Cavitation reactor for mass transfer of chemical reagents and wastewater

Abstract

FIELD: wastewater purification.SUBSTANCE: invention relates to technology for purifying industrial and domestic wastewater, including wastewater from livestock complexes. The cavitation reactor consists of a housing and a reflector installed in it. The housing consists of successively connected shells. The outer shells are the inlet and outlet pipes. Between them is a cylindrical shell of the reactor core, connected to the pipes by panels. A reflector is installed in a cylindrical shell, creating a gap between the inner surface of the shell and the outer surface of the reflector, as well as the end of the reflector and the panels. The reflector is a physically solid body of cylindrical shape. At least one second reflector is installed along the outer surface of the reflector. The reflectors are made of iron-carbon alloys.EFFECT: formation of cavitation zones and foci, the force factors of which provide a mechanical effect on the drain, which increases the efficiency of the interaction of the chemical reagent with micropollutants in the drain and, as a consequence, the efficiency of purification, disinfection and clarification of the drain.4 cl, 20 dwg

Description

[0001] The invention relates to wastewater treatment technology for various industrial and domestic wastewater. It can be used in agriculture to purify and disinfect wastewater from livestock farms.

[0002] Well-known examples include Frog B.N. and Levchenko A.P. "Water Treatment." A Textbook for Universities. Moscow: Moscow State University Publishing House, 1996. The textbook covers modern water treatment methods, process flow diagrams, water treatment facilities, and equipment. The textbook notes that the use of physicochemical treatment solves the problem of using purified wastewater for industrial water supply and creating closed cycles based on this. Water treatment for domestic and industrial purposes involves a combination of physical, chemical, and biological methods for altering its original composition.

[0003] This textbook examines the systems and individual devices of treatment facilities that ensure the purification process, including typical components, namely mixers, flocculation chambers, settling tanks (clarifiers), filters, contact clarifiers, contact filters, and other structural elements corresponding to standard water treatment technologies. The disadvantages of standard technologies and devices include their ineffectiveness in conditions of high concentrations of negative environmental parameters and the lack of technical solutions for the active introduction of chemical reagents into water purification, disinfection, and clarification devices.

[0004] A water ozonation unit is known, see patent No. 2169122. The invention relates to the technology of water treatment by oxidation using ozonation. The water ozonation unit comprises an air preparation system connected to at least one ozone generator, a reaction vessel made in the form of a sealed contact basin, in the lower part of which at least one disperser made in the form of a porous plate is located, and also contains a system for processing excess ozone, made in the form of at least one block of nozzles connected to a source of sprayed water and placed above the surface of the treated water, ensuring its complete overlap with the sprayed water, wherein the elements of the unit can be combined into separate container-type modules.To increase the efficiency of ozone utilization, the unit is equipped with an additional system for processing excess ozone. This system consists of an additional contact basin, the water inlet of which communicates with the water outlet of the main contact basin, and the water outlet communicates with the water inlet of the main contact basin. The water ozonation method implemented in the above-described device involves synthesizing ozone from pre-cooled and dehumidified air, passing ozone atomized by a dispersant through a layer of treated water, and processing the excess ozone.

[0005] Design flaw: Inefficient introduction of chemical reagents into water purification, disinfection, and clarification devices. Consequently, an excess ozone treatment system, implemented as an additional contact basin, is required. An excess ozone treatment system complicates the plant design. The design does not ensure high-quality mass exchange between the wastewater and the chemical reagent.

[0006] A water purification system using ozonation is known (see patent no. 2207985). The invention relates to water treatment by oxidation using ozonation. It can be used to disinfect drinking water in residential water supply systems, to disinfect recycled water in swimming pools, and to purify wastewater from industrial plants.

[0007] The technical problem that the invention (patent No. 2207985) is aimed at solving is water treatment by increasing the degree of efficiency and quality of ozone use.

[0008] The stated problem is solved in that the installation for ozonization of water, containing a system for preliminary air preparation, connected via preliminary prepared air to a power source of an ozone generator, which is connected via an ozone-air mixture to a reaction tank, communicated with a source of water to be treated, having a drain pipeline of purified water and equipped with dispersants for forming bubbles of an ozone-air mixture in the water of the reaction tank, and in which a means for reducing the mass of residual (unreacted) ozone is provided, is made in the form of separate modules of a container type, the reaction tank is a contact pool, in which dispersants for forming bubbles of an ozone-air mixture are made in the form of a porous plate or a plate with tapering channels for passing the ozone-air mixture, and the means for reducing the mass of residual ozone is made in the form of nozzles,connected to a water source and placed in the upper part of the contact pool above its surface, providing water spraying over the entire surface of the treated water.

