COMBINATION OF ANTI-CLAUDI 18.2 / ANTI-4-1BB ANTIBODIES AND A SECOND THERAPEUTIC AGENT IN THE TREATMENT OF CANCER
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PE2026000567
- Authority / Receiving Office
- PE · PE
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-09-27
- Filing Date
- 2024-09-27
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-02
AI Technical Summary
Current cancer treatments are ineffective against tumors with low or no CLDN18.2 expression, as well as against CLDN18.2-negative tumor cells near CLDN18.2-expressing tumor cells.
The use of a bispecific antibody, TJ001, which targets both CLDN18.2 and 4-1BB, in combination with second therapeutic agents such as FOLFOX, paclitaxel, or nivolumab, to synergistically inhibit tumor growth and induce bystander effects.
TJ001 effectively inhibits tumor growth in tumors with high, moderate, or low CLDN18.2 expression, including CLDN18.2-negative cells, and enhances T cell activation and tumor killing when combined with chemotherapeutic agents.
Abstract
Description
COMBINATION OF ANTI-CLAUDIN 18.2 / ANTI-4-1BB ANTIBODIES AND SECOND THERAPEUTIC AGENT IN TREATMENT OF CANCER
[0001] CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0002] This application claims the benefit of International Application No. PCT / CN2023 / 122092, filed September 27, 2023, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.BACKGROUND
[0003] Claudins are a family of proteins that form the important components of the tight cell junctions. Claudin-18 splice variant 2 (CLDN18.2) is a gastric-specific membrane protein. In the healthy tissue, CLDN18.2 is restrictedly expressed in the short-lived differentiated cells of gastric mucosa as a component of tight junction with limited accessibility of antibody treatment. However, it was ectopically expressed at significant levels in a variety of primary lesion and metastases of epithelial tumor entities, including gastric, pancreatic, esophageal, and lung adenocarcinoma cells.
[0004] 4-1BB (CD137, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 9) is a member of TNF-receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) and is a costimulatory molecule which is expressed following the activation of immune cells, both innate and adaptive immune cells. 4-1BB plays an important role in modulating the activity of various immune cells. 4-1BB agonists enhance immune cell proliferation, survival, secretion of cytokines and cytolytic activity CD8 T cells. Many other studies showed that activation of 4-1BB enhances immune response to eliminate tumors in mice.
[0005] Drug combinations are commonly used in treating the cancer before and / or after surgery. Therefore, it was suggested that 4-1BB is a promising target molecule in cancer immunology and in the drug combination.SUMMARY
[0006] It is discovered herein that TJ001, an anti-CLDN18.2 / anti-4-1BB bispecific antibody, synergistically inhibited tumor growth with therapeutic agents used as first line or second line treatment for gastric cancer, such as FOLFOX, FOLFOX and nivolumab, CAPOX, paclitaxel or ramucirumab. In addition, whether alone or in the combinations, the treatment was not only efficacious against tumors having high or moderate CLDN18.2 expression, but also against tumors having low CLDN18.2 expression as well as CLDN18.2-negative tumor cells near CLDN18.2-expressing tumor cells (bystander effects) .
[0007] In accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure, therefore, provided is a method for treating cancer in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient an anti-claudin 18.2 (CLDN18.2) / anti-4-1BB antibody in combination with a second therapeutic agent.
[0008] In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises an anti-CLDN18.2 unit comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising a VH CDR1, a VH CDR2 and a VH CDR3, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising a VL CDR1, a VL CDR2 and a VL CDR3, wherein the VH CDR1, VH CDR2 and VH CDR3 comprise, respectively, the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 3-5, and VL CDR1, VL CDR2 and VL CDR3 comprise, respectively, the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 6-8.
[0009] In certain embodiments, the VH of the anti-CLDN18.2 unit comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, and the VL comprises of the anti-CLDN18.2 unit comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0010] In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises an anti-4-1BB unit comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising a VH CDR1, a VH CDR2 and a VH CDR3, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising a VL CDR1, a VL CDR2 and a VL CDR3, wherein the VH CDR1, VH CDR2 and VH CDR3 comprise, respectively, the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 11-13, and VL CDR1, VL CDR2 and VL CDR3 comprise, respectively, the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 14-16.
[0011] In certain embodiments, the VH of the anti-4-1BB unit comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and the VL comprises of the anti-4-1BB unit comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10.
[0012] In certain embodiments, the antibody comprises two heavy chains each comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 and two light chains each comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.
[0013] In certain embodiments, the second therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of a fluoropyrimidine, a platinum drug, a taxane, an anti-PD1 or anti-PD-L1 antibody, a VEGFR2 antibody, and any combinations thereof.
[0014] In certain embodiments, the second therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and oxaliplatin, nivolumab, and any combinations thereof.
[0015] In certain embodiments, the second therapeutic agent comprises 5-FU and oxaliplatin. In certain embodiments, the second therapeutic agent comprises 5-FU, oxaliplatin and nivolumab.
[0016] In certain embodiments, the second therapeutic agent comprises paclitaxel and / or ramucirumab.
[0017] In certain embodiments, the antibody and the second therapeutic agent are administered to the patient concurrently or sequentially.
[0018] In one aspect of the present disclosure provides a method for treating a tumor in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient an anti-claudin 18.2 (CLDN18.2) / anti-4-1BB antibody, wherein the tumor has an immunohistochemical (ICH) staining score for CLDN18.2 expression that is low.
[0019] In certain embodiments, the low expression denotes no level 2 or higher staining and fewer than 80%cells having a level 1 staining.
[0020] In certain embodiments, the antibody is administered to the patient once every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 21, one month, two months, three months, four months, or six months.
[0021] In certain embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of gastric cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, head and neck cancer, kidney cancer, leukemia, liver cancer, lung cancer, lymphoma, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, and thyroid cancer.
[0022] In certain embodiments, the cancer is gastric cancer.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0023] FIG. 1A-D illustrate in vitro T cell activation and tumor killing against CLDN18.2-positive tumor cells induced by the bispecific antibody TJ001 of the present disclosure. A. Scheme of co-culture system. B. CLDN18.2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining in three human gastric cancer cell lines (MKN-45, MKN-45#14, and MKN-45#18) . C. T cell activation and D. Tumor killing induced by TJ001 (CD4B) . CM: negative control.
[0024] FIG. 2A-C show bystander killing effect of TJ001. A. Scheme of co-culture system. B. Viability (%) of the tumor cells in the co-culture system. C. Viability (%) of the tumor cells in the co-culture system of different donors.
[0025] FIG. 3A-D show enhanced T cell activation and tumor killing in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs. A. Scheme of in vitro co-culture system mimicking the tumor microenvironment (TME) . B. T cell activation and tumor killing of CD4B combined with first line drugs; C. T cell activation and tumor killing of CD4B combined with second line drugs; D. Tumor killing (SNU601) of CD4B combined with first line or second line drugs. Ram: ramucirumab. Consistent dosage of individual drugs (as indicated) is added to each group, either alone or in combination. CM: control medium. Data was shown as Mean ± SD, analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed Dunnett compared with control medium.
