concentration to change, a measurement cycle of 5 seconds is set to compromise between securing a stable measurement value of the sensor and the response speed. For example, it is set so that the value can be measured at 150 ppm. The internal resistance is calculated by the battery management unit (230) applying a current pulse during charging or discharging and measuring the voltage drop that occurs at that time, and the unit is milliohms. Since the accuracy of the internal resistance is highest when measured when the battery is in an electrically stable state, it is not measured at a fixed cycle, but is calculated non-periodically under specific conditions where the central control unit (240) determines the charge state and stability of the battery and decides that it is most suitable for measurement. For example, it is set so that the value can be calculated at 35 mΩ. The final determination result of the 'battery danger state determination process' is classified into four stages: 'normal', 'caution', 'warning', and 'urgent', and a control action linked to each state is triggered. If determined to be in a 'Normal State,' all charging and operation procedures are performed normally. If determined to be in a 'Caution State,' the maximum charging current is reduced by a predetermined ratio via the 'Dynamic Charging Current Control Process,' and the relevant data is recorded in the system log. This reduction ratio is set by considering a safety margin derived from prior battery thermal characteristic simulation results or multiple experimental data, within a range that lowers the thermal load applied to the battery to a meaningful level without causing unnecessary charging interruptions. If determined to be in a 'Warning State,' charging is immediately stopped, and an audiovisual warning is transmitted to the heavy equipment operator. If determined to be in an 'Emergency State,' the 'Emergency Detachment Drive Control Process' is triggered simultaneously with the charging stoppage and warning issuance to immediately execute the physical disconnection of the battery pack. This is explained using an example scenario where minor internal damage occurs to some battery cells due to external impact while the heavy equipment is wirelessly charging.First, the central control unit (240) collects data from each sensor regarding a battery temperature of 50°C, a gas leak concentration of 120 ppm, and an internal resistance of 25 mΩ after 1 minute has elapsed since the damage. Second, the collected data is compared with a preset threshold value to determine the risk level of each criterion. The battery temperature of 50°C is determined as a 'Caution' level, the gas leak concentration of 120 ppm as a 'Caution' level, and the internal resistance of 25 mΩ as a 'Normal' level. Third, the combination of levels is evaluated according to a preset state determination rule table. Since it corresponds to the second rule, "If there are two or more 'Caution' level factors, it is determined as a 'Warning' state," the final 'battery risk state' is determined as 'Warning'. Fourth, a control operation corresponding to the 'Warning' state is performed to immediately stop wireless charging and output a warning sound along with a message "Battery overheating check required" on the driver's seat display. The central control unit of the present invention determines the final risk state according to the following priority rules.

[0066] [Table] State Determination Rule Table

[0067]

[0068] The judgment logic of the present invention includes a sensor value validity verification step to prepare for exceptional situations such as sensor failure. When collecting data, the central control unit (240) first checks whether each sensor value is within a physically possible range. If a specific sensor value falls outside the range or communication is interrupted, the sensor is determined to be 'fail'. If one sensor is determined to be 'fail', the system determines the dangerous state using only the remaining valid sensor values ​​for safety, but responds conservatively by upgrading the final result by one level, or immediately sends a 'sensor check' warning to the driver. In addition, the central control unit (240) continuously monitors not only the absolute value of the internal resistance but also the rate of change per hour. Even if the absolute value of the internal resistance is below the 'Caution' grade threshold, if it is determined that the rate of change increases rapidly by exceeding a preset threshold (e.g., 10 mΩ / min), this may be a sign of an internal micro-short circuit; therefore, the final risk status can be raised one level to a 'Warning' grade for processing. Compared to prior art, in a scenario involving a gradual temperature rise and gas leakage due to an internal short circuit, prior art that uses temperature as a single criterion takes no action until the temperature reaches 60°C. In contrast, the present invention determines the state as 'Warning' at the initial point when the temperature exceeds 45°C and the gas leakage concentration exceeds 100 ppm, preemptively stops charging, and sends a warning. In a scenario involving an increase in internal resistance due to aging, prior art fails to detect danger because the temperature does not rise. On the other hand, the present invention determines the state as 'Caution' when the internal resistance exceeds 30 mΩ, slightly reduces the charging current, and indicates the need for maintenance.In a scenario involving a rapid simultaneous rise in temperature and gas levels due to external impact, the prior art merely cuts off charging when the temperature reaches 60°C, whereas the present invention determines the state to be 'emergency' and executes physical separation of the battery as soon as the temperature exceeds 60°C and the gas leakage concentration exceeds 200 ppm simultaneously. The central control unit determines the final danger state according to a state determination rule table. Rule 1 of the table determines the final danger state as 'emergency' if either the temperature or the gas level is 'warning'. Rule 2 determines the state as 'warning' if it does not fall under Rule 1 and there are two or more 'caution' level factors. Rule 3 determines the state as 'caution' if it does not fall under Rules 1 or 2 and there is one 'caution' level factor. Rule 4 determines the state as 'normal' if it does not fall under any of the above rules. Through simulation examples, when the temperature is 58°C ('Caution'), gas is 210 ppm ('Warning'), and resistance is 25 mΩ ('Normal'), the final risk state is determined as 'Urgent' according to the first rule, whereas prior art fails to detect the risk. The judgment rules presented in the present invention are composed of objective and inevitable elements based on a technical understanding of the physicochemical mechanism of battery failure. Since substantial safety can only be ensured by early detection of complex failure scenarios that cannot be detected by a single factor alone, and by varying the level of response according to the severity of the risk, a combination of multiple judgment criteria and hierarchical rules is adopted as an essential configuration. By adopting multiple judgment criteria and hierarchical rules as described above, the present invention achieves the technical effects of ensuring predictive safety, improving the precision of response, and preventing secondary damage. Specifically, it predicts failure by capturing warning signs and responds preemptively, subdivides the risk state and performs differential measures appropriate to each stage, and fundamentally prevents secondary damage that could spread to a fire throughout the entire vehicle by physically disconnecting the battery in the 'Urgent' state.The threshold values ​​used in this specification are exemplary, and their criteria are established as follows. The basis for setting each threshold value is primarily determined based on the type of battery cell used and the safe operating range specified in the technical specifications provided by the manufacturer. This implies that the initial setting of the threshold values ​​is based on objective engineering data. The threshold values ​​are not fixed values; rather, they are designed to be periodically updated via firmware updates to be optimized for a specific model or operating environment by statistically analyzing multiple heavy equipment battery data collected in actual operating environments. Specifically, the update procedure is performed by analyzing the distribution of specific sensor data accumulated in the system. When a specific quantile value of the collected data consistently shows a difference exceeding a predetermined error range from the previously set 'Caution' grade threshold value, the update procedure is executed based on new statistical values ​​and subject to administrator approval. The criteria for determining the risk level are set as follows: for temperature, Normal (45℃); Caution (over 45℃ to 60℃); and Warning (over 60℃); for gas, Normal (100ppm), Caution (over 100ppm to 200ppm), and Warning (over 200ppm); and for resistance, Normal (~30mΩ) and Caution (over 30mΩ).

