Method for determining conditions of vessels and biological tissues using combined effect of optical radiation

Abstract

FIELD: medical instrument making.SUBSTANCE: invention is related to optical diagnostics of the physiological and pathophysiological state of blood vessels and biological tissues of a person. A method is proposed for determining the state of blood vessels and biological tissues using the combined effect of optical radiation, which consists in exposing the area of biological tissue to be examined to electromagnetic radiation in the optical range of wavelengths using at least two wavelengths simultaneously or alternately, ensuring the recording of secondary optical radiation emitted from the tissue and, based on the data obtained, determining the parameters of its state, characterized in that not one point source of radiation is used, but a plurality of light-emitting diodes located on removable modules in the frame of the photo scanner, having an annular, square, oval or triangular shape nested inside each other, allowing the introduction of a light wave into the tissue along the entire perimeter of the LED arrangement or in its individual sections, leaving an open section of the tissue being examined in the center of the used figure of constructing the LED module, with the provision of the possibility of processing and analyzing the obtained results and forming, on their basis, assessments of the state of biological tissue, including visually based on the obtained images of the secondary optical radiation emitted from the tissue or by means of technical vision based on a mobile phone with a pre-installed application or a camera with displaying the received data on the computer monitor.EFFECT: determination of the state of human blood vessels and biological tissues based on the complex radiation of selectable and controlled light fluxes.5 cl, 21 dwg, 2 tbl

Description

[0001] The invention pertains to medical instrumentation, specifically optical diagnostics of the physiological and pathophysiological state of human blood vessels and biological tissues. Its implementation is based on the developed medical diagnostic equipment, designed for non-destructive, in vivo testing and monitoring of the physiological state of human blood vessels and biological tissues.

[0002] The control and monitoring system of the invention is based on methods for obtaining information necessary for identifying diseases and determining a patient's treatment plan. The method is based on irradiating human blood vessels and biological tissue with laser or narrowband LED radiation sources of varying wavelengths while controlling the power, polarization, and other physical properties of the generated optical beam illuminating the biological tissue. This is followed by frequency-spectral and / or amplitude-spectral analysis of the parameters of secondary radiation emitted from the tissue (reflected, scattered, induced, excited, and background).

[0003] Spectrophotometric analysis of biological tissues is a promising non-invasive method for identifying the condition of human blood vessels and biological tissues and evaluating the results of the studies. It is based on the ability of various chemical compounds to interact with radiation through absorption [1-4]. The properties of substances associated with the absorption of electromagnetic radiation are determined by factors such as the concentration of the substance, its temperature, the wavelength of the radiation, and the thickness of the absorbing layer. In biological tissues, the main absorbing centers (chromophores) are water molecules, fat molecules, hemoglobin, and other structural components [1-4].

[0004] Figure 1 shows an illustration explaining the main features of the interaction of optical radiation with biological tissue.

[0005] Physical phenomena associated with the transformation of the light flux from an optical radiation source directed at the skin surface involve its direct reflection, absorption, and scattering in biological tissue (Fig. 1). The intensity of these processes is related to the angle of incidence of the light flux on human skin. Direct reflection will be minimal at the angle of incidence of the light flux on the selected skin area, but absorption and scattering in biological tissue will be at their maximum intensity.

[0006] The depth of radiation penetration into biological tissue is becoming a determining factor in medical and biological research. This characteristic, and at the same time, the interest of researchers, is determined by the fact that the depth of radiation penetration into tissue is directly related to the effectiveness of diagnostics and the targeted treatment. This is particularly relevant in laser and phototherapy and in the diagnosis of various diseases, where an accurate assessment of tissue condition plays a key role.

[0007] Figure 2 shows an illustration of the structure of human skin and the manifestation of the processes of action / reflection of the light flux depending on the angles of its incidence. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the relative depth of the various layers of human skin (Fig. 2(A)), as well as the features of the effect of light radiation on biological tissue (Fig. 2(B)) [1 - 4]. Thus, the epidermis of human skin has a thickness of about 100 μm, and the dermis extends for 1.6 - 1.9 mm. It should also be noted that depth is not the only anatomical factor that impedes the penetration of light. It is also necessary to take into account the distribution of light-absorbing molecules, such as chromophores, in different layers. It may differ in different people, which leads to an uneven distribution of light energy depending on the skin type. Also, the presence of keratinocytes on the skin surface, which have the ability to reflect light, which increases with the thickening of the stratum corneum of the epidermis.Approximately 5-7% of light is reflected at the level of the stratum corneum

[25] . However, treatment has been found to be effective for superficial skin lesions, although pathogenic activity often occurs in the deeper layers of the skin and even in subcutaneous tissues (fatty tissue, muscle), so monitoring their condition is essential. However, this capability is significantly limited with the current level of medical technology. New, innovative solutions are needed.

[0008] In addition to the previously mentioned processes of reflection, absorption, and scattering, studying the transmission of light through biological tissues is an important factor in medical and biological research. Reflection results in the loss of light energy, making optical radiation unsuitable for medical purposes. Also important to consider is the properties of the stratum corneum of the epidermis, which reflects some of the light in both directions, both when penetrating the tissue and when the reflected light exits, increasing energy and information loss. Various chromophores actively influence absorption processes on the skin's surface. The phenomenon observed as "transmission" helps the light beam penetrate the superficial tissues and reach deeper layers, while "scattering" prevents the precise impact of light energy on a specific point.

[0009] The reflective properties of the stratum corneum of the epidermis are poorly understood, although they introduce a number of measurement errors when assessing the penetration effect and the impact of radiation on tissue. There is no information on the influence of wavelength on the ability of radiation to reflect from the stratum corneum of the epidermis, which creates a certain vacuum in solving therapeutic problems related to tissue irradiation. There is information from ophthalmology on the indirect significance of this fact

[26] . High-power lasers can damage the outer layers of the skin. In the infrared region, the energy of the shortest waves (0.7-1.3 μm) penetrates to a comparatively greater depth into the skin and transparent media of the eye. At this wavelength, 20% of the energy incident on the superficial layer of the skin penetrates the skin to a depth of up to 5 mm. When exposed to infrared radiation, the cornea of ​​the eye is transparent to radiation in the wavelength range of 0.75-1.3 µm and becomes practically opaque only for wavelengths greater than 2 µm.Thermal damage to the cornea can completely destroy the protective epithelial layer. At a minimum energy density of 4.2 J / cm. 2 In the 0.8-1.1 µm wavelength range, damage to the iris is possible. Simultaneous damage to both the cornea and iris has the most dangerous consequences.

[0010] Absorption in tissues occurs due to the presence of certain molecules that greatly attenuate the intensity of light at certain wavelengths. In particular, melanin, hemoglobin, and water are the main molecules that absorb light in the skin. The absorption profiles of these molecules are shown in the image presented in Fig. 3 [3,4]. Therefore, this can be a useful guide when selecting a laser wavelength based on the molecular composition of the tissue.

[0011] The choice of wavelength plays a crucial role in determining the depth of laser penetration. As shown in the diagram in Figure 5, wavelengths close to the red spectrum penetrate the deepest, while wavelengths close to the ultraviolet spectrum remain in the epidermis.

[0012] Shorter wavelengths are preferred for treating the epidermis, while near-red wavelengths are preferred for treating the dermis. Nd:YAG and diode lasers offer this capability. They are distinguished by their ability to penetrate the skin more deeply.

[0013] In addition to the absorption wavelength, the impact profile on the surrounding tissue is important for achieving a precise effect. Figure 4 shows the different tissue impact zones when using a laser.

[0014] The contact tip, its pressure on the biological tissue, pulse energy, and beam profile also influence the achievement of treatment goals. Pressure from the contact tip can lead to photoablation, as shown on the right in Fig. 4.

[0015] The degree of contact pressure between the radiation source and the tissue also influences the achievement of diagnostic and treatment goals. With no contact pressure, radiation passes through tissue in its natural state, with generally known properties. When pressure is applied to the tissue, it contracts, the density of the tissue layers increases, and they shift and deform. Simultaneously, the water concentration and blood flow to the microcirculatory bed decrease in the area under pressure. This alters the concentration of chromophores and substances that affect the properties of the radiation. Increasing the degree of pressure intensifies tissue dehydration, maximizing tissue density, limiting radiation propagation and accumulating energy in a narrow layer, leading to overheating.(Not exactly, but suitable for explanation: A possible explanation for the occurrence of collagen denaturation at low temperatures may be the manifestation of the photomechanical effect, as one of three possible components of the action of laser radiation. In the case of connective tissues characterized by a high water content and the presence of a branched (structured or chaotic) collagen subsystem, the denaturation process is caused by the emergence and development of "quasi-stationary pressures". Non-uniform heating of connective tissue components caused by the action of laser radiation leads to their local expansion and the movement of tissue water from the heating zone to the region of lower temperatures. Considering the relatively low hydraulic permeability of the tissues in question, the movement of water causes the development of local stresses in the tissue, which leads to thermomechanical disruption of the collagen structure

[27] .

[0016] On the other hand, a flat beam profile results in a uniform distribution of its energy within the illuminated area, which is necessary, for example, for the removal of a specific surface area of ​​tissue. If a non-flat beam is used, the beam profile also determines the configuration of the area of ​​tissue being removed. It becomes similar to the formed beam profile. The required laser beam profile can be achieved using special tip attachments. Therefore, such considerable attention is paid to the design of tip attachments in the development of advanced laser technology [12-15]. Currently, this area is limited to the development of special-purpose laser technology, primarily related to material processing and the assessment of the strength of structures developed using them. However, it has not been sufficiently developed for the design of medical devices.

[0017] Variations in pulse energy, duration, and beam profile formation enable selection of the desired optical radiation mode for diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Furthermore, the choice of operating mode of the optical emitters (continuous or pulsed) influences the achievement of these goals. The duration of the optical radiation pulses is also a variable parameter.