[0026] FIG. 4A-D show the effects of CD4B in a gastric cancer PDX model. A. Scheme of the dosing regimen. B. Results of tumor growth inhibition in various treatment groups. C. Percentage of of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) (upper left) and cell density of TILs (CD3+ / CD8+) and activated CD8+ T cells (CD69+ / Ki67+) in tumor cells (upper right) measured at day 23 after treatment. D. Correlation between CD3+ cells density and tumor volume. Zolbe: zolbetuximab; BIW: twice a week; TIW: three times a week; QDx5 / week: once daily for 5 days per week. Consistent dosage of individual drugs (as indicated) is added to each group, either alone or in combination. Data was shown as Mean ± SD, analyzed using unpaired t-test.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0027] Definitions
[0028] It is to be noted that the term “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity; for example, “an antibody, ” is understood to represent one or more antibodies. As such, the terms “a” (or “an” ) , “one or more, ” and “at least one” can be used interchangeably herein.
[0029] As used herein, the term “polypeptide” is intended to encompass a singular “polypeptide” as well as plural “polypeptides, ” and refers to a molecule composed of monomers (amino acids) linearly linked by amide bonds (also known as peptide bonds) . The term “polypeptide” refers to any chain or chains of two or more amino acids, and does not refer to a specific length of the product. Thus, peptides, dipeptides, tripeptides, oligopeptides, “protein, ” “amino acid chain, ” or any other term used to refer to a chain or chains of two or more amino acids, are included within the definition of “polypeptide, ” and the term “polypeptide” may be used instead of, or interchangeably with any of these terms. The term “polypeptide” is also intended to refer to the products of post-expression modifications of the polypeptide, including without limitation glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization by known protecting / blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, or modification by non-naturally occurring amino acids. A polypeptide may be derived from a natural biological source or produced by recombinant technology, but is not necessarily translated from a designated nucleic acid sequence. It may be generated in any manner, including by chemical synthesis.
[0030] The term “isolated” as used herein with respect to cells, nucleic acids, such as DNA or RNA, refers to molecules separated from other DNAs or RNAs, respectively, that are present in the natural source of the macromolecule. The term “isolated” as used herein also refers to a nucleic acid or peptide that is substantially free of cellular material, viral material, or culture medium when produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized. Moreover, an “isolated nucleic acid” is meant to include nucleic acid fragments which are not naturally occurring as fragments and would not be found in the natural state. The term “isolated” is also used herein to refer to cells or polypeptides which are isolated from other cellular proteins or tissues. Isolated polypeptides is meant to encompass both purified and recombinant polypeptides.
[0031] As used herein, the term “recombinant” as it pertains to polypeptides or polynucleotides intends a form of the polypeptide or polynucleotide that does not exist naturally, a non-limiting example of which can be created by combining polynucleotides or polypeptides that would not normally occur together.
[0032] “Homology” or “identity” or “similarity” refers to sequence similarity between two peptides or between two nucleic acid molecules. Homology can be determined by comparing a position in each sequence which may be aligned for purposes of comparison. When a position in the compared sequence is occupied by the same base or amino acid, then the molecules are homologous at that position. A degree of homology between sequences is a function of the number of matching or homologous positions shared by the sequences. An “unrelated” or “non- homologous” sequence shares less than 40%identity, though preferably less than 25%identity, with one of the sequences of the present disclosure.
[0033] A polynucleotide or polynucleotide region (or a polypeptide or polypeptide region) has a certain percentage (for example, 60 %, 65 %, 70 %, 75 %, 80 %, 85 %, 90 %, 95 %, 98 %or 99 %) of “sequence identity” to another sequence means that, when aligned, that percentage of bases (or amino acids) are the same in comparing the two sequences. This alignment and the percent homology or sequence identity can be determined using software programs known in the art, for example those described in Ausubel et al. eds. (2007) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. Preferably, default parameters are used for alignment. One alignment program is BLAST, using default parameters. In particular, programs are BLASTN and BLASTP, using the following default parameters: Genetic code = standard; filter = none; strand = both; cutoff = 60; expect = 10; Matrix = BLOSUM62; Descriptions = 50 sequences; sort by = HIGH SCORE; Databases = non-redundant, GenBank + EMBL + DDBJ + PDB + GenBank CDS translations + SwissProtein + SPupdate + PIR. Biologically equivalent polynucleotides are those having the above-noted specified percent homology and encoding a polypeptide having the same or similar biological activity.
[0034] As used herein, an “antibody” or “antigen-binding polypeptide” refers to a polypeptide or a polypeptide complex that specifically recognizes and binds to an antigen. An antibody can be a whole antibody and any antigen binding fragment or a single chain thereof. Thus the term “antibody” includes any protein or peptide containing molecule that comprises at least a portion of an immunoglobulin molecule having biological activity of binding to the antigen. Examples of such include, but are not limited to a complementarity determining region (CDR) of a heavy or light chain or a ligand binding portion thereof, a heavy chain or light chain variable region, a heavy chain or light chain constant region, a framework (FR) region, or any portion thereof, or at least one portion of a binding protein.
[0035] The terms “antibody fragment” or “antigen-binding fragment” , as used herein, is a portion of an antibody such as F (ab') 2, F (ab) 2, Fab', Fab, Fv, scFv and the like. Regardless of structure, an antibody fragment binds with the same antigen that is recognized by the intact antibody. The term “antibody fragment” includes aptamers, spiegelmers, and diabodies. The term “antibody fragment” also includes any synthetic or genetically engineered protein that acts like an antibody by binding to a specific antigen to form a complex.
[0036] A “single-chain variable fragment” or “scFv” refers to a fusion protein of the variable regions of the heavy (VH) and light chains (VL) of immunoglobulins. In some aspects, the regions are connected with a short linker peptide of ten to about 25 amino acids. The linker can be rich in glycine for flexibility, as well as serine or threonine for solubility, and can either connect the N-terminus of the VH with the C-terminus of the VL, or vice versa. This protein retains the specificity of the original immunoglobulin, despite removal of the constant regions and the introduction of the linker. ScFv molecules are known in the art and are described, e.g., in US patent 5, 892, 019.
[0037] The term antibody encompasses various broad classes of polypeptides that can be distinguished biochemically. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that heavy chains are classified as gamma, mu, alpha, delta, or epsilon (g, m, a, d, e) with some subclasses among them (e.g., g l- g4) . It is the nature of this chain that determines the “class” of the antibody as IgG, IgM, IgA IgG, or IgE, respectively. The immunoglobulin subclasses (isotypes) e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgG5, etc. are well characterized and are known to confer functional specialization. Modified versions of each of these classes and isotypes are readily discernable to the skilled artisan in view of the instant disclosure and, accordingly, are within the scope of the instant disclosure. All immunoglobulin classes are clearly within the scope of the present disclosure, the following discussion will generally be directed to the IgG class of immunoglobulin molecules. With regard to IgG, a standard immunoglobulin molecule comprises two identical light chain polypeptides of molecular weight approximately 23,000 Daltons, and two identical heavy chain polypeptides of molecular weight 53,000-70,000. The four chains are typically joined by disulfide bonds in a “Y” configuration wherein the light chains bracket the heavy chains starting at the mouth of the “Y” and continuing through the variable region.
