SERIALIZED ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION STRAWS AND AUTHENTICATION SYSTEMS AND METHODS

Abstract

The invention provides serialized artificial insemination straws, as well as systems and methods for authenticating serialized artificial insemination straws.

Description

SERIALIZED ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION STRAWS AND AUTHENTICATION SYSTEMS AND METHODS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application No. 62 / 962,704, filed on January 17, 2020, the full disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION There is a general need across all industries to label individually packaged products that may share a batch or lot number. However, within the artificial insemination (AI) industry for livestock, where matings often take place between animals of very high genetic value and each animal can only produce a limited number of gametes, this need is particularly relevant. For the end user (typically the entity or individual using the packaged gametes in a mating), the authenticity of the packaged gametes and the identity of the animal that produced them are of paramount importance. For the manufacturer of the packaged gametes, the need to track their use is equally important, as this allows them, among other things, to manage product inventory and provide value to the end user, e.g., through bonuses.Additionally, the cost and complexity of AI in livestock have generally increased due to the continued adoption of new technologies, such as estrus synchronization, estrus detection methods, genomic analysis, and so on. This has occurred in ways that are not always clear to herd owners (based on assumptions that are not measured in practice) and can generate limited or even negative economic value if used incorrectly. Therefore, new methods used in large-scale breeding must offer more for less, with a particular emphasis on convenience or automation. Thus, the ability to track not only the use of packaged gametes but also productivity (e.g., actual successful pregnancies achieved) is of particular importance to both end users and manufacturers. Cryopreserved artificial insemination (AI) straws containing sperm for use in artificial insemination of cattle can be stored for long periods (e.g., years) in a frozen state, transported across international borders, and used by inseminators who are not in direct communication with the sperm supplier (i.e., manufacturers). Until now, the primary source of information for the end user has generally been limited to the information printed directly on the AI ​​straw, which must be legible, intelligible, and manually transferred to any database used to track straw usage.However, this method of transferring the information printed on straws to computer databases often results in false or incomplete data due to human error or a lack of interest in managing straw-related data. Furthermore, while manufacturers can benefit from retrieving information from breeding datasets, obtaining consistent and accurate data is difficult. Limited control over monitoring the reproductive process of individual animals has, in many cases, led to unreliable and unrigorous management of the captured data, even when obtaining such data is desirable and necessary.Additionally, breeding doses prepared in different ways (using different methods) and compared in split-sample field trials require additional attributes associated with the dose, such as a marketing code or different straw colors, to track the different treatments. This complicates data collection and the use of complex comparisons involving multiple treatments. This problem is particularly prominent when breeding takes place in large herds, which is becoming the global norm. Although diligent breeders can keep good track of the females used in breeding and the AI ​​straws used, there is limited information on the exact timing and even the microgeographic location (resolved by GPS) of the actual breeding.When calves are born many months after the use of specific AI straws in breeding, and phenotypic observation or genetic analysis reveals that the calf does not match the bull documented for that mating, the lack of evidence regarding how the straws were actually handled during mating can lead to frustration or even anger for one or both parties. The owner of the newborn calf could file a financial claim against the manufacturer for selling incorrectly identified sperm, while the manufacturer could defend itself by alleging a lack of verifiable evidence of the error, which actually originated with the AI ​​straw itself (i.e., the misunderstanding was due to an error on the part of the end user).Additionally, diligent and consistent documentation of AI straw information requires extra manual work time, requires users to have basic reading and writing skills, and in some cases, inseminators using AI straws may not understand alphanumeric characters if those characters are not used in their native language. Even those who do understand such characters could make typos during data entry or confuse similar names and numbers.An additional problem in the artificial insemination industry is that differential genetic values ​​between male animals result in differences in unit price (price per straw) between semen from high-value males and semen from low-value males, which can encourage opportunistic forms of counterfeiting, in which identifying information of a high-value male can be printed on straws that actually contain semen from a low-value male. The use of computers helps with inventory management to reconcile manufactured and used artificial infusion (AI) straws, but a globally harmonized method or system for tracking the chain of custody is still lacking. This is particularly important when separating freezing codes (i.e., batches or lots) comprising hundreds of individual AI straws during distribution for sale, while simultaneously enabling or enhancing the desired levels of data security and privacy restricted to those within the distribution chain. To date, although straw printing machines facilitate the inclusion of serial numbers (e.g., from 1 to N) on each printed straw, straws from different batches (lot numbers or freezing codes) can have identical serial numbers.The industry has not yet implemented technology that allows for the issuance of each of the many billions of different individual straw serial numbers without generating duplicates. In most cases, serial numbers are not used at all. In the rare event that manufacturers identify a low-quality batch that they wish to recall (or issue a purchase credit or refund), it is difficult to determine the location of these straws, whether they have already been used, etc. With existing technology, in most cases, cryopreservation straws are printed only with information including fonts (alphanumeric and logos), and serialized straw numbers are uncommon. If straws are serialized, these numbers are rarely documented. In some cases, one-dimensional linear barcodes (ID codes) are printed on the straws, but the data content is limited (e.g.,(10-16 numeric characters) and does not exceed 20 numeric characters. Thus, the limited barcodes currently in use do not provide a serialization method. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION One embodiment of the invention comprises an artificial insemination (AI) straw comprising a barcode, wherein the barcode encodes a serial number comprising a first set of characters comprising a standardized marketing code (SMC); a second set of characters comprising a print run number (PRN); and a third set of characters comprising a random label (LABELA), a concatemer of the first set of characters and the second set of characters that constitutes a combination of SMC and PRN. In a further embodiment, the PRN is randomly selected from a list of PRN numbers assigned to the SMC. In another further embodiment, the list of PRNs assigned to the SMC comprises at least 999 different numbers. In another embodiment, the LABELA is selected from a list of valid LABELAs comprising at least 1000 different numbers.In another further embodiment, the list of valid A-tags comprises numbers randomly selected from a list of at least 50,000 different numbers. In one particular embodiment, the first set of characters is at least 3 characters long. In another embodiment, the second set of characters is at least 5 characters long. In yet another embodiment, the third set of characters is at least 5 characters long. In a further embodiment, the barcode is a two-dimensional barcode, and in a specific embodiment, the two-dimensional barcode is a Data Matrix code. Another embodiment of the invention comprises a method for authenticating a serial number from an AI straw barcode, comprising generating a list of valid NV (verification numbers) or valid NIT (interchange and transaction numbers); providing an algorithm to calculate an NV or calculate an NIT from the serial number; comparing a calculated NV with the list of valid NVs or comparing a calculated NIT with the list of valid NITs; and determining whether the calculated NV matches one of the valid NVs or whether the calculated NIT matches one of the valid NITs. In one specific embodiment, the barcode is a Datamatrix code. In another embodiment, the serial number comprises a CCE, an NIT, and an A-tag. In yet another embodiment, the method further comprises the step of receiving and processing transactional information (IT) if the calculated NIT matches one of the valid NITs. A further embodiment of the invention comprises an artificial insemination (AI) straw comprising a barcode, wherein the barcode encodes a serial number comprising a first set of characters designating an entity; a second set of characters designating a lot or batch of AI straws; and a third set of characters comprising a number randomly selected from a first list of numbers, wherein the first list of numbers is mapped to a concatemer comprising the first set of characters and the second set of characters. In one particular embodiment, the second set of characters comprises a number randomly selected from a second list of numbers, wherein the second list of numbers is mapped to the first set of characters. In a further embodiment, the second list of numbers comprises at least 999 different numbers.In another embodiment, the first list of numbers comprises at least 1000 different numbers. In a further embodiment, the first list of numbers comprises numbers randomly selected from a third list of numbers, wherein the third list of numbers comprises at least 50,000 different numbers assigned to the concatenator comprising the first character set ίΓοοηη / ζζηζ / Ε / γίΛΐ and the second character set. In another embodiment, the first character set has a length of at least 3 characters; the second character set has a length of at least 5 characters; or the third character set has a length of at least 5 characters. In one specific embodiment, the barcode is a two-dimensional barcode, and in a still more specific embodiment, the two-dimensional barcode is a Data Matrix code. In some embodiments, the entity is a manufacturer, a vendor, or a distributor of AI straws.A further embodiment includes a method for authenticating serial numbers, comprising generating a list of valid check numbers; providing an algorithm to calculate a check number using the third set of characters; comparing a calculated check number with the list of valid check numbers; and determining whether the calculated check number matches one of the valid check numbers. In a further embodiment, the method further comprises a step of receiving and processing information about an end user of the AI ​​straw if the calculated check number matches one of the valid check numbers. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is an image of an 8 x 32 type Datamatrix barcode, which encodes a 16-digit serial number consisting of an CCE (consisting of the number 1523), an NTI (consisting of the number 121212) and an A-LABEL (consisting of the number 939977). Figure 2 is an image of an 8 x 32 type Datamatrix barcode, which encodes a 13-digit serial number consisting of an CCE (consisting of the number 523), an NTI (consisting of the number 12121) and an A-LABEL (consisting of the number 39977). Figure 3 is a diagram representing the components of an invention serial number, an invention product code, an NV, and a NIT. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention encompasses: a serialized package for a biological product, including an artificial insemination (AI) straw; a method and system for serializing a package for a biological product; a method for authenticating a serialized package for a biological product; and a method for the secure transmission and reception, between two parties, of data or information associated with a serialized package for a biological product, including end users of the product and commercial entities involved in the manufacture, sale, or distribution of the product. One aspect of the invention involves the use of a barcode (e.g., a barcode like this one). 2D (such as a Datamatrix code) capable of containing 10 to 20, or 20 or more, numeric characters printed on an individual package for a biological product, such as an AI straw, and the use of a barcode scanner, or an imager, to scan said barcode. More specifically, one aspect of the invention involves generating a unique serial number for a package for a biological product, such as an AI straw, as a data string that is encoded in each barcode. As used herein, the term "biological product" includes, but is not limited to: 1) biological samples such as tissue samples (e.g., blood, skin, and other cell samples), including samples derived from living organisms and cell cultures; 2) zygotes, embryos, and fetuses, including their clones; and 3) gametes. More specifically, as used herein, the term "biological product" includes, but is not limited to, semen or spermatozoa for the artificial insemination of livestock. Any suitable container known in the art is considered for packaging an individual biological product used in the invention, including, but not limited to, a vial, flask, plate, tube, and straw.For packaging an individual biological product used in the invention, any suitable device or method known in the art is further contemplated, including, but not limited to, an AI straw filling and sealing machine (e.g., a Minitube SFS machine). It is also contemplated that a biological product used in the invention may be fresh, cryopreserved, vitrified, or thawed, processed (e.g., sex-sorted sperm) or unprocessed, and live or dead. Regarding sperm used for AI in cattle, as previously mentioned, these sperm are typically packaged in AI straws. AI straws may contain fresh sperm or, alternatively, cryopreserved (or frozen) sperm. AI straws may also contain sex-sorted sperm, conventional sperm (i.e., unsorted sperm typically suspended in a support medium), or raw semen (i.e., raw ejaculate or pure semen). In the cattle AI industry, cryopreserved sperm packaged in AI straws have typically been tracked using freezing codes (each freezing code corresponds to a large number of qualitatively identical AI straws).Since a specific freezing code was often associated with a particular bull and a specific calendar date, multiple AI straws were frequently labeled identically with the same freezing code, making them impossible to differentiate. In contrast, the present invention enables the reliable labeling of individual AI straws (or any other type of container for a biological product), which in turn allows for new and valuable practices regarding the use of each straw and the documentation of its use, as described below. ίΓοοηη / ζζηζ / Ε / γίΛΐ Serial number of the invention One embodiment of the invention comprises a randomized signaling code (or serial number) comprising a random LABEL (or A-LABEL), which is assigned to an individually packaged biological product and encoded thereon by means of a barcode. In the context of the invention, a number or serial number may comprise one or more characters. As used herein, the term character means a number, letter, or symbol. In one particular embodiment, a serial number of the invention comprises three sets of concatenated characters. The first set of characters comprises a standardized marketing code (or SMC), which in certain embodiments of the invention may be at least 3 characters long. As used herein, a standardized marketing code is a number assigned to a particular entity, such as an entity in a biological product supply chain, including, but not limited to, a manufacturer, a vendor, or a distributor. The second set of characters comprises a print run number (or TN), which in certain embodiments of the invention may be at least 5 characters long.As used herein, a print run number is a number assigned to a particular lot or batch of a biological product that is processed and / or packaged, such as cryopreserved sperm packaged in AI straws. The third set of characters comprises an A-TAG, which in certain embodiments of the invention may be at least 5 characters long. As used herein, an A-TAG is a number randomly selected from a list of numbers assigned to a particular combination of CCE and NTI (i.e., a concatemer composed of a particular CCE and a particular NTI). The three sets of data described above may be arranged within a concatemer in any order relative to each other. For example, in one embodiment, a serial number of the invention (as read or ordered from left to right) may comprise a concatemer comprising an CCE, an NTI, and an A-TAG.In alternative embodiments, a serial number of the invention (as read or ordered from left to right) may comprise e.g. a concatemer comprising: an NTI, a LABEL-A and a CCE; an NTI, a CCE and a LABELA; a CCE, a LABEL-A and an NTI; a LABEL-A, a CCE and an NTI; or a LABEL-A, an NTI and a CCE. In one embodiment of the invention, a particular entity may be assigned one or more CCEs, and the same CCE may not be assigned to different entities. In a further embodiment of the invention, a list of CCEs and their corresponding assigned entities may be published or otherwise made publicly available. In yet another further embodiment, a set or group of CCEs may be assigned to, or reserved for, entities located in a particular country or geographic region, which may facilitate faster and simpler movement of marked biological products from the manufacturing nations to the nations where the end users of the products are located. The individualized serial numbers of the invention for each packaged biological product (e.g., an AI straw containing sperm) are created using a structured randomization system for the NTI and the unique A-LABEL. As described in more detail below, the first randomization creates a new NTI (a unique numerical value that will be shared by all packaged biological products in a particular batch, lot, or freeze code), but derives the NTI randomly from a large number of different numbers (such as 999,999 different numbers) assigned to the CCE, so that a party that has knowledge of a combination of CCE and NTI cannot easily guess other NTIs for the same CCE, since a large set of assigned but unselected NTI numbers remains.For example, in one embodiment of the invention, the NTI is randomly selected from a list of NTI numbers assigned to the CCE, wherein the list of NTI numbers assigned to the CCE comprises at least 999 different numbers. In a further embodiment of the invention, a party's ability to correctly guess additional CCE codes can be further reduced by establishing non-random groups of NTI numbers within a list of assigned NTI numbers. For example, non-random groups of NTI numbers could be established by grouping the NTIs according to the jurisdiction or region to which the serialized products are to be shipped. A public list of CCE assignments may be administered by a globally recognized organization. An example of this, in the case of bovine reproduction, is the International Committee for the Registration of Animals (ICAR), located at Via Savoia 78, sec. A int. 3, 00198 Rome, Italy.Owners of bovine males (bulls) intended for international sale can generally obtain from ICAR a sire code (marketing code) that can be assigned to a semen collection center (SCC) or an AI marketing organization. Such sire codes represent an implementation of the CCE as described in the present invention. A similar randomization process can also be used to create a list of valid A-TAGS from which the serial numbers of the invention can be generated. For example, from a potential series of 1 million different numbers assigned to a particular CCE and NTI combination, a limited number of valid A-TAGS, e.g., 5000, are randomly selected. During the barcode printing process, a valid A-TAG is assigned to each packaged biological product on which a barcode is printed. Once a valid A-TAG has been barcoded and printed on a packaged biological product, that A-TAG (or the serial number comprising the A-TAG) is entered into the barcode. A) in a list of assigned A-LABELS (or a list of assigned serial numbers) or is designated as an assigned A-LABEL within the list of valid A-LABELS (or is designated as an assigned serial number within the list of valid serial numbers). Once assigned, an A-LABEL may not be assigned or printed again for a particular combination of CCE and NTI (or the serial number comprising the A-LABEL). This ensures that, by means of the invention, two identical barcodes can never be printed or, more specifically, that each individually packaged biological product will have a unique serial number that will never be duplicated. Accordingly, a serial number of the invention comprising an assigned A-LABEL may also be designated as valid or assigned.After completing the printing of a batch or lot (or freezing code) of a product, the list of valid A-LABELS for that combination of CCE and NTI, comprising assigned and unassigned A-LABELS, is fixed (i.e., it cannot be changed). In a particular embodiment of the invention, only the entity to which a specific CCE is assigned may possess a list comprising all serial numbers within that CCE, including all valid and assigned serial numbers. Essentially, the entity has a private and secure list that can be used to determine whether a serial number of the invention is valid and assigned or unassigned. Consequently, provided the list is not shared with a third party, any third party submitting a request to the entity to which the CCE has been assigned must provide a valid and assigned serial number for their request to be considered authentic. In a particular embodiment of the invention, an entity to which a specific CCE has been assigned may verify or authenticate a serial number submitted by a third party by comparing the submitted serial number with a list comprising valid and assigned serial numbers of the invention.In one further embodiment, if the submitted serial number matches a serial number on the list, the submitted serial number is authentic. In another further embodiment, the submitted serial number must match an assigned serial number of the invention to be considered authentic. Barcodes of the invention Once a serial number of the invention has been generated, another embodiment of the invention comprises a barcode that encodes the serial number. The use of any suitable barcode symbology known in the art, including ID and 2D barcodes, is contemplated for encoding a serial number of the invention. One embodiment of the invention comprises encoding a serial number of the invention with a 2D barcode. The graphic appearance of a 2D barcode is generated using different patterns of dots, squares, circles, hexagons, or other geometric shapes. In one particular embodiment, a serial number of the invention is encoded with a Datamatrix code. Datamatrix is ​​a well-known symbology for 2D barcodes that uses an area of ​​square modules with a unique perimeter pattern, which helps the barcode scanner determine the locations of points, or cells, and decode the symbol. Characters, numbers, text, and actual data bytes can be encoded with the Datamatrix code, including Unicode characters and photographs. The following table lists the size and capacity of the various formats of ίΓοοηη / ζζηζ / Ε / γίΛΐ Data matrix. Table 1. Number of Format Symbol Size (Modules) Maximum Numeric Capacity Maximum Alphanumeric Capacity Maximum Binary Capacity 0 10 x 10 6 3 1 1 12 x 12 10 6 3 2 14 x 14 16 10 6 3 16 x 16 24 16 10 4 18 x 18 36 25 16 5 20 x 20 44 31 20 6 22 x 22 60 43 28 7 24 x 24 72 52 34 8 26x26 88 64 42 9 32 x 32 124 91 60 10 36x36 172 127 84 11 40x40 228 169 112 12 44 x 44 288 214 142 13 48 x 48 348 259 172 14 52 x 52 408 304 202 15 64x64 560 418 278 16 72 x 72 736 550 366 17 80x80 912 682 454 18 88x88 1152 862 574 19 96x96 1392 1042 694 20 104 x104 1632 1222 814 21 120 x120 2100 1573 1048 22 132 x132 2608 1954 1302 23 144 x144 3116 2335 1556 24 8 x 18 10 6 3 25 8x32 20 13 8 26 12 x 26 32 22 14 27 12 x 36 44 31 20 28 16x36 64 46 30 29 16x48 98 72 47 ίΓοοηη / ζζηζ / Ε / γίΛΐ The use of any suitable software known in the art to generate Datamatrix