[0018] For applied use (diagnostics and treatment), the use of diode lasers is of particular importance, which is determined, first of all, by their small size, low cost indicators and wider possibilities in terms of designing medical devices for various purposes based on them.

[0019] Diode lasers can emit in the visible and infrared ranges (Fig. 6). Depending on the molecule to be absorbed, a specific diode laser can be used. For example, to measure blood flow in blood vessels located close to the surface, a method called laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) is used. This method is used in dermatology to study blood flow near the skin's surface. It uses light generated by reflection from hemoglobin molecules to determine the velocity of red blood cells.

[0020] Because hemoglobin strongly reflects red light, laser Doppler spectroscopes use diode lasers, which emit red light. Diode lasers are becoming increasingly popular in dermatology due to their greater penetration depth, low cost, and compact size.

[0021] The general physical and medical-biological principles that form the basis for diagnosing the state of biological tissues are known.

[0022] The “Method and device for fluorescent non-invasive medical diagnostics of malignant tumors in tissues” is known, patents RU 2012243, 15.01.1994, US 5647368, 15.07.1997 [5, 6].

[0023] The main drawback of these methods is that they fail to achieve the currently required reliability indicators for the obtained data related to the diagnosis of biological tissue conditions. Furthermore, the existence of standards is necessary, without which it is impossible to achieve the desired results.

[0024] A “Diagnostic apparatus” is known, patent WO 97 / 15226 [7], containing:

[0025] - sources of primary (test) electromagnetic radiation of a wide spectral range of wavelengths;

[0026] - means of delivering radiation from the source to the biological tissue being diagnosed;

[0027] - registration of radiation reflected from biological tissue and radiation of forced (induced) fluorescence (autofluorescence);

[0028] - means for processing received response signals from biological tissue to obtain medical diagnostic information;

[0029] - means for regulating the intensity of the initial (test) radiation, including feedback circuits for controlling the output power based on signals received from receivers of radiation emanating from biological tissue.

[0030] Additionally, the use of reflectance standards is proposed. These standards simulate signals obtained from diseased and healthy biological tissues, and are used to compare the data obtained during diagnostics. These standards form the basis for the implementation of the basic diagnostic methodology, which involves comparing the data obtained during diagnostics with the results from diseased and healthy biological tissues, which are used as standards. As a result, the use of the basic methodology enables a prognosis regarding the state of biological tissue in terms of "normal" and "pathological" conditions. The existence of reliable standards is one of the requirements of metrology, the science of measurement.The choice of standards, which are based on optical diagnostic data from healthy and sick patients, is arbitrary and does not meet the requirements for standards in metrology, which is the science of measurement.

[0031] The closest analogue for this claimed device is "Method for Determining the State of Biological Tissue and a Diagnostic System for its Implementation," patent RU 2234242, published August 20, 2004 [8]. It is based on the use of certain standards in the form of data obtained on healthy and diseased biological tissues. This approach eliminates the shortcomings of other known methods.

[0032] The distinctive features of the invention [8], selected as a prototype, consist of the effect on biological tissue of electromagnetic radiation of the optical range of wavelengths, the recording of secondary optical radiation emitted from the tissue and the determination of the parameters of the state of the microcirculatory bed of the biological tissue under study based on the parameters of the secondary optical radiation.

[0033] It differs from other known analogues in that: 1) electromagnetic radiation of constant power of at least two wavelengths is simultaneously or alternately supplied to the studied area of ​​biological tissue, 2) each of the wavelengths used affects the surface of the studied area, 3) secondary optical radiation is recorded simultaneously at at least two points on the surface of the studied area of ​​biological tissue, which are located at different distances from the studied area of ​​exposure, 4) changes in the optical and physical parameters of secondary optical radiation are recorded at each of the wavelengths used at each registration point, 5) spectral static and dynamic characteristics of secondary radiation are analyzed for each registration point and at each of the wavelengths used,a) the state of the biological tissue is determined by calculating the quantitative accumulation of parameters of biochemical components in the studied area of ​​the biological tissue based on the obtained absorption spectra.

[0034] In the diagnostic system developed for the implementation of the prototype method (Patent RU 2234242 [8], (Fig. 7)) the initial acting optical radiation is transported from the block of radiation sources to the biotissue and the recorded secondary radiation from the biotissue back to the device is carried out by transport systems 2 and 4, made, for example, on the basis of optical light guides or optical lenses aimed at illuminating and viewing certain spatial areas on the biotissue.

[0035] Transportation system 2 enables illumination of a specific localized region of the test tissue, limited by its output aperture, simultaneously or sequentially at all selected wavelengths. Transport system 4 is positioned (for light guides) or configured (for objectives) so that it detects only the radiation emitted from and scattered within the tissue, along with the induced fluorescence. Reception should be ensured both in the immediate vicinity of the illuminated region of biological tissue (unit 4a) and at some other distance (0.01-10 cm) from it (unit 4b, etc.). Radiation transport systems 2 and 4 may be implemented as optical fibers assembled into a bundle with a diameter of no more than 2 mm.

[0036] The signal processing system 5 (Fig. 7) is an optoelectronic device that performs optical filtering and selection of the recorded signals, conversion of optical signals into electrical signals via a set of photodetectors, amplification and filtering of electrical signals, their digitization, switching and final processing of the diagnostic results. It is implemented in the form of two or more identical optoelectronic units (6a, 6b, etc.) and a diagnostic results processing unit 7. Each of the units 6a, 6b, etc. contains two spectral optical units 11 and 12 (Fig. 7).

[0037] Initially, in each of the blocks 6a, 66, etc., the secondary radiation from the output of the transport system, coming from the biological tissue (pos. 4a, 46, etc., Fig. 7), is distributed in the distribution optical unit 10 among the spectral optical blocks 11 and 12. The distribution is carried out using optical splitters or, for the variant using light guides, by means of branching off a portion of the fibers from the common bundle.

[0038] Figure 8 shows a diagram of the primary radiation source unit (laser or diode) proposed in the prototype invention [8]. It is envisaged that there will be at least two such sources, each of which operates in its own separate narrow spectral range of 0.2 - 100 µm. The outputs of the radiation sources 8 are connected to a mixer 9, which ensures the simultaneous or sequential input of all radiation sources into a single radiation transport system.

[0039] The connection is achieved using individual optical fibers from each emitter, assembled into a single bundle, and then connected to the input of a mixer, which is a single optical fiber with a diameter equal to or greater than the bundle diameter. The mixer can also be based on wavelength-tunable lasers and / or light guides, as well as broadband sources, such as lamp sources, and an optical radiation transport system equipped with a built-in light output control system.

[0040] The number of emitters and their operating wavelengths are selected based on the need to detect a specific set of biochemical components (biomolecules, cells) in biological tissues and their dynamic parameters. Specific operating wavelengths are selected based on their correspondence to the characteristic spectral absorption and luminescence bands of the biochemical components being recorded.

[0041] The disadvantages of the invention [8], chosen as a prototype, are:

[0042] - technical complexity of implementation, accompanied by a significant increase in weight and dimensions, due to which the number of optical radiation sources is limited, and the cost of such a system is high;

[0043] uncontrolled conditions for obtaining the results of measurements of the intensity of the radiation flux and diagnostics based on the obtained data and, as a result of this, the determined assessments of the reliability of diagnostics do not meet the requirements;

[0044] - undifferentiated determination of the state of biological tissue, essentially reflecting the bipolar qualitative characteristics of the pathological process (yes / no), and not its quantitative criteria (degree, depth, nature), necessary for developing a tactical decision;

[0045] - the need to introduce additional radiation sources with a different wavelength, as a result of which the complexity of implementation further increases;

[0046] - the need to take into account changing external factors, under the conditions of which the previous measurement experiment was carried out, when repeating it, as a result of which the requirements of statistical homogeneity of successively conducted experimental medical and biological studies are violated (without this, the accumulation of the obtained results, instead of increasing the accuracy and reliability of the obtained results, can lead to the opposite uncontrolled effect - to their deterioration);

[0047] - the presence of only one, essentially point source of radiation, since the system for transporting the initial acting radiation, regardless of how the radiation is formed simultaneously or alternately at all selected wavelengths, which allows illuminating only one specific local area of ​​the tested biological tissue, and limited by the output aperture of the optical radiation;

[0048] - the need to jointly use the results of observations and measurements obtained from optical radiation sources with different wavelengths - this problem is called "resolution of the measurement ambiguity problem" in metrology, but it is not used in medical devices.

[0049] The essential characteristics of the proposed invention also include the use of not only continuous optical radiation, which forms the basis of known studies [1-4] and inventions [5-8]. The optical radiation sources used in the proposed invention and in the designs of the system for its implementation can operate in pulsed and quasi-pulsed modes, in which the effect on biological tissue is achieved as a result of a more powerful, but short-term exposure. The need for a pulsed mode of operation ensures a high-quality assessment of the results of measurements and observations, as well as the interpretation of images characterized by increased accuracy, resolution, and reliability. The need for such operating modes of medical equipment is rapidly increasing in medical and biological research.This situation occurs with edema or infiltration, with multiple capillary thrombosis, as well as when searching for foreign tissue, fragments and bone fragments.

[0050] Thus, the scientific and practical significance of the technical solution, which forms the basis for the implementation of the prototype invention [8], is limited. The current limitations are caused by the following main factors: 1) the complexity of implementation, which leads to significant limitations in the application of the method [8]; 2) an additional increase in the uncertainty of diagnostic results when repeating the experimental medical and biological studies.

