EXTRUDED FEED FOR TILAPIA IN THE FATTENING STAGE MADE FROM PROSOPIS LAEVIGATA AND ZEA MAYS.

Abstract

This invention describes a method for manufacturing and formulating an extruded food containing plant-based materials, namely Prosopis leavigata seed meal and Zea mays flour. The food formula comprises 25-45% corn flour (preferably 35%), 25-45% fish meal (preferably 30%), and 25-45% mesquite seed meal (preferably 35%). The mixture is subjected to extrusion cooking, a thermal process with controlled temperatures, to obtain an expanded product. The resulting strip is cut into pieces during drying. The results show that the extrusion process provided highly desirable characteristics of expansion, hardness, stability in water, and buoyancy.

Description

The present invention pertains to the technical field of food products. Specifically, it relates to food specially adapted for animals, methods specially adapted for its production, and even more specifically to the technical field of feed specially adapted for aquatic animals. BACKGROUND Raising tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) during the grow-out stage involves a series of challenges, which are generally reflected in the maintenance costs of the ponds. This is due to the demanding nutritional requirements of tilapia in this stage. If a feed that does not meet the required physicochemical and / or nutritional requirements is used, it is necessary to increase the amount of feed provided, generating contamination due to over-rationing, which implies economic losses for producers. This problem has two aspects: the first is due to the specific nutritional requirements of the feed at this stage, which have low assimilation; and the second is that not all the rationed feed is consumed. All of the above has an impact on the demand for wastewater treatment, as well as the increase in food costs, pui aiinieniu nu asirniiadu y nu cunsuniidu. Tilapia grow-out feeds meet their protein requirements with animal-based protein (e.g., fishmeal), which has varying digestibility percentages among species. Some have attempted to meet their protein requirements with plant-based meals, which also have low digestibility because they are used raw and also contain antinutrients that negatively impact the growth of tilapia during the grow-out stage. Tilapia has specific protein requirements for each growth stage, therefore, specific feeds must be designed for each stage. Additionally, tilapia feeds at mid-depth and on the surface of ponds.Food that does not float for more than 2 minutes sinks to the bottom of the pond and is no longer consumed, causing increased rationing. This leads to food disintegration and water turbidity, which is a problem in the presence of diseases, compromising the survival of the species; this results in increased investment costs due to unassimilated and unconsumed food. The technical problem raised is focused on the contamination of water bodies by waste produced during the feeding of fish in aquaculture systems due to low food assimilation and uneaten food. In this regard, the state of the art proposes various solutions, such as, for example, US patent application 2010303129 (A1), which describes a process for manufacturing feed using microalgae as a source of fatty acids and amino acids, as a partial replacement for fishmeal. However, it is not specific to tilapia because its use is recommended for tilapia and salmonid species, and it should be considered that these species have different nutritional requirements, resulting in a surplus of nutrients for tilapia or if its use is limited to a single growth stage. For its part, Japanese patent JP 6243848 (B2) proposes a feed made by forming extruded pellets, using an organic, microbe-based system that can convert plant matter into a concentrated and digestible protein solution. However, its recommended use includes more than 100 species, among them tilapia, because its feeds reach protein concentrations of up to 40%. This percentage exceeds tilapia's assimilation capacity, and since it is not assimilated, it becomes a source of contamination from unassimilated nutrients. International application WO 2008051091 (A1) is also known, which refers to the addition of raw materials to improve the growth of aquaculture species, but it does not specify the species, nor what the weight or size gain is over time. The recommended optimal use time is only three weeks, but this time interval is due to the incorporation of manna-10 oligosaccharides as a colorant. However, for Tilapia, a species whose main meat color in the market is white, it would generate an undesirable coloration. Chinese application CN 106071417 (A) presents the design of a diet with a partial substitution of fishmeal, and suggests the use of a single feed for all stages, resulting in diets with excessive protein content. Regarding preparation, the description is applicable to a powder, which would only be useful in early stages of the species, or as a moist pellet due to the use of an attractant or cake. This formulation uses unprocessed vegetable proteins, although only the incorporation of soy is specified, but it is inefficient because it does not specify the recommended growth stage and the antinutrient content is high. The preparation does not undergo any heat treatment to improve the digestibility of the vegetable protein, and due to the type of separation it undergoes, its bioavailability indices are less than one minute. Likewise, the US application US 20140137806 (A1) proposes the use of soy up to 70%, suggesting its use for species such as cobia, trout, and juvenile fish, and auita, certainly being ineligible in terms of a traditional diet due to the exclusive use of fishmeal, but being somewhat specific, due to the requirements of each species at each stage, especially for tilapia whose amino acid requirement has been specified, allowing us to know that methionine is one of the essential amino acids in the tilapia diet and this is not covered by the presence of soy, whose improper handling during preparation would allow the presence of lectins, natural antinutrients of soy. One of the closest documents is the Mexican patent MX 384132 (B) by the same author, which discloses a diet designed with the partial substitution of fishmeal, and presents as a substitute the moringa leaf flour. The incorporation of moringa leaf flour has a high demand in diets for human consumption due to its high protein level, which could pose a problem when established as a substitute for fishmeal and raising the cost of the diet. OBJECT OF THE INVENTION According to the invention, a mixture of hydrogens as a source of plant-based protein, whose manufacturing process allows for increased buoyancy time and low disintegration in water in order to reduce feed rationing during fish cultivation, thus overcoming the disadvantages of the state of the art. This formulation also does not require vitamins, minerals, or other nutrient