[0069] [Table 1] Definition of thresholds for risk level determination (Example)

[0070]

[0071] [Table 2] Risk Assessment Simulation Results by Scenario (Compared to Prior Art)

[0072]

[0073] Table 1 above illustrates the criteria for determining risk grades according to an embodiment of the present invention. Each threshold value is set based on objective data specified in the battery type and the manufacturer's technical specifications.

[0074] Table 2 above is a simulation result comparing the judgment logic of the present invention with the prior art under various virtual scenarios. As seen in Scenario 2, the prior art fails to detect danger because the temperature does not reach 60°C, whereas the present invention demonstrates that it can respond preemptively by determining the condition as a 'warning' state because both the temperature and the gas correspond to the 'caution' grade. When the battery replacement unit (300) receives an 'emergency' state signal from the 'battery danger state judgment process,' it performs an 'emergency detachment drive control process' to quickly and safely physically separate the battery pack from the heavy equipment. The process does not simply operate at maximum output, but utilizes the following key judgment criteria for precise control. First, the target detachment time, which is the maximum allowable time for battery separation to be completed after the 'emergency' state occurs, is determined to secure a safety golden time to prevent secondary damage such as thermal runaway propagation. Second, the battery mass, which is the total mass of the battery pack to be separated, is determined to determine the basic driving force required to overcome inertia and obtain the necessary acceleration within the target time. Third, the required detachment distance, which is the minimum linear distance the battery must travel to be completely separated from the electrical connection of the heavy equipment and to secure a thermally safe distance, is determined to optimize energy usage by limiting the displacement in the driving force calculation and to prevent additional damage caused by unnecessary movement. Fourth, the actuator specifications, such as the total number of actuators used to push out the battery and the piston cross-sectional area of ​​each actuator, are determined to determine the precise pressure or voltage to be applied to individual actuators by distributing the calculated total required driving force to each actuator. Fifth, the frictional resistance, which is the static and dynamic frictional force generated when the battery detaches from the fixed device and moves along the travel path, is determined to prevent detachment failure by compensating for all physical resistance resisting actual driving in addition to the battery's inertia.The above system does not adopt a simple mechanical method of pushing the battery with a fixed force. The technical basis for this is that a fixed force cannot guarantee the target detachment time in real-world situations where battery masses differ or frictional resistance changes. The system comprises a logical processing procedure based on fundamental dynamic principles, such as Newton's laws of motion and the formula for uniformly accelerated motion. The process first calculates the acceleration required to move the battery mass by the required detachment distance within the target detachment time. Using the calculated acceleration and battery mass, the required net force is determined. The force required to overcome frictional resistance is added to this to determine the final total required driving force. Finally, this total required driving force is converted into pressure or voltage signals that each actuator must generate, using the actuator specifications. In particular, the total required driving force is determined by reflecting a physical relationship in which it increases exponentially inversely proportional to the square of time, rather than increasing linearly as the target detachment time decreases.