[0051] The mere transport of optical radiation from the radiation source to biological tissue, the stability of whose characteristics is difficult to ensure during repeated experimental medical and biological studies, can introduce significant errors, significantly impairing the statistical compatibility of the obtained data and results. Statistical samples must be homogeneous and representative. If this cannot be achieved, new mathematical methods for processing the obtained information are used [15,16].

[0052] At one time, if new mathematical methods for processing received information had not been developed, spacecraft (SC) would not have been able to fly. The outstanding Russian ballistics scientist P.E. Yelyasberg wrote about this in his monograph

[15] . He was one of the first developers of such a new field of science as "space metrology."

[0053] Medical and biological research also faces many metrological challenges, requiring the development of new, previously unused mathematical methods for processing experimental data, which possess a high level of uncertainty. Therefore, the development of scientific and methodological guidelines for "medical metrology," taking into account the specific characteristics of measurements and observations during medical and biological research, is particularly relevant.

[0054] Much progress has already been made in this area, thanks to the development of the applied mathematical apparatus of the constructive theory of finite fields (CFTF) [9]. More than 20 patents for methods based on this framework have been obtained. These include two patents [10, 11] devoted to the processing of measurement results, ensuring a significant reduction in the uncertainty of the obtained data in the presence of destructive factors. Their number is rapidly growing, resulting in a rapid decline in the indicators of completeness, sufficiency, accuracy, and reliability of the obtained measurement results. This is also facilitated by the increasing complexity of the problems that must be solved in medical and biological research.

[0055] The essential characteristics of the claimed invention are, first of all, that it is aimed at eliminating the noted shortcomings on the basis of the following innovations.

[0056] 1. Innovative technical solutions related to the development of medical equipment using optical radiation for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

[0057] Instead of pinpoint optical irradiation, we propose irradiating the perimeter of the biological tissue area being studied with a light flux (Fig. 9, Fig. 10, Fig. 11), leaving a central zone for visualization and data collection related to the secondary, reverse reflection of light from its surface. Another novel feature is the use of multiple optical radiation sources (Fig. 9, Fig. 10, Fig. 11), located on developed and manufactured "rigid" and "soft" structural forms (frames) on which optical diodes are placed. "Soft" structural forms (frames) should possess the same capabilities as their "rigid" counterparts regarding the placement of optical diodes. However, they must also be flexible for closer contact with the biological tissue being studied. In Fig.9 and Fig.10 they are located on circles inscribed in each other, in the central part of which there is a zone 10 for visualizing the tissue area being examined.Depending on the objectives of medical and biological research, other structural arrangements of multiple optical radiation sources may also be used. In Fig. 11, they are arranged along the perimeter of inscribed squares. Fig. 9 and Fig. 11 show how radiation sources, represented by different types of red, green, and yellow optical diodes, should be positioned within each of the inscribed circles, squares, ovals, and triangles. Furthermore, the ring, rectangular, oval, and triangular structural fragments are interchangeable: they can replace each other in the structural shapes (frames), with various options for filling them with red, green, and yellow optical diodes.

[0058] Fig. 10 also shows a variant of constructing a replaceable structure for probing biotissue with light beams generated by identical diodes located along the perimeter of the examined area of ​​biotissue on inscribed circles.

[0059] In this design, the luminous flux power is adjusted by removing or, conversely, adding identical optical radiation sources, the arrangement of which has a ring shape.

[0060] The shape of the arrangement of optical diodes can also change: it can be square (Fig. 11), oval and triangular.

[0061] In this case, in the visualization zone 10 of the biotissue area being examined, image observation tools are used. These tools are generated based on the output secondary reflection of optical radiation transmitted through the biotissue being examined, as well as its reception and processing. New mathematical processing methods are also proposed, forming the basis of inventions [10,11], the focus of which is related to reducing the uncertainty of the obtained experimental measurement data.

[0062] This makes it possible to carry out a differentiated determination of the state of biological tissue, reflecting the quantitative characteristics of the pathological process (degree, depth, nature) with the definition of criteria that are necessary for the formation of a tactical decision.

[0063] Their use is becoming particularly relevant for measurements obtained during medical and biological research. The invention

[10] makes it possible to detect and correct measurement data errors, which occur in large numbers during medical and biological research due to the large number of destructive factors that hinder the acquisition of an objective picture of disease diagnostic results and the adoption of plausible treatment decisions. The invention

[11] , which has been well-tested on various sets of measurement data, is devoted to the development of new mathematical methods for adaptive nonlinear filtering of experimental data obtained under conditions of significant distortions of their true (reliable) results.

[0064] In addition to the need to use new mathematical methods for data processing, it is also necessary to improve the existing scientific and methodological principles for monitoring the state of biological tissue based on sources emitting light fluxes used for diagnosing and making decisions about the treatment of diseases.

[0065] For this purpose, the proposed invention uses narrow-band LED radiation sources with different wavelengths, as well as with changing power, polarization, beam angle to the surface of the tissue and other variable physical parameters of the beam illuminating the tissue.

[0066] Furthermore, the proposed invention differs from known analogues in that it utilizes new procedures used in the subsequent analysis of secondary radiation (reflected, scattered, induced, excited, and background) emitted from the tissue. The obtained data and images are analyzed visually on the surface of a tissue region within the irradiated perimeter of the examined area or using machine vision during diagnostics of the condition of the examined tissue region. This utilizes the results of automatic pattern recognition of biological tissue conditions, with references selected from a pre-established database. Accumulated medical experience and artificial intelligence based on neural network training are also utilized.

[0067] Furthermore, the proposed invention differs from known analogues by significantly simplifying the scheme for introducing optical radiation from LEDs into the surface of the tissue being studied, which is demonstrated in Fig. 9, Fig. 10 and Fig. 11. As a result of simplifying the design of the diode arrangement, it becomes possible to simultaneously use a large number of optical radiation sources with different wavelengths. At the same time, the requirements for coherence of optical radiation with different wavelengths are ensured. This is ensured by direct contact of the optical diodes with the biological tissue being studied. The need for an optical radiation transport system is eliminated, which is also provided for in the prototype invention [8]. Due to this, a significant number of factors introducing uncertainty into the obtained data are reduced.As a result, the efficiency of analysis and assessment of the condition of biological tissue during the procedure is increased and the time of research is reduced, which is necessary for organizing express examinations of patients in need of treatment.

[0068] The ease of implementation and flexibility of the forms of optical diode holders, which form the basis for the implementation of the proposed method for determining the state of biological tissue and resolving the many existing contradictions in the use of optical radiation for diagnosing the state of biological tissue, also make it possible to create three-dimensional structures from them, the flat panels of which, examples of which are shown in Fig. 9, Fig. 10, Fig. 11, are located on opposite sides and encircle the monitored area of ​​​​biological tissue from various sides (two, three, four or more). Moreover, in the center of such a three-dimensional structure, multiple sources of optical radiation also form several visualization zones 10 of the tissue area under study, to which various photodetectors of reflected back optical radiation are directed.

[0069] It can also be treated with disinfectants for repeated use in various conditions of biological contamination and microbial seeding.

[0070] The ability to independently turn on / off LED modules and control their brightness enables optimal distribution of optical waves. These waves are partially and uncontrollably absorbed within the tissue by biochemical chromophores, scattered by tissue structural inhomogeneities, and transformed through interaction with certain organic molecules. Backscattering reaching the tissue surface carries information suitable for analysis and evaluation. Therefore, conditions are created in the form of 10 visualization zones of the tissue area being studied to organize the observation and measurement of the intensity of reflected optical radiation.

[0071] The effect is increased by using the counter-propagation of radiation into the imaging zone of the photoscanner, the intensity of which is regulated, achieving complete illumination of the tissue area with backscattered radiation.

[0072] Figure 9 shows a variant of the photo scanner with three interchangeable ring modules with different wavelength ranges. The photo scanner is equipped with LED modules of various sizes for installation in various mounting positions. Figure 10 shows a set of LED modules with LEDs of the same wavelength, which significantly increases the variability of finding optimal tissue illumination depending on its condition, taking into account the individual physical characteristics of the patient. Optimal tissue illumination is achieved not only by the provided radiation power adjustments, but also by installing modules of the same wavelength in all mounting positions to enhance the effect of this wavelength, and by moving LEDs with different wavelengths to different positions to select the optimal illumination option.The diameter of the rings is specially selected: it is chosen in accordance with the diameters of the curves of the human body, including the circumference of the limbs and body, the head and large joints of the upper and lower extremities.

[0073] In addition to the ring-shaped LED arrangement in the photo scanner, its designs can be oval, triangular, or square. Figure 11 shows a square photo scanner with a different arrangement of standardized LED strips with different wavelengths. In this design, switching on and off, as well as control, is performed by pairs of LED strips depending on their distance from the center of the imaging zone. However, it is still possible to activate a single strip at the desired location if no other strips are installed.

[0074] This new technical solution enables the introduction of a light wave into tissue along its entire perimeter or in specific sections, leaving an open area of ​​the tissue being examined in the center of the LED module. This allows for visual inspection and assessment of its condition, either via a quickly installed computer module using a mobile phone with a pre-installed app or a video camera with image output to a personal computer monitor. This technology is also essential in photodynamic therapy, but is currently unavailable, in part due to the lack of new information technologies related to the unconventional data and observation results presentation methods proposed in this invention.They not only take into account many of the features of measurements and observations that are encountered in medical metrology (the need to harmonize measurement scales and represent data using byte code structures to eliminate uncontrolled “off-scale” effects, ensure the required indicators of accuracy and resolution of measurements and observation results, and increase the reliability of the obtained quantitative estimates under conditions of increasing intensity of the destructive effects of various destructive factors).

[0075] Figure 12 shows an illustration used to explain the optical radiation propagation model when irradiating biological tissue from two opposite sides. A real model will differ in that it will include several such submodels, for example, two opposite ones, as shown in Figure 12. Moreover, optical radiation relative to the biological tissue being examined can be directed from two, three, four, or more directions when implementing the proposed method.

