building block

Abstract

The utility model relates to the field of construction, in particular to the design of building bricks or blocks. A building block is disclosed, which is a rectangular parallelepiped made with recesses located on the upper and lower planes of the block and adapted to accommodate inserts in these recesses, the lower recesses are located under the upper recesses, and the outer recesses are removed from the corresponding lateral sides by half the length between adjacent recesses formed on the upper and lower planes of the block, wherein the diameter of the recesses is equal to the distance between adjacent recesses along the X and Y axes of the upper and lower planes of the block, taking into account a technological gap amounting to no more than 15% of the diameter of the recess, and the building block is made of a metallic material. The said solution ensures an increase in the strength of the connection of structures erected from such blocks under horizontal operational loads. 6 clauses, 7 figs., 2 tables, 3 exch.

Description

[0001] The utility model relates to the field of construction, in particular to the design of building bricks or blocks.

[0002] A metal wall panel is known from the prior art (TW 201636485 A, published 16.10.2016). The said metal wall panel has an insertion end and a connecting groove, wherein the insertion end is provided with a hooking portion, as well as a built-in fitting fixed to a steel frame and has a hooking groove for connecting the said hooking portion of the metal wall panel and subsequently connecting adjacent metal wall panels with an overlap. Therefore, in the event of deformation of some parts of the metal wall panels, it is sufficient to dismantle the built-in fitting of the deformed metal wall panel and replace the deformed metal wall panel, which makes the construction and installation of metal wall panels more convenient and faster. However, such a structure has a complex structure and hooking, and therefore does not have sufficient connection strength.

[0003] A building block (GB 2024888 A, published January 16, 1980) is known from the prior art. This block has impermeable side faces (header and stretcher faces) and impermeable bed faces. Conical holes extend through the block from the surface of the upper bed face to the lower face. Tubular conical connectors are used in these holes so that they extend beyond the smaller ends of the holes and fit tightly into the larger ends of other connectors in the following blocks, thereby ensuring their fastening. Due to possible loose fastening of the blocks, the voids are filled with peat, chopped straw, clay, brick, or cement, which can be compacted into the voids. However, such a structure may be less resistant to loads due to the formation of cracks in the voids.

[0004] A building structure known from the prior art (RU 2557275 C1, published July 20, 2015) consists of two types of blocks made from different materials, one of which is made of corrosion-resistant metal and the other of heavy expanded clay concrete. This structure is constructed from blocks laid in rows using the "protrusion-notch" principle, with the base made of corrosion-resistant metal blocks secured to the foundation, followed by rows of expanded clay concrete blocks. The corrosion-resistant metal block is monolithic. It contains a grid of recesses measuring 50 x 50 mm, which allows its structure to be defined as "honeycomb." The block has three recesses along the wide side and six recesses along the long side. The distance between the recesses is 10 mm. Also, along the long side, the distance between the first three and second three recesses is 30 mm. The recesses are tapered toward the bottom.At the bottom of the first, third, fourth, and sixth recesses, small recesses are made for fasteners that must be flush with the recesses. The proposed block has eight holes. However, the number of holes in the block can be increased to ensure greater structural strength, when erecting in seismic areas, or when increasing the overall height of the structure.

[0005] Using two types of blocks made from different materials ensures the stability, strength, and seismic resistance of the structure while maintaining the indoor temperature. However, these blocks have different roughness and adhesion due to the difference in materials, which can also result in insufficient stability and strength properties of the structure.

[0006] Also, the prior art discloses a design of a building block, made, among other things, of metal (RU 210408 U1, published 04 / 14 / 2022) and having the shape of a right triangular prism, including two bases in the form of right-angled triangles, first and second lateral faces perpendicular to each other, and one diagonal lateral face, limited by the diagonals of the bases and the lateral edges of the first and second lateral faces, wherein two through mounting holes are made in the block, the first of which passes from the diagonal lateral face into the first lateral face, and the second passes from the diagonal lateral face into the second lateral face. However, the design of said block does not have sufficient connection strength, since the design itself has a specific prismatic shape, and the mating area is small due to the fact that the mating connecting elements are relatively small in size.

