COOL FOOD AND DRINKS QUICKLY

Abstract

The systems and methods have demonstrated the ability to rapidly cool the contents of capsules containing food and beverage ingredients.

Description

Related requests This patent application is a partial continuation of U.S. patent application No. 16 / 104,758, filed on August 17, 2018, and claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent applications No. 62 / 758,110, filed on November 9, 2018; U.S. application No. 62 / 801,587, filed on February 5, 2019; U.S. application No. 62 / 831,657, filed on April 9, 2019; U.S. application No. 62 / 831,600, filed on April 9, 2019; and U.S. application No. 62 / 831,646, filed on April 9, 2019. and United States application with serial number 62 / 831.666, filed on April 9, 2019, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD This disclosure relates to systems and methods for rapidly cooling food and beverages. BACKGROUND A beverage preparation system has been developed that quickly prepares individual servings of hot drinks. Some of these systems use single-use capsules to which water is added before brewing. The capsules can be used to prepare hot coffees, teas, cocoa, and dairy-based beverages. Home ice cream makers can be used to make larger batches (e.g., 1.5 quarts or more) of ice cream for personal consumption. These ice cream makers typically prepare the mixture using a hand-crank method or an electric motor that also assists in churning the ingredients inside the machine. The resulting mixture is often chilled using a pre-chilled bowl inserted into the machine. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION This specification describes systems and methods for rapidly cooling food and beverages. Some of these systems and methods can cool food and beverages in a container placed on a countertop or in a machine from room temperature to freezing in less than two minutes. For example, the approach described in this specification has successfully demonstrated the ability to make soft-serve ice cream from capsules at room temperature in approximately 90 seconds. This approach has also been used to cool cocktails and other beverages, including frozen drinks. These systems and methods are based on a refrigeration cycle with reduced start-up times and a user-friendly capsule-machine interface that provides extremely efficient heat transfer.Some of the capsules described are filled with ingredients on a manufacturing line and undergo a sterilization process (e.g., retort, aseptic packaging, ultra-high temperature (UHT) processing, ultra-heat treatment, ultra-pasteurization, or high-pressure processing (HPP)). HPP is a cold pasteurization technique in which products, already sealed in their final packaging, are placed in a vessel and subjected to a high level of isostatic pressure (300–600 megapascals (MPa) (43,500–87,000 pounds per square inch (psi)) transmitted by water. The capsules can be used to store ingredients, including dairy products, at room temperature for extended periods (e.g., 9–12 months) after sterilization. Refrigeration is used to describe the transfer of thermal energy to reduce the temperature of, for example, ingredients contained in a capsule. In some cases, refrigeration refers to the transfer of thermal energy to reduce the temperature of, for example, ingredients contained in a capsule below freezing. Some capsules containing at least one ingredient to form a cold food or beverage include: a metallic body with a closed end, an open end opposite the closed end, and a side wall extending from the closed end to define an inner body cavity; at least one paddle disposed in the inner body cavity and capable of rotating with respect to the body; and a base extending along the open end of the body, the base sealed to the side wall of the body, the base including a protrusion with a stem extending between a head and a foot, the stem having a smaller cross-section than the head and foot, the base comprising a weakened section extending around the protrusion. Some cans containing at least one ingredient to form a cold food or beverage include: a metallic body with a shaft, a closed end, an open end opposite the closed end, and a side wall extending from the closed end to define an interior cavity of the body, the open end of the body having a radius less than the average radius of the body; at least one paddle extending laterally farther from the body shaft than the radius of the open end of the body, the at least one paddle disposed in the interior cavity of the body and rotatable with respect to the body; and a base extending along the open end of the body, the base sealed to the side wall of the body, the base defining an opening extending through the base. Some capsules for forming a cold food or beverage include: a body with a shaft, a first end, a second end opposite the first end, and a side wall extending from the first end to define an interior cavity of the body open at the second end, the second end of the body having a radius less than an average radius of the body; at least one paddle extending a distance farther from the body shaft than is greater than the radius of the open end of the body, the scraper disposed in the interior cavity of the body; and a base extending along the open end of the body, the base sealed to the side wall of the body, the base defining an opening extending through the base. Some capsules that contain at least one ingredient to form a cold food or beverage include: a body with a first end, a second end opposite the first end, and a side wall extending from the 7P7 / 3 / YILI first end to define an interior cavity of the body open at the second end, the second end of the body having a radius less than an average radius of the body; a mixing paddle having at least one blade; a base extending along the open end of the body, the base sealed to the side wall of the body, the base defining an opening extending through the base; and a cover attached to the body, the cover extending over at least part of the base and rotatable about the axis of the mixing paddle with respect to the base, the cover defining an opening extending through the cover. Capsules and cans may include one or more of the following features. In some embodiments, the body and base of the capsules form a can. In some cases, the base includes a protuberance that extends outward from the adjacent parts of the base, the protuberance having a stem extending between a head and a foot, the stem having a smaller cross-section than the head and foot, the base comprising a weakened section extending around the protuberance. In some embodiments, the capsules and cans include a cover attached to the body, the cover extending over at least part of the base and rotatable with respect to the base, the cover defining an opening that extends through the cover. In some cases, the cover is rotatable about the axis of the body. In some cases, the cans and capsules also include a stopper that closes the opening that extends through the base. In some cases, the stopper comprises a slide disposed between the cover and the base, the slider being rotatable with respect to the base. In some cases, the stopper comprises a metallized paper seal, and the cover is positioned to engage and disengage the metallized paper seal from the defined opening that extends through the base by rotating the cover. In some embodiments, the capsules and cans include a peel-off lid that extends over the cover. In some cases, the at least one blade is a plurality of blades. In some cases, each blade has two or more different angles of inclination with respect to a plane perpendicular to the body axis. In some cases, the plurality of blades is configured to be 7P7 / 3 / YILI sufficiently elastic to recover its original shape after being compressed to fit through the open end of the body. In some cases, at least one paddle has grooves on an outer edge, the grooves sized to receive an edge of the open end of the body to allow insertion of the scraper into the inner cavity of the body by rotating the scraper with the edge in the grooves. In some embodiments, the capsules and canisters include a vessel containing pressurized gas arranged within the body cavity. In some cases, the capsule is internally pressurized to at least 137.8 kPa (20 psi). In some embodiments, the capsules and cans contain between 0.085 and 0.28 kg (3 and 10 ounces) of at least one ingredient. The systems and methods described in this specification can provide several advantages. Some embodiments of these systems and methods can provide single-serving portions of chilled food or beverages. This approach can help consumers control portion sizes. Some embodiments of these systems and methods can allow consumers to choose their flavors from a single serving, for example, of soft-serve ice cream. Some embodiments of these systems and methods incorporate long-life capsules that do not require pre-cooling, pre-freezing, or other preparation. Some embodiments of these systems and methods can generate frozen food or beverages from capsules at room temperature in less than two minutes (in some cases, less than one minute).Some embodiments of these systems and methods do not require post-processing cleaning once the refrigerated or frozen food or beverage is produced. Some embodiments of these systems and methods use recyclable aluminum capsules. Details of one or more embodiments of these systems and methods are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of these systems and methods will become apparent from the description and drawings, as well as from the claims. C7 7Cbn / l 7P7 / 3 / YILI 7P7 / 3 / YILI DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES Figure 1A is a perspective view of a machine for rapidly cooling food and beverages. Figure 1B shows the machine without its casing. Figure 1C is a perspective view of a part of the machine in Figure 1A. Figure 2A is a perspective view of the machine in Figure 1A with the capsule-machine interface cover illustrated as transparent to allow a more detailed view of the evaporator. Figure 2B is a top view of a portion of the machine without the housing and the capsule-machine interface without the cover. Figures 2C and 2D are, respectively, a perspective view and a side view of the evaporator. Figures 3A-3F show the components of a capsule-machine interface that are operable to open and close capsules in the evaporator to distribute the food or beverages being produced. Figure 4 is a schematic of a refrigeration system. Figures 5A and 5B are views of a prototype capacitor. Figure 6A is a side view of a capsule. Figure 6B is a schematic side view of the capsule and a mixing paddle arranged in the capsule. Figures 7A and 7B are perspective views of a capsule and an associated drive shaft. Figure 7C is a cross-section of a portion of the capsule with the drive shaft coupled to a mixing paddle within the capsule. Figure 8 shows one end of a capsule with its cover separated from its base for easier viewing. Figures 9A–9G illustrate the rotation of a cover around the first end of the capsule to open a slit that extends through the base. Figure 10 is an enlarged schematic side view of a capsule. Figure 11 is a flowchart of a method for operating a machine to produce refrigerated food or beverages. Figure 12A is a front view of a capsule having a volume of 0.35 L (twelve fluid ounces). Figure 12B is a schematic view of the capsule in Figure 12A. Figure 12C is a front view of a capsule having a volume 7Ϡ7 / 3 / YILI of 0.23 I (eight fluid ounces). Figures 13A and 13B show the capsule in Figure 12B before and after freezing. Figure 14 is a perspective view of a first end of a capsule with a detachable paddle interface. Figures 15A and 15B are, respectively, a perspective view and a cross-sectional view of a capsule in an evaporator. It is a schematic view illustrating a threaded plug and a complementary threaded recess defined in the central stem of a mixing paddle. Figures 17A-17C are perspective views of a plate mounted on the first end of a capsule. Figures 17D and 17E are perspective views of the first end of the capsule. Figure 18A is a perspective view of a rotating base at the first end of a capsule. Figures 18B-18D are perspective views of the rotating base. Figures 19A and 19B show a plate rotatably connected to the first end of a capsule. Figures 20A and 20B are views of a plate arranged at the first end of a capsule. Figure 21A is a perspective view of a capsule with its second end connected to a cover and a slide arranged between the capsule and the cover. Figures 21B and 21C are exploded views of the capsule, cover, and slide aligned in their closed position. Figures 21D and 21E show the plug portion of the slide at the distribution port. Figures 21F and 21G are, respectively, an exploded view and a bottom view of the cover and slide in their open position. Figures 22A and 22B are schematic views of a capsule coupled with a rotator. Figures 23A and 23B are schematic views of a capsule coupled with a rotator. Figures 24A and 24B are perspective views of a removable lid covering one end of a capsule. Figures 25A - 25C are, respectively, a perspective view, a cross-sectional view, and a top-down view of a capsule-machine interface with an evaporator. Figures 26A and 26B are, respectively, a perspective view and a cut-out view of a capsule. Figure 27 is a perspective view of a mixing paddle. Figure 28 is a perspective view of a mixing paddle. Figure 29A is a perspective view of a mixing paddle. Figure 29B is a schematic view illustrating the insertion of the mixing paddle of Figure 29A into a capsule. Figure 30A is a perspective view of a mixing paddle. Figure 30B is a schematic view illustrating the insertion of the mixing paddle of Figure 30A into a capsule. Figure 31 is a perspective view of a mixing paddle. Figure 32A is a perspective view of a mixing paddle. Figures 32B and 32C are schematic views illustrating the insertion of the mixing paddle of Figure 32A into a capsule. Figure 33 is a perspective view of a mixing paddle. Figure 34A is a perspective view of a mixing paddle. Figures 34B–34D are schematic views illustrating the insertion of the mixing paddle of Figure 34A into a capsule. Figure 35 is a perspective view of a mixing paddle. Figure 36A is a perspective view of a mixing paddle. Figures 36B–36D are schematic views illustrating the insertion of the mixing paddle of Figure 36A into a capsule. Figure 37A is a perspective view of a mixing paddle. Figure 37B is a schematic view illustrating the insertion of the mixing paddle of Figure 37A into a capsule. Figure 38 is a perspective view of a mixing paddle. Figure 39 is a perspective view of a mixing paddle. 