[0075] [Table 3] Parameter definitions for emergency detachment control (Example)

[0076]

[0077] [Table 4] Comparison of detachment success by condition (compared to prior art)

[0078]

[0079] As can be seen in [Table 4] above, prior art using a fixed force fails to achieve safety objectives because it fails to detach under conditions that deviate from design standards (increased weight, increased friction). On the other hand, the present invention demonstrates that detachment can be completed within the target time under any conditions by dynamically recalculating the required driving force by reflecting changed conditions as parameters or by amplifying the force through feedback. In Scenario 3 of [Table 4] above, hundreds of milliseconds of additional time may be required due to the feedback and retry process. However, this represents a significant improvement compared to prior art that fails to achieve safety objectives due to complete detachment failure. The 'target detachment time' in the present invention is set to include a sufficient safety margin that takes into account even the time delay that may occur during this exception handling process. The control unit of the battery replacement unit (300) acquires and stores data for each judgment criterion in the following manner. The target detachment time is pre-set as a critical time to ensure safety based on experimental data regarding the battery thermal runaway propagation speed and is stored in the non-volatile memory of the control unit. For example, it is configured to be stored as 1.5 seconds. The battery mass, required detachment distance, and actuator specifications are fixed values ​​corresponding to the mechanical design specifications of the relevant heavy equipment model and the mounted battery pack, and are stored in advance in the non-volatile memory of the control unit. For example, it is configured to be stored as a battery mass of 300 kg, a required detachment distance of 0.5 m, two actuators, and a cross-sectional area of ​​0.002 m² for each cylinder. The frictional resistance is treated as a variable value rather than a fixed value. Although the initial frictional resistance value is set through design simulation, during system maintenance mode or periodic self-diagnosis, the frictional resistance value is measured and updated by having the actuator move the battery very slowly and slightly, and measuring the minimum driving force required at that time. For example, it is configured to be measured as a pressure corresponding to 500 N.The final determination result of the above 'emergency detachment drive control process' is an 'actuator drive signal' corresponding to a specific pressure or voltage. The signal may take the form of a pulse width modulated signal or a DC voltage signal of a specific magnitude. The generated drive signal is transmitted to a hydraulic pump controller or a pneumatic valve controller so that the actuator accurately generates the determined drive force. Through this, a highly reliable physical measure is executed to always complete battery disconnection within the target detachment time, even under various conditions. This is explained by taking an example of a scenario where an 'emergency' status signal occurs and a 300 kg battery must be disconnected by 0.5 m within 1.5 seconds. First, an 'emergency' status signal is received from the central control unit (240). Second, parameters required for emergency detachment are loaded from the control unit memory. The above parameters are set as a target detachment time of 1.5 seconds, a battery mass of 300 kg, a required detachment distance of 0.5 m, two actuators, a cylinder cross-sectional area of ​​0.002 m², and a measured frictional resistance of 500 N. Thirdly, the total required driving force is determined based on the above parameters and the built-in dynamics-based logic. The control unit first determines the acceleration required to move 0.5 m over 1.5 seconds. Subsequently, a mass of 300 kg is applied to this acceleration to determine the force required to overcome inertia. A frictional resistance of 500 N is added to this to finally determine the total driving force required. Fourthly, the determined total driving force is divided among the two actuators, and the pressure required for each actuator to generate the corresponding force is calculated. A control signal corresponding to the calculated pressure is generated and automatically transmitted to a hydraulic or pneumatic system. The above control logic ensures reliability by including closed-loop control through feedback, rather than simple open-loop control. The battery replacement unit (300) is additionally equipped with a linear encoder or limit switch that detects the actual position of the battery.After transmitting the drive signal, the control unit monitors in real time whether the battery is actually moving through a position detection sensor. If no movement of the battery is detected even after a certain percentage of the target detachment time has elapsed, it is determined that frictional resistance has increased rapidly due to factors such as the insertion of an unexpected obstacle. In this case, the system immediately switches to a primary safety mode and transmits a command to retry by amplifying the drive pressure to the maximum safety limit that the system can withstand. Compared to prior art, in standard condition scenarios, the prior art using a fixed-force spring method succeeds in detachment, whereas the present invention succeeds in detachment by calculating the precise force and avoids causing unnecessary shock to the equipment. In scenarios where the battery is replaced with a heavier one, the prior art fails to detach or misses the golden time, whereas the present invention receives the changed battery mass value as a parameter and automatically calculates a stronger drive force to successfully detach within the target time. In scenarios where frictional resistance increases due to the insertion of foreign substances, the prior art fails to detach; however, the present invention detects the absence of movement through position sensor feedback and immediately amplifies the pressure to the maximum safety limit to retry the detachment, thereby maximizing the success rate. The dynamic drive control method of the present invention is an essential configuration for solving the technical challenge of "ensuring successful physical separation within a defined safety time under any conditions." To respond to physical variables that may vary depending on the type of battery, its aging state, and external environmental factors, a dynamic control logic that precisely calculates and applies a force appropriate to the situation, rather than a fixed force, is essential. By adopting judgment criteria and control rules based on dynamic principles as described above, the present invention achieves technical effects such as maximizing detachment reliability, ensuring equipment stability, and enhancing system scalability and adaptability.Specifically, the success rate of detachment within the target time is maximized even under various battery specifications and situations involving unexpected increases in frictional resistance, secondary damage caused by excessive impact is prevented, and immediate response is ensured by simply updating parameter values ​​even if the battery pack is replaced with one of a different mass in the future. The criteria for the core threshold values ​​used in this specification are defined as follows. The target detachment time is defined as an engineering safety time set with a sufficient safety margin to ensure that separation is completed before propagation occurs, based on multiple experimental data regarding the average time it takes for thermal runaway of a lithium-ion battery to start and propagate