Method of double treatment of soybean crops with boron fertilizer

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.SUBSTANCE: cultivation of soybeans. The method of double treatment of soybean crops with boron fertilizer based on boron ethanolamine with a boron content of 150 g / l includes the first treatment in the phase of 2–3 trifoliate leaves at a dose of 1.0 l / ha and the second treatment in the phase of the beginning of budding at a dose of 1.0 l / ha. The consumption rate of the working solution for each treatment is 200 l / ha, and each treatment is carried out using the ground spraying method.EFFECT: proposed method of double treatment of soybean crops with boron fertilizer allows for increasing the soybean yield, increasing the weight of 1000 seeds, enhancing nodule formation and nitrogen fixation, stimulating initial growth and symbiosis.1 cl, 4 tbl, 4 ex

Description

[0001] The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to a method for double treatment of soybean crops with boron fertilizer, aimed at increasing yield, preserving grain quality and enhancing symbiotic nitrogen fixation.

[0002] Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), one of the most important agricultural crops of the 21st century, serves as an important source of protein and vegetable oil for human and animal nutrition. It contains about 40-45% protein and 18-22% fat, is rich in vitamins, minerals and has a balanced set of amino acids. Due to these characteristics, soybean is recommended for inclusion in a low-cholesterol diet [Kraska P. et al. Wpływ podpowierzchniowego wnoszenia nawozu mineralnego na plon i jakość nasion soi w warunkach uprawy bezpłużnej / / Agronomy Science. - 2022. - Vol. 77. - No. 4. - P. 109-131. https: / / doi.org / 10.3390 / agronomy7020042]. In addition, this crop improves soil fertility through fixation of atmospheric nitrogen [Iannetta PPM, Young M., Bachinger J., Bergkvist G. et al. A comparative nitrogen balance and productivity analysis of legume and non-legume supported cropping systems: the potential role of biological nitrogen fixation / / Frontiers in Plant Science. 2016.V. 7. P. 1700. https: / / doi.org / 10.3389 / fpls.2016.01700], and its oil is used in the production of biodiesel [Barreiros T., Young A., Cavalcante R., Queiroz E. Impact of biodiesel production on a soybean biorefinery / / Renewable Energy. 2020. V. 159. P. 1066-1083. https: / / doi.org / 10.1016 / j.renene.2020.06.064].

[0003] In modern crop cultivation technologies, the application of micronutrients is one of the mandatory techniques and can be carried out during pre-sowing seed treatment, application to the soil, but foliar feeding remains the most effective method [Zain, M., Khan, I., Khan Qadri, R., Ashraf, U., Hussain, S., Minhas, S., Siddiquei, A., Jahangir, M. and Bashir, M. (2015) Foliar Application of Micronutrients Enhances Wheat Growth, Yield and Related Attributes. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 6, 864-869. doi: 10.4236 / ajps.2015.67094].

[0004] One of the most important microelements is boron. Boron is involved in several metabolic processes, such as the synthesis and transport of photoassimilates, maintenance of cell walls and membrane structures, as well as the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins [Domingos C.S. et al. Can calcium and boron leaf application increase soybean yield and seed quality? / / Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B-Soil & Plant Science. - 2021. - Vol. 71. - No. 3. - Pp. 171-181.]. This element also stimulates root growth, enhances flower set and reduces grain emptiness [Moeinian, M. Effect of boron foliar spraying application on quality characteristics and growth parameters of wheat grain under drought stress / / American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences. - 2011. - Vol. 10. - No. 4. - P. 593-599].

