Method for increasing spring wheat yield

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.SUBSTANCE: method includes foliar treatment of vegetative plants in the heading stage with a humic preparation mixed with an aqueous urea solution. A siliceous humic preparation obtained by alkaline extraction of humic material preheated to 60 °C is used as a humic preparation with a 1.5 % aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide at a component ratio of 1:15 in solids under the influence of ultrasound with a frequency of 37 kHz for 60 minutes, followed by separation of the liquid fraction by centrifugation of the extracted mass at a speed of 3000 rpm for 15 minutes, introduction of dry silicon oxide in an amount of 0.1% into the liquid fraction under the influence of ultrasound with a frequency of 37 kHz for 15 minutes, orthophosphoric acid with simultaneous stirring at a speed of 60 rpm until the liquid fraction reaches a hydrogen index of pH 7-8, infusion of a mixture of the liquid fraction and orthophosphoric acid for 24 hours at a temperature of 30 °C. The properties of the final product are stabilized by stirring at 30 rpm for 3 minutes. The humic material is a waste product of a liquid-phase bio-product for plant growing and agriculture, obtained by fermenting a peat-manure mixture at a ratio of 50:50 for 5 days with the addition of 3% wood ash by weight, followed by extraction of the solid-phase fermentation product with a 1% potassium phosphate solution and filtration of the extracted mass. As a result, a sediment is obtained, the primary nutrient of which is the carbon of organic matter Corg - 30.0-40.0, wt.%, and, in addition, including major nutrient elements, wt.%: nitrogen N total. 1.15-1.80; phosphorus P2O5 1.4-2.2; potassium K2O 1.0-2.3; calcium CaO 1.1-1.6; magnesium MgO 0.2-0.8; and minor nutrient elements - boron, copper, cobalt, manganese, selenium, silicon. Additionally, foliar treatment of vegetative plants is carried out by fine irrigation in the flag leaf phase. The working solution for foliar treatment of vegetative spring wheat plants on a crop area of 1 ha in the flag leaf phase contains 1 liter of a siliceous humic preparation in an aqueous urea solution, which is prepared by dissolving 30 kg of urea in 200 liters of irrigation water. A working solution for irrigating spring wheat plants on a crop area of 1 hectare during the heading phase is 1 liter of a siliceous humic preparation in an aqueous urea solution, prepared by dissolving 10 kg of urea in 200 liters of irrigation water.EFFECT: method ensures an increase in the yield of spring wheat through the use of foliar treatment of vegetative plants with a siliceous humic preparation mixed with an aqueous urea solution in the technology of its cultivation in the flag leaf and heading phases.1 cl, 4 tbl

Description

[0001] The invention relates to agriculture, the field of advanced agricultural technologies and can be used to increase the productivity of spring wheat through bioactivation and improve plant resistance to stress conditions.

[0002] Currently, one of the most important tasks in agriculture is the production of high-quality food grain, the quantity and quality of which are largely determined by the influence of complex, interrelated factors. Recently, agricultural producers of various sizes have increasingly turned to affordable and effective growth-promoting substances, which are products of high technology. These products allow for increased crop productivity and product quality, while reducing costs, with minimal financial investment—critical criteria for organizing highly efficient crop production in the harsh conditions of today's market economy.

[0003] The most important factor in determining the yield and quality of spring wheat are weather conditions during the growing season [The influence of meteorological conditions on the quality of spring wheat grain (Triticum L.) / Rubets VS et al. Bulletin of the TSA. 2021. No. 5. pp. 89-108.]. Due to these changing factors that determine the efficiency of agriculture, the cultivation of any crops may prove to be unstable, and the adaptability of the grown plants is not achieved even through breeding work preceding agricultural practice.

[0004] Unstable weather conditions negatively impact the productivity and quality of agricultural crops, ultimately leading to low economic efficiency. To offset the negative impact of abiotic factors in agricultural production, natural and synthetic products are used, the positive effects of which have been demonstrated by both international and domestic research. These products are designed to enhance the plant's natural defenses against various adverse environmental factors.

[0005] For the purpose of greening and biologizing agricultural production, it is necessary to move from the use of means of regulating the productivity of cultivated plants, applied in doses of tons, centners, kilograms per hectare, to the use of means of regulation used in doses of grams, milligrams per hectare (Nickell J. Growth regulators in agriculture. - M.: Kolos, 1984, 148 p.).