barcodes is contemplated, to encode a serial number of the invention. In another embodiment, a serial number of the invention is encoded with a quick response (QR) code, which is another type of 2D barcode. A QR code consists of black squares arranged within a grid with a white background. The following table lists the maximum capacity for a QR code. Table 2. Input mode Maximum number of characters Numeric data only 7089 Alphanumeric 4296 Binary / byte 2953 The use of any suitable software known in the art to generate QR barcodes is contemplated, to encode a serial number of the invention. Barcode Printing of the Invention Another aspect of the invention involves printing a barcode encoding a serial number of the invention on an individually packaged biological product, such as an AI straw. As used herein, the term "printing" includes, but is not limited to, etching, marking, casting, coloring, spraying, carving, transferring, denting, engraving, pressing, painting, drawing, molding, and casting. The use of any suitable method or device known in the art is contemplated for printing a barcode encoding a serial number of the invention on an individually packaged biological product. For example, a method for printing a barcode on an AI straw using a laser is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 9,358,092, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Also contemplated, with respect to an AI straw, is the use of an inkjet printer (e.g., a Minitube MiniJet printer) or a thermal transfer printer (e.g., a Minitube EasyCoder) to print a barcode encoding a serial number of the invention. Scanning or generation of barcode images of the invention Another aspect of the invention involves scanning or imaging a barcode that encodes a serial number of the invention, using a scanning or imaging device. The use of any suitable scanning or imaging method or device known in the art is contemplated for printing a barcode that encodes a serial number of the invention. For example, a Zebra MT2070 scanner (Zebra Technologies Corp., Lincolnshire, Illinois) may be used to scan or image ID or 2D barcodes of the invention. Generally, an imaging device will be required to read and decode a 2D barcode. Authentication of Labeled Packaged Biological Products of the Invention The individualized serial numbers of the invention are created using a structured randomization system for the unique TNI and A-LABEL, and an entity assigned a particular CCE can verify or authenticate a serial number submitted by a third party by comparing the submitted serial number with a list comprising valid, assigned serial numbers of the invention. A further embodiment of the invention allows an entity, assigned a specific CCE, to securely authenticate a serial number submitted by an end user through a computer application or program provided to the end user, which generates a unique Interchange and Transaction Number (ITN), and allows for the secure receipt and transmission of unique information associated with the ITN, e.g., information about how the biological product was used (e.g., time and place) and information about the end user.As used herein, the term application means application software, which includes, but is not limited to, a mobile application and a web application. Another embodiment of the invention enables an end user to securely authenticate a packaged biological product by scanning or generating images of the product's barcode using an application or software program provided to the end user, which generates a Verification Number (VN), and to retrieve publicly available information associated with or linked to the NV. Authentication Method Using an NV As used herein, a Verification Number (or NV) is a concatemer comprising a first character set comprising a CCE, a second character set comprising an NTI, and a third character set comprising a derivative of an A-LABEL or a derivative of a portion of an A-LABEL. In one embodiment of the invention, the derivative of an A-LABEL, or the derivative of a portion of an A-LABEL, in an NV is generated by an algorithm for generating NV numbers. In a further embodiment of the invention, an algorithm for generating NV numbers comprises a hash function.In a specific embodiment of the invention, a NV comprises a hash key derived from an A-LABEL or a portion thereof and used by a scanning or imaging device to provide an end user with secure authentication of a serialized packaged biological product of the invention (i.e., to prove that the barcoded product is genuine and not counterfeit) each time the barcode encoding the A-LABEL is scanned or imaged. As such, even if a third party knows an NV, the third party will not be able to use the NV to guess, calculate, or reverse engineer the serial numbers of the invention. In a particular embodiment of the invention, a list of NV numbers generated from each valid A-tag, assigned to a given CCE and NTI combination, is securely provided to any person who presents an assigned serial number comprising the given CCE and NTI combination or an A-tag assigned for the given CCE and NTI combination. Accordingly, in this embodiment, an NV can be considered a public key. One embodiment of the invention comprises comparing a received NV with NVs in a list of NV numbers comprising the same combination of CCE and NTI as the received NV, the received NV being understood to be an NV generated from a scanned barcode or from which images have been generated. A further embodiment comprises determining that the received NV matches one of the NVs in the list and then transmitting, releasing, or allowing access to data or information associated with or linked to the CCE and NTI combination. In the context of AI straws containing sperm, the information associated with or linked to a particular CCE and NTI combination may include, but is not limited to, information about the animal from which the sperm were obtained, including its name, date of birth, breed, genetic value, and one or more industry registration numbers; the freezing date; and the freezing location. It is envisaged that NVs can be generated using any suitable algorithm or hash function known in the art. With regard to NVs, a specific public algorithm for generating NVs for a 16-digit serial number is described below. 1. Three prime numbers are chosen, each greater than 100 and less than 1000, multiplied, and the last three digits of the result are taken and retained, adding 1 to make it an even number. This is a derived prime value. For the public key (NV), the algorithm always uses the same three prime numbers. 2. The last 8 digits of the serial number are identified and the individual digits ίΓοοηη / ζζηζ / Ε / γίΛΐ are added together to form a two-digit number (always less than 72). 3. Add the number represented by the last 8 digits of the straw serial number and the two-digit number created in step 2, to create a new 8-digit number. 4. The new 8-digit number from step 3 is multiplied by the derived prime value, to create a 10 or 11-digit number. 5. Identify the last 5 digits of the 10 or 11 digit number from step 4. 6. A concatemer is generated comprising the digits identified in step 5 and the CCE and NTI of the serial number. This concatemer constitutes the NV. Optionally, the concatemer may additionally comprise one or more characters, such as 0, so that the NV (like the serial number) comprises 16 digits (instead of 15 or fewer digits). Authentication Method Using a NIT A further embodiment of the invention facilitates the secure transmission and reception of Transactional Information. As used herein, Transactional Information (or TI) is information or data that a purchaser or end user of an item provides to an entity, including a manufacturer, seller, or distributor of the item, and includes, without limitation, information about the use of the item (e.g., time and place of use) and information about the purchaser or end user (e.g., name and address of the purchaser or end user). Generally, in the context of the invention, an end user of an item provides the TI to a receiving entity in exchange for value. For example, a manufacturer of an item may wish to grant a bonus to the purchaser of the item. In this example, the TI may include information about the purchaser, such as their name, address, and the place and manner of use of the item. To enable an entity (such as a manufacturer) to ensure that appropriate value is exchanged for IT transmitted by an end user (for example, to ensure that multiple rebates are not issued for the same item, or to ensure that information tracked by the manufacturer pertaining to a specific item is not counted twice), the invention allows an end user to generate an Exchange and Transaction Number (a private key). As used herein, an Exchange and Transaction Number (or ENT) is a concatenator comprising a first set of characters comprising a CCE, a second set of characters comprising an NTI, and a third set of characters comprising a derivative of an A-TAG or a derivative of a portion of an A-TAG, which is linked or associated with transactional information.In one embodiment of the invention, a NIT derived from an A-LABEL, or from a portion of an A-LABEL, is generated by an algorithm for generating NIT numbers. In a further embodiment of the invention, an algorithm for generating NIT numbers comprises a hash function. In a specific embodiment of the invention, a NIT comprises a hash key derived from an A-LABEL or a portion of an A-LABEL. As previously stated, NV numbers generated from each valid A-tag, assigned to a given CCE and NTI combination, are securely provided to anyone presenting an assigned serial number comprising the given CCE and NTI combination, or an A-tag assigned to the given CCE and NTI combination. In this way, an NV can be considered a public key. Furthermore, a single NV can be used (i.e., sent / transmitted) multiple times. Unlike an NV, a NIT is a unique number and can only be used once. Therefore, a NIT can be considered a private key. This feature allows an entity (such as a manufacturer) to ensure that the appropriate value is exchanged for an IT transmitted by an end user (for example, to ensure that multiple rebates are not issued for the same item). Accordingly, an embodiment of the invention comprises: 1) establishing a list of serial numbers associated with a transaction or exchange of value; 2) authenticating a packaged biological product comprising one of the serial numbers associated with the transaction or exchange of value by comparing a received NV with several NVs from a list of NV numbers comprising the same combination of CCE and NTI as the received NV; 3) determining that the received NV matches one of the NVs on the list; 4) receiving an NIT and IT; and 5) removing from the list of serial numbers associated with the transaction or exchange of value the serial number that is associated with the transaction or exchange of value, or, alternatively, noting or designating that IT has been sent for one of the serial numbers associated with the transaction or exchange of value.By removing from a list of serial numbers associated with a particular transaction or exchange of value a serial number that is associated with a particular transaction or exchange of value, or, alternatively, by noting or designating that IT has been sent for the serial number, an entity can prevent IT associated with a specific serial number from being issued more than once, or from the same serial number being counted twice. It is envisaged that NITs can be generated using any suitable algorithm or hash function known in the art. Regarding NITs, a specific public algorithm for generating NITs for a 16-digit serial number is described below. 1. Three prime numbers are chosen, each greater than 100 and less than 1000, multiplied, and the last three digits of the result are taken and retained, adding 1 to make it an even number. This is a derived prime value. For the private key (NIT), a combination of three unique prime numbers is used for each case. 2. The last 8 digits of the serial number are identified and the individual digits are added together to form a two-digit number (always less than 72). ίΓοοηη / ζζηζ / Ε / γίΛΐ 3. Add the number represented by the last 8 digits of the straw serial number and the two-digit number created in step 2, to create a new 8-digit number. 4. The new 8-digit number from step 3 is multiplied by the derived prime value, to create a 10 or 11-digit number. 5. Identify the last 5 digits of the 10 or 11 digit number from step 4. 