[0076] To implement such an effect, the frames of the photo scanners are attached at a selected distance from each other on a cuff, which is wrapped around the biotissue being studied and fastened with subsequent inflation with air to ensure the required contact with the biotissue being studied and the pressure of the optical radiation sources on it, leaving free areas for monitoring, observing and recording the results of secondary reflection of the emitted light fluxes coming from various selected sides of the biotissue being studied.

[0077] 2. Innovative technical solutions related to the field of analysis and processing of diagnostic results of biological tissues using new mathematical methods

[0078] The characteristics of biological tissue in its normal state may vary in each individual over time, with changes in blood flow, tissue edema, and, together with changes in cellular composition and the hydrophilicity of protein structures, accompanied by the translocation of intravascular, intracellular, and intercellular fluid fractions. As a result, measurement errors increase, and existing inventions related to biomedical research do not provide recommendations for improving the accuracy, resolution, and reliability of measurement and observation results. Qualitative assessment (e.g., bipolar data interpretation - yes / no) does not meet existing requirements for the reliability of the obtained data.Quantitative analysis of existing changes and processes in biological tissues requires the elimination or minimization of errors and distortions, and this is the adjusted vector of requirements for the development of modern biomedical devices.

[0079] The resulting images, as is customary, for example, in digital television, are represented in digital form using pixels, the values ​​of which are represented by binary byte code structures - designation of value representations A natural binary code. The essential characteristics of the claimed invention also include the use of new technical solutions that expand the capabilities of existing theory regarding measurements under conditions of external and internal environmental instability, which ultimately has a destructive effect on the obtained observation and measurement results. As measurement experiments become more complex, their impact on the accuracy and reliability of tissue diagnostic results also increases. The stability of the obtained tissue monitoring results also significantly deteriorates. Therefore, ensuring their repeatability during repeated medical and biological studies is becoming an increasingly pressing issue.

[0080] In addition, the essential characteristics of the claimed invention are improved by new methods of processing the obtained images and data, which provide the ability to detect and correct measurement and evaluation errors, as well as possible short-term distortions under the influence of various destabilizing factors [9].

[0081] The inventions “Method for primary processing of information with detection and correction of transmission errors”, patent RU 2658795, priority dated 05 / 30 / 2017

[10] and “Method for primary processing of information using adaptive nonlinear filtering of measurement data”, patent RU 2672392, priority dated 06 / 27 / 2017

[11] , are known, dedicated to the development of new methods for processing measurement results.

[0082] The basis for the development of new processing methods [9,10] is operations based on structural-algorithmic transformations of the obtained experimental data, which are associated with their new representation in the residual class system (RCS) [9,10,18,19].

[0083] In this case, the obtained measurement and video surveillance data X i (Fig. 13), represented in digital form using natural positional binary code, are transformed into a new, more economical number system - NCS.

[0084] As can be seen from the illustration shown in Fig.13, to represent the initial values ​​of the observation results binary (N = 2n) - bit code in the form of "pixels" or measurement data uses a minimal set of residual images which are part of the following system of equations:

[0085]

[0086] where - optimal comparison modules;

[0087] - incomplete quotients obtained by division into divisors, which are the modules of comparisons

[0088] When moving to the data representation in the RNS, we obtain the following for modules: the following system of comparisons, which is equivalent to representation (1):

[0089]

[0090] As a result, we obtain a compressed mathematical form of the message value representation It is compressed because in the system of comparisons (2) there are no values ​​of incomplete quotients.

[0091] At the same time, from the residual images form new non-redundant data with the same bit depth of representation (N = 2n) - binary code, in the following two variants:

[0092]

[0093] where - designation of data representation (N=2n) - binary code.

[0094] The distinctive feature of this innovation is that the residual images require only n binary digits to represent them, meaning that they are half-words.

[0095] For reference. The illustration shown in Fig. 13 shows in more detail the main essential characteristics of the proposed data representation in the residual class system (RCS) [9-11]. The new feature, as shown in the illustration shown in Fig. 13, is that as a result of comparisons by optimally selected modules get residual images And In this case, the result of non-redundant error-correcting coding obtained as a result of their formal combination into a new encoded message. For example, the original result of measurements or observations using for its representation (N=2n=10) - a bit code word when dividing into optimal comparison modules, will give the leftovers The value of each of them can be represented by a 5-bit binary code (n=5). After their formal combination into a new code word, for example, We obtain, with the traditional reading, taking into account its positional structure, the following result of redundant coding: In this case, if the next value is “1” higher: then the result of the corresponding additional redundant coding is: will increase by the value of the minimum code distance presented in the Euclidean metric.

[0096] Increase the minimum code distance in accordance with the theory of error-correcting coding, it provides the ability to correct errors and distortions, which is determined by the following inequality:

[0097]

[0098] where - the number of detected errors, and - the possible number of their corrections, as a result of which the reliability indicators of the results of measurements and observations are increased.

[0099] However, as can be seen from the illustration shown in Fig. 13, the minimum code distance is not fulfilled everywhere, but only within discontinuities of the first kind, determined on the basis of the following inequality:

[0100]

[0101] where - the bit depth of presentation of measurement and observation data during research.

[0102] In Fig. 13, such breaks are defined by vertical lines applied to the graphical representations of the measurement data values ​​in their original form and after their additional coding

[0103] This makes it possible to correct errors and distortions that are introduced into the measurement results by various factors (interference).

[0104] As a result, the converted data have the same bit depth of representation, which becomes the main condition determining the possibility of introducing new information-measuring and information-computing technologies into existing and improved medical equipment.

[0105] But at the same time, new, more advanced methods of processing the received information are used.

[0106] With the proposed new presentation of the results of measurements and observations (Fig. 14), it is not the original data values ​​(Fig. 14(A)) that are processed, but the values ​​of the residual images (Fig. 14(B)), presented both independently and as part of new formations (3) and / or (4) (Fig. 14(G)).

[0107] This possibility forms the basis for obtaining a new technical effect from the use of a residual class system (RCS) in information processing [18,19]. In this case, it was only necessary to overcome many existing difficulties. The first of these was that when calculating using residual images, for example, (Fig. 14(B)) and (Fig. 14(B)), only arithmetic operations such as addition (+), subtraction (-), and multiplication (x) could be applied. However, the division (:) operation was prohibited, which is why the RNS in its traditional form, despite its undeniable advantages, was not a fully-fledged computing system.

[0108] The constructive theory of finite fields [9] offers a new solution to this problem, focused on matrix processing of measurement and observation data. It is known

[24] that modern approaches to processing experimental data obtained under the influence of destructive factors that introduce distortions into the obtained data are associated with a matrix representation of the resulting set of measurements and the resulting appearance of their redundancy. In this case, the multiplication of the obtained matrix to its calculated inverse image will yield, in the absence of distortions, the identity matrix of the same dimension (p). And in the presence of errors, such a transformation allows us to reduce the uncertainty of the obtained data. This is one of the most well-known methods of filtering (smoothing) the obtained experimental data [11,15,16,24].

[0109] But the use of this approach when it is not applied to data directly obtained and presented in a traditional form and in relation to each of the residual images (Fig. 14(B)) and (Fig. 14(B)), as well as to the results of their unification into new formal structural-code formations, for example, to (Fig. 14(G)), will lead, as theoretical studies [9-11] and the results of their experimental use (Fig. 15) show, to a significant reduction in the uncertainty of measurements - errors and distortions. Only processing of residual image data (Fig. 14(B)) and (Fig. 14(B)), as shown in Fig. 15, is accompanied by a decrease in the dispersion estimates by which the level of uncertainty of the obtained data is measured, by a factor of 2-3. In reality, this effect is minimal, since the results of processing data presented by new structural-code formations, which include, for example, (Fig. 14(G)) and data Instead of division, an equivalent operation of multiplication of the direct matrix of measurement and observation data is used to its calculated inverse image Since the matrix elements are not represented by the original data large capacity (N=2n), and their residual images (Fig. 14(B)) and (Fig. 14(B)), having at least half the bit depth of representation, then filtering (smoothing) of their values ​​provides the possibility of a multiple increase in the efficiency of calculations and, as a consequence, the efficiency of diagnostics and decision-making. And the resulting possibility of duplicating and reproducing the statistical sample leads to a significant decrease in the uncertainty of the obtained data and observation results. This is evidenced, for example, by the results of using a new data processing method, the basis for obtaining which is the use of a new mathematical apparatus of the constructive theory of finite fields [9] and its implementation in the existing diverse field of processing, storage and transmission of measurement data [10,11,17,20-22].

[0110] Another problem was that the Chinese Residue Theorem (CRT) algorithm [9,18,19], which is difficult to implement, was used to reversely restore data from the residual image domain to the original data domain. As a result, the technical benefits of using the RNS, such as the efficiency of decoding and calculations, were cancelled out at the final stage, which involved the transition to the original (traditional) representation of the obtained measurement and observation data.

[0111] Therefore, it became necessary to eliminate these shortcomings. This was the focus of the development of the constructive theory of finite fields (CFTF) [9]. It was intended to complement E. Galois's classical mathematical theory of finite fields, whose shortcomings created additional obstacles to its wider application. For example, before the development of CFTF [9], it had never been used to solve problems in metrology.

[0112] When encoding information, message values ​​are represented as integers: and the processing of measurement data is based on the use of rational numbers: (an example of this is presented in Table 1 [9]).

[0113]

[0114] Previously, residual images were represented only by integers: This limitation is related to the well-known procedure of reverse data recovery in its original representation.