[0006] A method for cultivating spring wheat is known (RU Patent No. 2819033, Class A01C 1 / 06, 2023), including soil tillage, sowing after the previous crop, application of mineral fertilizers, two sprayings of plants with an active silicon preparation, and treatment with herbicides, an insecticide, and a fungicide. NaturAgroEcoGrow is applied as a silicon-containing preparation. The first spraying of plants with NaturAgroEcoGrow, containing active silicon, is carried out during the wheat seedling stage at a rate of 15-20 l / ha, and a second spraying during the tillering stage at a rate of 2 l / ha with the addition of 40 g of ammonium nitrate to the tank mixture. This invention increases the productivity of grain crops and produces high-quality spring wheat grain.

[0007] A silicon fertilizer is known (RU Patent No. 2658376, cl. C05G 1 / 00, C05D 9 / 02, 2017), made in the form of a mixture of dry residue uniformly distributed in polyethylene glycol with a polyethylene glycol content of 20-50% by weight of the dry residue, where the dry residue contains mineral substances in a finely dispersed state and, calculated as elements, contains in % by weight of the dry residue: iron - 5-10; zinc 1-5; nitrogen 1-10; potassium 1-10; copper 1-5 and silicon - the rest, up to 100%. Silicon fertilizer is diluted with water in a weight ratio of 1:500-1:2000 and seeds or shoots of plants are sprayed with the solution until completely wetted. The invention makes it possible to increase plant resistance to diseases, accelerate seed growth and germination, and improve yield and the quality of finished products when spraying plant seedlings.

[0008] A known means for stimulating the growth of agricultural crops, primarily wheat (RU Patent No. 2635103, class A01C 1 / 06, 2016), contains an aqueous solution of biologically active substances, which are iron and silicon oxide nanoparticles in a weight ratio of 1:1, with their concentration in the working fluid of 5*10 -5 -10*10 -5 g / l. The product increases germination energy, emergence, and plant viability.

[0009] A method for cultivating spring wheat using the NanoSilicon preparation is known, including pre-sowing treatment of seeds with the NanoSilicon preparation 500 g / t, spraying crops with the NanoSilicon preparation in the tillering phase 100 g / ha and in the tube emergence phase 100 g / ha (RU Patent No. 2799832, cl. C05D 9 / 02, A01C 1 / 06, B82B 1 / 00, 2022).

[0010] A method is known for increasing the yield of spring grains, namely oats or wheat (RU Patent No. 2678126, cl. A01C 1 / 06, A01N 55 / 10, 2018), which includes pre-sowing treatment of seeds with a preparation, which is an aqueous suspension of silicon oxide nanoparticles with a concentration of 0.3×10 -4 -3.0×10 -4 % with average particle sizes of 1-15 nm, obtained by pulsed laser ablation of a monocrystalline silicon target in distilled water. This well-known method increases grain yields, accelerates germination, and improves the viability of agricultural plants.

[0011] The role of humic acids in regulating plant metabolism is well known. Well-known technical solutions demonstrate their effectiveness as growth regulators to increase the yield of many agricultural crops through seed treatment or spraying during vegetative growth:

[0012] - a complex preparation for pre-sowing treatment of spring wheat seeds using a semi-dry method is known (RU Patent No. 2728686, class A01C 1 / 06, 2019), including potassium or sodium humate, brewer's yeast autolysate, calcium bentonite, gibberellic acid salts and polyethylene glycol and is a bentonite-humate complex in the form of an aqueous suspension;

[0013] - a known wheat growth stimulator (RU patent No. 2321253, class A01N 65 / 00, C05F 11 / 02, 2006), including humic acids obtained by alkaline hydrolysis of peat with an aqueous solution of ammonia in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, and additionally a cobalt salt, for example cobalt chloride, in the following ratio of components, g / l: humic acids 0.05-0.005, cobalt salt 1-2;

[0014] - a method for treating oat plants is known (RU Patent No. 2492612, cl. A01C 1 / 00, 2012), including spraying by means of finely dispersed irrigation once the above-ground part of vegetative plants at the tillering stage with an aqueous solution of organomineral fertilizer, which is an extract from the granulated peat ameliorant "Agrohumat Extra", obtained by insisting for 7 days the granules of the peat ameliorant "Agrohumat Extra" in water with a temperature of 20 ° C at a ratio of 1 part of the granules of the peat ameliorant "Agrohumat Extra" to 2 parts of water, followed by shaking the mixture and filtering through a sieve with a mesh size of 0.5 mm, the concentration of the working fluid is 1.0%, its consumption rate is 250 l / ha.