to adjacent cells. The maximum safety limit is the maximum value of pressure used during exception handling, and is defined as the pressure calculated inversely from the maximum load that does not cause plastic deformation or failure through structural analysis of the battery replacement unit and the heavy equipment frame. The central control unit (240) performs a 'charging abnormal state detection process' beyond simply comparing input and output power to diagnose the stability and efficiency of the wireless charging process in real time. The process utilizes the following core judgment criteria to detect unpredictable failure factors. First, the transmission power, which is the real-time amount of power supplied from the power transmission unit (100) to the transmission coil unit (120), is determined to be used as a reference value defining the total input energy of the charging system. Second, the actual charging power, which is the real-time amount of DC power finally applied to the battery after passing through the power conversion unit (220) of the power reception unit (200), represents the final output energy of the system and is determined to be used as a key comparison target for determining efficiency and abnormal conditions. Third, the coil alignment error, which is the horizontal and vertical separation distance between the center axes of the transmission coil and the reception coil, is determined to quantify one of the most common and predictable loss factors occurring in wireless power transmission and to set a normal range of efficiency degradation.Fourth, the coil and battery temperatures, which are temperature values ​​reflecting the increase in conductor resistance of the transmitting and receiving coils and the increase in internal resistance of the battery due to heat generation during charging, are determined to quantify the power loss inevitably caused by the temperature rise and to correct for the normal range of efficiency degradation. The system does not adopt a method of simply calculating only the final efficiency and comparing it to a fixed threshold value. The technical basis for this is that it is a normal phenomenon for wireless charging efficiency to change moment by moment depending on the coil alignment state or ambient temperature. The system configures a logical processing procedure that separates and determines 'predictable normal loss' and 'unpredictable abnormal loss'. The first step of the procedure calculates the 'expected power loss' that should normally occur under current conditions, based on the current coil alignment error and temperature. Subsequently, the 'expected charging power' to be achieved under current conditions is dynamically calculated by subtracting this expected power loss from the transmission power. The second step of the procedure calculates the 'error rate' of the difference by comparing the calculated 'expected charging power' with the actually measured 'actual charging power'. The third step of the above procedure determines whether this 'error rate' exceeds a pre-set fixed threshold. Since the error rate refers to 'unidentified loss' caused by unpredictable causes such as the ingress of metal foreign matter between coils, damage to some components of the transmitting and receiving circuit, or rapid aging of the battery, it allows for the precise detection of actual abnormal conditions. The central control unit (240) acquires data for each judgment criterion in the following manner. The transmission power and actual charging power are measured in real-time at a 1-second interval through the power measurement circuits of the power transmitting unit (100) and the power receiving unit (200), respectively. For example, the transmission power is measured as 3500W and the actual charging power as 2950W. The coil alignment error is calculated by the position alignment module (270) analyzing the magnetic field signal strength pattern at the start of charging to determine the horizontal error between the center axes in mm units.For example, the horizontal error is calculated to be 15mm. The coil and battery temperatures are measured at 1-second intervals through temperature sensors attached to each component. For example, the coil temperature is measured as 55℃ and the battery temperature as 42℃. The final determination result of the 'charging abnormal state detection process' is classified into a binary state of 'normal charging' or 'charging abnormal'. If it is determined to be in a 'normal charging' state, the charging procedure continues. If it is determined to be in a 'charging abnormal' state, wireless charging is immediately stopped, and a specific warning message such as "Charging system inspection required: Foreign object or system error detected" is automatically sent to the heavy equipment operator. This is explained as an example of a scenario where charging starts without noticing that a small metal tool has fallen on the transmitting coil while the heavy equipment is parked. First, the central control unit (240) collects data of a transmitting power of 3500W, an actual charging power of 2400W, a coil alignment error of 10mm, and a coil temperature of 50℃. Second, the control unit refers to a pre-stored lookup table to confirm that the normal loss rate corresponding to the current condition is 15%, and based on this, calculates the 'expected charging power' as 2975W. Third, it compares the 'expected charging power' (2975W) with the 'actual charging power' (2400W) to calculate that the error rate is approximately 19.3%. Fourth, since the calculated error rate exceeds a pre-set allowable error threshold of 10%, the system finally determines this as a 'charging abnormality' state, immediately stops charging, and sends a warning to the driver. The above detection logic includes a temporal filtering technique to prevent false positives. Even if the 'error rate' exceeds the threshold, it is not immediately determined as a 'charging abnormality'. Instead, it is finally confirmed as a 'charging abnormality' only when the state in which the error rate continuously exceeds the threshold is maintained for a preset time.Compared to prior art, in a scenario where the actual efficiency is 83% due to slightly poor coil alignment, the prior art, which is based on a fixed efficiency of 85%, mistakes this for a 'failure' and stops charging. On the other hand, the present invention calculates that the 'expected efficiency' under current conditions is 84%, and since the actual efficiency of 83% is within the margin of error, it determines it to be 'normal' and continues charging. In a scenario where the efficiency is 90% due to circuit damage despite perfect coil alignment, the prior art mistakes this for a 'normal' and continues charging. On the other hand, the present invention calculates that the 'expected efficiency' under current conditions is 95%, and since the actual efficiency of 90% falls outside the margin of error, it accurately detects it as a 'charging anomaly' and stops charging. The 'expected power'-based comparison method of the present invention is an inevitable configuration based on the engineering principle that precise fault diagnosis is possible only when losses occurring in a wireless charging system are clearly distinguished into 'normal losses predictable by design' and 'unpredictable abnormal losses due to failure.' By adopting a judgment rule based on dynamic expected power as described above, the present invention achieves technical effects such as improved precision in fault diagnosis, enhanced safety, and increased convenience in maintenance. Specifically, it significantly reduces false positives and missed detections, accurately detects critical abnormal conditions that can cause overheating and fire at an early stage, and induces effective follow-up measures.