7P7 / 3 / YILI 7P7 / 3 / YILI Figure 40 is a perspective view of a mixing paddle. Figure 41 is a perspective view of a mixing paddle in a capsule. Figures 42A and 42B illustrate one approach to filling a capsule. Figures 43A and 43B show a capsule with a removable internal paddle. Figures 44A and 44B show a capsule with a top sleeve for storing dressings. Figures 45A and 45B show a gas release disk housed, respectively, in a paddle and a capsule. Figures 46A, 46B, and 46C are, respectively, a perspective cut-out view, a side view, and an exploded view of a stack of bases. Similar reference symbols in the various drawings indicate similar elements. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS This specification describes systems and methods for rapidly cooling food and beverages. Some of these systems and methods utilize a countertop or installed machine to cool food and beverages in a container from room temperature to freezing in less than two minutes. For example, the approach described in this specification has successfully demonstrated the ability to prepare soft-serve ice cream, iced coffees, frozen milkshakes, and frozen cocktails from capsules at room temperature in approximately 90 seconds. This approach can also be used to chill cocktails, create frozen milkshakes, frozen protein shakes, and other functional beverages (e.g., collagen-based, energy, plant-based, non-dairy, CBD shakes), iced coffee drinks and chilled coffee drinks with and without nitrogen, create hard ice cream, create milkshakes, create frozen yogurt, and chilled probiotic drinks.These systems and methods are based on a refrigeration cycle with reduced start-up times and a user-friendly capsule-machine interface that provides extremely efficient heat transfer. Some of the capsules described can be sterilized (e.g., using retort sterilization) and are used to store ingredients, including dairy products, at room temperature for up to 18 months. Figure 1A is a perspective view of a machine 100 for cooling food or beverages. Figure 1B shows the machine without its housing. The machine 100 reduces the temperature of ingredients in a capsule containing the ingredients. Most capsules include a mixing paddle used to blend the ingredients before dispensing the chilled or frozen products. The machine 100 includes a body 102 comprising a compressor, condenser, fan, evaporator, capillary tubes, control system, lid system, and dispensing system, with a housing 104 and a capsule-machine interface 106. The capsule-machine interface 106 includes an evaporator 108 of a refrigeration system 109, the other components of which are arranged within the housing 104. As shown in Figure 1B, the evaporator 108 defines a receptacle 110 sized to receive a capsule. A lid 112 is attached to the housing 104 by a hinge 114. The lid 112 can rotate between a closed position that covers the receptacle 110 (Figure 1A) and an open position that exposes the receptacle 110 (Figure 1B). In the closed position, the lid 112 covers the receptacle 110 and is locked in place. On the machine 100, a latch 116 in the lid 112 engages with a latch recess 118 at the capsule-machine interface 106. A latch sensor 120 is disposed in the latch recess 118 to determine whether the latch 116 is engaged with the latch recess 118. A processor 122 is electronically connected to the latch sensor 120 and recognizes that the lid 112 is closed when the latch sensor 120 determines that the latch 116 and the latch recess 118 are engaged. An auxiliary cover 115 rotates upward when the cover 112 is moved from its closed to its open position. A groove in the auxiliary cover 115 receives a handle from the cover 112 during this movement. Some auxiliary covers slide into the housing when the cover is moved to the open position. In machine 100, evaporator 108 is fixed in its position relative to the 7P7 / 3 / YILI 7P7 / 3 / YILI body 102 of machine 100 and access to the receptacle 110 is provided by the movement of the cover 112. In some machines, the evaporator 108 is movable with respect to the body 102 and the movement of the evaporator 108 provides access to the receptacle 110. A motor 124 arranged in the housing 104 is mechanically connected to a drive shaft 126 extending from the cover 112. When the cover 112 is in the closed position, the drive shaft 126 extends into the receptacle 110 and, if a capsule is present, connects with the capsule to move a paddle or paddles within the capsule. The processor 122 is in electronic communication with the motor 124 and controls the operation of the motor 124. In some machines, the shaft associated with the capsule paddle(s) extends outward from the capsule, and the cover 112 has a rotating receptacle (instead of the drive shaft 126) mechanically connected to the motor 124. Figure 1C is a perspective view of the cover 112 shown separately so that the belt 125 extending from the motor 124 to the drive shaft 126 is visible. Referring again to Figure 1B, the motor 124 is mounted on a plate that runs along rails 127. The plate can be moved approximately 0.635 cm (0.25 in.) to adjust the tension on the belt. During assembly, the plate slides along the rails. Springs arranged between the plate and the cover 112 deflect the cover 112 away from the plate to maintain tension on the belt. Figure 2A is a perspective view of machine 100 with the capsule-machine interface cover 106 illustrated as transparent to allow a more detailed view of evaporator 108. Figure 2B is a top view of a portion of machine 100 without housing 104 and capsule-machine interface 106 without cover 112. Figures 2C and 2D are, respectively, a perspective view and a side view of evaporator 108. Evaporator 108 is described in more detail in U.S. patent application serial no. (Attorney File No. 47354-0006001) filed concurrently with this application and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. This application also describes other evaporators and heat exchange systems that are 7P7 / 3 / YILI can be used in machines for cooling food and beverages in capsules. Other capsule-machine interfaces that can be used in this and other machines are described in the U.S. patent application with serial number (Attorney File No. 47354-0009001) filed at the same time as this application and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The evaporator 108 has a clamshell configuration with a first part 128 joined to a second part 130 by a live hinge 132 on one side and separated by a gap 134 on the other side. Refrigerant flows to the evaporator 108 from other refrigeration system components through fluid channels 136 (best seen in Figure 2B). The refrigerant flows through the evaporator 108 in internal channels through the first part 128, the live hinge 132, and the second part 130. The space 137 (best seen in Figure 2B) between the outer wall of the evaporator 108 and the inner wall of the capsule-machine interface sleeve 106 is filled with an insulating material to reduce heat exchange between the environment and the evaporator 108. In machine 100, space 137 is filled with an aerogel (not shown). Some machines use other insulating materials, for example, a ring (as an air gap), insulating foams of various polymers, or fiberglass wool. The evaporator 108 has an open position and a closed position. In the open position, the gap 134 provides an air space between the first part 128 and the second part 130. In machine 100, the first part 128 and the second part 130 are pressed together in the closed position. In some machines, the first and second parts are pressed toward each other, reducing the gap, but it is still defined by a space between the first and second parts in the closed position. The inside diameter (ID) of evaporator 108 is slightly larger in the open position than in the closed position. Capsules can be inserted into and removed from evaporator 108 while the evaporator is in its open position. The transition of evaporator 108 from its open to its closed position after a capsule is inserted compresses the evaporator 108 around the outer diameter of the capsule. For example, machine 100 is configured to use capsules with a7P7 / 3 / YILI has an outer diameter of 5.2 cm (2.085 inches). Evaporator 108 has an inner diameter of 5.37 cm (2.115 inches) in the open position and an inner diameter of 5.2 cm (2.085 inches) in the closed position. Some machines have evaporators sized and configured to cool other pods. The capsules can be formed from commercially available can sizes, for example, slim cans with diameters ranging from 5.28 cm (2.080 in) to 5.30 cm (2.090 in) and volumes of 180 milliliters (ml) to 300 ml, smooth cans with diameters ranging from 5.7 cm (2.250 in) to 6 cm (2.400 in) and volumes of 180 ml to 400 ml, and standard-sized cans with diameters ranging from 6.35 cm (2.500 in) to 6.6 cm (2.600 in) and volumes of 200 ml to 500 ml. Machine 100 is configured to use capsules with an outside diameter of 5.2 cm (2.085 in).The 108 evaporator has an inside diameter of 5.37 cm (2.115 inches) in its open position and an inside diameter of 5.2 cm (2.085 inches) in its closed position. Some machines have evaporators sized and configured to cool other pods. Standard cans are typically formed with a body that has a closed end and side walls formed from a single piece of metal. The can is usually filled, and then a separately formed base is attached through the open end of the body. The closed position of evaporator 108 improves heat transfer between the inserted capsule 150 and evaporator 108 by increasing the contact area between capsule 150 and evaporator 108 and reducing or eliminating an air gap between the capsule 150 wall and evaporator 108. In some capsules, the pressure applied to the capsule by evaporator 108 opposes the mixing paddles, pressurized gases within the capsule, or both to maintain the shape of the capsule sleeve. In the evaporator 108, the relative position of the first part 128 and the second part 130 and the size of the gap 134 between them is controlled by two bars 138 connected by a bolt 140 and two springs 142. Each of the bars 138 has a threaded center hole through which the bolt 140 extends and two end holes that engage with pins 144. Each of the two springs 142 is arranged around a pin 144 that extends between the bars 138. Some machines use other systems to control the gap size 134, for example, circumferential cable systems with cables extending around the outside diameter of the evaporator 108, tightening the cable to close the evaporator 108 and loosening it to open the evaporator 108. In other evaporators, there are a plurality of end bolts and holes, one or more of two springs, and one or more coupling pins. One bar 138 is mounted on the first part 128 of the evaporator 108, and the other bar 138 is mounted on the second part 130 of the evaporator 108. In some evaporators, the bars 138 are integral to the evaporator body 108 instead of being mounted on it. Springs 142 press the bars 138 apart. The spring force pushes the first part 128 and the second part 130 of the evaporator 108 away from each other in the gap 134. Rotating the pin 140 in one direction increases the force pushing the bars 138 toward each other, and rotating the pin in the opposite direction decreases this force. When the force applied by the pin 140 is greater than the spring force, the bars 138 join the first part 128 and the second part 130 of the evaporator. Machine 100 includes an electric motor 146 (shown in Figure 2B) that can be operated to rotate bolt 140 to control the size of the opening 134. Some machines use other mechanisms to rotate bolt 140. For example, some machines use a mechanical linkage, such as between the cover 112 and bolt 140, to rotate bolt 140 when the cover 112 is opened and closed. Some machines include a handle that can be attached to the bolt for manually tightening or loosening it. Some machines have a wedge system that forces the bars into a closed position when the machine cover is closed. This approach can be used instead of the electric motor 146 or can be provided as a backup in case of motor failure. The electric motor 146 is in communication with and controlled by the processor 122 of machine 100. Some electric drives include a torque sensor that sends torque measurements to the processor 122. The processor 122 sends a signal to the motor to rotate the pin 140 in a first direction to press the czyctzn / i ζηζ / α / γΐΛΐ 7P7 / 3 / YILI bars 138 together, for example, when a capsule sensor indicates that a capsule is disposed in the receptacle 110 or when the latch sensor 120 indicates that the lid 112 and the capsule-machine interface 106 are engaged. It is desirable that the shell evaporator be closed and hold the capsule in a firmly fixed position before the lid closes and the shaft pierces the capsule and engages the mixing paddle. This positioning can be important for the engagement of the drive shaft and the mixing paddle. The processor 122 sends signals to the electric drive to rotate the pin 140 in the second direction, for example, after the food or beverage being produced has been cooled / frozen and dispensed from the machine 100, thereby opening the evaporator gap 134 and allowing easy removal of the capsule 150 from the evaporator 108. The base of evaporator 108 has three holes 148 (see Figure 2C) used to mount evaporator 108 to the floor of the capsule-machine interface 106. The three holes 148 extend through the base of the second part 130 of evaporator 108. The first part 128 of evaporator 108 is not directly attached to the floor of the capsule-machine interface 106. This configuration allows the opening and closing movement described above. Other configurations that allow the opening and closing movement of evaporator 108 may also be used. Some machines have more or fewer than three holes 148. Some evaporators are mounted on components other than the floor of the capsule-machine interface, for example, the distribution mechanism. Figures 3A-3F show the components of the capsule-machine interface 106 that are operable to open capsules in the evaporator 108 to distribute the food or beverage produced by machine 100. This is an example of one approach to opening capsules, but some machines and associated capsules use other approaches. Figure 3A is a partially cropped schematic view of the capsule-machine interface 106 with a capsule 150 placed in the evaporator 108. Figure 3B is a schematic upward-looking plan view showing the relationship between the end of capsule 150 and the floor 152 of the capsule-machine interface 106. 