[0015] Along with growth-stimulating activity, preparations based on humic acids have the ability to increase plant resistance to adverse factors of various natures.

[0016] A known method for reducing the accumulation of copper, zinc, lead, cadmium and nickel by the above-ground organs of spring wheat in conditions of arable soil pollution with heavy metals involves pre-sowing treatment of seeds with a 10% solution of Agroverm "ROST" vermicompost in an emulsion of electrochemically stabilized catholyte (RU Patent No. 2763191, cl. A01C 1 / 06, 2020).

[0017] The appeal of using humic acid-based products is due to their activity at very low concentrations, as well as their normal presence in the cells of all living soil microorganisms. These are environmentally safe, natural biopreparations that also play an important role in soil formation (http: / / biomics.ru).

[0018] The closest to the declared one in technical essence is the method for increasing the yield of wheat (A. Bezkorovayny et al. "Aviation application of growth regulators in crops of agricultural crops." Working meeting on the program "Regulators of plant growth and development" (Moscow, July 16-18, 1991, M., - 1991, p. 93. - VASKhNIL and the Moscow Agricultural Academy named after Timiryazev, prototype), which consists in treating wheat seedlings in the phase of heading and grain filling with sodium humate at a dose of 50-80 g / ha mixed with a 30% urea solution.

[0019] The disadvantage of the known method of processing agricultural crops is its low efficiency.

[0020] The introduction of nanotechnology is observed in all areas, and the agro-industrial complex is no exception. One of the areas of the nanoindustry in agriculture is the development of preparations for plant growing containing nanoparticles of various metals, humic substances, silicon, etc. [Zhemchuzhin S.G., Spiridonov Yu.Ya., Kleymenova I.Yu., Bosak G.S. Nanotechnology and pesticides (digest of publications for 2011-2017) / / Agrochemistry. 2019. N 5. pp. 89-96].

[0021] Nanosized preparations used in plant growing most often have a single component as the main active ingredient (RU Patent No. 2678126, RU Patent No. 2799832, etc.). Developing methods for producing complex formulations with a synergistic effect is a promising area. These new preparations are capable of more rapidly incorporating into plant biochemical processes, resulting in reduced seed germination, stronger root systems, and efficient metabolism of incoming nutrients, thereby increasing the productive capacity of agricultural crops.

[0022] The use of known compounds in the nanostate opens up unprecedented opportunities for their action at the cellular and subcellular levels in the process of formation and development of plants (Pavlov G.V. Biological activity of ultradisperse powders: monograph / G.V. Pavlov, G.E. Folmanis. - M .: Research Center for Problems of Quality of Training of Specialists, 1999. - 78 p; Usanova Z.I. Theory and practice of creating highly productive crops of common oats in the conditions of the Upper Volga region: monograph / Z.I. Usanova, A.S. Vasiliev. - Tver: Tver State Agricultural Academy, 2014. - 325 p).

[0023] In this regard, one of the most promising areas of application of nanomaterials is their use to increase productivity through bioactivation and improve plant resistance to stress conditions during the cultivation of various field crops, in particular spring wheat, which occupies one of the leading places in terms of gross production in both global and domestic agriculture.

[0024] The problem solved by this invention is to increase the yield of spring wheat by improving the resistance of plants to stress conditions.

[0025] The technical result obtained by solving the stated problem consists of increasing the yield of spring wheat by using foliar treatment of vegetative plants with a siliceous humic preparation mixed with an aqueous urea solution during the flag leaf and heading stages. The range of effective preparations used in spring wheat cultivation has been expanded, capable of mobilizing the growth and defense systems of the plant organism under stress conditions.