[0080] [Table 5] Simulation Results of Charging Abnormality Determination by Condition (Compared to Prior Art)

[0081]

[0082] Table 5 above compares the judgment results of the prior art using the dynamic judgment logic of the present invention and a fixed threshold under various scenarios.

[0083] In Scenario 2, when the coil alignment is slightly poor and the efficiency drops to 83% normally, the prior art mistakes this for a failure, causing unnecessary interruption of charging. On the other hand, the present invention demonstrates that stable charging can be maintained by dynamically calculating that the 'expected efficiency' under current conditions is 84%, and determining that the actual efficiency of 83% is 'normal' since it is within the margin of error.

[0084] In addition, in Scenario 3, even though the alignment state is perfect, if the efficiency drops slightly to 89% due to internal circuit damage, the prior art mistakes this for normal and leaves potential risks unaddressed. On the other hand, the present invention demonstrates that it can accurately identify a 'charging abnormality' by detecting a significant difference (assuming an error rate of 6.3% and an allowable error exceeding 5%) that falls short of the expected efficiency of 95%. The criteria for the key threshold values ​​used in this specification are defined as follows. The lookup table is constructed based on empirical data obtained by extracting electromagnetic field simulations during the product design phase or by performing repetitive charging experiments with actual mock-up products. The allowable error threshold is an engineering tolerance set to satisfy a confidence level in which deviations exceeding the range can be considered as actual abnormal conditions, by statistically analyzing the maximum error range that may occur in a normal system while considering the accuracy of the prediction model and the measurement error of the actual system. The charging control module (250) performs a 'dynamic charging current control process' to simultaneously ensure the safety and long-term lifespan of the battery, going beyond simply charging the battery quickly. The above process utilizes the following key judgment criteria to determine the optimal charging current in accordance with the battery status changing in real time. First, the battery risk state, which is the overall safety status of the battery determined in real time through the above 'Process 1', sets battery safety as the top priority of all control logic and determines to immediately reduce or stop the charging intensity when signs of danger occur. Second, the current charge state, which is a percentage value indicating how much the battery's current charging capacity is relative to the total capacity, determines to implement a standard constant current-constant voltage charging profile that regulates the current according to the battery's charging stage and prevent overload in the full charge region.Third, the maximum allowable battery current—which is the maximum current value guaranteed by the battery manufacturer to allow safe charging without cell damage—sets an upper limit for all dynamic controls, ensuring that no current exceeding the battery's electrical specifications is applied under any circumstances. The system avoids adopting a simple constant current-constant voltage charging method that charges with a fixed constant current and switches to a constant voltage once a specific voltage is reached. The technical basis for this is that existing methods fail to reflect real-time changes in the battery's safety status during charging. The system comprises a logical processing procedure called "safety-first hierarchical control." The upper control layer of this procedure prioritizes the "battery dangerous state" as the primary judgment criterion. If the dangerous state is not "normal," this upper control layer directly and forcibly lowers or cuts off the charging current. The lower control layer of the above procedure is activated only when in a 'normal' state without separate intervention from the upper control layer, and gradually adjusts the charging current according to a traditional constant current-constant voltage charging profile based on the 'current charging state'. The charging control module (250) is configured to acquire data for each judgment criterion in the following manner. The battery risk state is directly received as one of the state values ​​'normal', 'caution', 'warning', or 'urgent' at a 1-second interval from the 'battery risk state judgment process' of the central control unit (240). The current charging state is calculated in real-time by the battery management unit (230) by accumulating the charging and discharging currents over time, and receives a percentage value updated at a 1-second interval. For example, it is configured to be received as a value of 75%. The battery maximum allowable current is a specification information of the battery pack, and a fixed value previously stored in the non-volatile memory of the battery management unit (230) is read. For example, it is configured to be read as a value of 100A.The final determination result of the above 'dynamic charging current control process' is the 'target charging current value' to be applied to the battery. The above 'target charging current value' is determined as a specific numerical value in amperes. This value is transmitted to the DC-DC converter controller of the power conversion unit (220). The above DC-DC converter performs optimal charging that matches the real-time state of the battery by precisely adjusting the output current to match the received 'target charging current value'. The scenario is explained as an example in which, while charging is in progress and the current charging state is 75%, 'Process 1' detects a gradual rise in battery temperature and issues a 'caution' state. First, the charging control module (250) receives data indicating a battery danger state 'caution', a current charging state of 75%, and a maximum allowable current of 100A. Second, since the received 'battery danger state' is 'caution', the upper control layer determines the safety limit current to 80A according to a predefined rule. Third, the lower control layer requests a maximum current of 100A because the current charging state is in the constant current range. Fourth, the lower value between the upper layer's determined value (80A) and the lower layer's requested value (100A) is selected as the final 'target charging current value' and determined to be 80A, and this value is transmitted to the power conversion unit (220) so that the actual charging current is immediately lowered to 80A.