[0038] Antibodies, antigen-binding polypeptides, variants, or derivatives thereof of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, polyclonal, monoclonal, multispecific, human, humanized, primatized, or chimeric antibodies, single chain antibodies, epitope-binding fragments, e.g., Fab, Fab' and F (ab') 2, Fd, Fvs, single-chain Fvs (scFv) , single-chain antibodies, disulfide-linked Fvs (sdFv) , fragments comprising either a VL or VH domain, fragments produced by a Fab expression library, and anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies (including, e.g., anti-Id antibodies to LIGHT antibodies disclosed herein) . Immunoglobulin or antibody molecules of the disclosure can be of any type (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA, and IgY) , class (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgAl and IgA2) or subclass of immunoglobulin molecule.
[0039] Light chains are classified as either kappa or lambda (K, l) . Each heavy chain class may be bound with either a kappa or lambda light chain. In general, the light and heavy chains are covalently bonded to each other, and the “tail” portions of the two heavy chains are bonded to each other by covalent disulfide linkages or non-covalent linkages when the immunoglobulins are generated either by hybridomas, B cells or genetically engineered host cells. In the heavy chain, the amino acid sequences run from an N-terminus at the forked ends of the Y configuration to the C-terminus at the bottom of each chain.
[0040] Both the light and heavy chains are divided into regions of structural and functional homology. The terms “constant” and “variable” are used functionally. In this regard, it will be appreciated that the variable domains of both the light (VL) and heavy (VH) chain portions determine antigen recognition and specificity. Conversely, the constant domains of the light chain (CL) and the heavy chain (CH1, CH2 or CH3) confer important biological properties such as secretion, transplacental mobility, Fc receptor binding, complement binding, and the like. By convention the numbering of the constant region domains increases as they become more distal from the antigen-binding site or amino-terminus of the antibody. The N-terminal portion is a variable region and at the C-terminal portion is a constant region; the CH3 and CL domains actually comprise the carboxy-terminus of the heavy and light chain, respectively.
[0041] As indicated above, the variable region allows the antibody to selectively recognize and specifically bind epitopes on antigens. That is, the VL domain and VH domain, or subset of the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) , of an antibody combine to form the variable region that defines a three-dimensional antigen-binding site. This quaternary antibody structure forms the antigen-binding site present at the end of each arm of the Y. More specifically, the antigen-binding site is defined by three CDRs on each of the VH and VL chains (i.e. CDR-H1, CDR-H2, CDR-H3, CDR-L1, CDR-L2 and CDR-L3) . In some instances, e.g., certain immunoglobulin molecules derived from camelid species or engineered based on camelid immunoglobulins, a complete immunoglobulin molecule may consist of heavy chains only, with no light chains. See, e.g., Hamers-Casterman et al., Nature 363: 446-448 (1993) .
[0042] In naturally occurring antibodies, the six “complementarity determining regions” or “CDRs” present in each antigen-binding domain are short, non-contiguous sequences of amino acids that are specifically positioned to form the antigen-binding domain as the antibody assumes its three-dimensional configuration in an aqueous environment. The remainder of the amino acids in the antigen-binding domains, referred to as “framework” regions, show less inter-molecular variability. The framework regions largely adopt a b-sheet conformation and the CDRs form loops which connect, and in some cases form part of, the b -sheet structure. Thus, framework regions act to form a scaffold that provides for positioning the CDRs in correct orientation by inter-chain, non-covalent interactions. The antigen-binding domain formed by the positioned CDRs defines a surface complementary to the epitope on the immunoreactive antigen. This complementary surface promotes the non-covalent binding of the antibody to its cognate epitope. The amino acids comprising the CDRs and the framework regions, respectively, can be readily identified for any given heavy or light chain variable region by one of ordinary skill in the art, since they have been precisely defined (see “Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, ” Kabat, E., et al., U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, (1983) ; and Chothia and Lesk, J. MoI. Biol., 196: 901-917 (1987) ) .
[0043] In the case where there are two or more definitions of a term which is used and / or accepted within the art, the definition of the term as used herein is intended to include all such meanings unless explicitly stated to the contrary. A specific example is the use of the term “complementarity determining region” ( “CDR” ) to describe the non-contiguous antigen combining sites found within the variable region of both heavy and light chain polypeptides. This particular region has been described by Kabat et al., U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, “Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest” (1983) and by Chothia et al., J. MoI. Biol. 196: 901-917 (1987) , which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The CDR definitions according to Kabat and Chothia include overlapping or subsets of amino acid residues when compared against each other. Nevertheless, application of either definition to refer to a CDR of an antibody or variants thereof is intended to be within the scope of the term as defined and used herein. The appropriate amino acid residues which encompass the CDRs as defined by each of the above cited references are set forth in the table below as a comparison. The exact residue numbers which encompass a particular CDR will vary depending on the sequence and size of the CDR. Those skilled in the art can routinely determine which residues comprise a particular CDR given the variable region amino acid sequence of the antibody.
[0044] Kabat et al. also defined a numbering system for variable domain sequences that is applicable to any antibody. One of ordinary skill in the art can unambiguously assign this system of “Kabat numbering” to any variable domain sequence, without reliance on any experimental data beyond the sequence itself. As used herein, “Kabat numbering” refers to the numbering system set forth by Kabat et al., U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, “Sequence of Proteins of Immunological Interest” (1983) .
[0045] In addition to table above, the Kabat number system describes the CDR regions as follows: CDR-H1 begins at approximately amino acid 31 (i.e., approximately 9 residues after the first cysteine residue) , includes approximately 5-7 amino acids, and ends at the next tryptophan residue. CDR-H2 begins at the fifteenth residue after the end of CDR-H1, includes approximately 16-19 amino acids, and ends at the next arginine or lysine residue. CDR-H3 begins at approximately the thirty third amino acid residue after the end of CDR-H2; includes 3-25 amino acids; and ends at the sequence W-G-X-G, where X is any amino acid. CDR-L1 begins at approximately residue 24 (i.e., following a cysteine residue) ; includes approximately 10-17 residues; and ends at the next tryptophan residue. CDR-L2 begins at approximately the sixteenth residue after the end of CDR-L1 and includes approximately 7 residues. CDR-L3 begins at approximately the thirty third residue after the end of CDR-L2 (i.e., following a cysteine residue) ; includes approximately 7-11 residues and ends at the sequence F or W-G-X-G, where X is any amino acid.
[0046] Antibodies disclosed herein may be from any animal origin including birds and mammals. Preferably, the antibodies are human, murine, donkey, rabbit, goat, guinea pig, camel, llama, horse, or chicken antibodies. In another embodiment, the variable region may be condricthoid in origin (e.g., from sharks) .