[0009] The technical solution's drawback lies in the inefficient introduction of chemical reagents into water purification, disinfection, and clarification devices. This requires a separate module in the form of a reaction tank, which functions as a contact basin, with a complex of structural elements that complicate the overall design. This design does not ensure high-quality mass transfer between the wastewater and the chemical reagent.

[0010] A water purification system is known (see patent for utility model No. 93390). The utility model relates to multi-stage water treatment methods using ozonation, filtration, and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and can be used to purify and disinfect drinking tap water or recycled water from swimming pools. The water purification plant is distinguished by the fact that it sequentially processes the source water by ozonation, filtration and UV irradiation according to the following scheme: the source water is pumped through a jet device, into which it is mixed with an ozone-air mixture drawn from the UV irradiation unit, generated between the quartz cover and the UV lamp from the air taken from the filter, enters a contact tank, which is the volume of the filter, where oxidation of impurities and disinfection occur, then through the filter loading into the UV irradiation unit, where its final additional purification and disinfection takes place.

[0011] The chemical reagent ozone is introduced into the jet apparatus, where the treated water is mixed with the ozone-air mixture generated in the UV irradiation unit.

[0012] Design flaws. Low mass transfer between the reagent (ozone) and the effluent. The contact time of the reagent (ozone, ozone-air mixture) with the microorganisms in the liquid effluent is insufficient for their effective oxidation in the jet device. The contact area of ​​the gaseous reagent (ozone, ozone-air mixture) with the effluent and microorganisms in the jet device is ineffective. High turbidity of industrial effluents reduces the efficiency of the main structural element, namely, the UV irradiation unit. The degree of ozone utilization in the water treatment process is suboptimal; a significant amount of residual ozone is formed, requiring additional equipment for its neutralization. Ozone's solubility in water is quite low, so effective dissolution requires specialized devices that increase the contact time, increase the contact surface area, or ensure intensive localized interaction of ozone (or another reagent) with water.

[0013] A method for wastewater treatment is known, see patent for invention No. 2581870. The invention is used to purify water from oil products, fats and suspended solids. The method involves sequential treatment of water by mechanical cleaning through a sand trap, an oil settling trap, a flotation tank and final cleaning on a sorption filter. The method is characterized in that the water is additionally purified on a granular filter, while initially it is passed through a sand trap, which combines in its design the elements of a tangential and vertical sand trap, an oil settling trap, the bottom of which has a slope from the center to the periphery in the direction of water flow, which ensures the settling of sediments with their subsequent removal, then the purified water is aerated with air in a flotation tank, which has cylindrical partitions dividing it into flotation and settling zones of floated water, represented by a conical bottom and a pipeline for sediment removal,which increases the purification effect due to the completeness of the flotation process and the precipitation of contaminants not separated in the previous stages of purification; after the removal of contaminants and sediment, the flotation and settled water is passed through a granular filter, where the water, moving from top to bottom, passes through it, then makes a 180 degree turn, rises up to the overflow hole formed by a partition installed between the granular and sorption filters, and goes down, then enters the sorption filter, where it rises from the bottom up until it reaches the branch pipe for draining purified water, located in the upper part of the sorption filter, while sediments are removed from the filters through sediment discharge pipes located in the lower part of the bottom with slopes of each filter.

[0014] Disadvantages of the method. The method is limited to using only mechanical cleaning agents and does not utilize effective chemical reagents that affect the quality of wastewater treatment. The device implementing the method does not utilize technical means that ensure effective physical action on the medium being treated.

[0015] It is known that cavitation devices and vortex mixers of various designs are used to mix liquids of different chemical composition and density, including those prone to stratification.