6. A concatenate is generated comprising the digits identified in step 5 and the CCE and NTI of the serial number. This concatenate constitutes the NIT. Optionally, the concatenate may additionally comprise one or more characters, such as 0, so that the NIT, like the serial number, comprises 16 digits (instead of 15 or fewer digits). In the private algorithm above, three prime numbers are selected by a receiving entity—for example, a manufacturer or an entity assigned a CCE—for each serial number associated with a particular transaction or exchange of value. Upon selecting the three prime numbers, the entity transmits them to an end user. The end user, in turn, who is provided with a computer application or program that incorporates the algorithm above, completes step 1 (calculating the derived prime value using the three prime numbers transmitted by the receiving entity) as well as steps 2 through 6. Systems for the Authentication and Secure Transfer of Information on Serialized AI Straws In one aspect, the invention encompasses systems for the secure authentication of packaged and labeled biological products, such as AI straws comprising spermatozoa. Specific systems of the invention may comprise: a serialized AI straw; a printing device for printing serial numbers on AI straws; a computer-readable medium comprising serial numbers, A-tags, NV numbers, NIT or IT numbers, as well as lists thereof, algorithms for generating NV or NIT numbers, and / or information associated with or linked to a particular combination of CCE and NIT, including information about an animal from which the spermatozoa were obtained, including its name, date of birth, breed, genetic value, and one or more industry registration numbers, date and place of freezing; a scanning or imaging device for scanning or imaging a barcode encoding a serial number;a handheld device, such as a smartphone, comprising an application or computer program that generates NV or NIT numbers and receives or transmits IT or other data associated with a serialized AI straw; an input device, including a computer or keyboard, connected to a printer for entering information or data, including serial numbers, CCE codes, NTI numbers, A-TAGS, entities to which CCEs are assigned, entity-related information, and animal-related information; ίΓοοηη / ζζηζ / Ε / γίΛΐ The present invention relates to a system for printing artificial insemination (AI) straws in which the straw printers print barcodes (e.g., ID or 2D barcodes) in specific locations on the AI ​​straws, which can then be scanned when using the AI ​​straws (i.e., for insemination). The system ensures that all straws have a unique serial number. In one embodiment, the straw printer assigns freeze codes created by a manufacturer to a randomly selected non-infective tissue (NIT).When combined with a CCE (Certificate of Evidence), the combination of CCE and NTI (National Identification Technology) creates a unique lot or batch number that allows databases, networks, and computer hardware supporting barcode scanning to communicate with the relevant manufacturer or marketing organization. This communication provides appropriate lot-specific information such as straw volume and color, bull registration number, animal breed, date and time of manufacture, semen type (e.g., sex-graded or conventional), and other relevant information. This information can then be provided to supporting farm management systems (animal management computer network applications and tools) to accurately identify the specific female inseminated with a particular straw, enabling matings to be planned and subsequently confirmed throughout the breeding sequence. Each serial number can be used by a designated algorithm (specified in a manufacturer's dataset and / or in the scanner or smartphone software, for example) to create a NV. An NV can be used by an end-user-controlled device at the time of insemination to verify that the serial number of the scanned straw is authentic by comparing the NV with a list of valid NV numbers for a specific CCE and NTI combination. In one embodiment, a manufacturer provides a list of NV numbers to an end user by transferring computer files from the manufacturer to the end-user's system (e.g., a computer, a device application, etc.).A VN can also be used, as information provided to the manufacturer by an end user, to request a list of valid NV numbers for the respective CCE-NTI identified within the NV, or to request further information from the manufacturer about the batch associated with the NV. In one embodiment, the manufacturer can rely on the fact that the NV used in the communication is an assigned NV, meaning that it corresponds to a serial number actually printed on a straw, as reasonable proof that the request is genuine. In one embodiment, upon receiving a valid NV, the manufacturer can send a private algorithm to the NV sender requesting communication in which a NIT matching the NV is sent. The use of an NV and an NIT increases the assurance to both parties involved in the communication (end user of the artificial insemination straw and manufacturer of the artificial insemination straw) that the relationship is secure and reliable, and that both parties are acting in good faith. In such a case, once a mutually assured state of good faith has been generated, valuable and private transactional information (IT) can then be securely communicated. A key feature of the invention is that it enables direct communication between an entity assigned a CCE (in the context of AI straws, the party generally responsible for the identity of the sperm contained in the straw and the quality of the product) and the end user: the person using the straw for artificial insemination who possesses the straw's unique serial number. Without a barcode, the information printed on an AI straw might be insufficient to allow an end user to contact the bull owner or the marketing code.Conversely, with the invention, since the barcode scanning of each straw is performed using a device with a computer processor (e.g., a smartphone, tablet, or dedicated handheld scanning or imaging device) and an internet connection, the application running the scanner can be loaded with a set of instructions that determines what to do if the end user chooses to communicate directly with the entity to which the CCE is assigned. In the simplest case, the application can contact the entity to which the CCE is assigned to request the list of NV numbers for the particular combination of CCE and NTI associated with the scanned AI straw, allowing the end user to verify the straw's authenticity in real time.Furthermore, since CCE-NTI information is directly identified as a batch number, if the end user wishes to obtain information about the associated bull, the application must be enabled to contact the entity to which the CCE is assigned directly. In a more complex scenario, using the NITs generated by an application in the hands of the end user, the user will provide the entity to which the CCE is assigned with data on each straw, including the female's identity, the exact date, time, and location of the scan (which generally corresponds to the insemination event), and, through other information systems, the reproductive results (e.g., non-return information, confirmed pregnancy information, calving information, etc.).The present invention, through the use of NIT numbers, also allows for restocking arrangements in which information from scanned straws is used to create a real-time analysis of each bull's remaining inventory, and even for the reordering of more semen. In an embodiment of the invention, the entity to which a CCE is assigned may own and / or control the dissemination of the list of valid serial numbers and assigned serial numbers (i.e., serial numbers actually printed on AI straws), since knowledge of each of these numbers may have significant value, and the anti-counterfeiting benefit obtained through the invention may be compromised if the lists are widely disseminated to third parties. The list of valid serial numbers may be used to create a public NV list, which may be provided to any party with access to a combination of CCEs and NTIs, such as a distributor or end user, or government regulators, for example. In general, prior to the invention, information about each batch of AI straws and each straw used flowed in only one direction (i.e., from the manufacturer to the end user). In contrast, the invention facilitates the reliable, secure, and real-time flow of information from end users to manufacturers (and, for example, their distribution chains). Furthermore, since the invention provides a secure method for tracking a large number of different CECs that may be supplied to a single end user, analyzing data on the usage of each individual straw during reproduction operations allows end users to quickly determine who their AI straw suppliers are at any given time and, more specifically, to obtain information on the usage time of each straw, not just when it is purchased.The invention may also allow a single commercial entity, such as a large global supplier of artificial insemination straws, to segment its total production into batch groups of products produced according to different methods or regulatory guidelines by using multiple CCEs. For example, even from the same manufacturer, one or more CCEs could indicate that the product was produced using a sex-sorting method, while a different CCE could indicate that the product is not sex-sorted. Similarly, important globally recognized export guidelines, such as CSS certification (in the US) or EU certification (for production in or export to Europe), may represent protocols (methods) that can be uniquely assigned to individual CCEs. A unique feature provided by the invention's secure, serialized AI straws is that the entity to which a CCE is assigned can provide direct purchase incentives, such as bonuses, purchase points, lottery-type options, etc., to end users. In this case, the first party to provide a valid NIT for the associated CCE and NTI combination is credited with a valid purchase, while any subsequent shipments (e.g., a second or third shipment) will not be valid, as they could have been created by scanning a straw that has already been used and discarded. In this case, even end users who do not scan the straws during use can choose to retain them until they scan them using a different method. However, the ability to assign some form of non-monetary economic value to each straw will naturally incentivize end users to scan the AI ​​straws with barcodes.This feature is highly valuable because the current technique for scanning miniature barcodes printed on AI straws does not allow scanning a frozen straw (a straw in liquid nitrogen or cold nitrogen vapor). In most cases, scanning a unique straw, which identifies the encoded unique serial number, will only be possible once the straw has thawed, i.e., once an appropriate method has been used to bring it to ambient temperature. In most cases, the straw is briefly thawed before use in AI, so proper scanning at the time of use is anticipated using a device capable of at least documenting the serial number.In some cases, when the quality of AI straws has been compromised or ruined by an unwanted thawing event, the invention and related NV, NIT and IT components allow the manufacturer (or associated distributors in the logistics chain) to require the end user to scan all individual straws for which an end user may claim a credit, for the value of the straws, or request a replacement. To the extent that a manufacturer wishes to exchange information with individual parties regarding AI straws that have a particular freeze code, the manufacturer can create a private list of NIT numbers by applying an NIT generation algorithm to the serial numbers with that particular freeze code. Specifically, assuming an end user transmits a valid, assigned NV to the manufacturer by scanning an AI straw, the manufacturer will, in turn, provide the end user with the three unique prime numbers used in the algorithm to generate the NITs. The end user, using an application that understands the NIT generation algorithm, will use the three prime numbers to generate a NIT for the serial number of the scanned AI straw, which is then transmitted to the manufacturer. In some cases, a unique algorithm can be used for each serialized straw.In other cases, a group of NV numbers provided simultaneously can be subjected to the same algorithm to produce the NITs. Finally, the manufacturer can verify the received NITs against a list of different NITs previously