[0085] [Table 6] Determination of final target charging current according to battery condition (Example)

[0086] (Maximum allowable current: 100A, CC-CV switching SOC: 80%)

[0087]

[0088] [Table 6] above is an example showing how the hierarchical control logic of the present invention determines the final target charging current according to various battery state combinations.

[0089] In Scenario 2, when the danger state is determined to be 'caution', the upper safety layer sets the safety limit current to 80A. The lower efficiency layer requests 100A because it is in the CC section, but the final target current is determined to be the lower of the two values, 80A, thereby ensuring safety.

[0090] In particular, when a combination of a temperature rise ('Caution') and a state near full charge (SOC 85%) occurs, as in Scenario 4, the upper layer determines 80A and the lower layer determines 70A. The present invention demonstrates that precise control capable of simultaneously mitigating two different types of battery stress factors is possible by selecting 70A, the more conservative (lower) value among these, as the final target current. This does not mean that the 'safety first' principle is excluded, but rather that the lower efficiency layer operates by selecting 70A, which is the most suitable value for the current state of charge (SOC), within the range of 80A, which is the 'safety boundary' set by the upper safety layer. In other words, since the lower layer performs optimization within the safe area determined by the upper layer, the 'safety first' principle is consistently maintained throughout the entire decision-making process. This is a unique effect of the present invention that differentiates it from prior art that uses only a single rule. The control logic includes a watchdog timer-based safety mechanism to ensure the integrity of the control signal. The charging control module (250) periodically transmits a control signal to the power conversion unit (220). If the power conversion unit (220) does not receive this periodic signal for a certain period of time, it considers this to be an error in the control system and, according to its own safety logic, immediately cuts off the charging current to zero independently. Compared to prior art, in a scenario where the battery temperature rises gradually during charging, the prior art, which uses a simple constant current-constant voltage control method, continues to apply the maximum current regardless of signs of danger. On the other hand, the present invention detects a 'caution' state and preemptively lowers the current to 80A to induce temperature stabilization. In a scenario where a temporary error occurs in the control system, the prior art may be exposed to the risk of overcharging, whereas the watchdog timer of the present invention detects the interruption of the control signal and ensures safety by allowing the power conversion unit to independently cut off the current to zero.The 'safety-first hierarchical control' method of the present invention is an essential configuration for simultaneously achieving two potentially conflicting goals, 'efficiency' and 'safety,' in a system for charging high-output, high-capacity batteries. By adopting safety-first hierarchical control rules as described above, the present invention achieves technical effects such as extending battery life, maximizing safety, improving charging reliability, and implementing intelligent charging. Specifically, it minimizes overload and thermal stress, includes specific response measures for exceptional situations, and dynamically adjusts the charging intensity according to the state of the battery. The criteria for the core threshold values ​​used in this specification are defined as follows. The constant current-constant voltage switching threshold is attributed to the chemical characteristics of the lithium-ion battery used and is defined as an objective switching point confirmed through the manufacturer's datasheet or charge-discharge cycle tests. The above safety reduction ratio refers to the minimum current reduction range capable of effectively slowing down the rate of increase in thermal stress applied to the battery in response to specific risk signs, and is an engineering value set through thermal modeling simulation or iterative verification tests. Assuming a situation where heavy equipment finishes its work and enters a designated wireless charging zone, the entire operation process of a wireless charging-supported battery system for heavy equipment according to one embodiment of the present invention is described in detail. When the heavy equipment is positioned on the charging pad, the position alignment module (270) is activated. The position alignment module (270) analyzes the strength or pattern of the magnetic field detected by the receiving coil unit (210) and calculates the center axis alignment error with the transmitting coil unit (120) in real time. The alignment status is visually displayed on the driver's seat display, guiding the driver to fine-tune the vehicle to park in the optimal position. When the alignment error enters a preset allowable range, the position alignment module (270) transmits a 'alignment complete' signal to the central control unit (240).Upon receiving the 'alignment complete' signal, the central control unit (240) transmits a 'start charging' command to the power transmission unit (100) via the communication module (260). At the same time, it receives the current battery status from the battery management unit (230). The central control unit (240) inputs the received battery status into 'Process 1: Battery Risk State Determination Process'. Since all values ​​are within the normal range, the final 'battery risk state' is determined to be 'normal'. Since it is in a 'normal' state, the central control unit (240) executes 'Process 4: Dynamic Charging Current Control Process'. The upper safety layer does not intervene, and the lower efficiency layer determines that it is a constant current charging section based on the current charging state, and determines the maximum allowable battery current as the 'target charging current value'. This value is transmitted to the power conversion unit (220), and normal charging begins. While charging is in progress, a small metal can blown by the wind rolls onto the charging pad and lands between the transmitting coil and the receiving coil. The central control unit (240) continuously performs 'Process 3: Charging Abnormal State Detection Process'. Due to eddy current loss caused by metallic foreign matter, the 'actual charging power' measured by the power receiver (200) decreases rapidly. The error rate between the 'expected charging power' calculated based on the current perfect alignment state and low temperature continuously exceeds the allowable threshold for more than 5 seconds. Accordingly, Process 3 ultimately determines a 'charging abnormal' state. The central control unit (240) transmits a command to the power transmitter (100) via the communication module (260) to immediately stop charging and sends a "Charging System Check: Foreign Matter or System Error Detected" warning to the driver. It assumes a worst-case scenario where the driver does not notice the warning and the foreign matter continues to overheat, applying thermal stress to the bottom of the battery. As a result, some battery cells begin to be damaged.The battery management unit (230) detects that the battery temperature has risen rapidly to 61°C and the gas sensor concentration to 210 ppm, and transmits this data to the central control unit (240) in real time. The central control unit (240) evaluates the new data through 'Process 1: Battery Danger State Determination Process'. Since both the temperature and the gas have exceeded the threshold values, the final 'battery danger state' is immediately upgraded to 'emergency' according to the first rule of the state determination rule table. As soon as the 'emergency' state is determined, the central control unit (240) transmits an 'emergency detachment' command to the battery replacement unit (300). The control unit of the battery replacement unit (300) executes 'Process 2: Emergency Detachment Drive Control Process'. Based on parameters stored in memory, it calculates the optimal drive pressure required to safely detach the battery within 1.5 seconds. A drive signal corresponding to the calculated pressure is transmitted to the hydraulic system, causing multiple actuators to powerfully and rapidly push out the battery pack. The battery pack is released from the locking device and physically and completely separated from the heavy equipment body along a designed path. This entire process is completed within 1.5 seconds after the 'emergency' status is determined, thereby fundamentally preventing the spread of fire to the entire vehicle. As such, in the embodiment of the present invention, each component and process organically exchanges data with one another, performing optimal judgment and control for each stage, ranging from normal charging to unpredictable abnormal conditions and critical danger situations. This goes beyond simple wireless charging functions and is a system that integrates intelligent status diagnosis and active safety response functions, thereby significantly enhancing the stability and reliability of heavy equipment operations.

