MIXTURES OF SABADILLA AND PYRETHROID ALKALOIDS AND THEIR USES

Abstract

The present invention relates to a pesticide mixture comprising an effective amount of sabadilla alkaloids and pyrethrum esters and one or more excipients selected from the group consisting of solvents, anti-caking agents, stabilizers, anti-foaming agents, slip agents, wetting agents, dispersants, humectants, thickening agents, emulsifiers, penetrants, adjuvants, synergists, polymers, propellants and preservatives, wherein the ratio of sabadilla alkaloids to pyrethrum esters is from 1:20 to 37:1.

Description

MIXTURES OF SABADILLA AND PYRETHROID ALKALOIDS AND THEIR USES FIELD OF INVENTION The present invention relates to pesticide mixtures comprising sabadilla alkaloids and pyrethrum asters and methods for controlling pests, including insects and mites, by applying pesticide mixtures comprising sabadilla alkaloids and pyrethrum asters. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Arthropod pests are a major threat to human well-being, placing ongoing stress on the food supply and transmitting a wide range of medical and veterinary diseases. Synthetic insecticides played a significant role and, in many ways, ushered in modern agriculture and pest control. However, the widespread use of synthetic insecticides also created numerous environmental challenges. The acute effects of synthetic pesticides on professional applicators and other end users are well known, but the long-term chronic effects on human health can be equally serious. Furthermore, the use of synthetic insecticides has led to the development of resistant insect populations. Insecticide resistance is a complex phenomenon underpinned by a diverse array of physiological mechanisms.The main mechanisms responsible for the development of insecticide resistance are metabolic detoxification, target site mutation, reduced cuticular penetration, and behavioral avoidance. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a holistic approach to pest management. A key aspect of insecticide use within the broader IPM framework is insecticide resistance management (IRM) through the use of insecticide combinations that reduce the rate of resistance development. Combining insecticides with different modes of action is fundamentally based on the idea of ​​redundant killing of target insects. Insects adapted to one of the active ingredients in the combination product will still be killed by the other active ingredient. Mixtures can also reduce the amount of pesticides applied to the environment and the environmental impact associated with pesticide applications. Most botanical insecticides are readily biodegradable and significantly less harmful to the environment and users than synthetic insecticides. The very short environmental persistence, generally less than 24 hours, of plant-derived insecticides is favorable to the survival of beneficial parasites and predators. ω Ν C Ν CC α ΰ Non-target α molecules are important components of the IPM. Unlike conventional insecticides, which typically rely on a single active ingredient, plant-derived insecticides generally comprise a range of chemical compounds that affect both the physiological and behavioral functions of the target arthropods. The likelihood of pests developing resistance to plant-derived insecticides is lower than for synthetic pesticides because these mixtures can have a variety of modes of action. An effective, naturally derived pesticide is found in the tissues of many plants in the genus Schoenocaulon, commonly referred to as sabadilla. The species with the longest history of use, and the most readily available, is Schoenocaulon officinale. Native to Central and South America, its seeds have been used for centuries for their insecticidal properties. The seeds contain several alkaloids, including veratridine and cevadine, both of which are known to be active against arthropods. Another effective, naturally derived pesticide is pyrethrum, which is derived from the flower heads of Tanacetum cinerea (also known as Tanacetum coccinium). Pyrethrum contains six esters known as pyrethrins and attacks the nervous system of all insects. Furthermore, pyrethrum is safe for use by applicators and other mammals. In fact, pyrethrum is considered among the safest insecticides for use on food products. Therefore, there is a need in the technique of pesticide combinations that contain naturally derived pesticides that decrease health problems for humans and also decrease the risk of developing pesticide resistance. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In one aspect, the present invention relates to mixtures of pesticides of sabadilla alkaloids and pyrethrum esters. In another aspect, the present invention relates to methods for controlling pests, including insects and mites, comprising the application of effective amounts of a mixture of sabadilla alkaloids and pyrethrum esters. In a preferred aspect, sabadilla alkaloids are derived from Schoenocaulon officinale. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The applicant unexpectedly discovered that pesticide mixtures of sabadilla alkaloids and pyrethrum esters provide enhanced pesticidal activity in > ω Ν C Ν CC α 3 ΰ α compared to any single pesticide. In addition, the applicant found that pesticide mixtures of sabadilla alkaloids and pyrethrum asters were able to control a wide variety of arthropods. The present invention relates to pesticide mixtures comprising an effective amount of sabadilla alkaloids and pyrethrum esters. Sabadilla alkaloids can be derived from any species of Schoenocaulon. The genus Schoenocaulon includes the following species: S. caldcóla, S. carícifoHum, S. comatum, S. conzattii, S. dubium (alt. S. gracllé}, S. trame!, S. ghiesbreghtíi (alt. S. drummondií, S. yucatanense), S. ignigenum, S. ¡ntermedium, S. jalíscense, S. macrocarpum (alt. S. lauricola, S. madídorum, S. megarrhizum, S. mortoníí, S. oaxacense, S. obtusum, S. offíñale, S. pellucidum, S. plumosum, S. prínglei, S. rzedowskii, S. tenorio!, S. tenue, S. tenuifoüum, S. texanum and S. tigrense. In a preferred embodiment, the Sabadilla alkaloids are derived from S. Officine / e. In another preferred form, the sabadilla alkaloids are veratridine and cevadine. As used herein, all numerical values ​​relating to quantities, percentages by weight, and the like are defined as being around or approximately each particular value, primarily plus or minus 10%. For example, the phrase "at least 5% by weight" should be understood to mean at least 4.5% to 5.5% by weight. Therefore, quantities within 10% of the claimed values ​​are covered by the scope of the claims. The term effective quantity refers to the amount of formulation that will control the target pest. The effective quantity will vary depending on the concentration of the mixture, the type of pest(s) being treated, the severity of the infestation, the desired outcome, and the pest's life stage at the time of treatment, among other factors. Therefore, it is not always possible to specify an exact effective quantity. However, an appropriate effective quantity in any given case can be determined by a technician. As used herein, w / w denotes weight times weight of the total mixture. In a preferred embodiment, the ratio of sabadilla alkaloids to pyrethrin is from approximately 1:20 to approximately 10:1 and more preferably from approximately 1:10 to approximately 5:1. In another preferred embodiment, the pesticide mixtures of the present invention may contain one or more excipients selected from the group consisting of solvents, anti-caking agents, stabilizers, defoamers, slip agents, wetting agents, dispersants, humectants, thickening agents, emulsifiers, penetrants, adjuvants, synergists, polymers, propellants and / or preservatives. The present invention further relates to methods for controlling a pest comprising applying a pesticide mixture comprising an effective amount of alkaloids of > ω Ν C Ν CC α Ü α sabadilla and pyrethrum esters to the pest or the pest environment. In a preferred modality, the pest is selected from an insect and a mite. In one modality, the controlled pest is selected from the group consisting of aphids (Homoptera), whiteflies (Hemiptera), thrips (Thysanoptera), bed bugs (Hemiptera), fleas (Siphonaptera), caterpillars / worms (Lepidoptera), beetles (Coleoptera), cockroaches (Blattodea), flies (Diptera), ants (Hymenoptera), mosquitoes (Culicidae) and mites (Acari). In a preferred modality, the controlled pest is selected from the group consisting of common bed bugs (Cimex iectuiarius), green peach aphids (Myzus persicae), housefly (Musca domestica), yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti), southern house mosquito (Culex quinquefasciatus), African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae), common malaria mosquito (Anopheles quadrimacuiatus), and German cockroach (Biatteiia germanica). The pesticide mixtures of the present invention can be applied by any convenient means. Those skilled in the art are familiar with application methods including spraying, brushing, soaking, furrow treatment, pressurized liquids (aerosols), misting, or side-spraying. In a preferred embodiment, sabadilla alkaloids are applied to the pest or pest environment at a ratio from approximately 1 to approximately 1000 grams per hectare (g / HA), preferably from approximately 10 to approximately 700 g / HA and most preferably from approximately 22 to approximately 560 g / HA. In a preferred embodiment, pyrethrum asters are applied to the pest or pest environment at a ratio from approximately 1 to approximately 100 g / HA, more preferably from approximately 10 to approximately 70 g / HA and most preferably from approximately 15 to approximately 60 g / HA. In another preferred embodiment, the pesticide mixtures of the present invention comprise from approximately 0.05% to approximately 0.5% w / w of sabadilla alkaloids. In another preferred embodiment, the pesticide mixtures of the present invention comprise from approximately 0.01% to approximately 1% w / w of pyrethrum esters, more preferably from approximately 0.1% to approximately 0.5% w / w. As used herein, pest control or pest control refers to killing, incapacitating, repelling, or otherwise lessening the negative impact of the pest on plants or animals to a level that is desirable to the producer or animal. As used herein, pest environment refers to any area where the pest is present at any stage of its life. An environment likely to be treated by the methods of the present invention includes the plants on which the pest lives and the > ω N C N CC α 5 ΰ α surrounding soil. The pest's environment may also include harvested plants, gardens, fields, greenhouses or other buildings, and various interior surfaces and structures, such as furniture including beds and furnishings including books, clothing, etc. The articles "a," "one," and "the" are intended to include both the plural and the singular, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. For example, the methods of the present invention are directed to pest control, but this may include the control of multiple pests (such as more than one insect, more than one insect species, more than one mite, or more than one mite species). The following examples are intended to illustrate the present invention and to teach a person skilled in the art how to use extracts of the invention. They are not intended to be limiting in any way. EXAMPLES PyGanic® 1.4EC was used as the source of pyrethrum esters. PyGanic® is a registered trademark of McLaughlin Gormley King Company. EXAMPLE 1 German cockroach In this study, the response of the German cockroach {Biatteiia germanica} to the application of 1:2, 5:1, 1:10, and 1:1 ratios of sabadilla alkaloids (S. officinale) to pyrethrum esters will be observed. Specifically, the sabadilla alkaloids and pyrethrum esters will be applied to the pest at the following respective ratios: 1) 0.05% w / w 0.1% w / w, 2) 0.5% w / w 0.1% w / w, 3) 0.05% w / w 0.5% w / w, and 4) 0.5% w / w 0.5% w / w. It is predicted that the study results will show more than an additive effect. The response can be determined to be synergistic using the following formula: % Cexp = A + B(AB / 100). %Cexp = A + B - (AB / 100), where %Cexp is the expected efficacy and A and B are the control levels provided by the individual insecticides. If the ratio of the experimentally observed efficacy of the mixture's expected efficacy (Qobs) to the expected efficacy of the mixture is greater than 1, synergistic interactions are present in the mixture. (Gisi, Synergistic Interaction of Fungicides in Mixtures, The American Phytopathological Society, 86:11, 1273-1279, 1996). Taking a conservative approach, the applicant determined that synergy was present at ratios > 1.1. > ω Ν C Ν CC α ΰ α EXAMPLE 2 Housefly In this study, the response of the housefly (Musca domestica) to the application of a 1:2, 5:1, 1:10, and 1:1 ratio of sabadilla alkaloids (S. officinalis) to pyrethrum asters will be observed. Specifically, sabadilla alkaloids and pyrethrum asters will be applied to the pest at the respective proportions of: 1) 0.05% w / a 0.1% w / w, 2) 0.5% w / a 0.1% w / w, 3) 0.05% w / a 0.5% w / w, and 4) 0.5% w / a 0.5% w / w. It is predicted that the study results will show more than an additive effect. The response can be determined to be synergistic using the following formula: % Cexp = A + B(AB / 100). EXAMPLE 3 Common Bed Bug In this study, the response of the common bed bug (Cimex lectularius) to the application of a 1:2, 5:1, 1:10 and 1:1 ratio of sabadilla alkaloids (S. offícinaié) to pyrethrum asters. Specifically, sabadilla alkaloids and pyrethrum asters will be applied to the pest at the respective proportions of: 1) 0.05% w / a 0.1% w / w, 2) 0.5% w / a 0.1% w / w, 3) 0.05% w / a 0.5% w / p 4) 0.5% w / a 0.5% w / w. It is predicted that the study results will show more than an additive effect. The response can be determined to be synergistic using the following formula: % Cexp = A + B(AB / 100). EXAMPLE 4 Green Peach Aphid In this study, the response of the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) to the application of a ratio of 1.5:1, 37:1, 1:3 and 9:1 of sabadilla alkaloids (S. offícinaié) to pyrethrum esters. Specifically, sabadilla alkaloids and pyrethrum esters will be applied to the pest at the respective proportions of: 1) 22 g / HA and 15 g / HA; 2) 560 g / HA and 15 g / HA; 3) 22 g / HA and 60 g / HA; and 4) 560 g / HA and 60 g / HA. It is predicted that the study results will show more than an additive effect. A synergistic response can be determined using the following formula: % Cexp = A + B (AB / 100).