[0007] Next, a building block for stretcher masonry is known, which is in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped with stretcher, header and bed faces, wherein in the block at least two vertical openings are made, having in cross-section the shape of a triangle or a rectangle, or a polyhedron, or a circle, or an ellipse, and on each of the header faces perpendicular to the bed faces at least one notch is formed for forming during masonry together with the corresponding notch of the adjacent block one vertical opening, wherein said openings are located on different sides from the notches or at least one of these openings is located opposite at least one of the notches, characterized in that the walls of the through openings and notches are made in the direction from one bed face to another in the form of fragments of the surface of a truncated pyramid or cone,the imaginary vertices or bases of which are located on the side of one of the bed faces (RU 142998 U1, 10.07.2014). In this case, the size of the opening measured on the upper surface of the bed face along an imaginary line drawn parallel to the stretcher face is greater than the sum of the depths of the notches on the header faces measured along the same line by an amount equal to the thickness of the mortar layer between the building blocks during laying, and the size of the opening measured on the lower surface of the bed face along an imaginary line drawn parallel to the stretcher face is greater than the sum of the depths of the notches on the header faces measured along the same line by an amount equal to the thickness of the mortar layer between the building blocks during laying and an amount equal to the sum of the deviations of the wall in the notches from a plane drawn vertically and perpendicular to the stretcher faces from a point,Located on the wall of the opening on the upper bed face. These design features improve the manufacturability of the building block construction and enhance the strength of stretcher masonry using such building blocks, but are still not optimal in terms of resistance to horizontal loads.

[0008] The closest analogue, according to the applicant, is a building block (RU 237734 U1, published 02.10.2025), the essence of which is that it is a rectangular parallelepiped made with recesses located on the upper and lower surfaces of the block, wherein the lower recesses are located under the upper recesses, and the outer recesses are removed from the corresponding lateral sides by half the length between adjacent recesses formed on the upper and lower surfaces of the block, and the building block is designed to accommodate inserts in its recesses. However, this block is made of a polymer material and has an insufficiently improved design in terms of the location of the recesses and their size to ensure the strength and stability of structures erected from such blocks.

[0009] Since one of the main tasks in the design of various structures is not only to ensure strength, load-bearing capacity and permissible vertical deformations (settlement), but also stability and performance under horizontal operational loads, it is important to erect building structures that withstand horizontal operational loads and are strong and stable under such loads.

[0010] Traditional structures made using the Lego block principle, from monolithic reinforced concrete or metal, are characterized by high material consumption, labor intensity, and the duration of construction (installation) (ZHANG Yu., PROKOPOV A.Yu. Prospects for the use of LEGO blocks for the construction of warehouse and tank facilities in the agro-industrial complex, Modern trends in construction, urban development and territorial planning. 2025 N 4 (4), pp. 78-94).

[0011] In this regard, there is a need to create a building block that provides increased strength and stability for structures constructed from it, specifically under horizontal loads.

[0012] The technical result of the utility model is the creation of a building block made of metal with increased strength of the connection of structures erected from it (walls, partitions, various architectural forms, buildings, structures and / or their fragments, etc.) under horizontal operational loads.

[0013] The technical result of the claimed utility model is achieved by creating a building block that is a rectangular parallelepiped made with recesses located on the upper and lower planes of the block and made with the possibility of placing inserts in these recesses, the lower recesses are placed under the upper recesses, and the outer recesses are removed from the corresponding side sides by half the length between adjacent recesses formed on the upper and lower planes of the block, wherein the diameter of the recesses is equal to the distance between adjacent recesses along the X and Y axes of the upper and lower planes of the block, taking into account the technological gap, which is no more than 15% of the diameter of the recess, and the building block is made of a metal material.

[0014] In a particular embodiment, the building block is made of any metallic material used in construction, which is a metal or its alloy, including steel, cast iron, aluminum, copper, lead, bronze and others.

[0015] In a particular embodiment, the building block is provided with eight notches on the upper plane and eight notches on the lower plane in two rows of four notches along the long side.

[0016] In a particular embodiment, the building block is provided with four notches on the upper plane and four notches on the lower plane in two rows of two notches along either side.

[0017] In a particular embodiment, the building block is provided with two notches on the upper plane and two notches on the lower plane.

[0018] In a particular embodiment, the cylindrical inserts correspond to the shape and size of the combined recesses, taking into account the technological gaps.

[0019] In a particular embodiment, the building block can be made with a chamfer / rounding / rounding along all internal parts of the recesses, along the edges of each recess and along the perimeter of the planes and sides of the entire block.

[0020] The above and other objects, advantages and features of the present utility model will become more apparent from the following non-limiting description of an exemplary embodiment thereof, given as an example with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0021] The essence of the claimed utility model is explained by the drawings below.

[0022] Fig. 1 - general view of a building block with 16 recesses, made of steel.