[0115] The well-known Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) algorithm [9,23] requires the selection of additional values ​​in the form of multiplicative inverses satisfying the condition:

[0116] Let's consider the case of using two comparison modules In this case, the Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) algorithm is represented as the following formula [9,23]:

[0117]

[0118] where - residual images obtained as a result of comparisons by modules respectively; - multiplicative elements of a finite field, determined on the basis of the following comparisons:

[0119] It is computationally complex. This drawback is cited as the main reason for organizing the recovery of data represented in the RNS. For example, in

[23] on p. 311 it is noted that "the Chinese remainder theorem is a powerful cryptographic tool." However, its practical application is limited by the complexity of implementation and other shortcomings. The classical CRT algorithm is a multiplicative one, which involves multiplying the values ​​of the remainder images by coefficients representing large numbers (Fig. 17). Thus, with a byte representation of the original measurement data, the optimal comparison modules are equal to: and the selected multiplicative elements are Then algorithm (7) will have the following form:

[0120]

[0121] But if the data is presented using - bit binary words, then the selected optimal comparison modules will be different: Then the algorithm of KiTO will have other multiplicative elements:

[0122]

[0123] But the algorithm of the constructive remainder theorem (CRT) (8) [9] is free from this main drawback:

[0124]

[0125] where - comparison modules, - residual images, absolute difference between the comparison modules, - the difference between the residues, in which the first is the residue according to the smaller modulus of comparison from designations - are read as is not divisible by n without remainder and is divisible by n without a remainder, respectively. Designation means that is divisible by n without remainder.

[0126] Formula (8) is patented. It is included in the invention formula

[17] .

[0127] For modules that differ from each other by 1: The recovery algorithm using KtTO is the simplest:

[0128]

[0129] For modules that differ from each other by 2: one more calculation link is added to the recovery algorithm using KtTO:

[0130]

[0131] If then another fourth link of restoration of x will be added. Due to this property, the algorithm of restoration of x (8) becomes adaptive, which ultimately leads to a significant reduction in the number of computational operations and, as a consequence of this, to an increase in the indicators of efficiency and reliability of establishing the true value of the measured quantity x [9-11,17,20-22].

[0132] Moreover, algorithm (8) can also be used in the case where the processed and restored data is presented in the domain of rational numbers: (Table 1).

[0133] Let us show how this possibility can be used when processing the measurement results presented in Table 1. It is necessary to process the measurement results accepted and reconstructed with errors using the least squares method [11,15,16,24]:

[0134]

[0135] which consists of selecting the coefficients minimizing - a function characterizing changes in the true values ​​of telemetry measurements over time. It is necessary to find an approximating first-degree polynomial:

[0136] After simplification, we obtain the following system of linear equations:

[0137]

[0138] The calculation results are shown in Table 2. Substituting the numerical data, we obtain:

[0139]

[0140]

[0141] Solving a system of linear equations leads to the following results:

[0142]

[0143] A new solution to the problem of smoothing (filtering) experimental data based on the constructive theory of finite fields

[0144] To confirm the advantages and essential characteristics of the claimed invention in terms of the use of new data processing methods, we will solve the same problem using comparison systems and the constructive remainder theorem (CRT). Equivalent comparison systems for have the form:

[0145]

[0146]

[0147] Recovery using the constructive remainder theorem (CRT) (8) is as follows.

[0148] 1. For the first comparison system:

[0149] coincides with the results of the traditional solution of a system of linear equations (SLE).

[0150] 2. Solution of the second system of comparisons

[0151]

[0152] 3. The third system of comparisons

[0153]

[0154] KtTO-based recovery: confirms the reliability of previously obtained data. The matching results demonstrate new capabilities of the KtRT in reconstructing the results of solving systems of linear equations (SLEs) based on their simplified analogs—systems of congruences. Classical remainder theorems are applicable only to the case of integer-valued remainders, while the use of the KtRT provides a general solution for the case of values ​​belonging to the domain of rational numbers. Restrictions are imposed only on the choice of comparison modules. They require that the absolute difference between the modules be equal to a minimum, equal, for example, Then, a minimum of computational operations is ensured, which is determined by the algorithm

[0155] Thus, the desired polynomial of the first degree, which ensures the minimum dispersion of the residuals, which are the deviations of the values ​​of the experimental data from the data approximating them, has the form: Similarly, higher order polynomials, such as second order ones, can be obtained.

[0156]

[0157] Particular attention should be paid to the emergence of a new opportunity to expand the scope of applied application of E. Galois's classical theory of finite fields. It turns out that, when supplemented with a constructive theory (QFT), it can also be used to represent measurement and observation data represented by residual images belonging to the domain of rational numbers. This also provides a fundamentally new solution to the problem of regularizing ill-posed problems

[24] , which are most frequently encountered in existing measurement practice. Such cases can be numerous when using medical diagnostic equipment. However, the researcher may be unaware that the problem being solved may be ill-posed, and therefore the obtained results will be unreliable. Presenting data before processing in a RNS significantly reduces the likelihood of such cases. For some measurement domains, these cases have been reduced by an order of magnitude without additional intervention.

[0158] This has opened up new possibilities for solving problems of measurement and information transmission in interference-ridden environments. It has also formed the basis for the development of a number of inventions, including Russian patents for inventions [10, 11, 17, 20-22].

[0159] Thus, the emergence of new mathematical apparatus and unconventional technical solutions developed on their basis has made it possible to eliminate many of the shortcomings of existing methods. This has also led to the emergence of new information technologies that contribute to the increased efficiency of measurements and medical research.

[0160] In addition to the proposed solutions to the problems discussed, which are related to the computational features of using non-traditional data representation in the RNS, additional coding of measurement results using residual images contributes to the improvement of metrological support for medical and biological research.

[0161] It is known that the main problem of measurements is associated with the effect of “off-scale” data [10,11,17,20-22]. To explain the reasons for this phenomenon, we will use telemetry data The changes of which over time are shown on the graph shown in Fig. 13 above. It shows the controlled telemetric parameter obtained in conditions free of interference and distortion.

[0162] From the data presented in Fig. 13 it follows that for the presentation of measurement values use (N=2n=10) - digit binary code (Fig. 13(A)). Therefore, the values ​​of the selected optimal comparison modules are equal to: The value chosen as an example is represented by decimal code. The following residual images were obtained: With binary coding, the value of each of the residual images is represented by a 5-bit binary code: When they are combined into a new code word also, as before, we get 10 binary digits But in this case, the transformed graph of measurement data has the appearance shown in Fig. 13(B).

[0163] It is different in that the minimum code distance was increased 33 times This creates the following new opportunities:

[0164] - detection and correction within graphic fragments enclosed between breaks in the graph of the first kind, of measurement errors and distortions caused by the action of various destructive factors;

[0165] - increasing the resolution of observations (in Fig. 13 (B) 6 events of particular interest to the analyzer are visible in the middle part of the graph, which it does not see in the traditional representation by natural binary code (Fig. 13 (A)).

[0166] This fact can lead to doubts regarding the reliability of the obtained data. Therefore, there is a desire to increase the resolution of the graph (Fig. 13(A)). To do this, the gain factor (K) is increased. у) sensor, which is shown in a real example of the implementation of such a solution, presented in the form of a graph in Fig. 16. On it, 6 events of interest to the analyzer become visible. But this has to be paid for by the loss of some measurement data due to the effect of "off-scale" data (Fig. 16). A typical situation is observed when obtaining measurement data and making decisions on them in the presence of contradictions that become insoluble when using traditional measurement methods. Due to the fear of the measured values ​​​​going out of scale beyond the representation scale (Ш) of the received data (N=2n) - with a binary code, their gain coefficient is reduced, which is shown in the example of real telemetry data shown in Fig. 13(A). It follows from this that the actual measurement scale was defined by values ​​from 500 to 750 conventional units, while the display capabilities (N=2n=10) - binary code are determined by values the same units. Therefore, the 6 information features of interest to the researcher were not reflected in the obtained measurement results (Fig. 13(A)). They become noticeable when the measurement data are amplified, but other values ​​are lost due to the "off-scale" effect (Fig. 16). With existing methods, this problem can only be resolved by using multi-scale measurements in the "coarse", "intermediate" and "fine" measurement scales (sh). But this possibility requires the introduction of redundancy in the measurement results and cannot always be realized

[17] . It is used in the following cases:

[0167] - in rocket telemetry by installing additional duplicating sensors of “coarse”, “intermediate” and “fine” measurement scales

[0168] - in radar due to the emission of radio waves of different lengths with zero phases and determining the difference between the corresponding phases when they are received

[0169] But this problem can be most easily solved with the proposed data representation in the residual class system (RCS). An example of this can be an alternative graphical representation of the same telemetered parameter (TMP) using a non-traditional representation of measurement and observation data in the RCS, which is shown in the example given in Fig. 13(B). The invention

[17] is devoted to resolving similar problems in radio engineering measurements. In this case, the lengths of the emitted radio waves are selected and considered as are the corresponding comparison modules Then, to resolve the ambiguity of measurements and increase their reliability indicators, the developed mathematical apparatus of the constructive theory of finite fields (CTFF) is used [9-11,17,20-22].

[0170] Furthermore, Fig. 16 also shows the most typical causes of measurement loss, which are caused, for example, by measurement system failures. Under the influence of destructive factors, these also become inevitable, necessitating the improvement of methods for verifying the reliability of measurement results.