[0047] As used herein, the term “heavy chain constant region” includes amino acid sequences derived from an immunoglobulin heavy chain. A polypeptide comprising a heavy chain constant region comprises at least one of: a CH1 domain, a hinge (e.g., upper, middle, and / or lower hinge region) domain, a CH2 domain, a CH3 domain, or a variant or fragment thereof. For example, an antigen-binding polypeptide for use in the disclosure may comprise a polypeptide chain comprising a CH1 domain; a polypeptide chain comprising a CH1 domain, at least a portion of a hinge domain, and a CH2 domain; a polypeptide chain comprising a CH1 domain and a CH3 domain; a polypeptide chain comprising a CH1 domain, at least a portion of a hinge domain, and a CH3 domain, or a polypeptide chain comprising a CH1 domain, at least a portion of a hinge domain, a CH2 domain, and a CH3 domain. In another embodiment, a polypeptide of the disclosure comprises a polypeptide chain comprising a CH3 domain. Further, an antibody for use in the disclosure may lack at least a portion of a CH2 domain (e.g., all or part of a CH2 domain) . As set forth above, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the heavy chain constant region may be modified such that they vary in amino acid sequence from the naturally occurring immunoglobulin molecule.
[0048] The heavy chain constant region of an antibody disclosed herein may be derived from different immunoglobulin molecules. For example, a heavy chain constant region of a polypeptide may comprise a CH1 domain derived from an IgG1 molecule and a hinge region derived from an IgG3 molecule. In another example, a heavy chain constant region can comprise a hinge region derived, in part, from an IgG1 molecule and, in part, from an IgG3 molecule. In another example, a heavy chain portion can comprise a chimeric hinge derived, in part, from an IgG1 molecule and, in part, from an IgG4 molecule.
[0049] As used herein, the term “light chain constant region” includes amino acid sequences derived from antibody light chain. Preferably, the light chain constant region comprises at least one of a constant kappa domain or constant lambda domain.
[0050] A “light chain-heavy chain pair” refers to the collection of a light chain and heavy chain that can form a dimer through a disulfide bond between the CL or CK domain of the light chain and the CH1 domain of the heavy chain.
[0051] As previously indicated, the subunit structures and three-dimensional configuration of the constant regions of the various immunoglobulin classes are well known. As used herein, the term “VH domain” includes the amino terminal variable domain of an immunoglobulin heavy chain and the term “CH1 domain” includes the first (most amino terminal) constant region domain of an immunoglobulin heavy chain. The CH1 domain is adjacent to the VH domain and is amino terminal to the hinge region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain molecule.
[0052] As used herein the term “CH2 domain” includes the portion of a heavy chain molecule that extends, e.g., from about residue 244 to residue 360 of an antibody using conventional numbering schemes (residues 244 to 360, Kabat numbering system; and residues 231-340, EU numbering system; see Kabat et al., U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, “Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest” (1983) . The CH2 domain is unique in that it is not closely paired with another domain. Rather, two N-linked branched carbohydrate chains are interposed between the two CH2 domains of an intact native IgG molecule. It is also well documented that the CH3 domain extends from the CH2 domain to the C-terminal of the IgG molecule and comprises approximately 108 residues.
[0053] As used herein, the term “hinge region” includes the portion of a heavy chain molecule that joins the CH1 domain to the CH2 domain. This hinge region comprises approximately 25 residues and is flexible, thus allowing the two N-terminal antigen-binding regions to move independently. Hinge regions can be subdivided into three distinct domains: upper, middle, and lower hinge domains (Roux et al., J. Immunol 161: 4083 (1998) ) .
[0054] By “specifically binds” or “has specificity to, ” it is generally meant that an antibody binds to an epitope via its antigen-binding domain, and that the binding entails some complementarity between the antigen-binding domain and the epitope. According to this definition, an antibody is said to “specifically bind” to an epitope when it binds to that epitope, via its antigen-binding domain more readily than it would bind to a random, unrelated epitope. The term “specificity” is used herein to qualify the relative affinity by which a certain antibody binds to a certain epitope. For example, antibody “A” may be deemed to have a higher specificity for a given epitope than antibody “B, ” or antibody “A” may be said to bind to epitope “C” with a higher specificity than it has for related epitope “D. ”
[0055] As used herein, the terms “treat” or “treatment” refer to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures, wherein the object is to prevent or slow down (lessen) an undesired physiological change or disorder, such as the progression of cancer. Beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of extent of disease, stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission (whether partial or total) , whether detectable or undetectable. “Treatment” can also mean prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment. Those in need of treatment include those already with the condition or disorder as well as those prone to have the condition or disorder or those in which the condition or disorder is to be prevented.
[0056] The terms “effective amount” , “pharmaceutically effective amount” , and “therapeutically effective amount” refer to an amount that may be effective to elicit the desired biological or medical response, including the amount of a compound or a polypeptide that, when administered to a subject for treating a disease, is sufficient to effect such treatment for the disease. The effective amount will vary depending on the compound or the polypeptide, the disease and its severity and the age, weight, etc., of the subject to be treated. The effective amount can include a range of amounts. A pharmaceutically effective amount includes amounts of an agent which are effective when combined with other agents.
[0057] By “subject” or “individual” or “animal” or “patient” or “mammal, ” is meant any subject, particularly a mammalian subject, for whom diagnosis, prognosis, or therapy is desired. Mammalian subjects include humans, domestic animals, farm animals, and zoo, sport, or pet animals such as dogs, cats, guinea pigs, rabbits, rats, mice, horses, cattle, cows, and so on.
[0058] As used herein, phrases such as “to a patient in need of treatment” or “a subject in need of treatment” includes subjects, such as mammalian subjects, that would benefit from administration of an antibody or composition of the present disclosure used, e.g., for detection, for a diagnostic procedure and / or for treatment.
[0059] Combination Treatments
[0060] It is discovered herein that TJ001, an anti-CLDN18.2 / anti-4-1BB bispecific antibody, synergistically inhibited tumor growth with other first line or second line agents, such as FOLFOX and paclitaxel, or FOLFOX and nivolumab. Accordingly, one embodiment of the present disclosure provides a method for treating cancer in a patient in need thereof, which entails administering to the patient an anti-claudin 18.2 (CLDN18.2) / anti-4-1BB antibody in combination with a second therapeutic agent. The second therapeutic agent, for instance, can be selected from 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) , a platinum drug, a taxane, an anti-PD1 or anti-PD-L1 antibody, and combinations thereof.
[0061] The anti-claudin 18.2 (CLDN18.2) / anti-4-1BB antibody, also simply referred to as a “bispecific antibody, ” includes an anti-CLDN 18.2 unit and an anti-4-1BB unit.
[0062] Anti-CLDN 18.2 unit
[0063] Claudin-18 has two isoforms, isoform 1 and isoform 2. Isoform 2 (Claudin 18.2 or CLDN18.2) is a highly selective cell lineage marker. In normal tissues, CLDN 18.2 is strictly expressed in differentiated epithelial cells of the gastric mucosa. However, it was found that CLDN 18.2 can significantly express in primary and metastatic gastric cancer tissues, as well as pancreatic, esophageal, ovarian, and lung cancer tissues, suggesting CLDN18.2 as an attractive therapeutic target with great potential for gastric and other types of solid tumors.
[0064] Any anti-CLDN18.2 known in the art can be used in the bispecific antibody of the present application. In some embodiments, the anti-CLDN18.2 unit is selected from a group consisting of a full-length antibody, Fab, Fab’, F (ab’) 2, scFv, and sdAb. In some embodiments, the anti-CLDN18.2 unit includes a Fab.
[0065] In some embodiments, the anti-CLDN18.2 unit includes a heavy chain variable region (VH) CDR1, a VH CDR2, and a VH CDR3, respectively having the VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the anti-CLDN18.2 unit includes: (1) a VH CDR1 including the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 or an amino acid sequence with one or more substitutions as compared to SEQ ID NO: 3, (2) a VH CDR2 including the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4 or an amino acid sequence with one or more substitutions as compared to SEQ ID NO: 4, and (3) a VH CDR3 including the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5 or an amino acid sequence with one or more substitutions as compared to SEQ ID NO: 5.
[0066] In some embodiments, the anti-CLDN18.2 unit includes a heavy variable region (VH) including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 87%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0067] In some embodiments, the anti-CLDN18.2 unit includes a light chain variable region (VL) CDR1, a VL CDR2, and a VL CDR3, respectively including VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 sequences of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the anti-CLDN18.2 unit includes: (1) a VL CDR1 including the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 or an amino acid sequence with one or more substitutions as compared to SEQ ID NO: 6, (2) a VL CDR2 including the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7 or an amino acid sequence with one or more substitutions as compared to SEQ ID NO: 7, and (3) a VL CDR3 including the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8 or an amino acid sequence with one or more substitutions as compared to SEQ ID NO: 8.
[0068] In some embodiments, the anti-CLDN18.2 unit includes a light variable region (VL) including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 87%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0069] In some embodiments, the anti-CLDN18.2 unit includes: (1) VH CDR1, a VH CDR2, and a VH CDR3, respectively including the amino acid sequences of a CDR1, a CDR2, and a CDR3 within a heavy variable region (VH) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, and (2) VL CDR1, a VL CDR2, and a VL CDR3, respectively including the amino acid sequences of a CDR1, a CDR2, and a CDR3 within a light variable region (VL) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the anti-CLDN18.2 unit includes: (1) a VH CDR1 including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 or an amino acid sequence with one or more substitutions as compared to SEQ ID NO: 3, (2) a VH CDR2 including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4 or an amino acid sequence with one or more substitutions as compared to SEQ ID NO: 4, (3) a VH CDR3 including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5 or an amino acid sequence with one or more substitutions as compared to SEQ ID NO: 5, (4) a VL CDR1 including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 or an amino acid sequence with one or more substitutions as compared to SEQ ID NO: 6, (5) a VL CDR2 including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7 or an amino acid sequence with one or more substitutions as compared to SEQ ID NO: 7, and (6) a VL CDR3 including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8 or an amino acid sequence with one or more substitutions as compared to SEQ ID NO: 8.
[0070] In some embodiments, the anti-CLDN18.2 unit includes: (1) a heavy variable region (VH) including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 87%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with SEQ ID NO: 1, and (2) a light variable region (VL) including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 87%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0071] Anti-4-1BB unit
[0072] 4-1BB is an inducible costimulatory receptor expressed on activated T and natural killer (NK) cells. 4-1BB trimer clustering by 4-1BB ligand (41BBL) trimer on T cells triggers a signaling cascade that results in upregulation of antiapoptotic molecules, cytokine secretion, and enhanced effector function. On NK cells, 4-1BB signaling can increase antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Agonistic monoclonal antibodies targeting 4-1BB have been developed to harness 4-1BB signaling for cancer immunotherapy. Preclinical results in a variety of induced and spontaneous tumor models suggest that targeting 4-1BB with agonist antibodies can lead to tumor clearance and durable antitumor immunity.
[0073] Any 4-1BB antibody known in the art can be used in the bispecific antibody of the present application. In some embodiments, the anti-4-1BB unit is selected from a group consisting of a full-length antibody, Fab, Fab’, F (ab’) 2, scFv, and sdAb. In some embodiments, the anti-4-1BB unit includes a scFv.
[0074] In some embodiments, the anti-4-1BB unit includes a VH CDR1, a VH CDR2, and a VH CDR3, respectively including the amino acid sequences of a CDR1, a CDR2, and a CDR3 within a heavy variable region (VH) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the anti-4-1BB unit includes: (1) a VH CDR1 including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11 or an amino acid sequence with one or more substitutions as compared to SEQ ID NO: 11, (2) a VH CDR2 including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12 or an amino acid sequence with one or more substitutions as compared to SEQ ID NO: 12, and (3) a VH CDR3 including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13 or an amino acid sequence with one or more substitutions as compared to SEQ ID NO: 13.
[0075] In some embodiments, the anti-4-1BB unit includes a heavy variable region (VH) including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 87%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with SEQ ID NO: 9.
[0076] In some embodiments, the anti-4-1BB unit includes a VL CDR1, a VL CDR2, and a VL CDR3, respectively including the amino acid sequences of a CDR1, a CDR2, and a CDR3 within a light variable region (VL) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the anti-4-1BB unit includes: (1) a VL CDR1 including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 14 or an amino acid sequence with one or more substitutions as compared to SEQ ID NO: 14, (2) a VL CDR2 including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 15 or an amino acid sequence with one or more substitutions as compared to SEQ ID NO: 15, and (3) a VL CDR3 including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16 or an amino acid sequence with one or more substitutions as compared to SEQ ID NO: 16.
[0077] In some embodiments, the anti-4-1BB unit includes a light variable region (VL) including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 87%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with SEQ ID NO: 10.
[0078] In some embodiments, the anti-4-1BB unit includes: (1) VH CDR1, a VH CDR2, and a VH CDR3, respectively including the amino acid sequences of a CDR1, a CDR2, and a CDR3 within a heavy variable region (VH) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9, and (2) VL CDR1, a VL CDR2, and a VL CDR3, respectively including the amino acid sequences of a CDR1, a CDR2, and a CDR3 within a light variable region (VL) as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the anti-4-1BB unit includes: (1) a VH CDR1 including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11 or an amino acid sequence with one or more substitutions as compared to SEQ ID NO: 11, (2) a VH CDR2 including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12 or an amino acid sequence with one or more substitutions as compared to SEQ ID NO: 12, (3) a VH CDR3 including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 13 or an amino acid sequence with one or more substitutions as compared to SEQ ID NO: 13, (4) a VL CDR1 including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 14 or an amino acid sequence with one or more substitutions as compared to SEQ ID NO: 14, (5) a VL CDR2 including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 15 or an amino acid sequence with one or more substitutions as compared to SEQ ID NO: 15, and (6) a VL CDR3 including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16 or an amino acid sequence with one or more substitutions as compared to SEQ ID NO: 16.
[0079] In some embodiments, the anti-4-1BB unit includes: (1) a heavy variable region (VH) including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 9 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 87%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with SEQ ID NO: 9, and (2) a light variable region (VL) including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 87%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with SEQ ID NO: 10.
[0080] Bispecific antibodies
[0081] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody of the present disclosure includes: (1) an anti-claudin 18.2 (CLDN18.2) unit having binding specificity to a CLDN18.2 protein; and (2) a second antibody unit. In some embodiments, the anti-CLDN 18.2 unit can be any of the anti-CLDN 18.2 units as described herein. In some embodiments, the second antibody unit has binding specificity to a target selected from the group consisting of 4-1BB, PD-1, PD-L1, and CD3. In some embodiments, the second antibody includes an anti-4-1BB unit having binding specificity with a 4-1BB protein. In some embodiments, the second antibody includes an anti-4-1BB unit as described here.
[0082] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody of the present application includes: (1) an anti-claudin 18.2 (CLDN18.2) unit having binding specificity to a CLDN18.2 protein; and (2) an anti-4-1BB unit having binding specificity to a 4-1BB protein. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody of the present application includes: (1) an anti-claudin 18.2 (CLDN18.2) unit having binding specificity to a CLDN18.2 protein as described herein; and (2) an anti-4-1BB unit having binding specificity to a 4-1BB protein as described herein.
[0083] In some embodiments, the anti-4-1BB is an scFv and fused to the C-terminus of the heavy chain of the anti-CLDN 18.2 unit. In some embodiments, the anti-4-1BB is an scFv and fused to the N-terminus of the heavy chain of anti-CLDN 18.2 unit. In some embodiments, the anti-4-1BB is an scFv and fused to the C-terminus of the light chain of the anti-CLDN 18.2 unit. In some embodiments, the anti-4-1BB is an scFv and fused to the N-terminus of the light chain of anti-CLDN 18.2 unit.
[0084] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody includes a heavy chain component including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 87%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody includes a light chain component including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 87%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody includes: (1) a heavy chain component including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 87%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with SEQ ID NO: 17, and (2) a light chain component including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 18 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 87%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity with SEQ ID NO: 18.
[0085] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody is selected from the group consisting of TJ001 (Table 1) , IBI389 (Innovent) , Q-1802 (QureBio) , AMG-910 (Amgen) , QLS31905 (Qilu Pharma) , PM1032 (Biotheus) , and HBM7022 (Harbour, AZ) . In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody is TJ001.
[0086] Secondary Therapeutic Agent
[0087] In one embodiment, the combination treatment of the present disclosure includes a bispecific antibody provided herein, and a secondary therapeutic agent.
[0088] In one embodiment, the secondary therapeutic agent includes a FOLFOX, a CAPOX, a taxane (e.g., paclitaxel) , an VEGF / VEGFR inhibitors or antibody, an anti-PD1 or anti-PD-L1 inhibitor or antibody (e.g., nivolumab) , or any combination thereof.
[0089] As demonstrated in the accompanying experimental example, TJ001 exhibited synergistic antitumor effects when used in combination with certain secondary therapeutic agents, such as FOLFOX, which is a combination of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and a platinum drug (e.g., oxaliplatin) .
[0090] In some embodiments, the FOLFOX includes 5-FU and oxaliplatin. In some embodiments, the FOLFOX further includes a folinic acid, such as leucovorin.
[0091] In some examples, the secondary therapeutic agent includes a taxane (e.g., paclitaxel) , and / or an anti-PD1 or anti-PD-L1 inhibitor or antibody (e.g., nivolumab) .
[0092] In one embodiment, the combination treatment includes a bispecific antibody of the present disclosure, 5-FU and a platinum drug.
[0093] “Platinum drugs, ” or “platinum-based antineoplastic drugs” or simply “platins, ” are chemotherapeutic agents with one or more active moieties that are coordination complexes of platinum. Non-liming examples of platinum drugs include cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, nedaplatin, triplatin tetranitrate, phenanthriplatin, picoplatin, and satraplatin. In a particular embodiment, the platinum drug is oxaliplatin.
[0094] In some embodiments, the secondary therapeutic agent includes an fluoropyrimidine. Example of fluoropyrimidine includes S-1, an oral fluoropyrimidine; 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) , or capecitabine, while capecitabine is a prodrug of 5-FU.
[0095] In some embodiments, the secondary therapeutic agent includes FOLFOX, which entails 5-FU, oxaliplatin, and optionally leucovorin. In some embodiments, the secondary therapeutic agent includes CAPOX, which entails capecitabine and oxaliplatin.
[0096] In some embodiments, the secondary therapeutic agent includes a taxane. Taxanes are a class of diterpenes originally identified from plants of the genus Taxus, which feature a taxadiene core. Non-limiting examples include paclitaxel, 10-deacetylbaccatin III, baccatin III, paclitaxel C, and 7-epipaclitaxel. In a particular embodiment, the taxane is paclitaxel (PTX) .
[0097] In some embodiments, the secondary therapeutic agent includes fluoropyrimidine, a platinum drug, and taxane. In some embodiments, the secondary therapeutic agent includes 5-FU, a platinum drug, and paclitaxel. In some embodiments, the secondary therapeutic agent includes 5-FU, oxaliplatin and paclitaxel. In some embodiments, the secondary therapeutic agent includes FOLFOX and paclitaxel.
[0098] In some embodiments, the secondary therapeutic agent includes an anti-VEGF / VEGFR inhibitor or antibody. Example of pan-VEGFR1-3 inhibitors include, without limitation, pazopanib, sunitinib, sorafenib, regorafenib, cabozantinib, lenvatinib, ponatinib, axitinib, tivozanib, Example of VEGFR2 inhibitors include, without limitation, vandetanib, and ramucirumab. Example of VEGF inhibitors include, without limitation, bevacizumab and ziv-aflibercept.
[0099] In some embodiments, the secondary therapeutic agent includes taxane (e.g., paclitaxel) and VEGF / VEGFR inhibitors, particular a VEGFR2 inhibitor. In some embodiments, the secondary therapeutic agent includes paclitaxel and ramucirumab.
[0100] In some embodiments, the secondary therapeutic agent includes an anti-PD1 or anti-PD-L1 inhibitor or antibody. Example PD-1 inhibitors include, without limitation, atezolizumab, avelumab, durvalumab, KN035, CK-301, AUNP12, CA-170 and BMS-986189. Example PD-L1 inhibitors include, without limitation, pembrolizumab, nivolumab, cemiplimab, dostarlimab, JTX-4014, spartalizumab, camrelizumab, sintilimab, tislelizumab, toripalimab, INCMGA00012, AMP-224, and AMP-514. In a particular embodiment, the PD-1 inhibitor is nivolumab.
[0101] In some embodiments, the secondary therapeutic agent includes 5-FU, a platinum drug, and an anti-PD1 or anti-PD-L1 inhibitor or antibody. In some embodiments, the secondary therapeutic agent includes 5-FU, oxaliplatin and an anti-PD1 or anti-PD-L1 inhibitor or antibody. In some embodiments, the secondary therapeutic agent includes FOLFOX and an anti-PD1 or anti-PD-L1 inhibitor or antibody.
[0102] In some embodiments, the secondary therapeutic agent includes 5-FU, a platinum drug, and nivolumab. In some embodiments, the secondary therapeutic agent includes 5-FU, oxaliplatin and nivolumab. In some embodiments, the secondary therapeutic agent includes FOLFOX and nivolumab.
[0103] Cancer Patients
[0104] Patients that can be suitably treated by the instantly disclosed methods include those having a cancer, such as gastric cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, head and neck cancer, kidney cancer, leukemia, liver cancer, lung cancer, lymphoma, melanoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, and thyroid cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is gastric cancer or gastric adenocarcinoma. Gastric cancer is a gastrointestinal tumor with high morbidity and mortality rates.
[0105] In some embodiments, the cancer is characterized with expression of the CLDN18.2 protein. CLDN18.2 expression can be identified with methods known in the art, such as immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Conventionally, anti-CLDN18.2 antibodies and bi-or multi-specific antibodies having a specificity to CLDN18.2 are used on cancers having at least moderate CLDN18.2 expression.
[0106] Unexpectedly, however, the instant inventors observed (Example 1) that the instant bispecific antibody was not only effective in inhibiting the growth of tumor cells having moderate or high CLDN18.2 expression, but was also effective against CLDN18.2-negative cells mixed with CLDN18.2-expressing tumor cells. Such a bystander effects, it is contemplated, enables the instant bispecific antibody to have antitumor effects in patients having a relatively small number of CLDN18.2-expressing tumor cells in the tumor, and in patients having relatively low CLDN18.2 expression.
[0107] CLDN18.2 expression level in cells or a tissue can be quantified based on staining intensity for CLDN18.2 (e.g., membrane-bound CLDN18.2) in the sample. An example intensity scoring system is the 4-point HSCORE that is calculated based on intensity of staining ranging from 0 (no staining) , 1+ (weak staining) , 2+ (distinct staining) , 3+ (strong staining) and 4+ (extremely strong / saturated signal) and multiplying by the percent of cells staining at each intensity (0 to 100%) (see details in, McCarty, K. S. Jr, et al, Cancer Res. 46 (suppl 8) : 4244s-4248s (1986) ) .
[0108] As demonstrated in the Examples, negative CLDN18.2 expression denotes <10%cells of 1+ staining, low CLDN18.2 expression denotes 65%of 1+, no 2+ / 3+ staining, and moderate CLDN18.2 denotes 35%of 1+ and 65%of 2+ staining.
[0109] In accordance with one embodiment of the present disclosure, therefore, provided is a method for treating a tumor in a patient in need thereof, which entails administering to the patient a bispecific antibody of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the tumor has an immunohistochemical (ICH) staining score for CLDN18.2 expression that is low.
[0110] In some embodiments, the low expression denotes no level 2 or higher staining and fewer than 80%cells having a level 1 staining. In some embodiments, the low expression denotes no level 2 or higher staining and 20-80%cells having a level 1 staining. In some embodiments, the low expression denotes no level 2 or higher staining and 40-75%cells having a level 1 staining. In some embodiments, the low expression denotes no level 2 or higher staining and 60-70%cells having a level 1 staining.
[0111] In some embodiments, the treatment includes a bispecific antibody and a secondary therapeutic agent as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the cancer is gastric cancer.
[0112] Compositions
[0113] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody is administrated to the subject intravenously. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody is administered to the subject at a dosage of about 0.1 to about 30 mg / kg body weight. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody is administered to the subject at a dosage of about 0.1 to about 30 mg / kg body weight intravenously.
[0114] The antibodies provided herein and the second therapeutic agent can be administered to a patient concurrently or separately. In certain embodiments, the combined administration of the second therapeutic agent includes co-administration (concurrent administration) , using separate formulations or a single pharmaceutical formulation, and consecutive administration in either order, wherein preferably there is a time period while both (or all) of the antibodies and the second therapeutic agents simultaneously exert their biological activities.
[0115] Methods of administration of the antibodies, variants or include but are not limited to intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, and oral routes. The antigen-binding polypeptides or compositions may be administered by any convenient route, for example by infusion or bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g., oral mucosa, rectal and intestinal mucosa, etc. ) and may be administered together with other biologically active agents. Thus, pharmaceutical compositions containing the antigen-binding polypeptides of the disclosure may be administered orally, rectally, parenterally, intracistemally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, topically (as by powders, ointments, drops or transdermal patch) , bucally, or as an oral or nasal spray.
[0116] The term “parenteral” as used herein refers to modes of administration which include intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrasternal, subcutaneous and intra-articular injection and infusion.
[0117] Administration can be systemic or local. In addition, it may be desirable to introduce the antibodies of the disclosure into the central nervous system by any suitable route, including intraventricular and intrathecal injection; intraventricular injection may be facilitated by an intraventricular catheter, for example, attached to a reservoir, such as an Ommaya reservoir. Pulmonary administration can also be employed, e.g., by use of an inhaler or nebulizer, and formulation with an aerosolizing agent.
[0118] It may be desirable to administer the antibodies or compositions of the disclosure locally to the area in need of treatment; this may be achieved by, for example, and not by way of limitation, local infusion during surgery, topical application, e.g., in conjunction, with a wound dressing after surgery, by injection, by means of a catheter, by means of a suppository, or by means of an implant, said implant being of a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material, including membranes, such as sialastic membranes, or fibers. Preferably, when administering a protein, including an antibody, of the disclosure, care must be taken to use materials to which the protein does not absorb.
[0119] The present disclosure also provides pharmaceutical compositions. Such compositions include a pharmaceutically effective amount of an antibody, and an acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the composition further includes a second anticancer agent as provided herein.
[0120] In a specific embodiment, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans. Further, a “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” will generally be a non-toxic solid, semisolid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type.
[0121] The term “carrier” refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or vehicle with which the therapeutic is administered. Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like. Water is a preferred carrier when the pharmaceutical composition is administered intravenously. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions. Suitable pharmaceutical excipients include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like. The composition, if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents such as acetates, citrates or phosphates. Antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose are also envisioned. These compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsion, tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained-release formulations and the like. The composition can be formulated as a suppository, with traditional binders and carriers such as triglycerides. Oral formulation can include standard carriers such as pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate, etc. Examples of suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences by E.W. Martin, incorporated herein by reference. Such compositions will contain a therapeutically effective amount of the antigen-binding polypeptide, preferably in purified form, together with a suitable amount of carrier so as to provide the form for proper administration to the patient. The formulation should suit the mode of administration. The parental preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.
[0122] In an embodiment, the composition is formulated in accordance with routine procedures as a pharmaceutical composition adapted for intravenous administration to human beings. Typically, compositions for intravenous administration are solutions in sterile isotonic aqueous buffer. Where necessary, the composition may also include a solubilizing agent and a local anesthetic such as lignocaine to ease pain at the site of the injection. Generally, the ingredients are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent. Where the composition is to be administered by infusion, it can be dispensed with an infusion bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical grade water or saline. Where the composition is administered by injection, an ampoule of sterile water for injection or saline can be provided so that the ingredients may be mixed prior to administration.
[0123] The compounds of the disclosure can be formulated as neutral or salt forms. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those formed with anions such as those derived from hydrochloric, phosphoric, acetic, oxalic, tartaric acids, etc., and those formed with cations such as those derived from sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, ferric hydroxides, isopropylamine, triethylamine, 2-ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine, etc.
[0124] EXAMPLES
[0125] Example 1. TJ001 in the Treatment of Gastric Cancer
[0126] TJ001 is an anti-CLDN18.2 X 4-1BB bispecific antibody having two heavy components each having a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 and two light components each having a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18 (Table 1) . TJ001 recognizes CLDN18.2 high, medium, and low-expressing cells and activates 4-1BB signaling to enhance T cell activation. This example investigated the mechanism of TJ001 and explored combinations with first line (1L) or second line (2L) therapeutics for gastric cancer.
[0127] Table 1. Sequences of TJ001
[0128] The CLDN18.2 expression in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumors of three human gastric cancer cell lines (MKN-45, MKN-45#14, and MKN-45#18; obtained from Genomeditech) was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. The T cell activation and tumor killing mediated by a bispecific antibody of the present disclosure (TJ001, also referred to as “CD4B” ) was investigated, either alone or in combination with other therapies, using a co-culture system of tumor cells expressing varying levels of CLDN18.2 and PBMCs. T cell activation was evaluated by the production of INFγ, IL2 and soluble 4-1BB while tumor killing was evaluated by Luminescent Cell Viability (CTG) assay. Anti-tumor activity and pharmacodynamics effects of combination treatment was also examined by in vivo gastric cancer patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model.
[0129] In vitro drug efficacy
[0130] By IHC staining, MKN-45, MKN-45#18, and MKN-45#14 exhibited negative (<10%of 1+) , low (65%of 1+, no 2+ / 3+) , and moderate (35%of 1+ and 65%of 2+) CLDN18.2 expression, respectively (see FIG. 1B) . TJ001 induced T cell activation in a dose and CLDN18.2 expression dependent manner, as measured by the IFNγ level secreted by activated T cells (see FIG. 1C) . Similar results were found in assays measured by the level of IL-2 and soluble 4-1BB (s4-1BB) . TJ001 elicited tumor killing against CLDN18.2-positive MKN-45#14 and MKN-45#18 cells but not CLDN18.2-negative MKN-45 cells (see FIG. 1D) .
[0131] Interestingly, in such co-culture system mimicking tumor microenvironment, TJ001 exerted bystander tumor killing, as observed in a mixture of MKN-45#14 cells and MKN-45 cells at various ratios in the presence of TJ001 (see FIG. 2B-C) , in which TJ001-mediated T cell activation by CLDN18.2-positive tumor cells led to killing of nearby CLDN18.2-negative tumor cells, demonstrating its therapeutic potential in treating solid tumors with a wide range of CLDN18.2 expression, including low CLND18.2 tumors.
[0132] In addition, TJ001-mediated T cell activation and tumor killing was enhanced in combination with chemotherapies used in 1st line (see FIG. 3B, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) plus oxaliplatin (Oxa) (FOLFOX) ) or 2nd line (see FIG. 3C, paclitaxel (PTX) ) treatment for gastric cancer. Similar results were observed in a testing with SNU601 cells for the tumor killing activity of CD4B combined with first line or second line drugs (FIG. 3D) . Accordingly, CD4B induced tumor-killing effect was remarkably enhanced in combination with chemotherapies used in 1st or 2nd line treatment for gastric cancer, including nivolumab (Nivo) plus 5- fluorouracil and oxaliplatin (5-FU+Oxa or FOLFOX) for 1st line or ramucirumab (Ram) plus paclitaxel (PTX) for 2nd line.
[0133] In vivo effect in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs
[0134] In a gastric cancer PDX model with moderate CLDN18.2 expression (25-50%of 2+) , better tumor growth inhibition (TGI, see FIG. 4B) , accompanied by increase in tumor-infiltrating T cells (TILs (CD3+ / CD8+) and activated CD8+ T cells (CD69+ / Ki67+) at day 23 after treatment, see FIG. 4C) , was seen by triple combination of TJ001 plus nivolumab (Nivo) and FOLFOX (40%) , compared to TJ001 (25 mpk) alone (8%) or nivolumab (10 mpk) plus FOLFOX (5-FU, 8mpk+oxaliplatin, 3mpk) (8%) .
[0135] From FIG. 4B, the PDX model is resistant to Nivo + FOLFOX treatment (8%TGI) , classified as “cold tumor” (TILs percentage < 1%, shown in FIG. 4C left, measured as %of hCD45 cells) . A better TGI was observed by CD4B + Nivo + FOLFOX (40%) than Nivo +FOLFOX or CD4B + FOLFOX (27%) . A synergistic effect was demonstrated in the CD4B +Nivo+ FOLFOX combo therapy with a Q value > 1.15. From FIG. 4D, the CD3+T cell infiltration was increased following the CD4B + Nivo + FOLFOX treatment, which showed a correlation between the T cell infiltration and tumor growth inhibition.
[0136] * * *
[0137] The present disclosure is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described which are intended as single illustrations of individual aspects of the disclosure, and any compositions or methods which are functionally equivalent are within the scope of this disclosure. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the methods and compositions of the present disclosure without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Thus, it is intended that the present disclosure cover the modifications and variations of this disclosure provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
[0138] All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
Claims
1.A method for treating cancer in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient an anti-claudin 18.2 (CLDN18.2) / anti-4-1BB antibody in combination with a second therapeutic agent.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the antibody comprises an anti-CLDN18.2 unit comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising a VH CDR1, a VH CDR2 and a VH CDR3, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising a VL CDR1, a VL CDR2 and a VL CDR3, wherein the VH CDR1, VH CDR2 and VH CDR3 comprise, respectively, the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 3-5, and VL CDR1, VL CDR2 and VL CDR3 comprise, respectively, the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 6-8.3.The method of claim 2, wherein the VH of the anti-CLDN18.2 unit comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, and the VL comprises of the anti-CLDN18.2 unit comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.4.The method of any preceding claim, wherein the antibody comprises an anti-4-1BB unit comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising a VH CDR1, a VH CDR2 and a VH CDR3, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising a VL CDR1, a VL CDR2 and a VL CDR3, wherein the VH CDR1, VH CDR2 and VH CDR3 comprise, respectively, the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 11-13, and VL CDR1, VL CDR2 and VL CDR3 comprise, respectively, the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 14-16.5.The method of claim 4, wherein the VH of the anti-4-1BB unit comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and the VL comprises of the anti-4-1BB unit comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10.6.The method of any preceding claim, wherein the antibody comprises two heavy chains each comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 and two light chains each comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.7.The method of any preceding claim, wherein the second therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of a fluoropyrimidine, a platinum drug, a taxane, an anti-PD1 or anti- PD-L1 antibody, a VEGFR2 antibody, and combinations thereof.8.The method of claim 7, wherein the second therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of 5-FU, oxaliplatin, nivolumab, and any combinations thereof.9.The method of claim 8, wherein the second therapeutic agent comprises 5-FU and oxaliplatin.10.The method of claim 8, wherein the second therapeutic agent comprises 5-FU, oxaliplatin and nivolumab.11.The method of claim 7, wherein the second therapeutic agent comprises paclitaxel and / or ramucirumab.12.The method of any preceding claim, wherein the antibody and the second therapeutic agent are administered to the patient concurrently or sequentially.13.A method for treating a tumor in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient an anti-claudin 18.2 (CLDN18.2) / anti-4-1BB antibody, wherein the tumor has an immunohistochemical (ICH) staining score for CLDN18.2 expression that is low.14.The method of claim 13, wherein the low expression denotes no level 2 or higher staining and fewer than 80%cells having a level 1 staining.15.The method of any preceding claim, wherein the antibody is administered to the patient once every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, or 21 days, or one month, two months, three months, four months, or six months.16.The method of any preceding claim, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of gastric cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, head and neck cancer, kidney cancer, leukemia, liver cancer, lung cancer, lymphoma, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, and thyroid cancer.17.The method of claim 16, wherein the cancer is gastric cancer.