[0023] Fig. 2a and 2b - general view of a section of a building block with 16 notches along the X axis.

[0024] Fig. 3a and 3b - general view of a section of a building block with 16 notches along the Y axis.

[0025] Fig. 4 - general view of a building block with 8 recesses, made of cast iron.

[0026] Fig. 5 - general view of a building block with 4 recesses, made of lead.

[0027] Fig. 6 - general view of the insert made of steel.

[0028] Fig. 7 - general view of the insert made of bronze.

[0029] These drawings do not cover and, moreover, do not limit the entire scope of implementation options for this technical solution, but represent only illustrative material of a particular case of its implementation.

[0030] In the process of developing the claimed utility model and its experimental use, it was possible to establish the following dependencies between the essential features of the utility model and the technical result achieved.

[0031] A distinctive feature related to the equality of the distance between adjacent notches along the X and Y axes of the upper and lower planes of the block, taking into account a technological gap of no more than 15% of the notch diameter, influences the nature of load transfer during block placement. This equality helps ensure symmetrical and repeatable mating, resulting in a balanced load distribution between the block and the inserts, ensuring a reliable connection (fastening) of the blocks and, consequently, the technical result in terms of increased strength of the entire block structure under horizontal operational loads.

[0032] If the diameter of the grooves is equal to the distance between adjacent grooves along the X and Y axes on the top and bottom planes of the block, taking into account a technological gap of no more than 15% of the groove diameter, a more regular rhythm between the grooves and the distance between them is achieved, simplifying their joining and reducing geometric variation between blocks. Moreover, when the grooves are symmetrically located and the dimensions are repeated, the load is distributed more evenly across the contact zones.

[0033] At the same time, the material from which the building blocks are made, together with their design, in particular, the equality of the diameter of the recesses and the distance between adjacent recesses along the X and Y axes on the upper and lower planes of the block, taking into account the technological gap, which is no more than 15% of the diameter of the recess, also affects the strength of the structure erected from them in the following way.

[0034] It is known (Construction materials and products: textbook / V.S. RUDNOV [et al.]; edited by Assoc. Prof., Ph.D. in Engineering I.K. Domanskaya, Yekaterinburg: Ural University Publishing House, 2018, pp. 19-38) that different construction materials have different physical, chemical and mechanical properties, including strength, hardness, deformation, brittleness, etc.

[0035] Moreover, for most natural and artificial materials (e.g., rocks, wood, ceramics, concrete, metals), at small deformations, the relationship between stress and strain can be considered linear and described by the generalized Hooke's law. Young's modulus, or elastic modulus, is the fundamental characteristic of a material's strength, indicating the critical stress that a material structure can withstand at its maximum deformation before failure.

[0036] Since materials have different values ​​of elastic moduli, the largest of which belong to metals, then, consequently, the material also affects the technical result in terms of increasing strength under horizontal loads, since the type of building material affects both the magnitude and stability of the bearing capacity, and the ability of the block to retain the shape of the recesses, be resistant to deformations and transfer the load through contact zones.

[0037] In other words, the same geometry of the notches will give different effects depending on what the block is made of: a stronger and more stable material will have a greater gain in structural strength.

[0038] Stronger materials, particularly metals, better absorb stress around the notches and are less prone to failure in the weakened section area; dense and homogeneous materials provide more stable block geometry, which means better coupling and more uniform transfer of forces between blocks.

[0039] Below are examples of the implementation of the utility model, which in no way limit all possible ways of its implementation.

[0040] Example 1. The 16-slot building block (Fig. 1) has the following characteristics:

[0041] Made of 12X18N10T steel.

[0042] Dimensions:

[0043] Length=2 Width=4 Height

[0044] Width=1 / 2 Length=2 Heights

[0045] Height=1 / 4 Length=1 / 2 Width

[0046] Equipped with 8 notches on each of the planes of the large beds (upper and lower planes of the block).

[0047] In 2 rows of 4 notches along the long side. The notches on the bed are located at an equal distance from adjacent notches and at an equal distance from the sides.

[0048] In this case, the distance between adjacent notches along the X axis and along the Y axis is equal to the diameter of each notch - 2L, and the distance of the notch from the sides is equal to 1 / 2 the distance between adjacent notches on one bed (L) (Fig. 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b).

[0049] The recesses are cylindrical in shape and are designed to connect and hold the blocks together using inserts and to reduce weight.

[0050] Notch size:

[0051] Diameter = 1 / 2 the block height, taking into account the technological gap.