[0016] A cavitation mixer is known (see patent No. 2356611). The invention relates to the field of cavitation processing and can be used in the production of suspensions and emulsions. The mixer comprises a housing with a cylindrical working chamber, within which is a drive shaft with a cavitator in the form of an impeller with wedge-shaped blades. The blades are positioned in a plane perpendicular to the impeller's axis of rotation. As the impeller rotates, cavities filled with cavitation microbubbles form behind its blades. When these bubbles "collapse," intense, rapidly changing fields of high pressure and temperature are generated, affecting the components that form a stable mixture.

[0017] The technical solution's drawback lies in the combination of design elements that provide dynamic rotational motion and static ones. This combination complicates the design, particularly in terms of achieving the technical effect of creating a cavitation zone within which the components are mixed.

[0018] A cavitator is known, see patent No. 2516638. The invention relates to devices for generating cavitation phenomena and can be used in thermal power engineering, the petrochemical industry, systems for preparing hydrocarbon fuels for combustion, water purification plants, in cavitation technologies associated with the processing of viscous oils, petroleum products, coal tar.

[0019] The cavitator contains a confuser, a diffuser, a nozzle, a swirl element made in the form of a helicoid, a fairing, an inlet and an outlet pipe.

[0020] The distinctive feature of the proposed cavitator is that the swirling element is located in the confuser and is made in the form of peripherally located tapering spiral helicoid channels with an outlet into the nozzle.Each spiral channel in the cross section has the shape of a helicoid with a ratio of the minor and major axes of 0.47 ... 0.75 and with an internal smooth narrowing along the length of the spiral channels, which are simultaneously twisted with a number of turns from 1.5 to 2.5 around a conical surface in the form of spirals converging to the top of the cone with a twist pitch increasing as the spiral channels narrow, the spiral channels have a main internal projection, which is shaped as a geometric surface of the second order from the narrow end of the helicoid, and additional internal smooth projections located from the blunt end of the helicoid, the helicoids together with the main and additional internal projections are twisted around their longitudinal axes of the spiral channels with a pitch of 0.9 ... 1.3 from the largest axis of the helicoid in the direction opposite to the direction of twisting of the spiral helicoid channels around the conical surface.

[0021] According to the description, the diffuser is the element where cavitation occurs in the fluid flow exiting the nozzle at high velocity. Cavitation occurs as a result of a localized decrease in fluid pressure in the diffuser, which occurs due to an increase in fluid velocity. Design flaws. The cavitator design is based on a scheme that axially forms a focal cavitation zone in the diffuser by arranging peripherally located, tapering spiral helicoidal channels in the confuser with an outlet at the nozzle. This scheme does not ensure effective mass transfer of chemical reagents with the flow of the purified medium due to the limited focal contact in the active zone (diffuser) of the cavitator. High-quality wastewater treatment with chemical reagents requires some time, during which the necessary and sufficient chemical reactions between the reagents and the wastewater occur.For example, ozone is a strong oxidizer capable of attacking many organic compounds found in wastewater. It is poorly soluble in water. The required contact time between wastewater and ozone averages 8-12 minutes. A cavitator (see patent no. 2516638) does not provide the required mass transfer time between the chemical reagent and the wastewater for high-quality treatment. The duration of ozone interaction with the compounds contained in water is a technical characteristic of the cavitator design.

[0022] A cavitation mixer is known, see patent No. 2009709 (prototype).

[0023] The invention consists of a cylindrical body containing a hollow, cone-shaped cavitator mounted on a nozzle. A system of reflectors deflects cavitation jets of liquid into the area between the cavitator and a central reflector, which is positioned normally to the direction of the liquid jet emanating from the nozzle.

[0024] The cavitator's unique feature is its ability to slow the flow of the medium being cleaned and reflect it off an annular deflector. Its surface is inclined at an angle to the housing axis, ensuring the reflection of cavitation jets into the space between the cavitating cone and the central deflector. The use of the annular deflector ensures impact atomization and reflection of the liquid into the cavitation cavity between the central deflector and the cone. The design of the annular deflector's reflective surface, inclined at an angle to the housing axis, ensures the reflection of cavitation jets and, consequently, impact atomization.