[0091] Although preferred embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described above, the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described above. Various modifications are possible by those skilled in the art without departing from the essence of the invention as claimed in the claims, and such modifications should not be understood individually from the technical spirit or perspective of the present invention. Explanation of the symbols

[0092] Sensor unit (100) Microfluidic channel unit (200) Fluid circulation unit (300) thermoelectric element unit (400) Control unit (500) Data fusion module (510) Operation status determination module (520) Control output module (530)

Claims

Claim 1 A battery system for heavy equipment that supports wireless charging comprises: a power transmitter installed on the ground for transmitting alternating current power in the form of a magnetic field; and a power receiver mounted on the heavy equipment; wherein the power transmitter comprises a power transmission unit that receives power from an external power source, forms a magnetic field, and transmits power to the power receiver. and a transmitting coil unit electrically connected to the power transmitting unit and generating a time-varying magnetic field by AC power applied from the power transmitting unit; wherein the power receiving unit comprises: a receiving coil unit that generates an induced electromotive force by electromagnetically coupling with the time-varying magnetic field generated by the transmitting coil unit; a power conversion unit that converts the AC power received through the receiving coil unit into DC power suitable for charging the battery of heavy equipment and includes a rectifier circuit and a DC-DC converter circuit; a battery that is charged with the DC power output from the power conversion unit; a battery management unit provided inside the battery pack that measures and monitors the voltage, current, temperature, and charge status of the battery cells in real time; a plurality of sensors for monitoring the status of the battery; a battery replacement unit for physically separating the battery from the heavy equipment; a central control unit that controls the operation of the power receiving unit; a charging control module that controls the power conversion unit according to the battery status transmitted from the battery management unit using software logic executed by the central control unit; and the power transmitting and receiving data with the power transmitting unit using a short-range wireless communication method, and the power transmitting unit, a charging start request, real-time battery status information, and a charging completion signal. A communication module that transmits to a transmitting unit; and a position alignment module that determines the alignment accuracy between the transmitting coil unit and the receiving coil unit; wherein the battery replacement unit comprises: one or more actuators that apply a direct physical force to the battery and push it out in response to an emergency detachment command; and a drive control unit that controls the driving of the actuators; and wherein the position alignment moduleUsing the magnetic field distribution pattern measured by the magnetic field sensor as the primary judgment criterion, an alignment error representing the horizontal separation distance between the central axes of the transmitting coil unit and the receiving coil unit is calculated; if the signal received from the magnetic field sensor is outside the valid range or communication is interrupted and is determined to be a sensor failure, the strength of the received power is used as an auxiliary judgment criterion as an alternative means to determine the alignment state; based on the magnetic field sensor or the strength of the received power, it is determined whether the alignment error is located within a preset allowable error range, and charging is initiated only when the allowable error range is satisfied; and the plurality of sensors include a temperature sensor that measures the temperature of the battery internal cell; and a gas sensor that measures the concentration of electrolyte vapor or a specific gas inside the battery pack. The central control unit includes a measuring means for calculating the internal resistance of the battery, and performs a battery risk state determination process that comprehensively evaluates multiple heterogeneous data rather than a single physical quantity to diagnose the safety of the battery in real time. In the battery risk state determination process, it performs a first evaluation that determines an individual risk grade including 'Normal', 'Caution', and 'Warning' by comparing each of the measured values ​​of the temperature, gas concentration, and internal resistance with multiple preset threshold values; and a second evaluation that determines a final risk state by combining the determined individual risk grades according to a preset priority rule table. The priority rule table includes a rule that determines the final risk state as 'Urgent' regardless of the grade of other factors when the individual risk grade of the temperature or the gas is 'Warning', and determines the final risk state