[0026] The problem posed by the invention is solved in that in the method for increasing the yield of spring wheat, which includes foliar treatment of vegetative plants by finely dispersed irrigation in the heading phase with a humic-containing preparation mixed with an aqueous solution of urea, foliar treatment of vegetative plants is additionally carried out in the flag leaf phase;a humic-humic preparation is used as a humic-containing preparation obtained by alkaline extraction of humic-containing material with a 1.5% aqueous solution of caustic potassium preheated to 60°C at a component ratio of 1:15 for dry matter under the influence of ultrasound at a frequency of 37 kHz for 60 minutes, followed by separation of the liquid fraction by centrifugation of the extracted mass at a speed of 3000 rpm for 15 minutes, introduction of dry silicon oxide in the amount of 0.1% into the liquid fraction under the influence of ultrasound at a frequency of 37 kHz for 15 minutes, orthophosphoric acid with simultaneous stirring at a speed of 60 rpm until the liquid fraction reaches a hydrogen index of pH 7-8, infusion of a mixture of the liquid fraction and orthophosphoric acid for 24 hours at a temperature of 30°C and stabilization of the properties of the final product by stirring it at a speed of 30 rpm for 3 minutes;wherein the humic-containing material is a waste product from the production of a liquid-phase bio-product for plant growing and agriculture, obtained by carrying out a fermentation process for 5 days of a peat-manure mixture at a component ratio of 50:50 with the addition of wood ash in the amount of 3 wt.%, followed by extraction with a 1% solution of potassium phosphate of the solid-phase fermentation product and filtration of the extracted mass, resulting in a precipitate, the active principle of which is the carbon of organic matter C; орг - 30.0-40.0 wt. %, and, in addition, including macroelements: nitrogen N общ- 1.15-1.80, wt. %; phosphorus P2O5 - 1.4-2.2, wt. %; potassium K2O - 1.0-2.3, wt. %; calcium CaO - 1.1-1.6, wt. %; magnesium MgO - 0.2-0.8, wt. % and microelements, at least boron, copper, cobalt, manganese, selenium, silicon; The working solution for foliar treatment of vegetative spring wheat plants on a crop area of ​​1 hectare in the flag leaf phase contains 1 liter of a silico-humic preparation in an aqueous solution of urea, which is prepared by dissolving 30 kg of urea in 200 liters of irrigation water, and the working solution for irrigation of vegetative spring wheat plants on a crop area of ​​1 hectare in the earing phase - 1 liter of a silico-humic preparation in an aqueous solution of urea, which is prepared by dissolving 10 kg of urea in 200 liters of irrigation water.

[0027] In the course of developing a method for increasing the yield of spring wheat, a preparation was selected for foliar treatment of vegetative spring wheat plants, capable of increasing plant resistance to stress conditions and mobilizing the growth and defense systems of the plant organism under stress conditions, the timing of foliar treatment of vegetative spring wheat plants was determined, the composition of the working solution and its consumption rate were developed.

[0028] Humic substances and silicon are known to exhibit stress-protective, protective, and stimulating properties. They have a positive effect on crop plants, activating complex physiological mechanisms, allowing cells to utilize additional energy.

[0029] Humic substances are ubiquitous in the environment and constitute one of the largest pools of non-living organic carbon. Numerous studies have shown that natural humic substances have pronounced stimulating activity with respect to plant growth (review Nardi, S., Pizzeghello, D., Muscolo, A., Vianello, A. 2002. Physiological effect of humic substances on higher plants, Soil Biol. Biochem. 34, 1527-1536). As a result, at present humic preparations, which are obtained industrially from coal, peat, sapropel and other humic materials, have found wide application in agricultural technologies as plant growth regulators (Bogoslovsky V.N., Levinsky B.V., Sychev V.G. 2004. Agrotechnologies of the Future, Moscow, RIF Antiqua. 163 p.).

[0030] Humic preparations are characterized by a clearly targeted effect on growth processes. The most widely known humic preparations are sodium or potassium humate. Their use in low concentrations leads to enhanced root development and, consequently, improved nutritional conditions. Growth of the above-ground part of the plant is accelerated, and respiration and photosynthesis are activated. These preparations neutralize the negative impact of pesticides on crops and relieve radiation damage (Bezuglova O.S., 2000. Fertilizers and Growth Stimulants, Rostov-on-Don, Phoenix, 220 p.).