[0005] For a number of crops, the effectiveness of boron as a foliar fertilizer has been established for a long time. In experiments with sunflower, the use of boron-containing fertilizer during the growing season of the crop contributed to an increase in crop yield by more than 1 t / ha (Subbotin A. G., Bobrova T. V., 2019). In 2024, A. N. Nikolsky and co-authors studied the use of boron fertilizer (ethanolamine boron content - 150 g / l) in the Republic of Mordovia during the budding - early flowering phase as a growth regulator at a dose of 2 l / ha, which made it possible to increase the amaranth grain yield by 0.95 t / ha (30% compared to the control) [Efficiency of boron fertilizers in amaranth cultivation technology / A. N. Nikolsky, V. D. Bochkarev, A. G. Vishnyakov, A. S. Pyresev / / Naukosphere. - 2024. - No. 1-1. - P. 132-137].

[0006] It is known that soybeans are sensitive to boron deficiency, especially during critical periods of development - the phase of seedlings and the formation of generative organs. However, existing methods of a single application of boron do not always provide a sustainable effect. Foliar treatment of soybean crops with the microelement fertilizer MicroFeed Bor in the phase of the 2nd and 6th trifoliate leaf at a dose of 1.5 l / ha, ensured a maximum yield increase of 4.2 c / ha, or 18.6%, increased the protein content in grain by 3.25%, fat by 2.58%, in comparison with the control variant [Minchenko Zh. N. Effect of microelement fertilizers containing boron on the yield and quality of soybean grain in chernozem soils of the Kursk region / / Bulletin of the Kursk State Agricultural Academy. - 2019. - No. 9. - P. 59-64].

[0007] A method for pre-sowing treatment of soybean seeds is known from the prior art, which includes treating the seeds with the inoculant "Hycoat Super Soya" at a rate of 1.42 l / t together with the fungicide seed treatment "Delit Pro" at a rate of 200 g / l, followed by three-fold foliar feeding of vegetative plants with the growth regulator "Heteroauxin" at a dose of 50 mg / l in the phases: the beginning of the appearance of two true leaves, budding - the beginning of flowering and the formation of beans (RU 2818928, IPC A01G 22 / 40, published 07.05.2024).

[0008] The disadvantage of the known method is the absence in the feeding scheme of specialized boron fertilizers necessary to ensure the processes of flowering, fertilization and symbiotic nitrogen fixation in soybeans, as well as the high labor intensity and cost of three-fold treatment of crops with a growth regulator, which limits its practical applicability in conditions of large-scale production.

[0009] A known method for cultivating soybeans involves three foliar applications of a mixture of fermented straw manure and water in a ratio of 1:5-10. Applications are made starting from the stage of formation of two trifoliate leaves and until the end of the flowering stage. The mixture is prepared over a period of 7-10 days, and the second application is made 14 days after the first (RU 2188532, IPC A01C 21 / 00, published 10.09.2002).

[0010] The disadvantage of the known method is the unstable composition of the nutrient mixture, which complicates the precise dosing of nutrients, the low technological effectiveness of the preparation and application of the working solution, as well as the dependence of efficiency on the quality of the original raw material (manure), which limits the possibility of large-scale application in modern agricultural systems.

[0011] A known method of cultivating mid-season soybean varieties for grain mainly in a drip irrigation system includes the introduction of microelements with irrigation water fractionally according to the main phenological phases: during the "branching-budding" period, molybdenum 50-80 g / ha, boron 150-300 g / ha, cobalt 80-170 g / ha are introduced; in the "flowering" phase - boron 200-450 g / ha, copper 120-170 g / ha, zinc 100-150 g / ha; during the formation of beans - molybdenum 80-140 g / ha, copper 160-220 g / ha, zinc 100-180 g / ha; in the phase of “bean filling and grain ripening” - cobalt 140-180 g / ha, boron 180-300 g / ha, zinc 120-200 g / ha (RU 2349067, IPC A01B 79 / 02, published 20.03.2009).

[0012] A disadvantage of the known method is its high technological complexity and cost, due to the need for multiple applications of six different micronutrients at strictly defined stages of plant development. It also relies on a drip irrigation system, which limits its widespread use in dryland farming. Furthermore, the method does not provide for a differentiated approach to boron dosing depending on soil type and nutrient availability.

[0013] A method for increasing the productivity of grain legumes is known. The method involves pre-sowing seed treatment with a composition containing molybdenum-containing tungsten production waste at a rate of 5 g / ha and rhizotorphin, dissolved in 1 liter of Elbrus mineral water per hectare of seed. Two to three weeks after emergence, the crops are fertilized by adding 5 g of molybdenum-containing waste and 5 liters of Elbrus mineral water to the irrigation water. This method increases yields and stimulates the activity of nodule bacteria that fix atmospheric nitrogen (RU 2664830, IPC A01G 700, published August 23, 2018).

[0014] The disadvantages of the proposed method include: regional limitations and dependence on specific components. The method requires the use of specific raw materials: molybdenum-containing waste from the Tyrnyauz Mining and Processing Plant and Elbrus mineral water with a specific chemical composition, making it difficult to apply in other geographic locations. The effectiveness of the method critically depends on precise adherence to the dosage of molybdenum-containing waste (5 g / ha), as insufficient amounts reduce effectiveness, while excess amounts can have an inhibitory effect on nodule bacteria. Technological complexity and the need for strict adherence to regulations are also important.

[0015] The closest to the claimed invention, taken as a prototype, is the method of foliar feeding in the cultivation of soybeans and rapeseed, including spring pre-sowing treatment with the application of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N 60 P 60 K 60and azophoska with an NPK ratio of 16:16:16, sowing seeds and two foliar feedings of vegetative plants. The first feeding is carried out during the branching phase for soybeans and during the rosette phase for rapeseed, the second - at a two-week interval during the budding - early flowering phase, using water-soluble microfertilizers Lebozol-Bor and Revetaplant+NMgS, containing magnesium (RU 2789878, IPC C05G 1 / 00, published 14.02.2023).

[0016] The disadvantage of the known method is the need to use two different specialized fertilizers, which increases the cost of processing and requires precise adherence to the technology of their mixing and application, as well as the lack of a differentiated approach to boron dosing depending on the stage of soybean development.

[0017] The technical result consists in increasing the yield of soybeans, increasing the weight of 1000 seeds, enhancing nodule formation and nitrogen fixation due to double treatment with boron fertilizer on soybean crops in key phases of plant development: in the phase of 2-3 trifoliate leaves to stimulate initial growth and symbiosis, and in the phase of the beginning of budding to enhance the formation of reproductive organs.

[0018] The essence of the invention is that the method of double treatment of soybean crops with boron fertilizer includes double treatment with boron fertilizer based on boron ethanolamine with a boron content of 150 g / l, wherein the first treatment is carried out in the phase of 2-3 trifoliate leaves at a dose of 1.0 l / ha, the second treatment is carried out in the phase of the beginning of budding at a dose of 1.0 l / ha, the consumption rate of the working solution for each treatment is 200 l / ha, each treatment is carried out by ground spraying.

[0019] Table 1 presents the effect of the studied variants on the structure of the soybean yield; Table 2 presents the assessment of the effect of the variants on the efficiency of symbiotic processes in soybean plants; Table 3 presents the effect of the variants on the yield of soybeans; Table 4 presents the effect of the studied variants on the content of crude protein and crude fat in soybean grain.

[0020] The method is as follows.

[0021] During the 2-3 trifoliate leaf stage, plants are treated with a boron-based fertilizer containing 150 g / L of boron at a dose of 1.0 L / ha. A second treatment with a boron-based fertilizer containing 150 g / L of boron is applied during the early budding stage at a dose of 1.0 L / ha. The consumption rate of the working solution for each treatment is 200 L / ha. Treatment is carried out using ground sprayers, which ensures uniform distribution of the working solution.