[0171] However, it becomes possible to resolve the noted severe contradictions with the unconventional presentation of measurement and observation data in the residual class system (RCS) (Fig. 13(B)). As a result, a comprehensive positive technical effect is achieved. At the same time, not only the noise immunity and resolution of the measurement and observation results are increased. There is no "off-scale" of the values ​​​​of the measured and observed quantities. Breaks in graphical representations and images of the first kind have no relation to the "off-scale" effect, as evidenced, for example, by the results of comparing the illustrations shown in Fig. 13 and Fig. 16. On the contrary, breaks in graphical representations and images of the first kind form the basis for determining time intervals (in Fig. 13 their beginning and end are indicated by vertical lines), inside which the “group property of equiresiduality” is fulfilled (Fig. 17), determined on the basis of the following comparison:

[0172]

[0173] where - is the remainder obtained as a result of the arithmetic division operation of the value of the new code structure of the received data on the value of the minimum code distance

[0174] For the occasion we will obtain the values ​​of the residuals from dividing the value on the value of the minimum code distance When rearranging the positional places of the residual images an additional new code word will be generated: which has the value of the minimum code distance will be equal to: As a result, we obtain different values ​​of the invariant standards: respectively. Due to differences in minimum code distances And temporary areas where the group properties of equi-residuality are observed will also differ from each other. This can be seen in the graphs of the change in the values ​​of the residual images over time. (Fig. 14(B)) and (Fig. 14(B)). Thanks to this, the possibilities of detecting and correcting errors and distortions in the obtained results are significantly increased.

[0175] The essence of each of the invariant standards is as follows. The property of equiremainder is used in number theory. It consists of the fact that numbers equal to, for example, values are considered to be equally residual with respect to the number 3, since when dividing each of them by it (the number 3), we obtain a remainder equal to 0.

[0176] The new property of “group equi-remainder” used in this invention is that the sequence of measurement or observation results obtained during research, which represent a “group” when divided by the value of the minimum code distance which is the modulus of comparison in the definition given in the theory of finite fields of E. Galois, on the allocated time intervals will also give the same remainder from dividing the values ​​of new code words C by the minimum code distance in the absence of errors and distortions of measurements and images (Fig. 17). In this case, the remains do not necessarily have to be equal to 0, but can take other values ​​such as: where m represents the value of the comparison modulus.

[0177] In the proposed invention, the meaning of "equal balance" represent a kind of standard invariant, since they have significantly higher resistance to distortion. This property is due to the fact that in order to determine the condition allocate time intervals enclosed between adjacent differences of coded values containing transmission errors and satisfying the following inequality: where (N=2n) is the bit depth of the binary representation of message values. Discontinuities of the first kind are determined based on the following inequality: are many times greater than the values ​​of minimum code distances therefore, the noise immunity index of their selection is also significantly higher (Fig. 17).

[0178] The essential characteristics of the invention, therefore, also consist in the fact that from the obtained measurement and observation data, more rarely occurring events are identified, determined by the fulfillment of the inequality but characterized by significantly higher noise immunity indicators. Therefore, the level of confidence in them under conditions of uncertainty is also significantly higher compared to the obtained measurement and observation data (Fig. 17).

[0179] In this case, if we consider only the minimum possible duplicate samples of measurement results then the values ​​of their minimum code distance will also be different. In the first case

[0180] The emergence of a standard in the form of a “group property of equiresiduality” (Fig. 17) allows us to solve many problems in space and medical metrology. There is something to compare the additionally encoded measurement and observation data with.

[0181] The resulting residual values remain within the allocated time intervals unchanged: when there are no distortions introduced into the obtained measurement data.

[0182] When the values ​​of the residues in the presence of errors and introduced distortions into the measurement results are considered as random variables (RV), then the mode of the histogram is determined Its value is taken as the value of the property of equi-residuality sought under conditions of uncertainty, based on the values different from the histogram mode determine the values containing errors (Fig. 18).

[0183] Then they are corrected by finding the closest result to the previous value which is recognized as reliable, in which the result of its division by the value of the minimum code distance will give the remainder equal to the value of the histogram mode (Fig. 18).

[0184] Figure 19 shows how the use of an invariant in the form of the "group property of equiresiduality" allows for the detection and correction of measurement errors. The left side of the table shown in Figure 19 shows the data for additional coding of the measurement results. Where - errors that are within the s-th time interval between the beginning and end breaks the time moments of which are determined on the basis of inequality (11):

[0185]

[0186] where - adjacent data distorted by measurement (observation) errors; Ш - scale for presenting the original data values (N=2n) - binary code

[0187] The advantages listed above would not be complete without mentioning the following new feature. This lies in the natural reproduction of the resulting statistical sample of measurement results based on the formation of two residual images.

[0188] Remnant Images duplicate the obtained measurement data, as evidenced, for example, by the results of the graphical representation of their values, presented in the form of graphs in Fig. 14. Moreover, during data processing, the number of comparison modules can be more than two, since there are no limitations that may be associated with the existing hardware implementation.

[0189] Additional recoding of the traditional natural binary code into a residual class system (RCS) not only allows for a significant artificial increase in the statistical sample size of experimental data obtained under the influence of the same, overlapping, destructive factors. Its main advantage lies in the emergence of fundamentally new properties after such structural-algorithmic transformation (SAT) of the measurement data.

[0190] In conclusion, the following conclusion should be drawn, confirming the novelty and defining the essential characteristics of the invention.

[0191] If we consider as consisting of two half-words, each of which represents a residual image , then the following features should be noted:

[0192] 1) when receiving in general, as a single code word, the minimum code distance increases by m2=33 times in the Euclidean metric:

[0193]

[0194] 2) in the displayed amplitude of changes in the graph of the initial controlled process increases, as a result of which its values ​​may go beyond the established scale Ш of telemetry (Ш = 0...1023) with 10-bit binary coding of the results of telemetry (TI), forming a discontinuity of the first kind (its fact is determined on the basis of the inequality:

[0195]

[0196] - this event on the graph (B) (Fig. 13) is represented by vertical lines);

[0197] 3) in this case, the entire range of data representation (N=2n=10) is usefully used - with a digit positional binary code, eliminating information loss due to the effect of “off-scale” measurement results when the ranges of change of digital values go beyond their representation on the scale

[0198] 4) on the time interval between adjacent gaps the "group property of equiresiduality" is satisfied which consists in the fact that any encoded message received without errors when dividing by the minimum code distance will give the same remainder as shown in Fig. 13, Fig. 18 and Fig. 19;

[0199] 5) in conditions of interference that cause errors in the received additionally encoded data the resulting "equilibrium" data should be considered from the standpoint of probability density distribution then its true values ​​are determined as the most frequently occurring value - the mode (Fig.18, Fig.19).

[0200] To go back from data represented by the residual images use the following adaptive algorithm of the constructive remainder theorem (CRT) [9,10]:

[0201] The essential characteristics of the proposed operation of the reverse transition from the results obtained when representing data and calculations in the RNS are the possibility of significantly reducing the number of computational operations while minimizing the absolute difference between comparison modules As a result, this ensures an increase in the efficiency of restoring corrected values ​​of the measured quantity. Once again, the opportunity arises to simultaneously optimize many other indicators. For example, the choice of values ​​for the measured quantity represented by (N=2n)-bit binary code of optimal comparison modules accompanied by a decrease in n to the value thanks to which the adaptive recovery algorithm based on turns out to be limited to only three (n+1=3) branches of obtaining refined values ​​of the measured quantity At the same time, such a choice is necessary to ensure optimal coordination of the measurement scale (sh) and the data representation scale Ш, which characterizes the possibility of unambiguous representation of data (N=2n)-bit binary code (Fig. 13, Fig. 16). Data representation images-remnants with the formation of new non-redundant code words, for example, helps to ensure equality of the measurement scale (ш) and the data presentation scale Ш: ш = Ш (Fig. 13(B)). With the traditional presentation of data, observation results and messages, such a possibility is excluded: the measurement scale (ш) is chosen to be much smaller compared to the data presentation scale (Ш), represented by an (N=2n)-digit binary code due to the fear of the “off-scale” effect. Thus, for example, in Fig. 13(A), the display range of the measured data The controlled parameter, which is a measurement scale (sh), was determined by values ​​from 500 to 750 conventional units. But the same values controlled parameter, but after their redundant presentation in the RNS and displayed as (Fig. 13(B)), fill the entire data representation scale from 0 to 2 N - 1=2 10 - 1 = 1023 of the same conventional units. In this case, the "off-scale" effect, as shown in the example with the same controlled parameter, shown in Fig. 16, cannot occur. The negative impact of the "off-scale" effect, the frequency of occurrence of which increases against the background of increasing complexity of the studies, also consists not only in the loss of real measurement data, as evidenced by the graphical illustration shown in Fig. 16 and relating to the time interval from 730 s to 750 s. It is enhanced due to the fact that the unchanging values ​​​​that appear in this case They can be perceived not as unreliable, which they actually are, but as true and trustworthy. However, the existing statistical approach to assessing the reliability of measurement and observation data can also lead to errors, necessitating the use of deterministic methods capable of assessing the reliability of individual measurement and observation data.

[0202] This possibility appears, as was shown earlier, thanks to the standard invariant in the form of the “group property of equiresiduality”, defined as: (Fig. 18).

[0203] Also, with the proposed non-traditional presentation of data values ​​and observation results in the form and / or additional opportunities for monitoring the reliability of residual images also appear based on the definition of absolute differences of the first and second orders between their adjacent values:

[0204]

[0205] One of the basic rules for monitoring the absence of errors and distortions is related to the fulfillment of the following equalities:

[0206]

[0207] If we take into account the following addition to (12)

[0208]

[0209] where - absolute differences of the first and second orders between adjacent reconstructed values ​​of transmitted messages This provides a new method for verifying the reliability of measurement results under the influence of various destructive factors. It significantly expands the capabilities for verifying the reliability of measurement and observation data obtained during medical and biological research.

[0210] The presented results and reasoning are directly related to the data and observations in medical and biological research. The drive for digitalization has long led to analog signal receivers subsequently converting them into binary code. In this case, the data or pixels of digital images are represented by (N=2n)-bit binary words. The standard representation of image pixels is based on byte ((N=2n=8)-bit)) code words. (Fig. 20).