[0031] The effect of silicon fertilizer on wheat yield was first examined in a study led by the Leibniz Center for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) and published in the journal Science of the Total Environment. In field trials, plants produced significantly more biomass. Soil carbon sequestration and water availability also improved significantly as a result of the fertilizer application. This may improve plant resilience to drought in the future. Thanks to improved soil water availability, plant biomass doubled after silicon fertilizer application, resulting in an 80% increase in grain yield compared to conventional farming. Increased biomass production also releases more organic carbon into the soil in the form of straw, which is then fixed there, thereby improving the soil.Silicon fertilizer application could provide a more sustainable and environmentally friendly option for crop production while mitigating the impacts of climate change.

[0032] (https: / / agroimpulstd.ru / news / novosti / vnesenie-udobreniy-s-kremniem-povyshaet-urozhaynost-pshenitsy / ?ysclid=me 1 slxeniv590634970).

[0033] New agrobionatechnologies have been used in recent years to achieve high efficiency in agricultural production. Numerous "poison-free" products capable of replacing pesticides are being introduced into agricultural practice. In crop production, the use of nanopreparations as plant protection products increases resistance to adverse weather conditions and yields by an average of 1.5-2 times for almost all food crops (potatoes, grains, vegetables, fruits and berries), industrial crops (cotton, flax), and other crops. Spraying them on plants strengthens the plant's immune system, reduces disease incidence, increases yields, and produces high-quality products. This effect is achieved through the more active penetration of biologically active substances and micronutrients into the plant due to the nanoparticle size, their unique functionality, and their complex properties.

[0034] Using nanotechnology, a siliceous-humic preparation has been developed. It is obtained by introducing dry silicon oxide at a concentration of 0.1% into a humic preparation for plant growing and agriculture under the influence of 37 kHz ultrasound for 15 minutes. The preparation is applied in ultra-low doses, while its high effectiveness is achieved through direct contact with vegetative plants during the intensive growth and development periods of spring wheat. The preparation does not contain any environmentally hazardous chemical compounds and can be used in biological farming systems. The biocompatibility of silicon and humic substances in the composition of the preparation for foliar treatment of plants is an additional advantage. The complex composition of the preparation with a synergistic effect determines the unique stimulating properties of these hybrid compounds for plants (Yu.D. Smirnova, G.Yu. Rabinovich, N.V. Fomicheva).A method for producing a nanosized siliceous humic preparation and testing it on potato plants. Universities News. Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology. 2021, Vol. 11, No. 3. Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation.

[0035] Urea solution is a nitrogen fertilizer for grain crops. In low-moisture conditions, the use of liquid nitrogen fertilizers in grain cultivation is most effective due to the possibility of foliar application. Another advantage of liquid fertilizers is the ability to be combined with plant protection products and growth regulators, thereby saving time and money.

[0036] The stages of foliar treatment of vegetative plants of spring wheat are determined by the following factors.

[0037] The flag leaf phase is when spikelets form in the ear, establishing the main yield potential of spring wheat. Therefore, nutrient deficiencies during this period disrupt the development of generative organs. Even if the soil contains sufficient nutrients, high or low temperatures, prolonged rainfall, or drought reduce plant nutrition through the roots. Therefore, foliar feeding of plants with nitrogen and specialized fertilizers during this phase helps reduce the negative impact of weather conditions and increase yield.

[0038] Feeding spring wheat plants during the heading stage helps increase the efficiency of photosynthesis and the development of grain quality indicators, such as 1000-kernel weight, protein, gluten, etc. The incoming nutrients during this period are not used for vegetative growth, but are entirely devoted to the development of quality indicators of the harvest.

[0039] The consumption rates of the silica-humic preparation and the aqueous solution of urea in their mixture were determined experimentally and confirmed by field tests.

[0040] The claimed method for increasing the yield of spring wheat is explained by tables.

[0041] Table 1 shows the basic technology for growing spring wheat; Table 2 shows the technology for growing spring wheat using a silico-humic preparation mixed with an aqueous solution of urea for foliar treatment of spring wheat plants in the flag leaf and heading phases; Table 3 shows the nitrogen content in spring wheat plants by development phases; Table 4 shows the elements of the spring wheat yield structure in crops with foliar feeding of spring wheat plants in the flag leaf and heading phases with a silico-humic preparation mixed with an aqueous solution of urea and the yield of spring wheat.