[0022] The study was conducted under production conditions on the Annushka soybean variety on the land of Mordovsky Bacon CJSC, Staroshaygovsky District, Republic of Mordovia. The study included the following variants:

[0023] - option 1 - treatment of soybean plants with water (control without microelements);

[0024] - option 2 - one-time treatment of soybean plants with boron fertilizer based on boron ethanolamine with a boron content of 150 g / l at a dose of 1.0 l / ha in the phase of 2-3 trifoliate leaves of soybeans;

[0025] - option 3 - one-time treatment of soybean plants with boron fertilizer based on boron ethanolamine with a boron content of 150 g / l at a dose of 1.0 l / ha in the early budding phase of soybeans;

[0026] - option 4 - double treatment of soybean plants with boron fertilizer based on boron ethanolamine with a boron content of 150 g / l at a dose of 1.0 l / ha in the phase of 2-3 trifoliate leaves and in the phase of the beginning of soybean budding.

[0027] The consumption rate of the working solution for each treatment is 200 l / ha.

[0028] The study was conducted in triplicate. The plots were rectangular, and the area of ​​the experimental plot was 15 m. 2 , accounting plot - 12 m 2 .

[0029] Plant selection for inoculation efficiency was conducted in the first ten days of August, when soybeans had reached the pod filling stage (BBCH 75). Ten soybean plants were randomly selected from each experimental plot to assess nodule number and weight. Plants were dug up with the root ball, and visible nodules were separated from the root system by hand. The remaining nodules were removed from the roots by soaking in water.

[0030] Sampling for determining the elements of soybean yield structure was carried out in the second ten-day period of September at the stage of full maturity. Plants with a height of 0.25 m were randomly selected from each block. 2To determine the number of beans and grains per plant and the weight of 1,000 seeds, the soybean harvest was carried out using an ACROS 595 grain harvester, plot by plot, from each replicate.

[0031] The crude fat content was determined according to GOST 29033-91 "Grain and its processed products. Method for determination of fat", crude protein according to GOST 10846-91 "Grain and its processed products. Method for determination of protein" on the Keltran device (OOO VPK "SibagroPRIBOR", Russia).

[0032] Table 1 presents the results of a study on the influence of boron fertilizer on the formation of the soybean crop structure, which made it possible to establish a number of patterns.

[0033] A single treatment of soybean plants at the 2-3 trifoliate leaf stage (variant 2) had a significant impact on the soybean yield structure. Application of boron fertilizer during this period resulted in a significant increase in pod number by 21%, grain number by 28%, and grain weight per plant by 30% compared to the control. Application of boron fertilizer at the 2-3 trifoliate leaf stage also had a positive effect on the increase in 1,000-seed weight, although the differences in this parameter were less pronounced.

[0034] A single treatment of soybean plants at the beginning of budding (variant 3) had a less pronounced, but statistically significant, effect on grain quality. No significant increase in the number of grains per plant or the number of beans per plant was observed. This treatment yielded the highest 1,000-seed weight (131.7 g), 9.4% higher than the control.

[0035] The most effective treatment of soybean plants was a double application of boron fertilizer (variant 4), which yielded the highest number of beans and grains per plant (16.4 and 27.1, respectively), grain weight per plant (3.58 g), and 1,000-seed weight (130.2 g). The obtained values ​​in all experimental variants (2, 3, 4) statistically significantly exceeded the values ​​of the control variant (variant 1).

[0036] When using micronutrients, their impact on the symbiotic activity of the crop should be considered. Table 2 shows the effects of treatments on the number and weight of nodules per plant. By the bean filling phase, the control plant (treatment 1) had the lowest number of nodules on the roots and their weight was minimal.

[0037] The conducted studies made it possible to establish a significant influence of plant treatments with boron fertilizer on the formation of the symbiotic apparatus of soybeans.

[0038] The maximum nodule production was recorded in Variant 4, where it reached 19.9 nodules per plant, 55.5% higher than the control (Variant 1). Variant 2 also demonstrated high efficiency, with a 32% increase relative to the control, while Variant 3 saw a 9.4% increase.

[0039] A study of root nodule weight confirmed the established pattern. The highest weight was observed in Variant 4 – 5.88 g / plant, which is 76.6% higher than the control value (3.33 g / plant). Variants 2 and 3 showed weight increases of 42.3% and 32.7%, respectively. These data indicate not only a quantitative increase in nodules but also enhanced their functional activity in Variant 4.

[0040] A correlation was established between nodule development and plant productivity (r=0.82). An increase in nodule mass by 1 g was accompanied by a 12-15% increase in vegetative mass.

[0041] The obtained results are of fundamental importance for understanding the mechanisms of microelement regulation of symbiotic nitrogen fixation and are of practical value for the development of resource-saving technologies for soybean cultivation.

[0042] The soybean yield results presented in Table 3 revealed a statistically significant effect of boron fertilizer treatment on this indicator. All treatments treated with boron fertilizer resulted in a significant increase in yield relative to the control treatment.

[0043] The highest yield was recorded in Variant 4, where it reached 2.05 t / ha, which is 0.54 t / ha (35.8%) higher than the control level (1.51 t / ha). Variant 2 also demonstrated high efficiency, providing a yield of 1.89 t / ha, corresponding to an increase of 0.38 t / ha (25.2%). Variant 3 saw an increase in yield to 1.71 t / ha, which is 0.20 t / ha (13.2%) higher than the control.

[0044] The obtained data are in direct correlation with the results on the formation of crop structure elements and the development of the symbiotic apparatus, which confirms the key role of boron in realizing the production potential of soybeans.

[0045] The key objective of the study was to find a method that would increase yield without reducing the content of crude protein and fat in soybean grain (Table 4).

[0046] The crude protein content in the grain varied across the experimental variants from 32.3% (variant 2) to 32.9% (variant 3), while in the control variant this figure was 32.7%. A similar picture was observed for the crude fat content, the values ​​of which ranged from 23.6% (variant 3) to 24.4% (variant 2), with the control figure being 24.1%.

[0047] The obtained results allow us to conclude that the treatment of soybean plants with boron fertilizer in the studied variants does not lead to significant changes in the basic biochemical composition of soybean grain in terms of the main macronutrients.

[0048] Based on the results of the studies, it can be concluded that double treatment of soybean plants with boron fertilizer based on boron ethanolamine with a boron content of 150 g / l at a dose of 1.0 l / ha in the phase of 2-3 trifoliate leaves and in the phase of the beginning of soybean budding allows for a reliable increase in the yield of soybean grain, and also does not lead to a change in the content of crude protein and fat.

[0049] Compared with known technical solutions, the proposed invention allows for an increase in soybean yield, an increase in the weight of 1000 seeds, and enhanced nodule formation and nitrogen fixation due to double treatment with boron fertilizer on soybean crops during key phases of plant development: in the phase of 2-3 trifoliate leaves to stimulate initial growth and symbiosis, and in the phase of early budding to enhance the formation of reproductive organs.

[0050] Table 1

[0051] Option Number of beans / plant, pcs. Number of grains / plant, pcs. Weight of grains / plant, gr. Weight of 1000 seeds, gr. Option 1 12,2 20,0 2,23 111,5 Option 2 15,0 25,4 3,23 130,7 Option 3 14,9 23,0 3,16 131,2 Option 4 16,4 27,1 3,58 130,2 HSR05 h. r. 1,09 3,50 0,32 7,27

[0052] Table 2

[0053] Option Number of tubers / plant, pcs. Weight of nodules / plant, g. Option 1 12,8 3,33 Option 2 16,9 4,74 Option 3 14,0 4,42 Option 4 19,9 5,88 HSR05 h.r. 1,64 0,56

[0054] Table 3

[0055] Option Yield, t / ha Option 1 1,51 Option 2 1,89 Option 3 1,71 Option 4 2,05 HSR05 h.r. 0,14

[0056] Table 4

[0057] Option Crude protein, % Crude fat, % Option 1 32,7 24,1 Option 2 32,3 24,4 Option 3 32,9 23,6 Option 4 32,7 23,9 HSR05 h.r. Fф <Fт Fф <Fт