generated for serial numbers comprising the particular freeze code (i.e., the combination of CCE and NTI). In this way, a manufacturer can authenticate a genuine end user by having them provide a public and private key for any individual AI straw, and the end user can communicate with the manufacturer securely without having to provide any (or all) of the actual serial numbers in question. In one embodiment of the invention, once a group of AI straws has been scanned, an application linked to the scanning or imaging device will generate a record of the scanned serial numbers. The use of private keys (i.e., NIT numbers) is most likely to be important when direct communication between the end user and the manufacturer is required, especially if secure methods are needed to identify the correct end user for the manufacturer to verify. Specifically, if the scanned serial numbers have value, for example, as proof of purchase, cash or bonus points, coupons, etc., the application can generate NIT numbers as described above to communicate securely with the manufacturer regarding the straws.Additionally, an end user, in order to control semen inventory and replenishment, may find it advantageous to securely transmit certain reproductive details (e.g., insemination date and time, GPS location, inseminator's name, etc.) to the AI ​​straw supplier, distributor, or manufacturer. The manufacturer (or supplier or distributor) can use the combination of CCE and NTI from a public or private key to identify a bull. Furthermore, in the case of private keys sent by end users, the manufacturer can use these private keys to track their AI straw inventory.If the end user is an external inseminator, a software program that manages the insemination service can also use private keys to transmit to the owner of the inseminated females the number of AI straws used from each bull, as well as to a database tracking the inventory of AI straws controlled by the external inseminator. For example, at the end of a week of insemination using AI straws from multiple bulls at one or more locations within a dairy group, the end user of the AI ​​straws might send a parting request to the manufacturer for a bonus. Since the bonus amount and type can vary depending on the bull or semen type (e.g., conventional vs. sex-sorted semen, or 90% vs. 65% sexed semen), the end user's management computer might send a set of individual public keys (i.e., NV numbers) to the manufacturer. The manufacturer might then register those keys and send the end user one or more unique sets of the three prime numbers (each for creating a unique private key, or NIT). The end user then uses the private keys to derive the corresponding NITs, each of which is then associated with the original public key.Since the manufacturer is the only party that knows which serial numbers are assigned serial numbers for each combination of CCE and NTI (i.e., batch number), the manufacturer can derive a private test list of all the private NITs generated for each of the prime number groups when used in the algorithm to derive private keys. In this case, the manufacturer will receive an NV and one or more private keys for each straw, and all those keys will match in the test lists. Thus, although no single key will be able to uniquely determine the serial number, a perfect series of matches will occur with only one serial number. At that point, the manufacturer can modify the list of valid straw serial numbers by indicating or designating the serial number that has been retrieved.This approach protects the recovery process (transfer of straw value) against unauthorized or falsified attempts to claim more than one value for the same straw, or to claim a value for straws that one does not own. In one embodiment of the invention, the barcodes for use on AI straws may comprise 13 numeric characters. In another embodiment, the barcodes for use on AI straws may comprise 16-20 numeric characters. In yet another embodiment, the barcodes for use on AI straws may not comprise more than 16 numeric characters. ίΓοοηη / ζζηζ / Ε / γίΛΐ In another embodiment of the invention, the barcodes for use on AI straws may comprise 32 or 44 numeric characters. In addition to a serial number, the information encoded in such barcodes may also include the country of origin, the bull breed, the sex ratio, and the straw color, for example. In one aspect of the invention, it is contemplated that the barcodes can be scanned in situ (e.g., at the time of insemination) using a scanning or imaging device. The scanning or imaging device can then use the serial number of the straw to retrieve additional information about the AI ​​straw by communicating with the entity to which the CCE was assigned. The scanning or imaging device may comprise software (such as a phone or tablet application) that communicates with a network from which additional information is retrieved, or, alternatively, the scanning or imaging device may transmit the information encoded by the serial number to a computer-readable medium (e.g., a computer, phone, or tablet) that comprises software communicating with a network.In one aspect of the invention, information can be loaded into the scanning or imaging device prior to scanning, such as lists of valid semen numbers (NVs) that can be scanned. These lists are supplied to the scanning device from an associated network that contains information regarding which purchased lot numbers (CCE-NTI) belong to the inventory to be scanned. In this case, the bull's identity can be determined at the time of scanning, and the breeding plan for each female can confirm the selection of the bull contained in the straw or alert to a conflict, thus facilitating full compliance with the breeding plan at the time of each insemination. Furthermore, the authenticity of the straw can be determined at the time of insemination. In one embodiment of the invention, three serial number formats are contemplated. While the three serial number formats comprise an ECC, an ITC, and an A-Label, there are three different sizes in terms of the number of digits in a representative serial number. The use of these three formats with an inkjet printer or a thermal contact printer is contemplated. Each format is assigned a letter (e.g., A, B, and C, although any letter can be assigned), which can be the first character of the barcode as a serial number prefix (the letter designation for each format and the serial number together constitute a product code). Since an alphabetic letter generally requires the digital space of two numbers when using an ID or 2D barcode, the length of each barcode increases by 2 when letters are used as prefixes.By using such prefix letters, manufactured and sold AI straws with barcodes can be scanned and processed even if the data format structure is subsequently changed. In one embodiment of the invention, a serial number in format A consists of 16 numeric digits (with the prefix, the product code is equivalent to 18 numeric digits). This amount of data can be entered into an ID barcode, but the length of the printed barcode may be too long for easy scanning with scanning or imaging devices specified for mixed 1D / 2D scanning. For this reason, in a specific embodiment, a 16-digit serial number in format A is encoded with a 2D barcode (e.g., Datamatrix 8 x 32 or higher).A serial number in format B consists of 13 numeric digits and represents an intermediate format in terms of barcode length. A format C comprises fewer than 13 numeric digits, e.g., 10 numeric digits, and can be easily scanned with scanning or imaging devices specified for the 1D / 2D mixed scanning function, while remaining small enough to be encoded with an ID barcode. Due to its relatively short length, format C can be encoded with an ID barcode. If the serial number formats of the invention are adopted in the AI ​​industry, it is possible that the same serial number will never again be printed on two AI straws.For example, serial numbers in format A, with 10,000 possible marketing codes, 1 million possible freezing codes, and 1 million possible individual straws per freezing code, would allow 10 quadrillion signaled AI straws. With reference to Figure 3, which represents an embodiment of the invention, a serial number 6 comprises an CCE 2, an NTI 3, and an A-LABEL 4. In turn, a product code 5 comprises a format prefix 1, the CCE 2, the NTI 3, and the A-LABEL 4. An NV 9 of this embodiment comprises a digit placeholder 7, the CCE 2, the NTI 3, and a public hash key 8; the digit placeholder 7 is a numeric placeholder, containing one or more zeros, which makes the length of an NV or an NIT equal to the length (i.e., the number of numeric digits) of the corresponding serial number. An NIT 11 of this embodiment comprises the digit placeholder 7, the CCE 2, the NTI 3, and a private hash key 10. One aspect of the invention comprises an AI straw printer comprising software for managing the use of serial numbers of the invention, as well as a computer-readable medium for storing files comprising lists of valid or assigned serial numbers, or portions of valid or assigned serial numbers, including, but not limited to, CCE codes, NTI numbers, combinations of CCE and NTI, A-tags, and combinations of CCE-NTI-tag. Such a printer may further comprise an input device for manually entering data, such as a keyboard, as well as a network device or data port for connecting the printer to other devices. It should be understood, however, that the features listed above (i.e., printer software, computer-readable media, keyboard, etc.)) to manage the use of serial numbers of the invention, can optionally be included in a separate device, such as a personal computer, which then, in turn, can connect to an AI straw printer directly (by cable or wirelessly) or through a network. In order to protect all entities using the same serial number format, CCEs can be assigned exclusively by a single regulatory body. In one specific embodiment of the invention, a suitable, globally recognized organization, such as the International Committee for Animal Registration (ICAR), can assign and maintain a list of CCE codes and the corresponding entities to which they have been assigned. One embodiment of the invention comprises a computer-readable medium, including a secure input file that designates the CCEs to be used by a printing device. In one embodiment of the invention, each CCE contained in the computer-readable medium has a dedicated file or folder comprising lists of valid, assigned straw serial numbers associated with the CCE.In a further embodiment of the invention, the CCEs can only be added to or removed from the computer-readable media, or activated or deactivated, through a password-protected software control area. For AI straws, the combination of CCE and NTI constitutes a freezing code, lot number, or batch number—that is, a quantity of AI straws containing sperm, each straw being materially identical. Generally, this means that AI straws with the same CCE and NTI combination contain sperm from the same bull, underwent the same treatment or processing, and were frozen at the same time. The most common industry standard for designating a freezing code is a combination of the bull's identification, such as a NAAB code or an international animal code, and the freezing date. Regarding the designation of freezing codes using barcodes, an accepted alternative is a method comprising a marketing code and a serial number.One embodiment of the invention comprises a computer-readable means, which includes a list of NTI numbers that have been closed for a particular CCE. A closed CCE and NTI combination cannot be reused in a serial number. An operator can manually designate a CCE and NTI combination as closed in the printer software, for example, after generating the final list of valid serial numbers assigned for the CCE and NTI combination, or alternatively, the printer software can automatically designate the combination as closed after a certain amount of time has elapsed since the first straw containing the CCE and NTI combination is printed, e.g., 24 hours.In one embodiment of the invention, a file comprising a list of closed NTI numbers also comprises metadata, such as the date and time an NTI was established, the date and time an NTI was closed, and the IP address assigned to an AI straw printer. Consequently, when using the invention, AI straws comprising sperm from different bulls, or sperm that were treated or processed differently, will never have identical combinations of CCE and NTI (i.e., freezing codes or batch numbers). In