[0052] Depth=1 / 2 the diameter of the recess, taking into account the technological gap.

[0053] Along the lower (inner) plane of the notch, a rounding is made along the edge formed by the vertical part and the lower plane of the notch. A rounding / chamfer is made along the upper edge of the notch and along the perimeter of the entire block.

[0054] The specific parameters of the 16-slot building block are: length 250mm, width 125mm, height 62.5mm, notch diameter 31.25mm, notch depth 15.63mm, the distance between the notches along the X axis is 31.25mm, the distance between the notches along the Y axis is 31.25mm, the distance from any extreme notch to the corresponding side is 15.63mm.

[0055] The process of inserting a building block is as follows.

[0056] The material used for manufacturing is stainless steel grade 12X18H10T (Fig. 6).

[0057] Insert dimensions:

[0058] Diameter=1 / 2 the height of the building block, taking into account the technological gap.

[0059] Height=Diameter taking into account the technological gap.

[0060] A rounding / chamfer is made along each edge of the planes.

[0061] Example of insert execution: Diameter 31.25 mm, height 31.25 mm, taking into account technological gaps.

[0062] Example 2. The 8-slot building block (Fig.4) has the following characteristics:

[0063] Made of cast iron grade VCh40.

[0064] Dimensions:

[0065] Length=Width=2 Height

[0066] Height=1 / 2 Length=1 / 2 Width

[0067] Equipped with 4 notches on each of the planes of the large beds (upper and lower planes of the block).

[0068] In 2 rows of 2 notches. The notches on the bed are located at an equal distance from adjacent notches and at an equal distance from the sides.

[0069] In this case, the distance between adjacent notches along the X axis and the Y axis is equal to the diameter of each notch - 2L, and the distance of the notch from the sides is equal to 1 / 2 the distance between adjacent notches on one bed (L).

[0070] The recesses are cylindrical in shape and are designed to connect and hold the blocks together using inserts and to reduce weight.

[0071] Notch size:

[0072] Diameter = 1 / 2 the height of the building block, taking into account the technological gap.

[0073] Depth=1 / 2 of the recess diameter, taking into account the technological gap.

[0074] Along the lower (inner) plane of the notch, a rounding is made along the edge formed by the vertical part and the lower plane of the notch. A rounding / chamfer is made along the upper edge of the notch and along the perimeter of the entire block.

[0075] The specific parameters of the 8-notch building block building block: length - 125mm, width - 125mm, height - 62.5mm, notch diameter 31.25mm, notch depth 15.63mm, the distance between the notches along the X-axis is 31.25mm, the distance between the notches along the Y-axis is 31.25mm, the distance from any extreme notch to the corresponding side is 15.63mm.

[0076] The process of inserting a building block is as follows.

[0077] The material used for manufacturing is bronze grade BrAZh9-4 (Fig. 7).

[0078] Insert dimensions:

[0079] Diameter=1 / 2 the height of the building block, taking into account the technological gap.

[0080] Height=Diameter taking into account the technological gap.

[0081] A rounding / chamfer is made along each edge of the planes.

[0082] Example of insert execution: Diameter 31.25 mm, height 31.25 mm, taking into account technological gaps.

[0083] Example 3.

[0084] It is carried out in a similar way to example 1, however the building block is made of lead grade C3 and has only 4 notches, 2 notches on each of the planes of the large beds (Fig. 5).

[0085] Further, practical experiments were conducted to determine the impact of the essential features of the claimed utility model on the achievable technical result (the creation of a metal building block with increased strength of the joints of structures constructed from it (walls, partitions, various architectural forms, buildings, structures, and / or their fragments, etc.) under horizontal operational loads) in comparison with the technical solution based on the closest analogue. Building blocks with 16 recesses (8 recesses on each of the upper and lower beds) were used for the experiments.

[0086] The experiment was based on experiments to determine the strength of the riveted joint (FROLOVA O.A., POYARKOVA E.V. Calculation of the strength of the riveted joint. Methodological guidelines, Orenburg, OSU, 2018, 19 p.).

[0087] In this case, when conducting the experiment for the stated technical solution, it was taken into account that in masonry, when exposed to a load in the horizontal direction, there are also two types of destruction of building blocks and connecting elements (inserts), namely:

[0088] 1) Shear is a line in a horizontal plane along which complete destruction of the material occurs when the load is exceeded, followed by a horizontal shift of the entire building block.

[0089] 2) Crumpling is the area of ​​compaction / partial destruction of a material when the load that the material can withstand is exceeded, followed by a partial shift of the entire building block horizontally.