[0211] This encoding is also used in modern digital photodetectors. This enables the digital recording of secondary optical radiation emitted from tissue, allowing the use of existing storage devices and data processing systems.

[0212] The main essential characteristics of the claimed invention are the transition from the traditional representation of data and image pixels (N=2n=8) - bit binary words to more efficient, redundant, error-correcting coding in a residual class system (RCS). In this case, the RCS can be minimal in the number of residual images used. with optimally selected comparison modules Then we come to an economical, non-redundant ((N=2n=8) - bit) coding of pixels, in which existing means of representing and obtaining images perceive their new values and / or as their own, previously used in their traditional presentation in the form

[0213] A new image of the previously obtained picture is shown in Fig. 21. In this case, new pixel values ​​were used in the form of their original values ​​additionally encoded in the SOC. It can be noted that the previous value of the minimum code distance between adjacent pixel values which was equal was increased to Because of this, it becomes possible to select from the resulting image, represented by pixels standard invariant in the form of a "group property of equiresiduality" - Everything again becomes similar to the previously considered cases of one-dimensional representation of values and the results of their presentation to the SOC considered in relation to the measurement data, and illustrated in Fig. 13, Fig. 14, Fig. 15, Fig. 16, Fig. 17, Fig. 18 and Fig. 19. When using observations presented in the form of images, the analyzed data, which are pixels, become two-dimensional (x, y), reflecting the change in their neighboring values, related to both the rows (x) of the image and its columns (y). Accordingly, the standard-invariant in the form of the "group property of equiresiduality", previously represented as will also become two-dimensional

[0214] Thus, the previously presented reasoning and experimental data related to the measurements (Fig. 13, Fig. 14, Fig. 15, Fig. 16, Fig. 17, Fig. 18 and Fig. 19) are also valid when obtaining data on the secondary optical radiation emitted from the tissue, which is also the focus of the proposed invention. However, in this case, it is necessary to take into account those features associated with the processing of two-dimensional data, which are the pixels of the image. At the same time, those features of image acquisition that are predetermined by other effects become more understandable, which become clearer, and therefore more understandable, when the obtained data are considered as simplified - one-dimensional when carrying out measurements. For example, the given explanations of the effect of "off-scale" one-dimensional data (Fig. 13, Fig. 16) can lead to a misunderstanding of the underlying causes that underlie this frequently occurring phenomenon in existing, diverse measurement practices. However, its manifestations become significantly more complex during observations, when images of secondary optical radiation emitted from biological tissue are analyzed and processed. Furthermore, the occurrence of an "off-scale" effect during image analysis becomes even more difficult to detect unless new techniques for pixel representation and image processing are employed.

[0215] Indeed, the gain of the sensor which was discussed in explaining the illustrations shown in Fig. 13 and Fig. 16, is nothing more than an amplification of the power of optical radiation. The analogy with measurements, which was shown earlier, also lies in the fact that the results of secondary (back) reflection of optical radiation passed through the biological tissue under study will also be converted into digital form and represented by (N=2n)-bit binary code words. The differences will be manifested in the fact that during measurements, as a rule, (N=2n=10)-bit binary code words are used (Fig. 13, Fig. 16). When forming pixels and recoding their values ​​in the RNS, (N=2n=8)-bit binary code words are used. This feature led to the emergence of additional difficulties in data analysis and processing.A similar situation has arisen, for example, in rocket telemetry, where, in addition to data obtained using traditional sensors, video telemetry is increasingly being used, allowing for the transmission of data from video cameras and sensors mounted on the rocket itself. The use of unified principles for additional coding of telemetry data and pixels in the SOC, along with developed methods and algorithms for their noise-immune recovery, processing, and analysis, has helped resolve many issues that arose when jointly processing two different sources of diagnostic information.

[0216] Therefore, everything that was said in explaining the relevance of structural-algorithmic transformations, illustrations of which are given in Fig. 13, Fig. 16, Fig. 18, Fig. 19, acquires particular relevance, for example, when choosing permissible gain factors of optical radiation sources. Thus, for example, the graphical representation shown in Fig. 16 differs from a similar image of the values ​​of the same controlled parameter, presented in Fig. 13(A), only in that in the first case the gain factor The sensor readings were doubled. This resulted in an "off-scale" effect in the time interval from 730 s to 750 s (Fig. 16), and the resulting data, when viewed as a whole, no longer reflect the actual picture of their change over time. They are marred by a "fly in the ointment." In the first case (Fig. 13(A)) the gain The sensor reading values ​​were chosen so that

[0217] Exclude the possibility of the "off-scale" effect. Currently, this is the only option offered by existing measurement theory. This choice increases the probability of the "off-scale" effect occurring, but comes at the cost of a deterioration in the observation resolution. In Fig. 16, we see six events of great interest to the analyzer; in Fig. 13(A), they are absent.

[0218] The complexity of this problem lies in the fact that the result of data corruption due to the "off-scale" effect is not so easy to determine. With automated analysis, the results of data presentation Values ​​that fall outside the scale of representation of values ​​(W = 0 - 1023) can be perceived as true values. Human capabilities, however, are significantly reduced as the volume of experiments and research increases. However, the loss of resolution can also lead to errors in decision-making information support.

[0219] The presented sources of information, as well as the provided additions to them in the form of improvements to both the process of monitoring the state of biological tissues and the methods of obtaining and processing experimental data, make it possible to determine the proposed sequence of operations that forms the basis of the developed method and is defined by the following formula of the invention.

[0220] 1. A method for determining the state of biological tissue using the combined effect of optical radiation, which consists in exposing the area of ​​biological tissue to be examined to electromagnetic radiation in the optical range of wavelengths using at least two wavelengths simultaneously or alternately, ensuring the recording of secondary optical radiation emitted from the tissue and, based on the data obtained, determining the parameters of its state, characterized in that not one point source of radiation is used, but a plurality of light-emitting diodes located on removable modules in the frame of a photo scanner, having a ring, square, oval or triangular shape nested inside each other, allowing the introduction of a light wave into the tissue along the entire perimeter of the arrangement of the light-emitting diodes or in its individual sections, leaving an open section of the tissue being examined in the center of the used figure of constructing the LED module,with the ability to process and analyze the obtained results and form, on their basis, assessments of the state of biological tissue, including visually based on the obtained images of the secondary optical radiation exiting the tissue or by means of technical vision based on a mobile phone with a pre-installed application or camera with the output of the obtained data to a computer monitor, the resulting digital information, represented by (N = 2n) - bit binary words of measurement data and / or image pixels, transform into residual images values ​​obtained as a result of the arithmetic division operation to the selected optimal comparison modules resulting in residual images require n-bit half-words for the unambiguous representation of their values, considered as the smallest information elements (information molecules) in the data sequence obtained during digitalization with the formation of new code structures Where - designation of the presentation of the results of secondary reflection of emitted light fluxes by a non-redundant (N = 2n) - bit binary code, which are subjected to subsequent processing and analysis when studying the state of biological tissue, considering them as a whole in the form and when isolating residual images from them as independent mini-information elements.

[0221] 2. The method according to paragraph 1, characterized in that the frames of the photo scanners, having a ring, square, oval or triangular shape of manufacture, represented by such figures as rings, squares, ovals and triangles inscribed in each other with an ordered set of light-emitting diodes located on their base, which are part of the frames of the photo scanners in the form of removable modules, the number and purpose of which are changed depending on the initial ideas about the upcoming medical and biological studies, are located simultaneously on several sides of the biotissue being studied, thereby ensuring the emergence of the possibility of monitoring and observing the results of the secondary reflection of emitted light fluxes from various selected sides of the biotissue being studied, while the frames of the photo scanners, the diameters of the rings, the sizes of the squares, ovals and triangles are selected in accordance with the diameters of the bends of the human body, including the circumferences of the limbs and the body,head and large joints of the upper and lower extremities, they are treated with disinfectants before use for repeated use in various conditions of biological contamination and microbial seeding.

[0222] 3. The method according to paragraphs 1 and 2, characterized in that the frames of the photo scanners are attached at a selected distance from each other on a cuff, which is wrapped around the biotissue being examined and fastened with subsequent inflation with air to ensure the required contact with the biotissue being examined and the pressure of the optical radiation sources on it, leaving free areas for monitoring, observing and recording the results of the secondary reflection of the emitted light fluxes coming from various selected sides of the biotissue being examined.

[0223] 4. The method according to paragraphs 1, 2 and 3, characterized in that they use optical radiation sources operating both in continuous and in pulsed or quasi-pulsed modes, wherein in the pulsed or quasi-pulsed modes of their operation, the impact on the biological tissue is achieved as a result of more powerful, but short-term radiation, due to which it is possible to obtain a high-quality assessment of the results of measurements and observations, as well as the interpretation of displays, characterized by increased indicators of accuracy, resolution and reliability in case of edema or infiltration, in case of multiple capillary thrombosis, as well as in the search for foreign tissue, fragments and bone fragments.