sources to achieve the nutritional value required by Tilapia in the fattening stage, finding an alternative that aids in digestibility, assimilation, and eliminates antinutrients. For this purpose, a formulation of an extruded feed and its preparation method are provided for the fattening stage of tilapia, which has a protein requirement of 30-35%. The feed is formulated from fishmeal, mesquite seed meal, and Zea mays (yellow corn). The formulation covers the amino acid requirements necessary for tilapia's adequate growth and development, in addition to increasing feed coefficients, as it has a buoyancy time greater than 20 hours, preferably greater than 24 hours, compared to products found in the prior art. Furthermore, the extrusion process imparts the necessary palatability characteristics for consumption, as well as improving the digestibility of the protein. Therefore, the main object of protection relates to a process for manufacturing fish feed, characterized in that it comprises: a) Prepare a mixture comprising in proportion 25-45% Zea 10 mayz flour, 25-45% fish meal and 25-45% Prosopis laevigata seed meal, b) Subject the pre-mixture to extrusion cooking at a temperature of between 80 and 125°C, with a rotation speed of between 150-170 rpm. Even an object that is chosen as a fish feed, preferably tilapia, obtained as described in the previous process, characterized in that it comprises a mixture comprising in proportion 25-45% of Zea mayz flour, 25-45% of fish flour and 25-45% of Piusupin iaeviyaia seed flour. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a formulation and effective process for preparing a therapeutic feed through extrusion cooking and incorporation of vegetable flour that meets the protein, carbohydrate, fat, mineral, and vitamin requirements of the species. It also provides a matrix with an average buoyancy greater than 20, preferably greater than 24, with minimal disintegration in water of approximately 1.07%, thus increasing feeding coefficients. To achieve this, in the procedure according to the present invention, the formulation mixture is introduced into a single-screw extruder with a 2. í of feet, a 160 ιμιιι and uuaüu caierliarnieniu zones, with an ascending temperature ramp (80°C-100°C-125-125°C), a feed speed of 60 rpm, to be processed and then cut. To prepare the product, the quantity of ingredients and the conditions are presented in the following section. Table 1. Mixture of ingredients introduced for the mixture. Ingredient Typical Mixture (%) Mesquite Seed Meal 25 to 45 preferably 35 Fish Meal 25 to 45 preferably 30 Corn Meal 25 to 45 preferably 35 Total 100 Table 2. Operating conditions and water content of the mixture. Parameters Units Value Water content of the mixture % 25-35 preferably 30 Extruder feed speed rpm 3-70 preferably 60 Screw rotation speed rpm 150-170 preferably 160 Temperature ramp °C 80-100-125-125 Residence time in each zone Seconds 20-40 preferably 30 Once prepared, its nutritional content was evaluated in Table 1b), below. Ί Table 3. Nutritional content of the final extruded food. Parameter Value (%) Moisture 6-10 preferably 8.00 Ash 6-10 preferably 8.36 Protein 30-34 preferably 32.91 Fat 1-3 preferably 2.62 Crude Fiber 1-3 preferably 2.85 Nitrogen-Free Extract 40-50 preferably 45.26 Examples Example 1. Best method for carrying out the invention The method is prepared with a mixture comprising in proportion 25-45% corn flour, preferably 35% fishmeal, and 25-45% mesquite seed meal, preferably 35%. This mixture has an initial water content of 25-35%, preferably 30%, this amount of water is added to the mixture, if necessary, in order to obtain a moisture content of 30%. Preferably, a mixture is prepared that has a protein content of 15-32%, this protein is supplied through mesquite seed meal, corn and fish. Preferably the mixture subjected to cooking by extrusion under conditions such that the pellet subjected to cooking is cooked effectively, through the gelatinization of the starches present in the pellets, making it unnecessary to incorporate a stage after cooking in order for it to be ready for use. To do this, the mixture can be subjected to extrusion cooking at a temperature of 80-125°C, preferably with a ramp of 80-100-125°C, for 30-50 seconds, preferably 30 seconds, in each section of the single-tumil extrusion apparatus. The speed of the tumiliu can be adjusted to 150-170 revolutions per minute (rpm), preferably 160 rpm. Extrusion is preferably carried out through a mold that has at least one circular outlet hole with a maximum width of 3 inches. I0 Preferably the strip is subjected to extrusion under conditions such that it has expansion coefficients of i.30-i.40 preferably i.35, that is, taking into account the expansion of the extruded pellet, in the form of a strip, its thickness increases in relation to the outlet hole. Finally, the til a can be cut with a length of 2-5 millimeters, preferably 3 millimeters per piece. The food thus obtained may have a water content of approximately 10-15% and this food may be supplied as such if its water content is at the extreme end of this range. Preferably, it undergoes a post-drying operation if the water content is greater than or equal to 12%. This operation can be carried out with hot air at 5-7°C in an oven for 5 minutes, until a residual water content of 6-10%, preferably 8%. The final product, in buoyancy tests 8.13e-05 cm / s, that is, a piumediu mayui a ¡as 24 i luías, in tests of strength the íueiza de cuite lequeiida was 75N, in water stability tests up to 24 hours, it was 100%. The technical advantages of the described invention are: Providing a balanced feed with a protein content that does not pollute the water and a low-disintegration structure allows for increased feeding coefficients due to its ease of consumption. The production of pellets for aquaculture feed is carried out almost exclusively through extrusion, in all cases by forming the raw material as desired using precise pressure and temperatures. This allows the starches and proteins to be plasticized and cooked, resulting in improved digestibility and increased nutrient availability. It also provides specific textural characteristics, eliminates microbial growth, ensures desirable palatability, and allows for greater control over feed density and porosity. All of this increases productivity and reduces feeding and pond maintenance costs, promoting energy efficiency. Although the foregoing description was made taking into account the 15 preferred embodiments of the invention, it should be noted by those skilled in the art that any modification of form and detail will be considered within the spirit and scope of the present invention. The terms in which this specification has been drafted should always be taken in a broad and non-restrictive sense. The materials, form, and description of the elements may be subject to variation provided that this does not alter the essential characteristics of the model.