[0090] Participants in the experiment:

[0091] 12 building blocks according to the closest analogue (RU 237734 U1, published 02.10.2025)

[0092] 12 building blocks according to the declared technical solution.

[0093] In all tests, the tested block structures consisted of three building blocks installed vertically, one above the other, connected using block connectors (inserts) and secured between fixed supports at the top and bottom. Four test replicates were performed for each block structure using the closest analog, and four test replicates were performed for each block structure using the claimed technical solution.

[0094] In the first stage of studying horizontal shear loads, the experiment involved applying a 25 kg load to the center of the test structures. The load was suspended by a rope and positioned in a fixed position with an amplitude such that upon impact with the test structure, the impact force had a horizontal vector. This test involved 12 blocks and 32 connecting elements, each made of a material matching the block's construction material.

[0095] In the second stage of studying horizontal operational bearing loads, the experiment was conducted by directing a horizontal jack rod toward the center of the test structures, gradually increasing the load until the connecting elements holding the extruded block completely failed. This test involved 12 blocks and 32 connecting elements, each made of a material matching the block's construction material.

[0096] The experimental results obtained are presented in Tables 1 and 2.

[0097] Table 1. Test results for studying horizontal operational shear loads for a structure made of building blocks according to the closest analogue (control) and according to the declared technical solution (experiment), performed in 4 replicates

[0098] Stage 1 (shear testing) Test No. The result obtained Control 1 destruction of the building block at the point of contact of the connecting elements 2 partial destruction of connecting elements 3 the connecting elements failed at the cut line 4 connecting elements and blocks partially collapsed at the cut line Experience 1 The connecting elements and blocks passed the test. There was no structural failure. 2 The connecting elements and blocks passed the test. There was no structural failure. 3 The connecting elements and blocks passed the test. There was no structural failure. 4 The connecting elements and blocks passed the test. There was no structural failure.

[0099] Table 2. Test results for studying horizontal operational crushing loads for a structure made of building blocks according to the closest analogue (control) and according to the declared technical solution (experiment), performed in 4 replicates

[0100] Stage 2 (for crushing) Test No. The result obtained Control 1 The connecting elements were destroyed along the cut line under a pressure of 1.8 tons. 2 destruction of the building block at the point of contact of the connecting element, upon reaching 1.6 tons. 3 partial destruction of connecting elements and partial destruction of the block under a pressure of 1.8 tons. 4 The connecting elements were destroyed along the cut line under a pressure of 1.9 tons. Experience 1 partial destruction of connecting elements and partial destruction of the block under a pressure of 5.9 tons. 2 partial destruction of connecting elements under a pressure of 6.4 tons. 3 partial destruction of connecting elements and partial destruction of the block under a pressure of 6.7 tons. 4 partial destruction of connecting elements and partial destruction of the block under a pressure of 6.2 tons.

[0101] Based on the results of the experimental studies presented in Tables 1 and 2, it can be concluded that the structure made from building blocks according to the stated technical solution has increased strength and stability when bearing horizontal operational loads (3-4 times stronger) compared to the structure made from building blocks according to the closest analogue.

Claims

1. A building block that is a rectangular parallelepiped made with recesses located on the upper and lower planes of the block and made with the possibility of placing inserts in these recesses, the lower recesses are located under the upper recesses, and the outer recesses are removed from the corresponding side faces by half the length between adjacent recesses formed on the upper and lower planes of the block, characterized in that the diameter of the recesses is equal to the distance between adjacent recesses along the X and Y axes on the upper and lower planes of the block, taking into account the technological gap, which is no more than 15% of the diameter of the recess, and the building block is made of a metallic material.

2. A building block according to paragraph 1, characterized in that the metallic material is a metal or its alloy.

3. A building block according to paragraph 1, characterized in that it is provided with eight notches on the upper plane and eight notches on the lower plane in two rows of four notches along the long side.

4. A building block according to paragraph 1, characterized in that it is provided with four notches on the upper plane and four notches on the lower plane in two rows of two notches along any of the sides.

5. A building block according to paragraph 1, characterized in that it is provided with two recesses on the upper plane and two recesses on the lower plane.

6. A building block according to paragraph 1, characterized in that the inserts correspond to the shape and size of the combined recesses.

7. A building block according to any of paragraphs 1-6, characterized in that it is made with a chamfer / rounding / rounding along all internal parts of the recesses, along the edges of each recess and along the perimeter of the planes and sides of the entire block.

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