most cases where AI straws are printed, the manufacturer of the packaged biological product has a separate computer that manages the information for each freeze code, including information about the quantity and quality of the ejaculate, the treatment (e.g., sex-sorted or conventional sperm), the dose (number of millions of sperm in the straw), etc. This means that the manufacturer will have a unique Manufacturer Specified Freeze Number (MSFN) already stored on a manufacturer-owned computer that is operating the straw printer. In one embodiment of the invention, a straw printer is connected to the manufacturer's computer comprising an MSFN either directly (by cable or wirelessly) or via a network. When a new MSFN is generated, an operator manually assigns the new MSFN to an MSFN within the software.The printer, or alternatively, the printer automatically assigns the new NTI to the MSFN. In one particular embodiment, the manufacturer must provide an MSFN (either through a direct connection to the manufacturer's computer system or through a network) to the printer software before a new NTI can be generated and assigned to the MSFN. For manufacturers who cannot connect their computer to the straw printer, the MSFNs can be entered manually into the printer software. In one particular embodiment of the invention, the printer files comprising lists of CCE codes, NTI numbers, or combinations of CCE and NTI, also comprise metadata comprising assigned MSFN numbers. In a more particular embodiment, the printer file names may comprise assigned MSFN numbers. The number of possible NTIs is determined by the number of digits in the NTI. To account for situations where more than one AI straw printer uses the same serial number format (e.g., formats A, B, or C described above) and the same CCE, a particular group of NTI numbers (NTI number groups) can be allocated or assigned to each printer for a given CCE. For example, format A described above, with a 6-digit NTI, can comprise 10 NTI groups, each assigned to a different printer, as follows: Group 1 of NTI numbers: Minimum NTI = 100,000, and maximum NTI = 199,999 Group 2 of NTI numbers: Minimum NTI = 200,000, and maximum NTI = 299,999 Group 3 of NTI numbers: Minimum NTI = 300,000, and maximum NTI = 399,999 Group 4 of NTI numbers: Minimum NTI = 400,000, and maximum NTI = 499,999 Group 5 of NTI numbers: Minimum NTI = 500,000, and maximum NTI = 599,999 Group 6 of NTI numbers: minimum NTI = 600,000, and maximum NTI - 699,999 ίΓοοηη / ζζηζ / Ε / γίΛΐ Group 7 of NTI numbers: minimum NTI = 700,000, and maximum NTI = 799,999 Group 8 of NTI numbers: minimum NTI = 800,000, and maximum NTI = 899,999 Group 9 of NTI numbers: minimum NTI = 900,000, and maximum NTI = 999,999 Group 10 of NTI numbers: minimum NTI = 000001, and maximum NTI = 99.999 By way of example, the B format described above, with a 5-digit NTI, can comprise 10 NTI Groups, each assigned to a different printer, as follows: Group 1 of NTI numbers: minimum NTI = 10,000, and maximum NTI = 19,999 Group 2 of NTI numbers: minimum NTI = 20,000, and maximum NTI = 29,999 Group 3 of NTI numbers: minimum NTI = 30,000, and maximum NTI = 39,999 Group 4 of NTI numbers: minimum NTI = 40,000, and maximum NTI = 49,999 Group 5 of NTI numbers: Minimum NTI = 50,000, and maximum NTI = 59,999 Group 6 of NTI numbers: Minimum NTI = 60,000, and maximum NTI = 69,999 Group 7 of NTI numbers: Minimum NTI = 70,000, and maximum NTI = 79,999 Group 8 of NTI numbers: Minimum NTI = 80,000, and maximum NTI = 89,999 Group 9 of NTI numbers: Minimum NTI = 90,000, and maximum NTI = 99,999 Group 10 of NTI numbers: Minimum NTI = 000001, and maximum NTI = 9999 In the case of a 7-digit NTI, 10 NTI Number Groups can be assigned, each NTI Number Group comprising 1 million NTI numbers instead of 10,000. In each case, NTI Number Group 1 can be designated as the DEFAULT NTI. In one particular embodiment, the use of NTI numbers from NTI Number Group 2 occurs automatically once all the numbers in NTI Number Group 1 have been used. Alternatively, if an operator manually switches to a different NTI Number Group, then all new serial numbers would comprise an NTI assigned to that new NTI Number Group. In one specific embodiment, for a specific printer, only one NTI Number Group can be used at a time. In another embodiment, the management of which NTI Number Groups are active or inactive at any given time can be carried out in a password-protected control area of ​​the printer software.NTI number groups that include smaller NTI numbers will generate sign numbers with many zeros, which may not be desirable. Consequently, in a specific implementation, the NTI number group with the smallest NTI is designated as the last or final NTI number group to be used (e.g., as Group 10 in the examples above). In one aspect of the invention, an NTI is randomly selected from a list of NTI numbers assigned to the CCE. Relatedly, a randomized master list of NTI numbers can be created within a specific range so that the printer can simply select the next NTI from a random list and does not have to make random selections. To the extent that NTI Number Groups are implemented, any new NTI used is randomly selected from the active NTI Number Group on that printer for the respective CCE. Any method, device, or software of the art may be used in the invention to randomly select or generate numbers. In general, the following steps are envisaged to generate and print a serial number of the invention on an AI straw, and are presented only as an example: 1. A new NTI is randomly selected from the NTIs in the active NTI pool for a CCE. Alternatively, the next NTI is selected from a pre-existing random list of NTI numbers. 2. The CCE and NTI combination is compared with a list of CCE codes and NTI numbers that have already been used, to ensure that the CCE and NTI combination has not been used before. 3. The printer automatically or manually assigns the CCE and NTI combination to an MSFN number (obtained from the manufacturer's computer). 4. A database folder is created for the CCE and NTI combination and given a name. (The folder name could be A_CCE_NTI_MSFN.abc, for example, where A is the serial number format, CCE_NTI is the lot number, MSFN is the manufacturer's lot number for the freeze code, and abe designates the database format type.) 5. A list of 5000 valid A-TAGS is used to create a list of 5000 valid individual straw serial numbers, where each serial number is a concatenator of CCE_NTI_A-TAG. 6. The manufacturer specifies a quantity of straws to be printed. 7. One of the valid serial numbers is encoded in a 2D barcode and printed on an AI straw. Optionally, the valid serial number can also be printed on the straw, using an appropriate font. 8. Next, the serial number encoded in the printed barcode is added to a list of assigned serial numbers. 9. The operator may continue to request the printing of additional straws as needed, and the additional valid straw serial numbers are designated as assigned serial numbers, once printed and added to the relevant list. 10. The NTI remains open for a number of hours (default = 24 hours, for example) if the operator does not close it beforehand, before closing the NTI so that the printer never prints more straws with the same CCE-NTI (i.e., never issues additional serial numbers associated with the CCE-NTI). 11. Once the NTI is closed, the associated CCE-NTI folder is updated with one or more final database files, comprising the list of valid serial numbers and the list of assigned serial numbers. (The file name could be A_CCE_NTI_MSFN_V_A.abc, for example, where V is the number of valid straw serial numbers (usually 5000) and A is the number of assigned straws.) 12. The final database file and the CCE-NTI folder are write-protected to prevent changes, but allow copies to be made. Optionally, the final database file and the CCE-NTI folder can also be encrypted using any suitable encryption method known in the art. (Since each straw printer will comprise archived copies of all valid and assigned serial numbers, the printer may additionally comprise an encrypted interface if connected to a network.) Another aspect of the invention involves a system for monitoring and managing multiple printers. When printing straws using inkjet rates of approximately 300 straws per minute, and with batch sizes typically below 1,000 straws, a large manufacturer can print their entire straw production within a few hours using a single printer. However, printing speeds using thermal transfer methods can generally be 5 to 8 times slower, requiring multiple printers to match the output of inkjet methods.In the event that a manufacturer uses multiple printers, one embodiment of the invention involves each printer transmitting files or data comprising lists of valid and assigned serial numbers to a central or shared computer (e.g., sent via a file transfer protocol initiated by the printer at designated times). In a further embodiment, the invention includes a secondary system (based on a single folder on each straw printer) that can be accessed without accessing the lists of valid and assigned serial numbers. For example, a file (e.g., a comma-separated values ​​file or .csv file) on each printer is updated each time an NTI is shut down.This file can then be sent at specific times (once or more within a 24-hour period), or it can be requested via file transfer protocol from a server that has secure access to the printer for the relevant folder. This NTI number history file can be named something like NTI_History_1234567_Date.csv, where 1234567 is the identification number of the straw printer device. This file could include any new NTI data from the NTI that was closed at 23:59 (local time) on the date. Among other information, each line in the NTI numbers history file could provide: the identification number of the device used to print the straws; the IP address of the straw printing device at the time the NTI was shut down; ίΓοοηη / ζζηζ / Ε / γίΛΐ the lot number (freezing number), i.e., the combination of CCE and NTI; the date and time of the NTI opening; the number of valid straws in the NTI (e.g., 5000); the date of printing, the time and the number of test straws printed (i.e., a history of test prints); the date and time of mandatory test scans and their results (valid, invalid, or input and output reading); the start date and time and the end date and time and the number of straws in the first print request (the number of straws in the first set of assigned straw serial numbers); the start date and time and the end date and time and the number of straws from any subsequent print request (i.e., the number of straws from the first set of assigned straw serial numbers); the NTI closing time and the number of straws allocated in the NTI (i.e., the number of printed AI straws); the date and time the secure file containing the specific list of valid and assigned NTI serial numbers was sent to the network; and the date and time the network confirmed the transmission of the secure copy of the valid and assigned serial numbers (i.e., confirmation of receipt). In the AI ​​straw printing industry, operators typically print a few test straws before printing the entire batch. This is especially true when using inkjet printing. The reasons for test printing may not be limited to seeing the final appearance of the straws (inspecting the printed font information). With regard to barcodes, an operator may also want to know if a successfully printed barcode can be scanned or imaged using a scanning or imaging device. In one embodiment of the invention, an AI straw printer may require a successful scan or image of a test straw before valid serial numbers can be printed. In a further embodiment, this function can be disabled in a password-protected control area of ​​the printer software.For example, once a new CCE-NTI (freezing code number) has been created and the operator has associated the correct bull (manually via a drop-down menu) and added the MSFN, a test print could produce 8 to 10 straws. These straws will contain a special code within each barcode (a serialized test number, generated by the test printing system) and will use a two-line system, where the first line comprises what will be printed on the straw (including the barcode) and the second line comprises an additional test line that will display the CCE-NTI number and the MSFN number, for example. In a particular embodiment of the invention, one NTI in each group of NTI numbers is designated as a TEST NTI and is used only for test prints, and is excluded from the list of valid serial numbers and the list of assigned serial numbers. For example, for format A, NTI numbers 111.111 (Group 1), 222.222 (Group 2), 333.333 (Group 3), etc., are designated as TEST NTI numbers so that these nine NTIs are never used to create assigned serial numbers. An example of how this can be achieved involves populating the file of used NTI numbers with these nine numbers each time a new CCE is authorized for a straw printer. It is important to note that if all straw printers used worldwide also used this suggested method for test prints, then scanning or imaging devices and applications could easily determine that the straw was indeed a test straw when it was printed. EXAMPLE 1 An algorithm for generating a public key (i.e., a NV) from a 16-digit serial number of the invention (specifically, serial number 1523121212939977 with an CCE = 1523, an NTI = 121212, and an A-LABEL = 939977; see Figure 1 for an image of a Datamatrix barcode encoding this serial number) is presented, by way of example only, as follows: 1. The first three prime numbers greater than 100 are selected, namely 101, 103 and 107. Refer to rows A, B and C in the following Table 3. 2. The three prime numbers selected in step 1 above are multiplied, and the last three digits of the result are taken and retained, adding 1 to make them an even number. This is the derived prime value, and it is always 122 for public keys. See row G in Table 3 below. 3. The last 8 digits of the serial number are identified, i.e., 12939977. See row M in Table 3 below. 4. Add the last 8 digits of the serial number. See row N in Table 3 below. (The sum will always be less than 72.) 5. The number represented by the last 8 digits of the serial number, i.e., 12,939,977 (see row M in Table 3 below), is added to the 2-digit number created in step 4 above (see row N in Table 3 below) to create a new 8-digit number, i.e., 12940024. See row O in Table 3 below. 6. The new 8-digit number from step 5 above (see row O in the following Table 3) is multiplied by the derived 3-digit prime value (see row G in the following Table 3) to create a 10-11 digit number, i.e., 1578682928. See row P in the following Table 3. 7. Identify the last 5 digits of the 10 or 11 digit number from step 6 above, i.e., 82928. Refer to row Q in Table 3 below. 8. A concatenator is generated comprising the CCE (see row I in Table 3 below), the NTI (see row J in Table 3 below), 0, and the number represented by the 5 digits identified in step 7 above (see row Q in Table 3 below), in that order, and this constitutes the NV or public key, i.e., 1523121212082928. See row R in Table 3 below. Table 3. ίΓοοηη / ζζηζ / Ε / γίΛΐ NV from a 16-digit serial number using a public algorithm A = 101 = Fixed Prime Number for Public Key B = 103 = Fixed Prime Number for Public Key C = 107 = Fixed Prime Number for Public Key D = 197 = Variable Prime Number for Private Key E = 331 = Variable Prime Number for Private Key F = 443 = Variable Prime Number for Private Key G = 122 = Public Prime Derived Value H = 702 = Private Prime Derived Value I = 1523 = CCE J = 121212 = NTI K = 939977 = LABEL-A L = 1523121212939977 = Straw Serial Number (CCE_NTI_LABEL-A) M = 12939977 = Last 8 Digits of the Number Serial Number N = 47 = The last 8 digits of the Serial Number are added 0 = 12940024 = M+N (New 8-Digit Number) P 1578682928 = O*GQ = 82928 = Last 5 Digits of P (NV Key) R = 1523121212082928 = NV (Verification Number) (CCE_NTI_0_NVKey) EXAMPLE 2 An algorithm is presented for generating a private key (i.e., a NIT) from the 16-digit serial number of the invention used in Example 1 above (specifically, serial number 1523121212939977 with an CCE = 1523, an NTI = 121212, and a LABEL-A = 939977; see Figure 1 for an image of a Datamatrix barcode encoding this serial number), by way of example only, as follows: 1. Three prime numbers are selected, each number greater than 100 and less than 1000. Refer to rows D, E, and F in Table 4 below. 2. The three prime numbers selected in step 1 above are multiplied (see rows D, E, and F in Table 4 below), and the last three digits of the result are taken and retained, adding 1 to make them an even number (i.e., 702). This is the Derived Prime Value. See row H in Table 4 below. 3. The last 8 digits of the serial number are identified, i.e., 12939977. See row M in Table 4 below. 4. Add the last 8 digits of the serial number. See row N in Table 4 below. (The sum will always be less than 72.) 5. The number represented by the last 8 digits of the serial number, i.e., 12,939,977 (see row M in Table 4 below), is added to the 2-digit number created in step 4 above (see row N in Table 4 below) to create a new 8-digit number, i.e., 12940024. See row O in Table 4 below. 6. The new 8-digit number from step 5 above (see row O in Table 4 below) is multiplied by the derived 3-digit prime value (see row H in Table 4 below) to create a 10-11 digit number, i.e., 9083896848. See row P in Table 4 below. 7. Identify the last 5 digits of the 10 or 11 digit number from step 6 above, i.e., 96848. Refer to row Q in Table 4 below. 8. A concatenator is generated comprising the CCE (see row I in Table 4 below), the NTI (see row J in Table 4 below), 0, and the number represented by the 5 digits identified in step 7 above (see row Q in Table 4 below), in that order. This constitutes the NIT or private key for the serial number, i.e., 1523121212096848. See row R in Table 4 below. ίΓοοηη / ζζηζ / Ε / γίΛΐ Table 4. NIT from a 16-Digit Serial Number using a Private Algorithm A = 101 = Fixed Prime Number for Public Key B = 103 = Fixed Prime Number for Public Key C = 107 = Fixed Prime Number for Public Key D = 197 = Variable Prime Number for Private Key E = 331 = Variable Prime Number for Private Key F = 443 = Variable Prime Number for Private Key G = 122 = Public Prime Derived Value H = 702 = Private Prime Derived Value I = 1523 = CCE J = 121212 = NTI K = 939977 = LABEL-A L = 1523121212939977 = Straw Serial Number (CCE_NTI_LABEL-A) M = 12939977 = Last 8 Serial Number Digits N = 47 = Add the last 8 digits of the Serial Number O = 12940024 = M+N (New 8-Digit Number) P 9083896848 = O*HQ = 96848 = Last 5 Digits of P (NIT Key) R = 1523121212096848 - NIT (Interchange and Transaction Number) (CCE NTI O ClaveNIT) ίΓοοηη / ζζηζ / Ε / γίΛΐ EXAMPLE 3 An algorithm is presented for generating a public key (i.e., an NV) from a 13-digit serial number of the invention (specifically, serial number 5231212139977, with an CCE = 523, an NTI = 12121, and an A-LABEL = 39977; see Figure 2 for an image of a Datamatrix barcode encoding this serial number), by way of example only, as follows: 1. The first three prime numbers greater than 100 are selected, namely 101, 103 and 10107. Refer to rows A, B and C in the following Table 5. 2. The three prime numbers selected in step 1 above are multiplied, and the last three digits of the result are taken and retained, adding 1 to make it an even number. This is the derived prime value, and it is always 122 for public keys. See row G in Table 5 below. 3. The last 8 digits of the serial number are identified, i.e., 12139977. See row M in Table 5 below. 4. Add the last 8 digits of the serial number. See row N in Table 5 below. (The sum will always be less than 72.) 5. The number represented by the last 8 digits of the serial number, i.e., 12,139,997 (see row M in Table 5 below), is added to the 2-digit number created in step 4 above (see row N in Table 5 below) to create a new 8-digit number, i.e., 12140016. See row O in Table 5 below. 6. The new 8-digit number from step 5 above (see row O in Table 5 below) is multiplied by the derived 3-digit prime value (see row G in Table 5 below) to create a 10-11 digit number, i.e., 1481081952. See row P in Table 5 below. 7. Identify the last 5 digits of the 10 or 11 digit number from step 6 above, i.e., 81952. Refer to row Q in Table 5 below. 8. A concatenator is generated comprising the CCE (see row I in Table 5 below), the NTI (see row J in Table 5 below), and the number represented by the 5 digits identified in step 7 above (see row Q in Table 5 below), in that order, and this constitutes the NV or public key, i.e., 5231212181952. See row R in Table 5 below. ίΓοοηη / ζζηζ / Ε / γίΛΐ Table 5. NV from a 13-Digit Serial Number using a Public Algorithm (Use Case) A = 101 = Fixed Prime Number for Public Key B = 103 = Fixed Prime Number for Public Key C = 107 = Fixed Prime Number for Public Key D = 197 = Variable Prime Number for Private Key E = 331 = Variable Prime Number for Private Key F = 443 = Variable Prime Number for Private Key G = 122 = Public Prime Derived Value H = 702 = Private Prime Derived Value I = 523 = CCE J = 12121 = NTI K = 39977 = LABEL-A L = 5231212139977 = Straw Serial Number (CCE_NTI_LABEL-A) M = 12139977 = Last 8 Digits of Serial Number N = 39 = Add the last 8 digits of the Serial Number O = 12140016 = M+N (New 8-Digit Number) P 1481081952 = O*GQ = 81952 = Last 5 Digits of P (NV Key) R = 5231212181952 = NV (Verification Number) (CCE_NTI_NV Key) ίΓοοηη / ζζηζ / Ε / γίΛΐ EXAMPLE 4 An algorithm is presented for generating a private key (i.e., a NIT) from the 13-digit serial number of the invention used in Example 3 above (specifically, serial number 5231212139977, with an CCE = 523, an NTI = 12121, and a LABEL-A = 39977; see Figure 2 for an image of a Datamatrix barcode encoding this serial number), as an example only, as follows: 1. Three prime numbers are selected, each number greater than 100 and less than 1000. Refer to rows D, E, and F in Table 6 below. 2. The three prime numbers selected in step 1 above are multiplied (see rows D, E, and F in Table 6 below), and the last three digits of the result are taken and retained, adding 1 to make them an even number (i.e., 702). This is the Derived Prime Value. See row H in Table 6 below. 3. The last 8 digits of the serial number are identified, i.e., 1213997. See row M in Table 6 below. 4. Add the last 8 digits of the serial number. See row N in Table 6 below. (The sum will always be less than 72.) 5. The number represented by the last 8 digits of the serial number, i.e., 12,139,977 (see row M in Table 6 below), is added to the 2-digit number created in step 4 above (see row N in Table 6 below) to create a new 8-digit number, i.e., 12140016. See row O in Table 6 below. 6. The new 8-digit number from step 5 above (see row O in Table 6 below) is multiplied by the derived 3-digit prime value (see row H in Table 6 below) to create a 10-11 digit number, i.e., 8522291232. See row P in Table 6 below. 7. Identify the last 5 digits of the 10 or 11 digit number from step 6 above, i.e., 91232. Refer to row Q in Table 6 below. 8. A concatenator is generated comprising the CCE (see row I in Table 6 below), the NTI (see row J in Table 6 below), and the number represented by the 5 digits identified in step 7 above (see row Q in Table 6 below), in that order. This constitutes the NIT or private key for the serial number, i.e., 5231212191232. See row R in Table 6 below. ίΓοοηη / ζζηζ / Ε / γίΛΐ Table 6. NIT from a 13-Digit Serial Number using a Private Algorithm A = 101 = Fixed Prime Number for Public Key B = 103 = Fixed Prime Number for Public Key C = 107 = Fixed Prime Number for Public Key D = 197 = Variable Prime Number for Private Key E = 331 = Variable Prime Number for Private Key F = 443 = Variable Prime Number for Private Key G = 122 = Public Prime Derived Value H = 702 = Private Prime Derived Value I = 523 = CCE J = 12121 = NTI K = 39977 = LABEL-A L = 5231212139977 = Straw Serial Number (CCE_NTI_LABEL-A) M = 12139977 = Last 8 Digits of the Number Serial Number N = 39 = Add the last 8 digits of the Serial Number 0 = 12140016 = M+N (New 8-Digit Number) P 8522291232 = O*HQ = 91232 = Last 5 Digits of P (NV Key) R = 5231212191232 = NIT (Interchange and Transaction Number) (CCE_NTI_ClaveNIT) As those skilled in the art will readily understand from the foregoing, the basic concepts of the present invention can be realized in various ways. As such, the particular embodiments or elements of the invention disclosed in the preceding description, or shown in the figures or tables accompanying this application, are not intended to be limiting, but rather illustrative of the numerous and varied embodiments encompassed by the invention, or of equivalents encompassed with respect to any particular element thereof. Furthermore, the specific description of a single embodiment or element of the invention may not explicitly describe all possible embodiments or elements; the description and figures implicitly reveal many alternatives, as those skilled in the art will readily understand.

Claims

1. An artificial insemination (AI) straw comprising a barcode, wherein the barcode encodes a serial number comprising: a first set of characters comprising a standardized marketing code (SMC); a second set of characters comprising a print run number (PRN); and a third set of characters comprising a random label (LABEL-A), a concatemer of the first set of characters and the second set of characters constituting a combination of SMC and PRN.

2. The AI ​​straw of claim 1, wherein the NTI is randomly selected from a list of NTI numbers assigned to the CCE.

3. The IA straw of claim 2, wherein the list of NTIs assigned to the CCE comprises at least 999 different numbers.

4. The AI ​​straw of claim 1, wherein the A-LABEL is selected from a list of valid A-LABELS comprising at least 1000 different numbers.

5. The AI ​​straw of claim 4, wherein the list of valid A-TAGS comprises numbers randomly selected from a list of at least 50,000 different numbers, assigned to the combination of CCE and NTI.

6. The AI ​​straw of claim 1, wherein the first set of characters has a length of at least 3 characters.

7. The AI ​​straw of claim 1, wherein the second set of characters has a length of at least 5 characters.

8. The AI ​​straw of claim 1, wherein the third set of characters has a length of at least 5 characters.

9. The AI ​​straw of claim 1, wherein the barcode is a two-dimensional barcode.

10. The AI ​​straw of claim 9, wherein the two-dimensional barcode is a Datamatrix code.

11. A method for authenticating a serial number of a barcode printed on an AI straw, comprising: generating a list of valid NV or NIT numbers; providing an algorithm to calculate an NV, or calculate an NIT, from the serial number; comparing a calculated NV with the list of valid NVs or comparing a calculated NIT with the list of valid NITs; and determining whether the calculated NV matches one of the valid NVs, or whether the calculated NIT matches one of the valid NITs.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the barcode is a Datamatrix code.

13. The method of claim 11, wherein the serial number comprises a CCE, an NTI, and an A-LABEL. 10 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising the step of receiving and processing transactional information (IT) if the calculated NIT matches one of the valid NITs.

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