7P7 / 3 / YILI The floor 152 of the capsule-machine interface 106 is formed by a distributor 153. Figures 30 and 3D are perspective views of a distributor 153. Figures 3E and 3F are perspective views of an insert 154 disposed in the distributor 153. The insert 154 includes an electric motor 146 operable to drive a worm gear 157 in the floor 152 of the capsule-machine interface 106. The worm gear 157 is coupled with a gear 159 having an annular configuration. An annular member 161 mounted on the gear 159 extends from the gear 159 into an interior region of the capsule-machine interface 106. The annular member 161 has protrusions 163 that are configured to engage with a capsule inserted in the capsule-machine interface 106 to open the capsule. The protuberances 163 of the annular member 161 are four spike-shaped protuberances.Some ring gears have more or fewer protrusions, and the protrusions can have other shapes, for example, teeth. The capsule 150 includes a body 158 containing a mixing paddle 160 (see Figure 3A). The capsule 150 also has a base 162 defining a slit 164 and a cover 166 extending across the base 162 (see Figure 3B). The base 162 is sewn / attached to the body 158 of the capsule 150. The base 162 includes a protrusion 165. The cover 166, mounted on the base 162, can rotate around the circumference / axis of the capsule 150. During use, when the product is ready to be dispensed from the capsule 150, the machine's dispenser 153 engages and rotates the cover 166 around the first end of the capsule 150. The cover 166 is rotated to a position to engage and then disengage the protrusion 165 from the rest of the base 162. The capsule 150 and its components are described in more detail with reference to Figures 6A-10. The slit 164 in the base 162 is opened by rotating the cover 166. The capsule-machine interface 106 includes an electric motor 146 with threading that couples to the outer circumference of a gear 168. The operation of the electric motor 146 causes the gear 168 to rotate. Gear 168 is attached to an annular member 161, and the rotation of gear 168 rotates the annular member 161. Gear 168 and annular member 161 are both annular and together define a central orifice through which food or beverages can be dispensed from capsule 150 through slit 164 without coming into contact with gear 168 or annular member 161. When capsule 150 is placed in evaporator 108, annular member 161 engages with cover 166, and the rotation of annular member 161 rotates cover 166. Figure 4 is a schematic of refrigeration system 109, including evaporator 108. The refrigeration system also includes a condenser 180, a suction-line heat exchanger 182, an expansion valve 184, and a compressor 186. High-pressure liquid refrigerant flows from the condenser 180 through the suction-line heat exchanger 182 and the expansion valve 184 to the evaporator 108. The expansion valve 184 restricts the flow of liquid refrigerant and reduces its pressure as it exits the valve. The low-pressure liquid then moves to the evaporator 108, where heat absorbed from a capsule 150 and its contents changes the refrigerant from a liquid to a gas. The gaseous refrigerant flows from the evaporator 108 to the compressor 186 through the suction-line heat exchanger 182.In the suction line heat exchanger 182, the liquid refrigerant cools the gaseous refrigerant before it enters the compressor 186. The refrigerant enters the compressor 186 as a low-pressure gas and exits the compressor 186 as a high-pressure gas. The gas then flows to the condenser 180 where heat exchange cools and condenses the refrigerant back into a liquid. The refrigeration system 109 includes a first bypass line 188 and a second bypass line 190. The first bypass line 188 directly connects the compressor discharge 186 to the compressor inlet 186. Bypassing the refrigerant directly from the compressor discharge to the inlet can provide evaporator defrosting and temperature control without injecting hot gas into the evaporator, which could reduce the flow to the evaporator, increase the pressure in the evaporator, and in turn raise the evaporator temperature above the freezing point. The first bypass line 188 also provides a means for rapid pressure equalization across the The 7P7 / 3 / YILI compressor 186 allows for a quick restart (i.e., freezing one capsule after another rapidly). The second bypass line 190 allows the application of hot gas to the evaporator 108 for defrosting. Figures 5A and 5B are views of a prototype of capacitor 180. The capacitor has internal channels 192. The internal channels 192 increase the surface area interacting with the refrigerant, cooling it rapidly. These images show microchannel tubes, which are used because they have small channels that maintain a high refrigerant velocity, are thin-walled for good heat transfer, and have low mass to prevent the capacitor from acting as a heat sink. Figures 6A and 6B show an example of a capsule 150 for use with the machine 100 described with respect to Figures 1A-3F. Figure 6A is a side view of the capsule 150. Figure 6B is a schematic side view of the capsule 150 and the mixing paddle 160 arranged in the body 158 of the capsule 150. The 150 capsule is sized to fit into the 110 receptacle of the 100 machine. Capsules can be sized to provide a single serving of the food or beverage being produced. Typically, capsules have a volume between 0.17 and 0.53 L (6 and 18 fl oz). The 150 capsule has a volume of approximately 0.25 L (8.5 fl oz). The body 158 of the capsule 150 is a can containing the mixing paddle 160. The body 158 extends from a first end 210 at the base to a second end 212 and has a circular cross-section. The first end 210 has a diameter Due that is slightly larger than the diameter Dle of the second end 212. This configuration facilitates the stacking of multiple capsules 200 on top of each other, with the first end 210 of one capsule receiving the second end 212 of another. A wall 214 connects the first end 210 to the second end 212. The wall 214 has a first neck 216, a second neck 218, and a cylinder 220 between the first neck 216 and the second neck 218. The cylinder 220 has a circular cross-section with a diameter Db. The diameter Db is greater than the diameter Due of the first end 210 and the diameter Dle of the second end 212. The first neck 7P7 / 3 / YILI 7P7 / 3 / YILI 216 connects cylinder 220 to the first end 210 and slopes down as the first neck 216 extends from the minor diameter Due to the major diameter Db of cylinder 220. The second neck 218 connects cylinder 220 to the second end 212 and slopes down as the second neck 218 extends from the major diameter Db of cylinder 220 to the minor diameter Dle of the second end 212. The second neck 218 has a steeper slope than the first neck 216 because the second end 212 has a smaller diameter than the first end 210. This configuration of the 150 capsule allows for greater material utilization; that is, the ability to use more base material (e.g., aluminum) per capsule. This configuration also contributes to the capsule's columnar strength. The 150 capsule is designed for efficient heat transfer from the evaporator to the capsule contents. The 158 capsule body is made of aluminum and is between 5 and 50 microns thick. Some capsule bodies are made of other materials, such as tin, stainless steel, and various polymers like polyethylene terephthalate (PTE). The 150 capsule can be made from a combination of different materials to aid in the capsule's manufacturability and performance. In one embodiment, the capsule walls and the second end 212 can be made of 3104 aluminum, while the base can be made of 5182 aluminum. In some capsules, the internal components are coated with a lacquer to prevent corrosion when the capsule comes into contact with the ingredients inside. This lacquer also reduces the likelihood of unpleasant metallic notes in the food and beverages contained within the capsule. For example, an aluminum capsule may be internally coated with one or a combination of the following coatings: Sherwin Williams / Valspar V70Q11, V70Q05, 32SO2AD, 40Q60AJ; PPG Innovel 2012-823, 2012-820C; and / or Akzo Nobel Aqualure G1 50. Other coatings made by the same or other coating manufacturers may also be used. Some mixing paddles are made of similar aluminum alloys and coated with similar lacquers / coatings. For example, Whitford / PPG 8870 coating can be used for mixing paddles. The lacquer coating on the mixing paddle may offer additional non-stick and hardening benefits. Figures 7A–7C illustrate the coupling between the drive shaft 126 of machine 100 and the mixing paddle 160 of a capsule 150 inserted into machine 100. Figures 7A and 7B are perspective views of the capsule 150 and the drive shaft 126. During use, the capsule 150 is inserted into the receptacle 110 of evaporator 108 with the first end 210 of the capsule 150 facing downward. This orientation exposes the second end 212 of the capsule 150 to the drive shaft 126, as shown in Figure 7A. Closing the lid 112 (see Figure 1A) presses the drive shaft 126 against the second end 212 of the capsule 150 with sufficient force to cause the drive shaft 126 to pass through the second end 212 of the capsule 150. Figure 7B shows the resulting hole exposing the mixing paddle 160 with the drive shaft 126 offset for ease of viewing.Figure 7C is a cross-section of a portion of capsule 150 with the drive shaft 126 coupled to the mixing paddle 160 after the lid is closed. Normally, there is no airtight seal between the drive shaft 126 and capsule 150, allowing air to enter while the frozen confection is being evacuated / distributed from the other end of capsule 150. In an alternative embodiment, an airtight seal is provided, allowing capsule 150 to retain pressure and improve contact between capsule 150 and evaporator 108. Some mixing paddles contain a funnel or receptacle configuration that receives the perforated end of the second end of the capsule when the second end is perforated by the drive shaft. Figure 8 shows the first end 210 of capsule 150 with cover 166 separated from base 162 for ease of viewing. Figures 9A–9G illustrate the rotation of cover 166 around the first end 210 of capsule 150 to cut and remove protrusion 165 from base 162 and expose slit 164 extending through base 162. The base 162 is manufactured separately from the body 158 of the capsule 150 and is then attached (for example, by crimping or sewing) to the body 158 of the capsule 150. 7P7 / 3 / YILI 7P7 / 3 / YILI covers an open end of body 158. The protrusion 165 of the base 162 can be formed, for example, by stamping, deep drawing, or upsetting an aluminum sheet used to form the base. The protrusion 165 is joined to the rest of the base 162, for example, by a weakened marked line 173. The marking can be a vertical mark on the base of the aluminum sheet or a horizontal mark on the wall of the protrusion 165. For example, the material can be marked from an initial thickness of 0.020 cm (0.008 in.) to 0.25 cm (0.010 in.) to a post-marking thickness of 0.002 cm (0.001 in.) to 0.020 cm (0.008 in.). In an alternative embodiment, there are no marks after stamping, but the walls are intentionally thinned to facilitate tearing.In another version, there is no variable wall thickness, but the cover 166 combined with the coupling force of the machine's distribution mechanism is sufficient to cut the wall thickness from 0.020 cm (0.008 in) to 0.25 cm (0.010 in) on the protrusion 165. With the marking, the protrusion 165 can be lifted and cut from the base 162 with 22.2-333 N (5-75 lbs of force), for example, between 66.7 and 177 N (15 and 40 lbs of force). Cover 166 has a first slit 222 and a second slit 224. The first slit roughly matches the shape of slit 164. Slit 164 is exposed and extends across the base 162 when the protrusion 165 is removed. The second slit 224 is shaped to correspond to two overlapping circles. One of the overlapping circles matches the shape of the protrusion 165, and the other is slightly smaller. A ramp 226 extends between the outer edges of the two overlapping circles. There is an additional thickness of 0.050 cm (0.020 in) of material at the top of the ramp transition. This additional height helps to lift and break the head of the protrusion and open the slit during the rotation of the cover as described in more detail with reference to Figures 9A - 9G. As shown in Figures 9A and 9B, the cover 166 is initially joined to the base 162 with the protrusion 165 aligned and extending across the larger of 7P7 / 3 / YILI the overlapping circles of the second slot 224. When the machine processor 122 activates the electric motor 146 to rotate the gear 168 and the ring member 161, the rotation of the cover 166 slides the ramp 226 under a lip of the protrusion 165 as shown in Figures 9C and 9D. The continued rotation of the cover 166 applies a lifting force that separates the protrusion 165 from the rest of the base 162 (see Figures 9E-9G) and then aligns the first slot 222 of the