Claims

1. A method for controlling cockroaches characterized in that it comprises applying a pesticide mixture comprising an effective amount of sabadilla alkaloids and pyrethrum esters as the only active ingredients to cockroaches or to the cockroach environment, wherein the ratio of sabadilla alkaloids to pyrethrum esters is approximately 5:1 to 1:

2.

2. The method according to claim 1, further characterized in that the sabadilla alkaloids are applied to the cockroaches or the cockroach environment at a ratio from approximately 1 to approximately 1,000 grams per hectare.

3. The method according to claim 1, further characterized in that the sabadilla alkaloids are applied to cockroaches or the cockroach environment at a ratio from approximately 22 to approximately 560 grams per hectare.

4. The method according to claim 1, further characterized in that the pyrethrum esters are applied to the cockroaches or the cockroach environment in a ratio of approximately 1 to approximately 100 grams per hectare.

5. The method according to claim 1, further characterized in that the pyrethrum esters are applied to the cockroaches or the cockroach environment in a proportion of approximately 15 to approximately 60 grams per hectare.

6. A method for controlling bed bugs characterized in that it comprises applying a pesticide mixture comprising an effective amount of sabadilla alkaloids and pyrethrum esters as the only active ingredients to bed bugs or to the bed bug environment, wherein the ratio of sabadilla alkaloids to pyrethrum esters is approximately 5:1 to 1:

1.

7. The method according to claim 6, further characterized in that the sabadilla alkaloids are applied to the bed bugs or the bed bug environment at a ratio from approximately 1 to approximately 1,000 grams per hectare.

8. The method according to claim 6, further characterized in that the sabadilla alkaloids are applied to the bed bugs or the bed bug environment at a ratio from approximately 22 to approximately 560 grams per hectare.

9. The method according to claim 6, further characterized in that the pyrethrum esters are applied to the bed bugs or the bed bug environment in a ratio of approximately 1 to approximately 100 grams per hectare.

10. The method according to claim 6, further characterized in that the pyrethrum esters are applied to the bed bugs or the bed bug environment in a > ω N C N CC α 8 ΰ α ratio of approximately 15 to approximately 60 grams per hectare.

11. A method for controlling houseflies characterized in that it comprises applying a pesticide mixture comprising an effective amount of sabadilla alkaloids and pyrethrum esters as the only active ingredients to houseflies or the environment of houseflies, 5 wherein the ratio of sabadilla alkaloids to pyrethrum esters is approximately 5:1 to 2:

1.

12. The method according to claim 11, further characterized in that the sabadilla alkaloids are applied to houseflies or the environment of houseflies at a ratio of approximately 1 to approximately 1,000 grams per hectare. 10 13. The method according to claim 11, further characterized in that the sabadilla alkaloids are applied to houseflies or the environment of houseflies at a ratio from approximately 22 to approximately 560 grams per hectare.

14. The method according to claim 11, further characterized in that the pyrethrum esters are applied to houseflies or the environment of houseflies in a ratio of approximately 1 to approximately 100 grams per hectare.

15. The method according to claim 11, further characterized in that the pyrethrum esters are applied to houseflies or the environment of houseflies in a proportion of approximately 15 to approximately 60 grams per hectare.