[0042] The claimed method for increasing the yield of spring wheat includes the following operations:

[0043] - preparation of urea aqueous solution by dissolving 30 kg of urea in 200 liters of irrigation water;

[0044] - preparation of urea aqueous solution by dissolving 10 kg of urea in 200 liters of irrigation water;

[0045] - preparation of a working solution for foliar treatment of vegetative spring wheat plants in the flag leaf phase by thoroughly mixing 1 liter of a siliceous humic preparation with an aqueous solution of urea containing 30 kg of urea in 200 liters of irrigation water; the finished working solution is used freshly prepared for treating 1 hectare of spring wheat crops;

[0046] - preparation of a working solution for foliar treatment of vegetative spring wheat plants in the heading phase by thoroughly mixing 1 liter of a siliceous humic preparation with an aqueous solution of urea containing 10 kg of urea in 200 liters of irrigation water; the finished working solution is used freshly prepared for treating 1 hectare of spring wheat crops;

[0047] - spraying by fine-dispersed irrigation of the above-ground part of vegetative plants of spring wheat with a working solution for foliar treatment of vegetative plants of spring wheat in the flag leaf phase;

[0048] - spraying by fine-dispersed irrigation of the above-ground part of vegetative plants of spring wheat with a working solution for foliar treatment of vegetative plants of spring wheat in the heading phase.

[0049] The technical result, which consists in increasing the yield of spring wheat, is shown using the example of a specific implementation of the claimed method.

[0050] Example.

[0051] Field studies on the cultivation of the Zlata spring wheat variety in the Tver region were conducted in 2023-2024 on experimental plots at VNIMZ. In the experimental variant, spring wheat crops were fertilized with a silicohumic preparation in an aqueous urea solution during the flag leaf and heading stages. During the flag leaf stage, a foliar application solution for spring wheat plants cultivated on an area of ​​1 hectare was prepared by dissolving 30 kg of urea in 200 L of irrigation water with the addition of 1 liter of silicohumic preparation. During the heading stage, a solution was prepared by dissolving 10 kg of urea in 200 L of irrigation water with the addition of 1 liter of silicohumic preparation.

[0052] The spring wheat cultivation technology is presented in Table 2. Spring wheat crops were treated with fine-mist irrigation in dry, windless weather during the flag leaf and heading stages. The experiment was repeated three times. The basic spring wheat cultivation technology in the Tver region (Table 1) was used as a control, according to which spring wheat plants were fertilized with ammonium nitrate N30 during the tillering stage using a mineral fertilizer spreader. Yield metering was performed using the continuous method using a John Deere combine at the stage of full grain maturity. Analysis of the crop structure and crop accounting - according to the generally accepted methodology (Usanova Z.I. Methodology for conducting scientific research and coursework on plant growing: Textbook. / Z.I. Usanova. - Tver: TGSKhA, 2013. - 112 p.).

[0053] The weather conditions in June - early July, when the main phases of spring wheat yield formation (tillering, flag leaf, heading) occur, were unfavorable in both years of the study. June-July 2023 were cool, with the average temperature being 0.6-1.5°C below normal, accompanied by drought in June (moisture availability was 53-57% of normal) and waterlogging in July (precipitation was 136% of normal). The first ten days of June 2024 (tillering phase) were characterized by hot and warm weather with short-term rains (3.8°C above average, precipitation was 55% of normal). In the second ten days of June, after heavy rains, soil waterlogging was observed (bootstrap phase). In the third ten-day period of June (flag leaf) and the first ten-day period of July (beginning of earing), hot weather prevailed with short-term rains - 2.8°C above average, precipitation - 20% of the norm.

[0054] Research has shown that soil moisture deficiency during the tillering period of spring wheat in both years analyzed had a negative impact on the effectiveness of ammonium nitrate application (baseline technology). Under the baseline technology, the fertilizer was not uniformly distributed across the soil profile, resulting in insufficient nutrient delivery to the plant roots, which, in turn, negatively impacted their overall physiological condition and productivity.

[0055] Foliar application of a urea solution in combination with a silica-humic preparation during the flag leaf stage demonstrated a significant improvement in nutrient transport in plants. This agronomic practice contributed to an increase in nitrogen concentration in wheat biomass (Table 3), which, in turn, had a positive effect on its physiological and biochemical status and productivity. The obtained results demonstrate the high effectiveness of combined foliar application in conditions of low soil moisture.