Claims

1. A process for manufacturing fish feed, characterized in that it: c) Prepare a mixture comprising in proportion 25-45% Zea mays flour, 25-45% fish meal and 25-45% Prusupis idevigdid seed meal, d) Subject the previous mixture to extrusion cooking at a temperature of between 80 and 125°C, with a rotation speed of between 150-170 rpm.

2. The process for manufacturing a fish feed according to claim 1, characterized in that the proportion of Zea mayz flour is preferably 35%.

3. The process for manufacturing fish feed according to claim 1, characterized in that the proportion of fishmeal is preferably 30%.

4. The process for manufacturing fish feed according to claim 1, characterized in that the proportion of Prosopis laevigata seed meal is preferably 35%. 25 5. The process for manufacturing fish feed according to claim 1, characterized in that water can optionally be added to obtain a mixture with a moisture content before processing of 7 to 35%.

6. The process for manufacturing a fish feed according to claim 1, characterized in that the feed is preferably for Tilapia.

7. The device to manufacture a food for fish of the quality of claim 6, characterized in that the food for Tilapia is preferably for the fattening stage.

8. The process for manufacturing fish feed according to claim 1, furthermore, the cooking phase is carried out with increasing temperature in three sections, in the first zone a temperature of 80°C is used, in the second zone a temperature of 100°C is used and in the third zone a temperature of 125°C is used.

9. The process for manufacturing fish feed according to claim 1, further characterized in that the cooking stage is carried out for 30 to 50 seconds in each zone, preferably 30 seconds.

10. The process for manufacturing fish feed according to claim 1, characterized in that it is optionally subjected to a post-drying operation, if the water content is greater than or equal to 12%, which is lediizd μιeíeienieinenie cun aiie caiieilie a 50-7CrC en uu iiumu uuidiiie iu a 15 min, to a residual water content of 6-10% preferably 8%.

11. The process for manufacturing fish feed, in accordance with the previous claim caiacierizauu further puique ei exiiusui piesenia un uiiiíicu de salida de 3mm, and the extruded strip has a coefficient of expansion of 1.30-1.40 preferably 1.

35.

12. A fish feed, preferably for tilapia, obtained as claimed in the aforementioned regulations, comprises a mixture comprising in proportion 25-45% Zea mays meal, 25-45% fish meal and 25-45% Prosopis laevigata seed meal.

13. The fish feed according to claim 12, further characterized by having a 35% content of Zea flour.

14. The fish feed according to claim 12, further characterized in that the proportion of fishmeal is preferably 30%. 10 15. The fish feed according to claim 12, further characterized in that the proportion of Prosopis laevigata seed meal is preferably 35%.

16. The fish feed according to claim 12, further characterized in that the mixture comprises a nutrient content of protein (30-34%), fat (1-3%), nitrogen-free extracts (40-50%), crude fiber (1-3%), ash (6-0.0%) and moisture (6-10%).

17. The fish feed according to claim 12, further characterized in that it has a buoyancy of 8.13e-05 cm / s, i.e. an average greater than 20 huías, piefei enieiiiei lie 24 huías.