[0025] Design flaw. The cavitator design (see patent No. 2009709 (prototype)) is based on a scheme that relies on the axial formation of a focal cavitation zone in a cavitating cone. This does not ensure effective mass exchange of chemical reagents with the flow of the purified medium due to the short contact time of the purified medium with the reagents introduced into it. Mass exchange of a reagent, for example, ozone, (ozone-air mixture) with the volume of wastewater and microorganisms in the wastewater is ineffective. Wastewater treatment with chemical reagents requires sufficient time for a high-quality chemical reaction between the reagents and the wastewater, since the solubility of a chemical reagent, for example, ozone, in water is low. The cavitator (see patent No. 2009709 (prototype)) does not ensure the required duration of mass exchange between the chemical reagent and the wastewater.

[0026] The objective of the proposed invention is to create a device that improves the efficiency of mass transfer between chemical reagents introduced into the wastewater being treated and the liquid medium of the wastewater, thereby improving the efficiency of wastewater treatment and clarification. The immediate technical challenge is to increase the number of cavitation centers and zones, the intensity of mixing of chemical reagents with the liquid medium of the wastewater, and the creation of conditions for high-quality mass transfer over a period of time sufficient for effective wastewater treatment.

[0027] The reactor provides the effect of multiple cavitation, as a consequence of the rupture of the continuity of the flow with the formation of several pulsating cavitation zones and caverns in the flow of liquid medium with simultaneous long-term, in comparison with the prototype, mechanical mixing of chemical reagents introduced into the mass of the purified wastewater.

[0028] Cavitation occurs in liquids when pressure drops to a point where flow discontinuities occur. Cavitation is characterized by the formation of tiny vapor-gas bubbles, which, if allowed to develop, can form pulsating cavitation cavities in the flow. As the bubbles move with the flow toward higher pressure, they collapse, creating a shock wave and releasing heat. The collapse of a cavitation bubble occurs at high speed and is essentially a hydraulic shock. The collapse of the cavitation gas bubbles releases thermal energy, creating shock waves. This results in areas of elevated liquid temperature, reaching up to 1000°C, and heat generation. Cavitation impacts the treated water-containing wastewater, breaking down colloids and particles containing bacteria and tiny organisms.In the cavitation zone, the physical and chemical properties of water change, significantly increasing pH, temperature, and chemical activity. The antibacterial effect of cavitation is proportional to its intensity and treatment time.

[0029] The reactor for mass exchange of chemical reagents and wastewater uses design elements that ensure the formation of cavitation zones and individual cavitation caverns caused by the operation of the device and associated with a change in the direction of flow, braking and reflection of the flow in a given direction, movement of the flow under the active influence of local resistance and roughness, and a change in the nature of the flow of wastewater from laminar to turbulent mode.

[0030] The reactor provides complex cavitation, chemical and mechanical effects on the environment of the purified flow.

[0031] Technical result: formation of cavitation zones, clusters and caverns, which form complex force factors affecting the drain and, as a result, purification and clarification of the drain.

[0032] The reactor consists of a vessel and reflectors installed within it. The vessel consists of series-connected shells, the outermost of which are the inlet and outlet nozzles, between which is the mass transfer reactor shell. At least two reflectors are installed within the shell with a gap. One of these reflectors is installed with a gap between the inner surface of the shell and the outer surface of the reflector, as well as between the end face of the reflector and the panels separating the reactor shell from the shells of the inlet and outlet nozzles. The second reflector is located in the gap between the inner surface of the mass transfer reactor shell and the outer surface of the reflector.

[0033] List of figures explaining the proposed invention.

[0034] Fig. 1. Assembled mass transfer reactor.

[0035] Fig. 2. Operation of the reactor to form cavitation centers at the entrance to the active zone of the mass transfer reactor.

[0036] Fig. 3. Qualitative change in the direction of movement of the purified wastewater.

[0037] Fig. 4. Operation of the reactor to form cavitation centers in the active zone of the mass transfer reactor.

[0038] Fig. 5. Operation of the reactor to form cavitation centers at the outlet of the active zone of the mass transfer reactor.

[0039] Fig. 6. Formation of cavitation centers on the reactor reflector.

[0040] Fig. 7. Formation of cavitation centers on the reactor reflector.

[0041] «A - A» - cross-section of the reflector.

[0042] Fig. 8. Formation of cavitation centers on the reactor reflector in the active zone gap. View B - cross-section of the active zone.

[0043] Fig. 9. Formation of cavitation centers on the surface of the reactor core shell. Longitudinal section.

[0044] Fig. 10. Formation of cavitation centers on the surface of the reactor core shell. Cross-section.

[0045] Fig. 11. Formation of cavitation centers on the surface of the panel connecting the shell of the reactor core with the inlet pipe.

[0046] Fig. 12. Reflector connection. Longitudinal section.

[0047] Fig. 13. Formation of a given slot gap. Connection of reflectors. Cross-section.

[0048] Fig. 14. Basic parameter of pipeline.

[0049] Fig. 15. Comparison base expansion.

[0050] Fig. 16. Qualitative and quantitative changes in the reactor core.

[0051] Fig. 17. Scheme of force factors in the reactor core.

[0052] Fig. 18. Surface roughness parameters as a factor influencing the laminar flow of the medium and the formation of cavitation clusters.

[0053] Fig. 19. Movement of the drain in the gap h. Turbulization of the laminar layer.

[0054] Fig. 20. The location of the reactor in the general flow chart for wastewater treatment.

[0055] Fig. 1 shows the design of the mass transfer reactor.

[0056] The reactor consists of an inlet pipe 1, a reactor core vessel 2 containing a reflector 4 on which a reflector 6 is mounted, and an outlet pipe 5. The inlet pipe 1, vessel 2, and outlet pipe 5 are shells made of durable structural materials, primarily steel, and corresponding, for example, to profiles according to GOST 32931-2015. All types of a variety of profiles according to GOST 32931-2015 satisfy the technical result of comprehensive wastewater treatment, each of which is one of the possible options for practical application. The use of a round (cylindrical) profile is considered the most technologically rational. To generalize all possible profiles used in the proposed design, the term "shell" is used, see, for example, https: / / www.arma-prom.ru / chto-takoe-obechavka-truby. A shell is a metal structure in the form of a conical, round, or oval pipe section. For the term "shell," see, for example, https: / / metkom67.com / product / cilindricheskaya-obechajka / - this is a cylindrical part with a ring-shaped cross-section, less commonly square, triangular, or other shape. To functionally differentiate shells 1, 2, and 5, a term is used that ensures such a distinction. For this purpose, the description indicates that shells 1 and 5 are nozzles, i.e., short sections of pipe rigidly connected to shell 2 of the reactor core. The admissibility of using the term "nozzle" for this functional designation follows, for example, from the glossary of terms https: / / sarrz.ru / slovar / patrubok.html, where a nozzle is a small section of pipe attached to a tank, reservoir, or vessel. A nozzle is intended for connection to pipelines, tanks, vessels, apparatus, and containers. The rigid connection of pipes 1 and 5 with the shell 2 of the reactor core is carried out by panels 3. The structural connection of parts 1, 2, 3 and 5 is carried out, for example, by welding.A reflector 4, a physically solid body, primarily cylindrical in shape, is located in the cavity of the shell 2. The reflector 4 may be made of structural materials, such as steel. A reflector 6 is mounted on the outer surface of the reflector 4 and rigidly connected to the reflector 4. The structural connection of reflectors 4 and 6 may be accomplished by welding. The reflector 4 is installed in the cavity of the shell 2 with a gap h between the end of the reflector 4 and panels 3, respectively, of the inlet 1 and outlet 5 nozzles, as well as with a gap h between the inner surface of the shell 2 and the outer surface of the reflector 4. For a cylindrical shell 2 and a cylindrical reflector 4, the cross-section of the gap "h" will have the shape of a ring along the entire length of the reactor core. The reflector 6 simultaneously performs several functions within the reactor.Reflector 6 generates cavitation caverns, turbulizes the flow of the medium passing in the annular gap of the active part of the reactor, and at the same time forms the nominal dimension “h” between the inner surface of the shell 2 and the outer surface of the reflector 4, and also rigidly connects the reflector 4 with the shell 2, creating the structural unity of the reactor as a whole.

[0057] D1 - diameter of the shell 2 of the reactor core.

[0058] D2 - reflector diameter 4.

[0059] Fig. 2 shows the operation of the device for forming cavitation centers and clusters at the inlet of the active zone of the mass transfer reactor. The wastewater flow is moved under pressure P from the main pipeline to the inlet pipe 1, where the flow is slowed down by the end of the reflector 4 and turned along the end surface in the radial direction. The difference from the prototype is that the flow is reflected not in the direction of the device axis, but in the opposite direction. