A dosing device with a thermostat for filling a calorimetric bomb with gas

Abstract

This utility model relates to measuring the heat of combustion of various gases in bomb calorimeters, specifically to a dosing device for filling a bomb calorimeter with gas for subsequent measurement of the gas's heat of combustion. The dosing device comprises a cylinder with a piston and rod housed in a thermostat, a temperature measuring device, a pressure measuring device, and a gas switch. The utility model achieves the technical result of improving the accuracy of measuring the heat of combustion of any gases in commercially available calorimeters.

Description

[0001] Technical field

[0002] This utility model relates to measuring the heat of combustion of various gases in bomb calorimeters, specifically to a dosing device for filling a bomb calorimeter with gas for subsequent measurement of the gas's heat of combustion. The utility model can be used in fuel and energy, metallurgical, and other industries to measure the quality of any type of gas, including low-calorific value gases.

[0003] Technology Level

[0004] Specific heat of combustion, i.e., the amount of heat released during the combustion of a known quantity of a substance, is, from a practical standpoint, an important energy characteristic of any fuel. Heat of combustion is measured using calorimetry. Any type of calorimeter measures the amount of thermal energy in joules released during the combustion of a given quantity of a substance. To obtain the specific heat of combustion, this quantity must be accurately measured before combustion.

[0005] For solids and liquids, this is not a particular problem - the sample is weighed on a standard scale, and after the experiment, the amount of energy released is converted to its mass (kJ / kg). For gases, it is necessary to first measure the sample volume and convert it to standard measurement conditions - temperature (293.15 K) and pressure (101.325 kPa). And after the experiment, the amount of energy is converted to the measured sample volume (MJ / m3). 3 ).

[0006] Any calorimeter has standardized metrological characteristics, including the range of thermal energy it can measure. For modern bomb calorimeters, the lower limit of this range is approximately 8 kJ. This means that for the calorimeter to function properly and maintain measurement accuracy, the thermal energy released during the combustion of any substance during the experiment must be no lower than this limit.

[0007] For high-calorific gases, the lower limit condition for energy release is usually met. For example, natural gas has a higher volumetric heat of combustion (HVC) of approximately 40 MJ / m3. 3 , with a standard volume of a calorimetric bomb of about 300 cm 3 , the energy release in the experiment will be about 12 kJ, which falls within the required range.

[0008] For medium- and low-calorific gases, the lower limit of energy release is usually not reached. For example, for coke oven gas with an OTC of about 17 MJ / m3 3the energy release will be about 5 kJ. And for blast furnace gas with an OTC of 5 MJ / m3 3 The energy release will be only 1.5 kJ. In both cases, the energy release value is below the measurement limit of modern bomb calorimeters.

[0009] When burning low-calorific substances, to increase the energy release in the experiment, the amount of substance burned is usually increased. Another common method is to add an additional substance with a known heat of combustion to the calorimeter bomb and then adjust the calculations.

[0010] When burning solids and liquids, increasing the energy release is usually achieved by increasing the amount of substance, i.e., the sample mass. When burning gaseous substances, either the bomb volume or the gas pressure within it must be increased. However, increasing the volume of a calorimeter bomb is not possible, as it is determined by its design and is approximately the same for all existing calorimeter models, around 250-350 cm3. 3Therefore, the only way to increase the amount of measured gas in the bomb is to increase the pressure.

[0011] There are known methods for determining the OTC of a gas in a bomb calorimeter, described in GOST 10062-75, GOST R 8.816-2013, GOST 35076-2024, patents RU 2485487 C1, published 20.06.2013, Cl. G01N 25 / 26, G01K 17 / 00, RU 2646445 C1, published 05.03.2018, Cl. G01N 25 / 26, G01K 17 / 00, etc. All these methods assume that the measure of the gas sample volume is the calorimetric bomb itself, the capacity of which is measured in advance. Their essence lies in the fact that the volume of a gas sample, reduced to standard conditions, is calculated using the values ​​of the calorimetric bomb capacity, pressure, and temperature of the gas in it. Using this volume, at the end of the experiment, the desired specific value of the OTC (MJ / m3) is calculated. 3 ).

[0012] GOST 35076-2024 describes a gas filling apparatus for a calorimetric bomb. The apparatus includes a gas pressure regulator, a pressure gauge, a gas humidifier, three-way connecting valves, a calorimetric bomb with filling valves, a temperature measuring device, a thermostat, and a pressure relief control device. The specific oxygen concentration (SOC) of a combustible gas is determined as follows: the volume of the calorimetric bomb is first determined, the calorimetric bomb is evacuated to ensure its integrity, the evacuated calorimetric bomb is installed in the thermostat and gas lines are connected to it, the calorimetric bomb is filled with gas through a humidifier, the pressure in the calorimetric bomb is equalized with atmospheric pressure, the temperature in the thermostat and atmospheric pressure are recorded, the calorimetric bomb is disconnected from the device and filled with oxygen, the calorimetric bomb is installed in the calorimeter, and the SOC value of the gas is measured and calculated.

[0013] The main drawback of determining the specific combustible gas temperature in GOST 35076-2024 is the inability to fill the calorimeter with gas to a pressure greater than atmospheric. This prevents the specific combustible gas temperature from being measured with the required accuracy and makes it impossible to measure the specific combustible gas temperature of low-calorific gases. Another disadvantage of this method is the incomplete replacement of air in the calorimeter with the test gas, which leads to reduced measurement accuracy. Disadvantages of this method include the need for a vacuum pump and high-quality connections capable of maintaining a vacuum.

[0014] From patent RU 2485487 C1, published 20.06.2013, Cl. G01N 25 / 26, G01K 17 / 00, a device is known for filling a calorimetric bomb with a flammable gas, including a calorimetric bomb, a gas source, connecting tubes, a vessel with a stirred liquid, having a thermometer for measuring the temperature of the liquid in which the calorimetric bomb is installed, connected by means of connecting tubes to a gas pressure gauge in it and through a three-way valve to a vacuum pump and to a gas source.

[0015] This well-known device allows filling a calorimetric bomb to the pressure at which the gas enters the filling device. Typically, gas is collected from low-pressure pipelines (average 0.025 MPa g) into sampling cylinders (pipettes). Sometimes, such pipelines are connected directly to the laboratory. However, even filling a calorimetric bomb to such an excess pressure—1.25 times higher than atmospheric pressure—will still not be sufficient to achieve the lower energy release limit of modern calorimeters.

[0016] The main problem with all the above methods and devices for determining the OTC of a gas is that the calorimetric bomb is filled with gas to a pressure approximately equal to atmospheric pressure, and therefore, the measurement of the OTC of high-calorie gases in them can be carried out with insufficient accuracy, and they cannot be used to measure the OTC of low-calorie gases.

[0017] To ensure high measurement accuracy, it is not recommended to work close to the lower limit of the calorimeter's measurement range, as with any other measuring instrument. To improve accuracy, it is desirable to increase the energy release in the experiment to the middle of the measurement range. For modern calorimeters, this value is approximately 25 kJ. Therefore, existing methods and techniques are not suitable for measuring the OTC of low-calorific gases, as they require filling the calorimeter bomb to a pressure several times greater than atmospheric. For highly accurate OTC measurements, even of high-calorific natural gas, it is desirable to fill the bomb to a pressure twice that of atmospheric. However, none of the above methods provides this capability.

[0018] Furthermore, it should be taken into account that as pressure increases, the effects of deviations in the parameters of a real gas from the ideal begin to take effect, which depend on the compressibility coefficient. In all the above methods, the coefficient is used to convert the gas volume in the bomb to standard conditions:

[0019]

[0020] where

[0021] R р - working gas pressure when filling the calorimetric bomb,

[0022] T р - the operating temperature of the gas when filling the calorimetric bomb,

[0023] R с - standard pressure equal to 101.325 kPa,

[0024] T с - standard temperature equal to 293.15 K.

[0025] Strictly speaking, this formula is only valid when the pressure in the bomb is equal to atmospheric pressure. If the pressure begins to differ significantly from atmospheric pressure, additional coefficients are added to the formula:

[0026]

[0027] where Z is added p and Z c gas compressibility coefficients under the operating conditions of bomb filling and standard conditions, respectively.

[0028] These coefficients characterize the deviation of a real gas's characteristics from an ideal gas and can only be calculated if its component composition, typically measured by a gas chromatograph, is known. If the gas temperature and pressure when filling the bomb calorimeter are close to standard conditions, these coefficients are virtually equal and have no significant impact on measurement accuracy. However, if the pressure in the bomb calorimeter increases several times, as is required for low-calorific gases, ignoring the effect of non-ideality leads to a deterioration in measurement accuracy.

[0029] Therefore, there is a need to measure the OTC of various combustible gases with high accuracy.

[0030] Disclosure of Utility Model

[0031] The objective of this utility model is to improve the accuracy of measuring the OTC of various gases.

[0032] The technical result consists in increasing the accuracy of measuring the OTC of any gases on mass-produced calorimeters.

[0033] The technical result is achieved thanks to a dosing device for filling a calorimetric bomb with gas to high pressure, including a cylinder with a piston and a rod placed in a thermostat, a means for measuring temperature, a means for measuring pressure and a gas switch.

[0034] The design of the dosing device, characterized by the above set of features, allows filling the calorimetric bomb with the measured gas to a high pressure, thereby increasing the energy release, and at the same time measuring the parameters of the measured gas at atmospheric or close to it pressure, eliminating the influence of the dependence of the compressibility coefficient on pressure for any gases of unknown composition, which ensures an increase in the accuracy of measuring the OTC of the gas, i.e. ensures the achievement of the declared technical result.

[0035] In particular embodiments of the dosing device, the gas switch may comprise an input for the gas being measured, an input for connecting to the atmosphere, and an input for connecting to a calorimetric bomb.

[0036] In particular embodiments of the dosing device, the gas switch contains an input for the measured gas, an input for additional gas, an input for connection to the atmosphere and an input for connection to a calorimetric bomb, which makes it possible to measure with high accuracy the OTC of even very low-calorific gases, including non-flammable ones.

[0037] In embodiments of the dosing device, the pressure measuring means may be a pressure gauge.

[0038] In embodiments of the dosing device, the temperature measuring means may be a thermometer.

[0039] In embodiments, the dosing device includes a humidifier for saturating the measured gas with water vapor, which makes it possible to meet the conditions for measuring the highest OTC of the gas, reduced to a dry state, and to increase the accuracy of OTC gas measurements.

[0040] In embodiments, the dosing device includes a dehydrator for the measured gas, which makes it possible to eliminate possible unwanted condensation of water vapor when filling the calorimetric bomb and to improve the accuracy of OTC gas measurements.

[0041] In particular embodiments, the dosing device additionally comprises a fitting connected to the non-working chamber of the cylinder, while the gas switch is connected to the working chamber of the cylinder and is located on the outer wall of the thermostat.

[0042] In particular embodiments, the dosing device additionally contains a linear drive that allows for mechanical control of the position of the piston in the cylinder.

[0043] In particular embodiments, the dosing device additionally contains a three-way valve, which allows for pneumatic control of the position of the piston in the cylinder.

[0044] In particular embodiments, the metering device additionally contains a mechanical stop, which allows the full stroke of the cylinder rod to be varied.

[0045] In particular embodiments of the dosing device, the volume of the working chamber of the cylinder can be smaller than the volume of the calorimetric bomb, which allows for a reduction in the amount of gas in the calorimetric bomb, which in turn increases the accuracy of measuring the OTC of high-calorific gases.

[0046] Brief description of drawings

[0047] To help understand the nature of the claimed device, its design is illustrated by the following figures. The images in the figures are schematic.

[0048] Fig. 1 - dosing device.

[0049] Fig. 2 - dosing device with a linear rod drive with a calorimetric bomb.

[0050] Fig. 3 - a dosing device with a free-running rod with a calorimetric bomb.

[0051] The following symbols are used on the figures:

[0052] 1 - cylinder;

[0053] 2 - thermostat;

[0054] 3 - temperature measuring device;

[0055] 4 - pressure measuring device;

[0056] 5 - gas switch;

[0057] 6 - nipple;

[0058] 7 - three-way valve;

[0059] 8 - linear actuator;

[0060] 9 - humidifier;

[0061] 10 - calorimetric bomb.

[0062] Implementation of a utility model

[0063] To solve the stated problem and achieve the stated technical result, a dosing device for filling a calorimetric bomb with gas is proposed, which allows measuring the volume of gas, reduced to standard conditions, before filling the calorimetric bomb, as well as filling the calorimetric bomb with several portions of gas to high pressure.