cover 166 with the slot 164 in the base 162 resulting from the removal of the protrusion 165. Some capsules include a structure for retaining the protuberance 165 after the protuberance 165 separates from the base 162. In capsule 150, the protuberance 165 has a head 167, a stem 169, and a foot 171 (best seen in Figure 9G). The stem 169 extends between the head 167 and the foot 171 and has a smaller cross-section than the head 167 and the foot 171. As the rotation of the cover 166 separates the protrusion 165 from the rest of the base 162, the cover 166 presses laterally against the stem 169, with the head 167 and the foot 171 holding the cover 166 along the edges of one of the overlapping circles of the second slit 224. This configuration retains the protrusion 165 when it separates from the base 166. Such a configuration reduces the likelihood of the protrusion falling into the holding receptacle when it is withdrawn from the base. Some capsules incorporate alternative approaches to separating protrusion 165 from the remainder of base 162. For example, in some capsules, the base has a rotary cutting mechanism riveted to it. This rotary cutting mechanism is similar in shape to that described for cover 166, but this secondary component is riveted to and located within the perimeter of base 162 rather than mounted on and around it. Upon completion of the cooling cycle, the machine's processor 122 activates a machine arm to rotate the riveted cutting mechanism around a rivet. During rotation, the cutting mechanism engages with, cuts, and removes protrusion 165, leaving slit 164 in base 162 in place. In another example, some capsules have covers with a sliding blade that moves across the base to remove the protrusion. The sliding blade is machine-activated and, when activated by the controller, slides across the base to separate, remove, and collect the protrusion 165. The cover 166 has a guillotine feature that, when machine-activated, can slide directly through and over the base 162. The cover 166 engages with, cuts, and removes the protrusion 165. In another embodiment, this guillotine feature may be machine-critical and not the cover 166 of the capsule 150. In yet another embodiment, this guillotine feature may be mounted as a secondary component within the base 162 and not as a secondary mounted component as is the case with the cover 166. Some capsules have a dispensing mechanism that includes a pop-up plug that the machine can activate and release. When the cooling cycle is complete, a machine arm engages and lifts a tab on the capsule, pressing the perforation in the base and creating a slit. The chilled or frozen product is dispensed through the slit. The perforated surface of the base remains hinged to the base and is retained within the capsule during dispensing. The mixture avoids swirling over the perforated surface, or, in another embodiment, allows the mixing paddle to continue rotating unobstructed. In some pop-up plugs, the machine arm separates the perforated surface from the base. Figure 10 is an enlarged schematic side view of capsule 150. The mixing paddle 160 includes a central stem 228 and two blades 230 extending from the central stem 228. The blades 230 are helical blades shaped to beat the contents of capsule 150 and to remove ingredients adhering to the inner surface of the capsule body 158. Some mixing paddles have a single blade, and some mixing paddles have more than two mixing blades. Fluids (e.g., liquid ingredients, air, or frozen confection) flow through openings 232 in the blades 230 as the mixing paddle 160 rotates. These openings reduce the force required to rotate the mixing paddle 160. This reduction can be significant as the viscosity of the ingredients increases (e.g., when making ice cream). The openings 232 also help to mix and aerate the ingredients within the capsule. The lateral edges of the blades 230 define grooves 234. The grooves 234 are offset so that most of the inner surface of the body 158 is free of ingredients that adhere to the inner surface of the body by one of the blades 230 when the mixing paddle 160 rotates. Although the mixing paddle 160 is wider than the first end 210 of the capsule 150 body 158, the grooves 234 are alternating grooves that facilitate the insertion of the mixing paddle 160 into the capsule 150 body 158 by rotating the mixing paddle 160 during insertion so that the grooves 234 are aligned with the first end 210. In another embodiment, the outer diameter of the mixing paddle is smaller than the diameter of the capsule 150 opening, allowing straight (non-rotating) insertion into the capsule 150.In another embodiment, one blade on the mixing paddle has an outer diameter that is wider than the diameter of the second blade, thus allowing straight (non-rotating) insertion into the 150 capsule. In this mixing paddle configuration, one blade is intended to remove (e.g., scrape) ingredients from the side wall, while the second, shorter-diameter blade is intended to perform a further beating operation. Some mixing paddles have one or more blades hinged to the central stem. During insertion, the blades can be hinged in a condensed position and released in an expanded position once inserted. Some hinged paddles are locked open while rotating in one direction and fold back when rotating in the opposite direction. Some hinged paddles lock in a fixed, external position once inside the housing, regardless of the rotational direction. Some hinged paddles are manually condensed, expanded, and locked. The mixing paddle 160 rotates clockwise and removes the buildup of frozen candy from the wall of capsule 214. Gravity causes the candy removed from the capsule wall to fall toward the first end 210. Rotating counterclockwise, the mixing paddle 160 lifts and beats the ingredients toward the second end 212. When the paddle changes direction C7 7Cbn / l 7P7 / 3 / YILI direction and rotates clockwise, the ingredients are pushed toward the first end 210. When the protrusion 165 of the base 162 is removed as shown and described with respect to Figure 9D, the clockwise rotation of the mixing paddle distributes the food or beverage produced from the capsule 150 through the slit 164. Some paddles mix and distribute the contents of the capsule by rotating in a first direction. Some paddles mix by moving in a first and a second direction and distribute by moving in the second direction when the capsule is opened. The central stem 228 defines a recess 236 that is dimensioned to receive the drive shaft 126 of machine 100. The recess and the drive shaft 126 have a square cross-section so that the drive shaft 126 and the mixing paddle 160 are rotationally constrained. When the motor rotates the drive shaft 126, the drive shaft rotates the mixing paddle 160. In some embodiments, the cross-section of the drive shaft has a different shape, and the cross-section of the recess has a compatible shape. In some cases, the drive shaft and the recess are threaded together. In some capsules, the recess contains a coupling structure that secures the drive shaft to rotationally couple it to the paddle. Figure 11 is a flowchart of method 250 implemented on processor 122 to operate machine 100. Method 250 is described with references to refrigeration system 109 and machine 100. Method 250 can also be used with other refrigeration systems and machines. Method 250 is described as the production of soft-serve ice cream but can also be used to produce other chilled or frozen beverages and foods. The first step of Method 250 is to start machine 100 (step 260) and turn on compressor 186 and the fans associated with condenser 180 (step 262). The refrigeration system 109 then remains idle at a regulated temperature (step 264). In Method 250, the evaporator temperature 108 is controlled to remain around 0.75 °C, but it may fluctuate by ±0.25 °C. Some machines operate at other idle temperatures, for example, from 0.75 °C to ambient temperature (22.0 °C). If the evaporator temperature is When the evaporator temperature is below 0.5 °C, processor 122 opens bypass valve 190 to increase the system's heat (step 266). When the evaporator temperature exceeds 1 °C, bypass valve 190 closes to cool the evaporator (step 268). From the idle state, machine 100 can be operated to produce ice cream (step 270) or it can be shut down (step 272). After inserting a capsule, the user presses the start button. When the user presses the start button, the bypass valve 190 closes, the evaporator 108 moves to its closed position, and the motor 124 starts (step 274). In some machines, the evaporator is closed electronically by a motor. In some machines, the evaporator is closed mechanically, for example, by moving the lid from the open to the closed position. In some systems, a sensor confirms that a capsule 150 is present in the evaporator 108 before these actions are taken. Some systems include radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags or other smart barcodes, such as UPO or QR codes. The identification information on the pods can be used to activate specific cooling and mixing algorithms for those pods. These systems can optionally read the RFID, QR code, or barcode and identify the mixing motor speed profile and mixing motor torque threshold (step 273). Identifying information can also be used to facilitate direct-to-consumer advertising (e.g., via the internet or through a subscription model). This approach and the systems described in this specification allow for the sale of ice cream through e-commerce because the capsules have a long shelf life. In the subscription model, customers pay a monthly fee for a predetermined number of capsules, which are delivered to them each month. They can select their personalized capsules from various categories (e.g., ice cream, healthy smoothies, iced coffees, or iced cocktails), as well as their personalized flavors (e.g., chocolate or vanilla). The identification can also be used to track each capsule used. In some systems, the machine is linked to a network and C7 7Cbn / l 7P7 / 3 / YILI 7P7 / 3 / YILI can be configured to notify a supplier which capsules are being used and need replacing (e.g., via a weekly shipment). This method is more efficient than having consumers go to the supermarket and buy capsules. These actions cool capsule 150 in evaporator 108 while the mixing paddle 160 is rotated. As the ice cream forms, the viscosity of the contents of capsule 150 increases. A torque sensor on the machine measures the torque of motor 124 required to rotate the mixing paddle 160 inside capsule 150. Once the torque of motor 124, as measured by the torque sensor, meets a predetermined threshold, machine 100 switches to a distribution mode (276). The distribution port opens, and motor 124 reverses direction (step 278) to press the ice cream out of capsule 150. This continues for approximately 1 to 10 seconds to distribute the contents of capsule 150 (step 280). Machine 100 then switches to defrost mode (step 282). Frost that accumulates on evaporator 108 can reduce the heat transfer efficiency of evaporator 108.Additionally, evaporator 108 may freeze in capsule 150, the first part 128 and the second part 130 of the evaporator may freeze together, and / or the capsule may freeze in the evaporator. The evaporator can be defrosted between cycles to prevent these problems by opening bypass valve 170, opening evaporator 108, and turning off motor 124 (step 282). The machine then diverts gas through the bypass valve for approximately 1 to 10 seconds to defrost the evaporator (step 284). The machine is programmed to defrost after each cycle unless a thermocouple reports that evaporator 108 is already above freezing. The capsule can then be removed. Machine 100 then returns to idle mode (step 264). In some machines, a thermometer measures the temperature of the contents of capsule 150 and identifies when it is time to dispense the capsule contents.In some machines, the dispensing process begins after a predetermined time. In other machines, a combination of the torque required to rotate the mixing paddle, capsule temperature, and / or time determines when to dispense the capsule contents. If the idle time expires, machine 100 automatically shuts down (step 272). A user can also shut down machine 100 by pressing and holding the power button (286). Upon shutdown, the processor opens bypass valve 190 to equalize the pressure across the valve (step 288). Machine 100 waits ten seconds (step 290) and then shuts down compressor 186 and the fans (step 292). The machine then shuts down. Figure 12A is a front view of a 150 capsule having a volume of 0.23 L (eight fluid ounces). Figure 12B is a cross-sectional view of the 150 capsule showing various features whose specifications are given in Table 1. C7 7Cbn / l 7P7 / 3 / YILI Table 1 Item Description mm + / - inches + / - A Body outside diameter 53.070 0.01 2.0894 0.0004 B Factory finished can height 134.09 0.25 5.279 0.010 C Dome depth 9.70 0.13 0.382 0.005 D Neck plug diameter 50.00 0.13 1.969 0.005 E Flange diameter 54.54 max 2.147 max F Support diameter 46.36 ref 1.825 ref G Flange width 2.10 0.20 0.083 0.008 H Radius over flange 1.55 ref 0.061 ref I Flange angle 0-7 degrees 0-7 degrees J Seam spacing 3.05 min 0.120 min K Neck angle 33.0 degrees 33.0 degrees L Neck height 9.80 ref 0.386 ref 1 Dome inversion pressure (min) 632 kPa 93 PSI 2 Axial load force (min) 85 KG 834 N 3 Freeboard 14.1 ref 0.56 ref 4 Overflow capacity (mi) 279 3 279 3 Some capsules have different volumes and / or shapes. For example, a 300 capsule shown in Figure 12C has a volume of 0.23 L (eight fluid ounces). Other capsules have a volume of 0.47 L (16 fluid ounces). Table 2 lists a variety of capsule volumes and diameters. czyctzn / i ζηζ / α / γΐΛΐ TABLE 2 Name Volume (milliliters) Volume (fluid ounces) Diameter (cm (inches)) Standard Drink Capsule 1 250 8.45 6.35-6.6 (2,500-2,600) Standard Drink Capsule 2 330 11.15 6.35-6.6 (2,500-2,600) Standard Drink Capsule 3 355 12.00 6.35-6.6 (2,500-2,600) Standard Drink Capsule 4 375 12.68 6.35-6.6 (2,500-2,600) Standard Drink Capsule 5 440 14.87 6.35-6.6 (2,500-2,600) Standard Drink Capsule 6 500 16.90 6.35-6.6 (2.500-2.600) Slim capsule 1 200 6.76 5.29-5.58 (2.085-2.200) Slim capsule 2 250 8.45 5.29-5.58 (2.085-2.200) Slim capsule 3 300 10.14 5.29-5.58 (2.085-2.200) Smooth capsule 1 300 10.14 5.7-6 (2.250-2.400) Smooth capsule 2 350 11.15 5.7-6 (2.250-2.400) Smooth capsule 3 355 12.00 5.7-6 (2,250-2,400) Figure 13A shows capsule 300 before insertion into evaporator 108, and Figure 13B shows capsule 300 after cooling and before dispensing its contents. In Figure 13A, capsule 300 contains 0.11 I (four fluid ounces) of liquid ingredients. The 300 capsule can be stored at room temperature or refrigerated before insertion into the evaporator 108. After inserting the 300 capsule into the evaporator 108, mixing using the internal mixing paddle 160 and cooling to freeze the contents, the pitch associated with aeration of the ingredients brings the total volume of the capsule contents to 0.14-0.23 I (5-8 fluid ounces). Figure 14 is a perspective view of the second end 302 of a capsule 301. Capsule 301 is substantially similar to capsule 150. However, the second end 302 of capsule 301 includes a paddle interface 304 that can be separated from the body 158. Capsule 301 can then be recycled by separating the plastic mixing paddle (not shown) from the aluminum capsule body. The paddle interface 304 is separated by rotating a tab 306 connected to the center stem of the mixing paddle. The tab 306 and the center stem are translationally coupled but not rotationally coupled. Rotating the tab 306 unlocks the paddle so that it does not engage with capsule 301. A user can then remove the paddle through a center slot 308 defined by the second end 302 of capsule 301. Figure 15A is a perspective view and a cross-sectional view of capsule 150 in evaporator 108. In Figure 15A, a cover 315 is arranged on evaporator 108. The cover 315 includes a first fluid inlet 312, a first fluid outlet 314, a second fluid inlet 316, and a second fluid outlet 318. The first fluid inlet 312 and the first fluid outlet 314 are fluidly connected by a first flow path defined by channels within the first part 128. The second fluid inlet 316 and the second fluid outlet 318 are fluidly connected by a second flow path defined by channels within the second part 130. The first flow path and the second flow path are independent of each other. Figure 15B is a cross-sectional view of evaporator 108 and capsule 150 with mixing paddle 160. The drive shaft 126 passes through the second end 212 of capsule 150 and engages with paddle 160 when evaporator 108 is in the closed position. Figures 16-21G show various distribution mechanisms and assemblies that can be mounted or integrated into capsules and / or mixing paddles. The described distribution mechanisms expose an opening (e.g., a distribution port or slit) to seamlessly connect the environment with the interior of the capsule. Figure 16 is a schematic view of the system including a threaded plug 330 and a complementary threaded recess 332 defined in the central stem 7P7 / 3 / YILI 228 of a mixing paddle. The threaded plug 330 and the threaded recess 332 rotate and translate relative to each other to open a slot 334 defined in the first end 210 of the capsule. The plug 330 abuts the stem 228 so that counterclockwise rotation engages the threads of the plug 330 with the threaded recess 332. Further rotation of the central stem 228 pulls the plug 330 into the recess 332, eventually exposing the slot 334 defined in the first end 210 of the capsule. Counterclockwise rotation of paddle 160 stirs the capsule contents downwards, through slit 334. Clockwise rotation of mixing paddle 160 stirs the capsule contents upwards, away from slit 334. Initially, plug 330 and recess 332 are supported in such a way that when paddle 160 rotates clockwise, threaded plug 330 and threaded recess 332 do not engage with each other. Figures 17A-17C are perspective views of a cover 336 rotatably mounted on the first end 210 of a capsule. A metallized paper seal 338 covers a dispensing port 340 defined at the first end 210 of the capsule. The cover 336 defines an opening 342 similar in size to the dispensing port 340. A scraper is used to remove the metallized paper when it is time to dispense the capsule contents. The cover 336 has a cutting edge 344 that functions as a scraper. The cover 336 and the metallized paper 338 are initially positioned as shown in Figure 17A. When the capsule contents are ready for dispensing, machine 100 rotates the cover 336 counterclockwise. As the cover 336 rotates, the cutting edge 344 scrapes and separates the metallized paper seal 338 from the first end 210, exposing the dispensing port 340 as shown in Figure 17B. An arm 346 projects from the cover 336 to engage the detached seal 338 and prevent it from falling into the food or beverage being dispensed. The cover 336 continues to rotate counterclockwise until the dispensing port 340 and the opening 342 are aligned, as shown in Figure 17C. At this point, the paddle 160 rotates to churn the capsule contents downward out of the dispensing port 340. Figures 17D and 17E show the first end 210 of the capsule without the CZJCtzn / l 7P7 / 3 / YILI 707 / 3 / YILI cover 336. Figure 17D shows the metallized paper seal 338 covering the dispensing port 340. Figure 17E is a perspective view of the first end 210 without the metallized paper seal 338. The metallized paper seal 338 seals the liquid, semi-solid, and / or solid contents of the capsule during sterilization, transit, and storage. The diameter of the dispensing port 340 is approximately 1.5 cm (5 / 8 inch). Some dispensing ports are of other sizes (e.g., 0.5 to 2.54 cm (0.2 to 1 inch in diameter)). Figures 18A–18D are perspective views of the first end 210 of a capsule with a rotating cover 350. Figures 18B–18D are perspective views of the cover 350 shown in Figure 18A. In these figures, the cover 350 is illustrated as transparent to facilitate the description of the internal components being visible. Normally, covers are opaque. Cover 350 is attached to the first end 210 of the capsule using a rivet 352. Cover 350 covers the first end 210 of the capsule and a metallized paper seal 338 initially arranged covering the distribution port 340 of the capsule. Figure 18B shows a top perspective view of the cover 350 with a cutting edge 356, a nozzle 358, and a support plate 360. The cutting edge 356, support plate 360, and nozzle 358 are rotatably coupled to the cover 350 and move between a closed position and a dispensing position. The closed position of the cover 350 is shown in Figures 18A and 18B. The dispensing position is shown in Figure 18C. In the closed position, the support plate 360 ​​covers the dispensing port 340 and the metallized paper seal. In the dispensing position, the nozzle 358 aligns with the dispensing port 340, and the metallized paper seal 338 is positioned on a top surface of the cutting edge 356. The cover 350 rotates to move the nozzle 358, cutting edge 356, and support plate 360 ​​from the initial position to the distribution position. As the plate rotates, the blade scrapes the metallized paper seal and removes it from the position covering the distribution port 340. The cover 350 continues to rotate, and cutting edge 356 covers the distribution port. The seal 338 moves up cutting edge 356, guided by support plate 360, and engages cutting edge 356, as shown. 7P7 / 3 / YILI in Figure 18D. The cover 350 rotates further and the nozzle 358 aligns with the distribution port 340. The paddle 160 rotates in a direction that agitates the capsule contents downwards towards the distribution port 340. The support plate 360 ​​serves to strengthen and support the entire first end 210 during the sterilization process (e.g., retort or HPP) when internal and external pressures could otherwise compromise the end. Figures 19A and 19B show a cover 389 comprising plate 390 and a slide 392. The cover 389 is rotatably connected to the first end 210 of a capsule. The slide 392 is arranged between plate 390 and the first end 210 of the capsule. A hinge 396 secures a first end 398 of the slide 392 to the first end 210 of the capsule. A projection 400 extends from a second end 402 of the slide 392. Plate 390 defines a slot 403, an arched guide track 404, and a linear guide track 406. The arched guide track 404 engages with the hinge 396 of the first end 210 of the capsule. The linear guide track 406 engages with the projection 400 of the slide 392. Figure 19A shows the plate 390 and the slide 392 in an open position in which the slot 403 is aligned and in fluid connection with the distribution port 340. In the open position, the projection 400 is at a first end 408 of the linear guide track 406 and the hinge 396 is at a first end 410 of the arched guide track 404. In the closed position, the second end 402 of the slide 392 covers the distribution port 340. The hinge 396 rests on a second end 412 of the arched guide track 404 and the projection 400 rests on a second end 414 of the linear guide track 406. To move from the open to the closed position, plate 390 is rotated counterclockwise. Hinge 396 follows the arched guide track 404 from the first end 410 to the second end 412. The projection 400 also moves along the linear guide track 406 from the first end 408 to the second end 414. Rotation of plate 390 moves the second end 402 of slide 392 to cover the distribution port 340. When hinge 396 is at the second end 412 of the arched guide track 404, slide 392 completely covers the distribution port 340. 7P7 / 3 / YILI To move from the closed to the open position, plate 390 is rotated clockwise. Hinge 396 follows the arched guide track 404 from the second end 412 to the first end 410. The projection 400 also moves along the linear guide track 406 from the second end 414 to the first end 408. Clockwise rotation of plate 390 moves the second end 402 of the slide 392 to expose the distribution port 340. When hinge 396 is at the first end 410 of the arched guide track 404, the slot 403 is aligned with and in smooth communication with the distribution port 340, as shown in Figure 19A. Figures 20A and 20B are views of a plate 420 arranged at the first end 210 of a capsule. The plate defines a slot 422 and an arched guide track 424. The slide 392 is arranged between the plate 420 and the first end 210 of the capsule 150. A connecting arm 426 is arranged between the slide 392 and the plate 420. As described with reference to Figure 19A, the slide 392 is connected to the first end 210 of the capsule 150 by the hinge 396. The projection 400 extends from the slide 392 and acts as a hinge, connecting the second end 402 of the slide 392 to the connecting arm 426 both rotationally and translationally. The connecting arm 426 includes a projection 427 that acts as a hinge, connecting the plate 420 and the connecting arm 426 both rotationally and translationally. Figure 20A shows plate 420, slide 392, and link arm 426 in the closed position. The second end 402 of slide 392 covers the distribution port 340. Figure 20B shows plate 420 in the open position, in which slot 422 is aligned and smoothly connected to the distribution port 340. Plate 420 functions similarly to plate 390. In the open position, hinge 396 is positioned at a first end 428 of the arched guide track 424. In the closed position, hinge 396 is positioned at a second end 430 of the arched guide track 424. Plate 420 rotates to move the arched guide track 424 relative to hinge 396. To move from the closed position, shown in Figure 20A, to the In the open position, shown in Figure 20B, plate 420 rotates clockwise. Projection 427 rotates with plate 420 and pulls link arm 426 clockwise. The projection 400 connecting link arm 426 to slide 392 pulls the second end 402 of slide 392 clockwise, exposing distribution port 340. Slot 422 rotates clockwise to align with distribution port 340. When hinge 396 rests on the first end 428 of the arched guide track 424, slot 422 is aligned with distribution port 340. To move from the open position, shown in Figure 20B, to the closed position, shown in Figure 20A, plate 420 rotates counterclockwise. Projection 427 rotates with plate 420 and pushes link arm 426 counterclockwise. The projection 400 connecting link arm 426 to slide 392 pushes the second end 402 of slide 392 counterclockwise, covering distribution port 340 with the second end 402 of slide 392. Slot 422 rotates counterclockwise, moving out of alignment with distribution port 340. When hinge 396 rests on the second end 430 of the arched guide track 424, the second end 402 of slide 392 covers distribution port 340. Figure 21A is a perspective view of a capsule 150 with the first end 210 connected to a cover 432 and a slide 434 disposed between the capsule 150 and the cover 432. The slide 434 has a flat portion 436 and a plug portion 438. The plug portion 438 plugs the distribution port 340 in the closed position. The cover 432 defines a slot 440 that aligns with the distribution port 340 in the open position. Figures 21B and 21C are exploded views of capsule 150, cover 432, and slide 434 aligned in the closed position. Cover 432 includes a recess 442 that supports slide 434. Cover 432 and slide 434 are attached to the first end 210 of the second end of capsule 150 using a pin 444. Slide 434 and cover 432 are rotatable relative to each other and to pin 444. Figures 21D and 21E show the closed position with the plug portion 438 of the slide 434 in the distribution port 340. The cover 432 is shown separated from the capsule 150 for ease of viewing. Figures 21F and 21G show an exploded view and a bottom view of cover 432 and slide 434 in the open position. Cover 432 rotates to move slide 434 between the open and closed positions. As cover 432 continues to rotate, slide 434 engages in the recess 442 of cover 432, the sliding plug 438 is withdrawn from the distribution port 340, and the slot 440 in cover 432 aligns with the distribution port 340. This configuration can be reversed to the closed position by rotating cover 432 in the opposite direction, sliding plug 