as 'Warning' when there is no 'Warning' grade and there are two or more factors of the 'Caution' grade. The central control unit performs charging and operation procedures normally when the final risk state of the battery risk state determination process is determined to be 'Normal'.If the final risk state of the battery risk state determination process is determined to be 'Caution', the maximum charging current is reduced by a predetermined ratio through the dynamic charging current control process performed by the charging control module; if the final risk state of the battery risk state determination process is determined to be 'Warning', charging is stopped and an audiovisual warning is transmitted to the heavy equipment operator; if the final risk state of the battery risk state determination process is determined to be 'Urgent', an emergency detachment command is transmitted to the battery replacement unit to execute the physical separation of the battery simultaneously with the cessation of charging and issuance of a warning, and an emergency detachment drive control process performed by the battery replacement unit or the drive control unit is triggered; the central control unit performs a charging abnormal state detection process using the transmitted power, actual charging power, the coil alignment error calculated by the position alignment module, and the coil and battery temperatures as judgment criteria during the wireless charging process; in the charging abnormal state detection process, the expected power loss amount that should normally occur under current conditions is calculated based on the current coil alignment error and temperature, and the expected charging power to be achieved under current conditions is calculated by subtracting the expected power loss amount from the transmitted power, and the expected charging power and the actual Calculate an error rate by comparing the measured actual charging power, and if the error rate remains in a state exceeding a preset threshold for a preset time, determine that there is a charging abnormality; if the charging abnormality is determined, stop wireless charging and send a warning message to the heavy equipment operator regarding the need to inspect the charging system, and the charging control module, in the dynamic charging current control process,A battery risk state determined in real time through the above battery risk state determination process; a current charge state indicating how much the current charge capacity of the battery is relative to the total capacity; and the battery maximum allowable current, which is the maximum current value guaranteed by the battery manufacturer to be safely charged without cell damage, is used as a judgment criterion; a target charging current value is determined using an upper control layer that takes the battery risk state as the top priority judgment criterion and a lower control layer that adjusts the charging current according to a constant current-constant voltage charging profile based on the current charging state; the upper control layer lowers or cuts off the charging current if the battery risk state is not 'normal'; the charging control module controls the DC-DC converter of the power conversion unit by selecting the lower value between the determined value of the upper control layer and the requested value of the lower control layer as the final target charging current value; the central control unit or the drive control unit calculates the total required driving force required to move the battery by the required detachment distance within a preset target detachment time when the emergency detachment command is transmitted; and in the emergency detachment drive control process, the target detachment time; the battery mass, which is the total mass of the battery; and the required detachment distance, which is the minimum linear distance that the battery must move to secure a thermally safe distance and be completely separated from the electrical connection of the heavy equipment. and frictional resistance, which is static and dynamic frictional force generated when the battery moves along a path, is used as a judgment criterion; and the central control unit or the drive control unit inversely calculates the acceleration required to move the battery mass by the required detachment distance within the target detachment time, determines the required net force using the calculated acceleration and the battery mass, and determines the final total required driving force by adding a force to overcome the frictional resistance to the net force, and the total required driving force is proportional to the mass of the battery.A wireless charging-supported battery system for heavy equipment, characterized in that the power receiving unit further includes a position sensor that detects the actual position of the battery, and the central control unit or the drive control unit, after driving the actuator, if it is determined that there is no movement of the battery based on a signal received from the position sensor, amplifies the total required driving force to a preset maximum safety limit and re-drives the actuator. Claim 2 delete Claim 3 delete Claim 4 delete Claim 5 delete Claim 6 delete

Images