[0064] A dosing device for filling a calorimetric bomb with a measured gas includes a cylinder 1 with a rod and a piston, configured to move freely in the cylinder 1, a thermostat 2 in which the cylinder 1 is placed, a means 3 for measuring temperature placed in the thermostat 2, a means 4 for measuring pressure and a gas switch 5 (Fig. 1).

[0065] The cylinder rod is rigidly connected to the piston, dividing the cylinder space 1 into two chambers. It can be moved by a linear actuator or be free-running. One chamber is filled with the gas being measured and is called the working chamber; the opposite chamber is connected to the atmosphere or a compressed air source and is called the non-working chamber.

[0066] Cylinder 1 is placed in thermostat 2. Thermostating reduces the overall time required to fill the calorimetric bomb with gas by more quickly equalizing the gas temperature in the dosing device. Uniform gas temperature in the dosing device improves the accuracy of gas OTC measurements.

[0067] Gas switch 5 is used to connect the working chamber of cylinder 1 to either a gas source (measured or additional), the atmosphere, or a bomb calorimeter. Gas switch 5 can be a multi-way valve, located, for example, on the outer wall of the thermostat and connected to the working chamber of cylinder 1. Gas switch 5 allows filling the working chamber of cylinder 1 with gas, venting excess gas to the atmosphere, isolating the working chamber, and transferring a portion of gas from cylinder 1 to the bomb calorimeter without manually switching pipelines, thereby avoiding gas sample loss, significantly improving the accuracy of OTC gas measurements.

[0068] As is well known, to calculate the specific heat of a gas, its volume must first be measured, adjusted to standard measurement conditions. To measure the gas volume, it must be filled into a measuring container of known volume. When measuring the specific heat of a gas, the calorimeter bomb itself, whose volume has been measured in advance, is usually used as the measuring container. Next, the pressure and temperature of the gas in this container must be measured and the volume converted to standard conditions.

[0069] The proposed utility model discloses a technical solution that makes it possible to measure the amount of gas burned in a calorimetric experiment in a separate dosing device of known volume at atmospheric or close to atmospheric pressure and to fill a calorimetric bomb with several portions of gas.

[0070] Thus, instead of a calorimetric bomb, a separate dosing device of known volume, pre-filled with gas, is proposed as a measuring vessel. This allows for preliminary measurement of the gas temperature and pressure and the calculation of the gas volume, adjusted to standard measurement conditions at or near atmospheric pressure.

[0071] The dosing device allows the calorimetric bomb to be filled not with a single gas portion, but with several successive portions, including portions of different gases. The actual volume of each portion, converted to standard conditions, is measured separately at a pressure close to atmospheric. After this procedure, the calorimetric bomb will contain a known volume of gas equal to the sum of the volumes of each portion of gas, which will be included in the calculation of the OTC of the measured gas. If the calorimetric bomb is filled with different gases, the quantities of each gas will be known.

[0072] The dosing device allows increasing the gas pressure in the calorimetric bomb in multiples of the number of filling cycles (gas portions), and accordingly increasing the energy release of a single experiment, which ensures increased accuracy of gas OTC measurements.

[0073] In this case, the volume of each individual portion is measured at atmospheric pressure or close to it, which eliminates the influence of the dependence of the compressibility coefficient on pressure for any gases of unknown composition and ensures increased accuracy of gas OTC measurements.

[0074] Furthermore, the technical solution makes it possible to fill the calorimetric bomb with portions of various gases of known volume, in particular the measured and additional gas with a known OTC, which increases the accuracy of measuring the OTC of the gas and makes it possible to measure with high accuracy the OTC of even very low-calorific gases, including non-flammable ones.

[0075] The dosing device also eliminates the need to completely replace residual air in the calorimetric bomb with the gas being measured, since the gas volume is measured in advance, and the remaining air in the calorimetric bomb does not affect the measurement procedure in any way, which improves the accuracy of the measurement.

[0076] Thus, the dosing device for filling the calorimetric bomb with gas ensures increased accuracy of measuring the OTC of any gases.

[0077] Examples of implementation of the utility model.

[0078] Using gas switch 5, the working chamber of cylinder 1 is connected to the atmosphere. The piston in cylinder 1 of the metering device is moved to one side, specifically to the left in the given example, reducing the working chamber volume to zero. At the same time, the residual air from the working chamber of the metering device is released into the atmosphere through gas switch 5. In most cases, the maximum working chamber volume of the metering device is selected to be approximately equal to the capacity of the calorimetric bomb 10 being used. The specific value of the maximum volume V0 is measured in advance using any known method and is used in subsequent calculations.