438 upward and into the distribution port 340 to reseal it. Figures 22A and 22B are schematic views of a capsule 150 coupled with a gear 450. The gear 452 is coupled to a plate or cover (e.g., the plates in Figures 17A, 18A, 19A, 20A, or the cover in Figure 21A) of the capsule 150 when the capsule 150 is inserted into a machine. The gear 452 is connected to a motor (not shown) that drives the gear 452. Rotation of the gear 452 rotates the plate or cover of the capsule 150. When it is time to dispense refrigerated food or beverages from the capsule 150, the motor is activated to rotate the gear, which in turn rotates the plate or cover and opens the lid of the capsule 150 to dispense its contents. When capsule 150 is inserted into evaporator 108 of machine 100, a plate or cover attached to the first end 210 of the capsule rests against sprocket 452. On some rotators, the sprocket is shaped like a circular donut or a roller. To dispense chilled food or beverages, motor 454 is activated by a controller and rotates sprocket 452 via rod 456. Sprocket 452 engages with the plate or cover, moving the plate or cover to the open position from the closed position. By reversing motor 454, sprocket 452 can move the plate or cover to the closed position from the open position. Some sprockets can be manually activated by the machine operator. Figures 23A and 23B are schematic views of a coupled 150 capsule C7 7Cbn / l 7P7 / 3 / YILI with a gear 452. The gear 452 is coupled to a plate or cover and is coupled to a motor 454 that drives the gear 452 via a rod 456. The rotation of the gear 452 rotates the plate or cover of the capsule 150. When it is time to dispense chilled food or beverages from the capsule 150, the motor is activated to rotate the gear, which in turn rotates the plate or cover and opens the lid of the capsule 150 to dispense its contents. Figures 24A and 24B are perspective views of a removable cap 464 covering one end of a capsule 150. The removable cap 462 is integrally formed with the capsule 150 and has a rim 465 that defines a weakened area of ​​aluminum where the removable cap 462 meets the first neck 216. The removable cap 462 further includes a tab 466 with a perforation surface 468, aligned with the rim 465, and a ring 470 on the side opposite the perforation surface 468. The removable cap 462 is removed by lifting the ring 470, thereby pressing the perforation surface 468 into the weakened area. The perforation surface 468 pierces the weakened area, and the user pulls the removable cap 462 away from the capsule 150 using the ring 470. The removable cap 462 covers the distribution assembly.The removable lid 462 helps maintain the integrity of the capsule during the sterilization process and helps the capsule 150 maintain the sterility of its contents after the sterilization process. The weakened section is produced during manufacturing by scoring the edge 465 of the removable cap 464. The edge 465 can be created by laser or by stamping with a punch and die. In some embodiments, the weakened section is thinner than the capsule walls. In some embodiments, the removable cap is adhesively or mechanically attached to the capsule. The distribution assembly can have any of the configurations described with respect to Figures 17A-21G. Figures 25A–25C are perspective, cross-sectional, top-down views of a capsule-machine interface 480 with an evaporator 108 as described with respect to Figure 15A. The capsule-machine interface 480 has an opening 486 for hinged connection of the capsule-machine interface 480 to the 7P7 / 3 / YILI body of a machine for rapidly cooling food or beverages. The drive shaft 126 is the only component of the machine 100 shown. The evaporator 108 is in its closed position, supporting the capsule 150. The drive shaft 126 engages with the capsule 150 to rotate the mixing paddle 486. The mixing paddle 486 is a three-bladed paddle with blades having large openings adjacent to a stem 488 of the paddle 486. The angle of inclination of the blades 490 with respect to a plane extending along an axis of the capsule 484 varies with the distance from the end of the capsule 150. The outer edges of the blades 490 define grooves that can receive an edge of the capsule 484 during assembly. The capsule-machine interface 480 includes a housing 491 with a flange 492 and a wall 494 extending upward from the flange 492. The flange 492 and wall 494 guide and support the refrigerant fluid lines (not shown) attached to the evaporator 108. The fluid lines extend from a recess 496 defined in the wall 494 to the first fluid inlet port 312 and the second fluid outlet port 318 of the evaporator 108 on the side of the evaporator 108 opposite the recess 496. The evaporator 108 has two inlet ports and two outlet ports because the first part 128 of the evaporator 108 and the second part 130 of the evaporator 108 define two separate flow paths. The evaporator 108 is arranged in the capsule-machine interface 480 such that an annular space 495 is defined between the outer wall of the evaporator 108 and the inner wall of the capsule-machine interface sleeve 480. The annular space 495 is filled with an insulating material to reduce heat exchange between the environment and the evaporator 108. In the capsule-machine interface 480, the annular space 495 is filled with an aerogel (not shown). Some machines use other insulating materials, such as a ring (as an air gap), insulating foams of various polymers, or fiberglass wool. Figures 26A and 26B are perspective views of a capsule 502. The capsule 502 is substantially similar to the capsule 150 shown in Figures 6A and 7A. However, the capsule 502 includes a plug 504 that connects to the drive shaft 126 of machine 100 and facilitates gas flow into the capsule 502 during the manufacturing process or during the cooling process in the machine. A gas (e.g., nitrogen, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, argon, or a combination of these gases) can be injected into the capsule 502 through the plug 504 during manufacturing. The typical pressure experienced by the capsule during the retort sterilization process is 137.8 to 689.4 kPa (20 to 100 psi). Plug 504 pops out of capsule 502 if the internal pressure exceeds 689.4 kPa (100 psi). To prepare capsule 502 for plug 504, the second end 212 of capsule 502 is crimped (e.g., stretching or forming the dome of the base of the can during manufacturing while simultaneously piercing or removing the center hole with the forming dies) during the manufacture of the 502 capsule. Plug 504 defines a central opening or recess 506 that receives the drive shaft of the lid 112 of machine 100. The recess 506 is shaped to rotationally lock the washer to the drive shaft 126. Plug 504 has flat surfaces that mates with the central opening or recess of the mixing paddle (not shown). The central opening or recess has the same flat surface configuration. Plug 504 rotates relative to capsule 502 when the motor and drive shaft 126 are engaged with plug 504. In some washers, the drive shaft penetrates the washer to engage with the paddle. Plug 504 accepts the drive shaft and engages with the mixing paddle. Gas can be injected into capsule 150 through the washer to maintain pressure in capsule 150 during the cooling cycle and to control the texture of the capsule contents during the cooling cycle. A variety of mixing paddles can be used with the capsules described in this specification. The mixing paddles described in the following figures can be used with any of the capsules described herein. Typically, the capsule mouth is smaller than the capsule's main diameter. The internal mixing paddle must be flexible enough to squeeze and become small enough to fit through the can mouth and expand and become large enough once inside the can to scrape the wall or grooves that need to be scored. In some cases, the blades of the mixing paddles provide rigidity to the thin-walled capsule during packaging and shipping. 7Π7 / 3 / YILI and give external structure to the capsule when a shell evaporator is closed against it. Figure 27 is a perspective view of a mixing paddle 510 with three blades 512 extending along a central stem 514. The blades 512 define large openings 516 through which the contents of the capsule 150 flow during mixing. The paddle 510 also includes a projection 518 extending from the second end 212 of the capsule 150. Because the second end 212 of the capsule 150 is concave, the projection 518 is shorter than an upper lip of the capsule 150. In some embodiments, the projection engages with a female drive shaft inserted into the capsule instead of projecting from it. Figure 28 is a perspective view of a mixing paddle 520 with three blades 522 wound along the length of a central stem 524 at a pitch that varies with distance along a paddle axis. The blades 522 define large openings 525 extending from a first end 526 of the blade 522 to a second end 528 of the blade 522. The pitch of the blades increases with distance from the first end 526 of the capsule 150. The portions of the blades 522 with a shallow pitch remove frozen candy that would otherwise accumulate on the inner surface of the capsule 150 walls during freezing. The portions of the blades 522 with a steeper pitch beat the frozen candy while lifting it from the bottom of the capsule 150.The 522 blade portions with a steep pitch also press the frozen candy out of the capsule end 210 when turned in the opposite direction and the first capsule end 150 is opened. Figure 29A is a perspective view of a mixing paddle 486. The paddle 486 has three helical blades 490 that have large openings 532 adjacent to a paddle stem 488. The tilt angle of the blades 490 with respect to a plane extending along an axis of the capsule 484 varies with the distance from the end of the paddle. The outer edges of the blades 490 define grooves 534 that can receive an edge of the capsule 484 during assembly. The grooves 534 extend into the blades 490, which 7P7 / 3 / YILI 7P7 / 3 / YILI produces a flexible paddle 490. A flexible paddle is beneficial during capsule assembly, as the capsule neck is generally smaller in diameter than the paddle diameter. Figure 29B is a schematic view illustrating the insertion of the mixing paddle 486 into a capsule 150. The grooves 532 act as threads during manufacturing and allow a paddle with a diameter wider than the first neck 216 to enter the capsule 150. As previously described with reference to Figures 6A and 6B, the capsule 150 has a cylinder 220 wider than the mouth. The width of the paddle 486 touches or nearly touches the sides of the cylinder 220 to remove accumulated or frozen ingredients. Figure 30A is a perspective view of a mixing paddle 540 having three helical blades 542. A first end 454 of the blades 542 connects to a first unit 556, and the second end 548 of the blades 542 connects to a second unit 558. The first unit 546 and the second unit 550 have key-shaped openings that receive a central rod configured to fit the openings. When the rod is received by the openings, the paddle 540 is rotationally coupled to the rod. The 540 paddle is flexible and made of elastic material. It can be rotated clockwise to decrease its diameter and counterclockwise to increase it. The paddle returns to its original diameter when the twisting force is removed. The 540 paddle's diameter is typically larger than the top end diameter of the 150 capsule. Figure 30B is a schematic view illustrating the insertion of the mixing paddle 540 and a complementary rod 652 into a capsule. The paddle 540 is also a flexible and robust paddle. The paddle 540 is manipulated to fit through the second neck 218, and then the rod 652 is inserted through the second neck 218 and openings 552 and 554. Insertion of the rod 652 through openings 552 and 554 causes the paddles to expand and seat flush with the capsule walls. The rod 652 rests on the first end 210 of the capsule 150. A recess 653 is defined in the end of the rod 652 that rests on the first end 210. The recess 653 is dimensioned to receive and rotationally engage the drive shaft 126. Figure 31 is a perspective view of a mixing paddle 560 having three helical blades 562 extending along the length of a central stem 564. Each blade 566 defines an upper opening 566 and a lower opening 568. The blades 562 increase in pitch as they extend from an upper end 570 of the paddle 560 to a lower end 572 of the paddle 560. The blades 562 have protrusions 574 on their edges. The protrusions 574 alternate to remove accumulated ingredients from the inside of the capsule 150. The protrusions 574 are arranged so that the entire surface area of ​​the cylinder 220 is cleaned or washed by the protrusions 574 of the three blades 562. Figure 32A is a perspective view of a mixing paddle 578 having two helical blades 580 extending along the length of the central stem 581. The paddle 578 is substantially similar to the paddle 560. However, the paddle 578 has two blades instead of three blades 562. The blades 580 include alternating notches 582 covering the entire area of ​​the inner surface of the capsule cylinder 150. The notches 582 project perpendicularly from the edges of the blades 580. In some mixing paddles, the outside diameter of the mixing paddle is narrower at one end to increase ease of insertion into the capsule during assembly and to maintain the paddle in a concentric position within the capsule during the cooling cycle. Figures 32B and 32C are schematic views illustrating the insertion of the mixing paddle 578 into a capsule. The paddle 578 is inserted into the capsule 150 by moving the paddle 578 through the first neck 216 or by rotating the paddle through the first neck 216. Figure 30B shows the paddle 578 fully inserted into the capsule 150. The plate 390 is attached to the first end 210 of the capsule 150. Figure 33 is a perspective view of a mixing paddle 584 having two helical blades 586 extending along the length of the central stem 588. The paddle 584 is substantially similar to the paddle 578. However, the paddle 584 has angled notches 589 and angled notches 582. C7 7Cbn / l 7P7 / 3 / YILI 7P7 / 3 / YILI These notches help to facilitate the insertion of the 584 paddle into the capsule without catching on a cornered notch. In some mixing paddles, the components are stamped from two or more pieces of a flat aluminum sheet and fixedly nested to create a mixing paddle with a central stem and mixing blades. Some mixing paddles are stamped first and then welded together to produce a central stem. Figure 34A is a perspective view of a mixing paddle 590 having two helical blades 592 extending along the length of a central stem 594. The paddle 590 is otherwise substantially similar to the paddle 578. The paddle 578 can be formed from a single piece of sheet metal. The central stem is a stamped recess 596 for receiving the drive shaft 126. Figures 34B–34D are schematic views illustrating the insertion of the mixing paddle 590 into a capsule. The paddles 592 have notches to aid insertion into a capsule 150 through the first neck 216. The paddles 592 have alternating notches. This allows the paddle 578 to pass through the first neck 216 during manufacturing and maintain contact with the inner wall of the cylinder 220. Some paddles 578 do not make contact with the inner wall of the cylinder but are close enough to the inner wall of the cylinder 220 to remove capsule ingredients that freeze and adhere to the inner wall of the cylinder 220. The paddle may be, for example, 5–500 microns away from the inner wall of the cylinder 220. Figure 35 is a perspective view of a mixing paddle 600, which includes two helical blades 602 extending along a central shaft 604. The helical blades 602 have a uniform pitch. The paddle 600 is substantially similar to the paddle 510, as shown in Figure 28A. However, the paddle 600 is integrally formed with the second end 210 of the capsule 150. The paddle 600 has a smooth, unnotched blade. A projection 518 extends from the main stem of the paddle 510. Some paddles have a central opening or recess to receive the machine's drive shaft 126. Figure 36A is a perspective view of a 606 mixing paddle that 7P7 / 3 / YILI has three helical blades 608. A first end 610 of the blades 608 connects to a first unit 612, and the second end 614 of the blades 608 connects to a second unit 616. The first unit 612 and the second unit 616 have key-shaped openings 620, 622. The key-shaped openings 620, 622 receive a central rod (not shown) that is configured to fit the openings 620, 622. When the rod is received by the openings 620, 622, the blade 606 is rotationally coupled to the rod. The 606 paddle is flexible and made of elastic material. It can be rotated clockwise to decrease its diameter and counterclockwise to increase it. The paddle returns to its original diameter when the torsional force is removed. The diameter of the 606 paddle is approximately larger than the upper end diameter of the 150 capsule and smaller than the cylinder diameter of the 150 capsule. In some paddles, the diameter of the center rod is larger than the diameter of the openings. The openings are made of an elastic material and / or designed to expand when the center rod is inserted. When the center rod is inserted, the paddle's diameter increases. Figures 36B–36D are schematic views illustrating the insertion of the mixing paddle 606 into a capsule. Openings 620 and 622 are sized to receive the complementary rod 650. The rod 650 and openings 620 and 622 are configured so that when the rod 650 is coupled with openings 622 and 620, the rod 650 and the paddle 606 are rotatably coupled. In Figure 36A, both the rod 650 and the paddle 606 are outside the capsule 150. The paddle 606 is first inserted into the first end 210 of the capsule 105. The paddle is flexible and can be manipulated (e.g., twisted or compressed) to fit through the second neck 218. Once the paddle 606 is inside the capsule 150, as shown in Figure 36B, the rod 650 is inserted through the opening 620, 622. Figure 36C shows the paddle 606 and the rod 650 inside the capsule.The rod 650 rests on the first end 210 of the capsule 150. A recess 651 is defined in the end of the rod 650 that rests on the first end 210. The recess 651 is dimensioned to receive and rotationally couple the drive shaft 126. Figure 37A is a perspective view of a mixing paddle 626 comprising three helical blades 628 joined at a first end 630 to a central stem 632. A second end 634 of the blades 628 is free. The second ends 634 of the blades 628 are easily compressed when transverse mechanical forces are applied to the free ends 634 during manufacturing. Figure 37B is a schematic view illustrating the insertion of the mixing paddle 626 into a capsule. To insert the paddle 626, the blades 628 at the second end 634 are pressed against the central stem 632. The paddle 626 is then inserted into the second neck 218 of the capsule 150. Once in the capsule 150, the blades 628 are released and return to their original diameter, which is equal to or slightly less than the diameter of the cylinder Db. Figure 38 is a perspective view of a mixing paddle 636 comprising four arched blades 638 connecting the first end 642 to a first hub 644 and the second end 646 to a second hub 648. The blades 638 are made of an elastic material that deforms when force is applied to the top and bottom of the paddle. The arc of the blades 638 can increase when the ends of the paddle are pressed together. In the undeployed position, the blades 638 are slightly arched. In the deployed position, the blades 638 arch outward. The paddle 636 is inserted into the capsule 150 in the undeployed position. When the paddle 636 is inside the capsule 150, a compressive force is applied to the first hub 644 of the paddle 363, and the blades 638 arch outward. Some pallets include a lock that prevents the pallet from returning to the undeployed configuration.In some blades, the compressive force permanently deforms the blades 638 to the deployed position. Figure 39 is a perspective view of a 633 mixing paddle with a 635 head extending to the side walls of the cartridge. The 635 head is disc-shaped and helps to keep the 633 paddle concentric with the cartridge. The 633 paddle is substantially similar to the 600 paddle. C7 7Cbn / l 7P7 / 3 / YILI shown in Figure 28I, but has a female connection 637 instead of a male protrusion. A drive shaft from a machine receiving the capsule is inserted into the female connection 637 during use. The head 635 rotates as the paddles 639 rotate to beat the capsule contents. This configuration increases the likelihood that the drive shaft will remain sterile and not come into contact with the capsule contents. Figure 40 is a perspective view of a mixing paddle 655 having two helical blades 657 extending along the length of a central stem. The paddle 655 can be formed from a single piece of sheet metal. The central stem is a stamped recess 661 to receive the drive shaft 126. The stamped recess 661 has an upper section 663 and a lower section 665 that are stamped in a first direction. The stamped recess also has a central section 667 that is stamped in a second direction, opposite to the first direction. The stamping approach can provide reduced manufacturing costs compared to welding-based approaches. Figure 41 is a perspective view of a mixing paddle 675 in capsule 150. The paddle 675 has a central stem 677 and a blade 679 extending from the stem 677. The blade 679 has openings 681 and a notch 683 at a distribution end 685 of the blade 679. When the paddle 675 rotates to mix the contents of capsule 150, the notch 783 draws the contents of the capsule out from the bottom and prevents the contents at the bottom of capsule 150 from freezing to ice. A custom filling head is used to work in conjunction with, or completely bypass, the mixing paddles during the filling process. This approach allows the filling head to enter the capsule and distribute the liquid contents without splashing. Additionally, to account for the extra volume required for excess candy, there is more headspace (i.e., open space) at the top of the capsule compared to a traditionally filled can. The filling process is adapted to accommodate this additional headspace during pressurization. Figures 42A and 42B illustrate one approach to filling a 150 capsule with C7 7Cbn / l 7P7 / 3 / YILI ingredients. The manufacturing machinery 664 includes a spout 666 having a first head 668, a second head 670, and a third head 672. Heads 668, 670, and 672 are sized to fit between the paddle blades 230. Figure 36A shows the spout 666 coupled with the capsule 150. Heads 668, 670, and 672 flow liquid ingredients into the capsule 150. The spout 666 is an inverted funnel that fills the capsules without being inserted into them. Once the spout 666 is removed from the first neck 216 of the capsule 150, the capsule 150 is closed. The 150 capsule is sterilized with ingredients 674 inside the 150 capsule. Some capsules are filled using a counter-pressure filling system via a hose. Some capsules can be recycled. For example, some capsules have a fully detachable can end. Once the freezing cycle is complete, the user removes the capsule from the machine, detaches the entire can end (including the subcomponent's outlet port mechanism), removes the plastic mixing paddle from the capsule, and separates the plastic and metal components for easy recycling. Figures 43A and 43B show a capsule with a removable internal paddle 680. The removable paddle 680 is substantially similar to the paddle 626 shown in Figure 37A. However, the removable paddle 680 is removable from the capsule 150. The user removes a cap 682 from the second end 212 of the capsule 150. The cap 682 can be removed, for example, by the techniques and configuration shown in Figures 43A and 43B. Opening the first end 210 of the capsule 150 exposes the removable paddle 680. The user then grasps the paddle 680 by a first end 684 of the paddle 680. A second end 686 of the paddle 680 is compressed to pop out through the second neck 218. The paddle can be reused in a different capsule or it can be reused within the same capsule. Figures 44A and 44B show a capsule with a top sleeve 690 for storing dressings 692. The top sleeve 690 includes a first opening 694 and a second opening 696 providing a conduit between the capsule interior 150 and the sleeve interior 698. A rotating plate 700 covers the 7P7 / 3 / YILI openings 694, 696 and prevents toppings 692 from mixing with the contents of capsule 150. In the final stages of freezing, for example, 10 seconds before dispensing, plate 700 is rotated and a first slit 702 of plate 700 aligns with the first opening 694. A second slit 704 of plate 700 aligns with the second opening 696. The toppings 692 fall in and mix with the contents of capsule 150 and are distributed with the contents of capsule 150. Figure 38A shows chocolate pieces as a topping. Some other toppings include sprinkles, biscuit pieces, syrups, jellies, fruit pieces, frozen dried fruit pieces, mixes, creams, or small or crushed candies. The 700 plate can be attached to the drive shaft extending from the lid so that the plate rotates to its open position when the drive shaft starts to rotate the mixing paddle. Figures 45A and 45B show a gas release disc 710 housed in a paddle and a capsule, respectively. Figure 45A shows the paddle 510 of Figure 28A having a hollow central stem 712. The central stem 712 is made of a gas-permeable material. The gas release disc 710 releases gas when the capsule 150 is opened. Opening the capsule 150 releases pressurized gas initially stored within it. Depressurization of the capsule 150 creates a pressure differential. Gas from the gas release disc 710 flows out of the disc and into the contents of the capsule 150 due to this pressure differential. Figure 45B shows a capsule 150 with the gas release disc 710 arranged at the first end 210 of the capsule 150. In both configurations, the gas release disc 710 slowly releases a gas into the ingredients in pod 150 while the paddle 510 rotates and the evaporator 108 cools the ingredients. Slowly releasing gas into the ingredients as they freeze creates a beverage or food product with a velvety, raised, and smooth texture and a desirable volume increase. The gas release disc 710 can release nitrogen, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, argon, or a combination of these gases. In some machines, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, argon, or a combination of these gases is pumped into the capsule through the drive shaft and / or the mixing paddle during the refrigeration process. A portion of this gas (e.g., nitrogen) may be diverted to the machine's refrigeration system (e.g., evaporator) for cooling and / or freezing purposes. Figures 46A, 46B, and 46C are, respectively, a perspective cut-out view, a side view, and an exploded view of a stack of 720 bases 162 during manufacturing. Base 162 was previously described with reference to Figure 8. Base 162 includes an outer shelf 722, an inner shelf 724, a circumferential valley 726, the protrusion 165, and a flat area 728. Base 162 is provided such that, when stacked, the outer shelf 722 of one base 162 rests on the outer shelf 722 of a different base 162, and the inner shelf 724 of base 162 rests on the inner shelf 724 of another base 162. The protrusion 165 has a height Ha from the flat portion 128. Hb is the height between the flat area 728 of one base 162 and the flat portions 128 of another base 162 stacked on the initial base 162. Height Ha is equal to or less than height Hb. This configuration helps prevent the 720 stack of 162 bases from tilting or shifting during manufacturing.The 162 base stack is used in a manufacturing line to close the open ends of the can bodies after the can bodies have been filled. The capsules and attached components described in this specification can be manufactured to be either single-use disposable systems or reusable systems. Several embodiments of these systems and methods have been described. However, it is understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure. Accordingly, other embodiments fall within the scope of the following claims.