[0056] The nitrogen content in wheat plants at the heading stage in the variant with complex foliar feeding with a urea solution together with a silico-humic preparation was 0.2 abs.% higher compared to root feeding with ammonium nitrate in the basic technology. The difference remained until the milky ripeness stage: foliar feeding at the heading stage with an aqueous solution of urea with a silico-humic preparation increased the difference in nitrogen content in plants between the control and experimental variants, amounting to 0.3 abs.% (Table 3). The increase in grain yield of spring wheat with the use of two complex foliar treatments with an aqueous solution of urea with a silico-humic preparation averaged 13.6% over two years compared to the basic spring wheat growing technology (Table 4).

[0057] An assessment of the morpho-biometric parameters of wheat plants revealed that the number of productive stems differed insignificantly between treatments, with the yield increase driven by ear productivity (Table 4). Foliar treatment of spring wheat plants during the flag leaf and heading stages with a siliceous humic preparation, combined with nitrogen fertilizers in the form of an aqueous urea solution, increased the number of grains per ear by 6.8% and the 1,000-grain weight by 3%.

[0058] Spraying spring wheat crops during the heading phase affected the quality of the resulting grain: when using ammonium nitrate as a fertilizer in the basic technology, the protein content averaged 14.5%, while with two complex foliar treatments, the protein content averaged 15.2%, with gluten content reaching 25.88% and 26.73%, respectively. The grain weight was virtually identical, averaging 730 g / L.

[0059] Thus, it has been experimentally confirmed that foliar feeding of spring wheat plants with a siliceous humic preparation mixed with an aqueous solution of urea in the flag leaf and heading phases is indeed an effective method of feeding spring wheat plants in the technology of its cultivation, increasing the viability of plants to unfavorable weather conditions and ensuring high yields of spring wheat plants under stress conditions.

[0060] Based on the above, it can be concluded that it is advisable to widely use foliar feeding of spring wheat plants with a siliceous humic preparation mixed with an aqueous solution of urea in the flag leaf and heading phases in the technology of growing spring wheat in risky farming conditions.

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Claims

A method for increasing the yield of spring wheat, including foliar treatment of vegetative plants in the heading phase with a humic-containing preparation mixed with an aqueous solution of urea, characterized in that the humic-containing preparation used is a siliceous humic preparation obtained by alkaline extraction of humic-containing material preheated to 60°C with a 1.5% aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide at a component ratio of 1:15 by dry matter under the influence of ultrasound at a frequency of 37 kHz for 60 minutes, followed by separation of the liquid fraction by centrifugation of the extracted mass at a speed of 3000 rpm for 15 minutes, introduction of dry silicon oxide in the amount of 0.1% into the liquid fraction under the influence of ultrasound at a frequency of 37 kHz for 15 minutes, orthophosphoric acid with simultaneous mixing at a speed of 60 rpm until the liquid fraction reaches a pH of 7-8,by infusing a mixture of the liquid fraction and orthophosphoric acid for 24 hours at a temperature of 30°C and stabilizing the properties of the final product by stirring it at a speed of 30 rpm for 3 minutes, wherein the humic material is a waste product from the production of a liquid-phase bio-product for plant growing and agriculture, obtained by carrying out a fermentation process for 5 days of a peat-manure mixture at a component ratio of 50:50 with the addition of wood ash in an amount of 3 wt.%, followed by extraction with a 1% solution of potassium phosphate of the solid-phase fermentation product and filtration of the extracted mass, resulting in a precipitate, the active principle of which is the carbon of the organic substance C, орг - 30.0-40.0 wt.%, and, in addition, including macroelements, wt.%: nitrogen N общ. 1.15-1.80; phosphorus P2O5 1.4-2.2; potassium K2O 1.0-2.3; calcium CaO 1.1-1.6; magnesium MgO 0.2-0.8; and microelements - boron, copper, cobalt, manganese, selenium, silicon, while additional foliar treatment of vegetative plants is carried out by fine-dispersed irrigation in the flag leaf phase, the working solution for foliar treatment of vegetative spring wheat plants on a crop area of ​​1 hectare in the flag leaf phase contains 1 liter of a silico-humic preparation in an aqueous solution of urea, which is prepared by dissolving 30 kg of urea in 200 liters of irrigation water, and the working solution for irrigation of spring wheat plants on a crop area of ​​1 hectare in the heading phase - 1 liter of a silico-humic preparation in an aqueous solution of urea, which is prepared by dissolving 10 kg of urea in 200 liters of irrigation water.

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