[0224] 5. The method according to paragraph 1, characterized in that the primary processing of the results of secondary reflection of emitted light fluxes is carried out, ensuring the detection and correction of measurement errors and their distortions by various destructive factors, assessing the reliability of the reconstructed data, using an algorithm for extracting digital values ​​from the obtained results of secondary reflection of emitted light fluxes which are represented by a natural (N=2n)-digit binary code and transformed into a system of residual classes using residual images values ​​obtained as a result of the arithmetic division operation to the selected optimal comparison modules with the formation of their new code structures and / or having the same bit depth (N=2n) of representing their values ​​in binary code, but composed of two n-bit senior and junior half-words, the location of which is within the new code words are changed to obtain two new different values ​​of minimum code distances accordingly, with the definition of time intervals concluded between adjacent moments in time corresponding to the fulfillment of the conditions of the following inequalities: - the meanings of successive new code words accordingly, after which the values ​​of “group properties of equi-residuality” are extracted from each of them And respectively, representing two invariant standards, distinguished by higher indicators of protection against errors and distortions, which are calculated on the basis of the following comparisons accordingly, where represent the residues found from division on the values ​​of minimum code distances which take the same values at allocated time intervals in the absence of errors and distortions, respectively, in their presence as estimates of equi-residuality use mods probability density distributions while identifying errors and distortions in the values are established on the basis of the following inequalities: accordingly, errors and distortions are corrected on the basis of such values which differ slightly from , and the estimates of their equi-residuality coincide with the corresponding values ​​of the modes

[0225] Thus, the analysis of the obtained results of secondary reflection of emitted light fluxes is carried out, in contrast to existing analogous inventions, with the expanded use of new methods of the constructive theory of finite fields, which involve the use of additional coding that replaces the obtained values ​​of measurement data and code words formed using technical vision and presented in the form of a traditionally used positional binary code, by a new system of representation in the form of residual images obtained as a result of arithmetic division by the selected comparison modules with subsequent identification of errors and distortions caused by the actions of destructive factors, and control of the reliability of the obtained results in determining the state of biological tissues.

[0226] The technical and medical-biological results from the use of the proposed method and device are achieved as follows.

[0227] The photo scanner housing includes standardized mounting locations for installing and connecting at least two LED modules with evenly distributed LEDs. Each module contains LEDs of the same wavelength, radiation characteristics, and design. When installing the modules, they are automatically connected to the module's electrical control circuit. Control circuits are organized based on the number of modules in the photo scanner to enable independent control of each module. Module control functions include turning the module on and off, and adjusting the illumination intensity. LED modules with linear LED locations (square or triangular housings) are equipped with mechanical ruler tilt control devices to adjust the angle of radiation input into the tissue. Fig.9 shows an example of the implementation of a photo scanner with three LED modules, with modules operating at three different wavelengths.

[0228] The ring-type photo scanner housing accommodates modules with LEDs of the required wavelength, installed in standardized locations to deliver radiation into the tissue. The LEDs are applied directly to the tissue being examined, eliminating the risk of parasitic direct reflection (Fig. 9) and loss of radiation power. The photo scanner's power module includes a rechargeable battery and charger, allowing the device to operate both autonomously and connected to a household electrical outlet.

[0229] A distinctive feature and a distinct advantage of using LED bars is that it is possible to implement a simple mechanical system for rotating the bars or bars along the axis of the installation to select the angle of radiation input to obtain the optimal backscattering option on the tissue area being studied.

[0230] The presented invention is distinguished by its novelty, which relates not only to the processes for obtaining biological tissue research results but also to improving their accuracy, resolution, and reliability with a new data presentation. It is based on the use of innovative technologies in processing the obtained information.

[0231] In the invention, the terms computer vision and image recognition are understood as follows:

[0232] - computer vision (technical, machine vision) - the ability of a functional component to receive, process and interpret data representing graphic images or video sequences;

[0233] - image recognition - the process of classifying objects, typical elements and / or their configurations presented in an image (GOST R 71476-2024 Artificial Intelligence, Concepts and Terminology of Artificial Intelligence)

[0234] List of references

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Claims

1. A method for determining the state of blood vessels and biological tissues using the combined effect of optical radiation, which consists in exposing the area of ​​biological tissue to be examined to electromagnetic radiation in the optical range of wavelengths using at least two wavelengths simultaneously or alternately, recording the secondary optical radiation emitted from the tissue and, on the basis of the data obtained, determining the parameters of its state, characterized in that one or more light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are used, located on removable modules in a photo scanner frame, having a ring, square, oval or triangular shape nested inside each other, while introducing a light wave into the tissue along the entire perimeter of the LEDs or in individual sections thereof, leaving an open section of the tissue being examined in the center of the LED module construction figure used,in this case, the obtained results are analyzed and an assessment of the state of the biological tissue is formed on their basis, including visually based on the obtained images of the secondary optical radiation exiting the tissue or by means of technical vision based on a mobile phone with a pre-installed application or a camera with the output of the obtained data to a computer monitor, the resulting digital information represented by N=2n-bit binary words of measurement data and / or pixels of the image X, i , are transformed into residual images b i1 (mod m1) and b i2 (mod m2), obtained as a result of the operation of arithmetic division of the values ​​of X i for the selected optimal comparison modules m1=2 n -1 and m2=2 n +1, resulting in residual images b i1 (mod m1) and b i2(mod m2) require for an unambiguous representation of their values ​​n-bit half-words, considered as the smallest information elements in the data sequence obtained during digitalization with the formation of new code constructions C i (1) = i1 (mod m1), b i2 (mod m2)>2and / or C i (2) = i2 (mod m2), b i1 (mod m1)>2, where < >2 is the designation for the representation of the results of secondary reflection of emitted light fluxes by a non-redundant N=2n-bit binary code, which are subjected to subsequent processing and analysis when studying the state of biological tissue, considering them as a whole C i (1) and / or C i (2) , and when selecting residual images from them b i1 (mod m1) and b i2 (mod m2), as independent mini-information elements. ​​2. The method according to paragraph 1, characterized in that the frames of the photo scanners, having a ring, square, oval or triangular shape of manufacture, represented by such figures as rings, squares, ovals and triangles inscribed in one another with one or more ordered light-emitting diodes located on their base, which are part of the photo scanner frames in the form of removable modules, are placed simultaneously on one or more sides of the biotissue being examined, control and observation of the results of the secondary reflection of the emitted light fluxes from the selected sides of the biotissue being examined are performed, while the frames of the photo scanners, the diameters of the rings, the sizes of the squares, ovals and triangles are selected in accordance with the diameters of the bends of the human body, including the circumferences of the limbs and body, the head and large joints of the upper and lower extremities, they are treated before use with disinfectants for repeated use in different conditions of biological contamination and microbial seeding.

3. The method according to any one of paragraphs 1 and 2, characterized in that the frames of the photo scanners are attached at a selected distance from each other on a cuff, which is wrapped around the biotissue being examined and fastened with subsequent inflation with air, leaving free areas for monitoring, observing and recording the results of secondary reflection of emitted light fluxes coming from various selected sides of the biotissue being examined.

4. The method according to any one of paragraphs 1, 2 and 3, characterized in that optical radiation sources are used that operate in both continuous and pulsed or quasi-pulsed modes, while in the pulsed or quasi-pulsed modes of their operation, the effect on the biological tissue is carried out in the short-term radiation mode.

5. The method according to paragraph 1, characterized in that the primary processing of the results of secondary reflection of emitted light fluxes is carried out, the detection and correction of measurement errors and their distortions by various destructive factors is performed, and the reliability of the reconstructed data is assessed using an algorithm for extracting digital values ​​X from the obtained results of secondary reflection of emitted light fluxes. i which are represented by a natural N=2n-bit binary code and transformed into a system of residual classes using the residual images b i1 (mod m1) and b i2 (mod m2), obtained as a result of the operation of arithmetic division of the values ​​of X i for the selected optimal comparison modules m1=2 n -1 and m2=2 n +1, with the formation of new code structures C i (1) = i1 (mod m1), b i2 (mod m2)>2and / or C i (2)) = i2 (mod m2), b i1 ​​(mod m1)>2, having the same bit depth N=2n of the representation of their values ​​in binary code, but composed of two n-bit senior and junior half-words, the location of which is inside the new code words C i (1) and C i (2) are changed to obtain two new different values ​​of the minimum code distances d min (1) =m2and d min (2) =m1, respectively, with the definition of time intervals ΔT il , concluded between adjacent moments of time T il and T i(l+1) , corresponding to the fulfillment of the conditions of the following inequalities: ΔC i (1) =|C i (1) -C i+1 (1) |≥0.8×2 N and ΔC i (2) =|C i (2) -C i+1 (2) |≥0.8×2 N , where C i and C i+1 - the values ​​of the following new code words C i (1) and C i (2)accordingly, after which the values ​​of “group properties of equi-residuality” are extracted from each of them i (1) and ƒ i (2) respectively, representing two standard invariants, which are calculated on the basis of the following comparisons C i (1) ≡ƒ i (1) (mod d min (1) ) and C i (2) ≡ƒ i (2) (mod d min (2) ) respectively, where ƒ i (1) and ƒ i (2) represent the residues found from the division of C i (1) and C i (2) on the values ​​of the minimum code distances d min (1) =m2and d min (2) =m1, which take the same values ​​ƒ i (1) =Const and ƒ i (2) =Const on the allocated time intervals ΔT il (1) and ΔT il (2)in the absence of errors and distortions, respectively, in their presence as estimates of equi-residuality ƒ i (1)* =ƒ i (1) +ε if (1) and ƒ i (2)* =ƒ i (2) +ε if (2) use Mo[ƒ mods i (1)* ] and Mo[ƒ i (2)* ] probability density distributions ƒ i (1)* and ƒ i (2)* , while identifying errors and distortions in the values ​​of C i (1)* =C i (1) +ε ic (1) and C i (2)* =C i (2) +ε ic (2) are established on the basis of the fulfillment of the following inequalities: ƒ i (1)* ≠Mo[ƒ i (1)* ] and ƒ i (1)* ≠Mo[ƒ i (1)* ] accordingly, errors and distortions are corrected on the basis of such values ​​of C i (1) and C i (2) , which differ from Ci (1)* =C i (1) +ε ic (1) and C i (2)* =C i (2) +ε ic (2) , but the estimates of their equi-residuality coincide with the corresponding values ​​of the modes Mo[ƒ i (1)* ] and Mo[ƒ i (2)* ]: ƒ i (1)* =Mo[ƒ i (1)* ] and ƒ i (2)* =Mo[ƒ i (2)* ].

Images