Claims

1. A capsule for forming a cold food or beverage, the capsule comprising: a body with a shaft, a first end, a second end opposite the first end, and a side wall extending from the first end to define an interior cavity of the body open at the second end, the second end of the body having a radius less than an average radius of the body; a mixing paddle with at least one blade extending a distance farther from the shaft of the body than the radius of the open end of the body, the mixing paddle disposed in the interior cavity of the body; and a base extending along the open end of the body, the base sealed to the side wall of the body.

2. The capsule of claim 1, wherein the body and the base form a can.

3. The capsule of claim 2, wherein the base includes a protrusion extending outwards from adjacent parts of the base, the protrusion having a head, a foot, and a stem extending between the head and the foot, the stem having a cross-section smaller than the head and the foot.

4. The capsule of claim 3, wherein the base comprises a weakened section extending around the protrusion.

5. The capsule of claim 1, further comprising a cover attached to the body, the cover extending over at least part of the base and rotatable with respect to the base, the cover defining an opening that extends through the cover.

6. The capsule of claim 5, wherein the base includes a protrusion extending outwards from adjacent parts of the base, the protrusion having a stem extending between a head and a foot, the stem having a smaller cross-section than the head and foot, the base comprising a weakened section extending around the protrusion.

7. The capsule of claim 6, wherein the cover has a ramp adjacent to the opening extending through the cover, the ramp being sized and positioned to lift the protrusion and break the weakened section to separate the protrusion from adjacent parts of the base when the cover is rotated.

8. The capsule of claim 5, wherein the cover is rotatable about the axis of the body.

9. The capsule of claim 1, further comprising a stopper that closes an opening extending through the base.

10. The capsule of claim 9, wherein the stopper comprises a slide disposed between the cover and the base, the slide being rotatable with respect to the base.

11. The capsule of claim 9, wherein the stopper comprises a metallized paper seal and the cover is positioned to engage and disengage the metallized paper seal from the defined opening extending through the base by rotating the cover.

12. The capsule of claim 5, further comprising a peel-off lid extending over the cover.

13. The capsule of claim 1, wherein the at least one blade is a plurality of blades.

14. The capsule of claim 13, wherein each blade has two or more different angles of inclination with respect to a plane perpendicular to the axis of the body. CZJCtzn / l 7Π7 / 3 / YILI 15. The capsule of claim 14, wherein the mixing paddle 52 comprises a disc-shaped head extending to the side wall of the body.

16. The capsule of claim 13, wherein the mixing paddle is made of an elastic material that recovers its original shape after being compressed to fit through the open end of the body.

17. The capsule of claim 13, wherein the mixing paddle has at least one blade having indentations on an outer edge, the indentations being sized to receive an edge of the open end of the body to allow insertion of the mixing paddle into the inner cavity of the body by rotating the mixing paddle with the edge in the indentations.

18. The capsule of claim 1, further comprising a vessel containing pressurized gas disposed in the inner cavity of the body.

19. The capsule of claim 18, wherein the capsule is internally pressurized to at least 137.8 kPa (20 psi).

20. A can containing at least one ingredient for forming a cold food or beverage, the can comprising: a metallic body with a shaft, a closed end, an open end opposite the closed end, and a side wall extending from the closed end to define an interior cavity of the body, the open end of the body having a radius less than the average radius of the body; a mixing paddle with at least one blade extending laterally farther from the shaft of the body than the radius of the open end of the body, the mixing paddle disposed in the interior cavity of the body and rotatable with respect to the body; and a base extending along the open end of the body, the base being sealed to the side wall of the body.

21. The can of claim 20, wherein the base includes a protrusion extending outwards with respect to adjacent parts of the base, the protrusion having a stem extending between a head and a foot, the stem having a cross-section smaller than the head and foot, the base comprising a weakened section extending around the protrusion.

22. The can of claim 20, further comprising a cover attached to the body, the cover extending over at least part of the base and rotatable with respect to the base, the cover defining an opening extending through the cover.

23. The can of claim 22, wherein the cover is rotatable about the axis of the body.

24. The can of claim 21, wherein the at least one paddle has grooves in an outer edge, the grooves being sized to receive an edge of the open end of the body to allow insertion of the mixing paddle into the inner cavity of the body by rotating the scraper with the edge in the grooves.

25. The can of claim 17, further comprising a vessel containing pressurized gas arranged in the inner cavity of the body.

26. The can of claim 23, wherein the capsule is internally pressurized to at least 137.8 kPa (20 psi).

27. A capsule containing at least one ingredient for forming a cold food or beverage, the capsule comprising: a metallic body with a closed end, an open end opposite the closed end, and a side wall extending from the closed end to define an inner cavity of the body; a mixing paddle disposed in the inner cavity of the body and rotatable with respect to the body; and a base extending along the open end of the body, the base sealed to the side wall of the body, the base including a protrusion with a stem extending between a head and a foot, the stem having a cross-section smaller than the head and foot, the base comprising a weakened section extending around the protrusion.

28. The capsule of claim 25, further comprising a cover attached to the body, the cover extending over at least part of the base and rotatable with respect to the base, the cover defining an opening extending through the cover.

29. The capsule of claim 28, wherein the mixing paddle has at least one blade having indentations on an outer edge, the indentations 10 being dimensioned to receive an edge of the open end of the body to allow insertion of the scraper into the inner cavity of the body by rotating the scraper with the edge in the indentations.

30. The capsule of claim 25, further comprising a vessel 15 containing pressurized gas disposed in the inner cavity of the body.

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