[0079] Using gas switch 5, connect the working chamber of cylinder 1 to the source of the gas being measured. Then, move the piston in cylinder 1 to the far right position, thereby increasing the volume of the working chamber of the metering device to the maximum, pre-measured value V0. Thus, the working chamber of the metering device is filled with the gas being measured to the pressure of its source.

[0080] The gas pressure in the metering device can be equalized with atmospheric pressure, or the actual pressure can be measured, equal to the pressure of the gas supply source. Excess pressure from the working chamber of cylinder 1 is released via switch 5.

[0081] Record the temperature t using the tool 3 г (°C) and using means 4 pressure P г (kPa) of the measured gas in the dosing device.

[0082] Cylinder 1 is placed in thermostat 2. Thermostating allows to reduce the overall time of the procedure of filling calorimetric bomb 10 with gas due to faster equalization of the gas temperature in the dosing device.

[0083] Using gas switch 5, connect the working chamber of cylinder 1 with calorimetric bomb 10 and move the piston to the extreme left position, thereby displacing the entire portion of the measured gas into calorimetric bomb 10.

[0084] Next, bomb calorimeter 10 is disconnected from the dosing device, filled with compressed oxygen, and calorimetric measurements are performed in accordance with the operating manual for the calorimeter used. The OTC of the measured gas is calculated. This calculation takes into account that the gas parameters in the bomb calorimeter were measured using an external dosing device.

[0085] The calculation formulas use the value of the maximum volume V0 of the working chamber of the dosing device, measured in advance, and the temperature value t г (°C) and pressure P г (kPa), recorded at the moment of completion of filling the dosing device with a portion of the measured gas before filling the calorimetric bomb.

[0086] The dosing device allows the calorimetric bomb to be filled with multiple portions of gas. This increases the gas pressure in the calorimetric bomb and, consequently, the energy release during the experiment, allowing for the measurement of the OTC of low-calorific gases and improving the accuracy of OTC measurements for any gas. Furthermore, the volume of each individual gas portion is measured at or near atmospheric pressure, eliminating the influence of the compressibility factor (gas imperfections), further improving measurement accuracy.

[0087] Thus, the dosing device ensures high accuracy of measuring the OTC of any gases.

[0088] The dosing device has wide advantages and applications.

[0089] The dosing device can be used to fill the calorimetric bomb 10 with several sequential portions of different gases, namely the measured gas and an additional gas with a known OTC. In this case, the gas switch 5 may contain an additional input for feeding the additional gas into the working chamber of the cylinder 1.

[0090] Using an additional gas allows for more accurate OTC measurements of very low-calorific gases, including biogas, coke oven gas, blast furnace gas, generator gas, and others, including non-flammable gases. Furthermore, this option can be used to confirm the "non-flammability" of a gas when certifying the fire safety of industrial and domestic gases, such as refrigerants in refrigeration units.

[0091] The dosing device may include a humidifier 9 for the measured gas. The humidifier saturates the measured gas with water vapor to meet the conditions for measuring the highest OTC, reduced to the dry state, and, as a result, improves the accuracy of OTC gas measurements.

[0092] The dosing device may include a desiccant for the measured gas. A desiccant eliminates the risk of unwanted water vapor condensation when filling the calorimetric bomb, thereby improving the accuracy of OTC gas measurements. A humidifier filled with a desiccant instead of water can be used as a desiccant.

[0093] A pressure gauge can be used as a pressure measuring device 4.

[0094] A thermometer can be used as a means 3 to measure temperature.

[0095] For example, a standard pneumatic cylinder of suitable volume can be used as the cylinder 1 of the metering device.

[0096] Cylinder rod 1 can be moved by linear actuator 8 (Fig. 2). Actuator 8 can be any mechanical, electric, or pneumatic linear actuator capable of providing linear movement of the cylinder rod at maximum gas pressure. In this case, port 6 of the non-working (right) chamber of the cylinder must be vented.

[0097] Also, the piston rod of cylinder 1 can have free travel and move pneumatically (Fig. 3). In this embodiment, it is proposed to use the idle (right) chamber of cylinder 1 to move the piston. In this case, the nozzle 6 of the idle chamber of cylinder 1 is connected to the outlet of three-way valve 7. In this case, one of the inlets of three-way valve 7 is connected to a source of compressed air, and the second inlet is connected to the atmosphere. When it is necessary to fill the working (left) chamber of cylinder 1 with the measured gas, three-way valve 7 is switched to the atmosphere. The pressure of the measured gas acts on the piston of cylinder 1, which causes it to move to the right. In this case, air from the idle (right) chamber of cylinder 1 freely exits into the atmosphere through three-way valve 7. The piston movement continues until it stops in the extreme right position, at which point the working chamber of cylinder 1 is completely filled with gas.When all the gas from the working chamber of cylinder 1 must be forced into calorimeter bomb 10, three-way valve 7 is switched to the compressed air source, with a pressure clearly higher than the gas pressure. Compressed air enters the non-working chamber of cylinder 1. This causes the piston to move to the left until it stops in its leftmost position. This forces all the gas from the working chamber of cylinder 1 into calorimeter bomb 10.

[0098] In embodiments of the utility model, the volume of the working chamber of the dosing device may be smaller than the volume of the calorimetric bomb.

[0099] When using a metering device, it's possible to limit the cylinder's stroke in intermediate positions, thereby reducing the working chamber volume. A cylinder with a linear actuator can be used in the same design. A pneumatically controlled cylinder (using a compressed air source) can be equipped with a mechanical stop, such as an adjusting screw.

[0100] If the piston stroke is limited when filling the metering device with gas, the piston does not reach the far right position, but is fixed in an intermediate position. In this case, in all calculation formulas, the maximum volume of the metering device's working chamber, V0, is multiplied by the coefficient k, which determines the proportion of the metering device's working chamber volume relative to the pre-measured maximum.

[0101] Using a dosing device with a working chamber volume smaller than the bomb calorimeter allows for precise regulation of the gas volume in the bomb calorimeter without significant design changes. Controlling the gas volume allows for the energy release during the calorimetric experiment to fall within the calorimeter's operating range, significantly improving the accuracy of high-calorific gas measurements.

[0102] Thus, the technical solution disclosed in this description, embodied in the proposed design of the dosing device, ensures the achievement of a technical result consisting in increasing the accuracy of measuring the OTC of any gases on mass-produced calorimeters.

[0103] The design features of the dosing device in the proposed versions of its implementation additionally influence the achievement of the technical result, enhancing it.

Claims

1. Dosing device for filling the calorimetric bomb measured gas, comprising a cylinder with a piston and a rod, placed in a thermostat, wherein the piston is configured to move within the cylinder and divides the internal cavity of the cylinder into two chambers, one of which is configured to be filled with the measured gas, a means for measuring temperature, a means for measuring pressure and a gas switch connected to the chamber of the cylinder, configured to be filled with the measured gas.

2. A dosing device according to claim 1, wherein the gas switch comprises an input for the gas to be measured, an input for connection to the atmosphere, and an input for connection to a calorimetric bomb.

3. The dosing device according to claim 1, wherein the gas switch comprises an input for the gas being measured, an input for additional gas, an input for connection to the atmosphere and an input for connection to a calorimetric bomb.

4. A dosing device according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the pressure measuring means is a pressure gauge.

5. A dosing device according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the temperature measuring means is a thermometer.

6. A dosing device according to any one of paragraphs 1-5, which additionally contains a humidifier for the measured gas.

7. A dosing device according to any one of paragraphs 1-5, which additionally contains a dehydrator for the measured gas.

8. A metering device according to any of the preceding paragraphs, which further comprises a nozzle connected to the non-working chamber of the cylinder, wherein the gas switch connected to the working chamber of the cylinder is located on the outer wall of the thermostat.

9. A metering device according to any one of paragraphs 1-8, which comprises a linear drive that allows mechanical control of the position of the piston in the cylinder.

10. A metering device according to any one of paragraphs 1-8, which comprises a three-way valve that allows pneumatic control of the position of the piston in the cylinder.

11. The metering device according to item 10, which additionally contains a mechanical stop that allows the full stroke of the cylinder rod to be varied.

12. A dosing device according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the volume of the working chamber of the hollow cylinder is less than the volume of the calorimetric bomb.

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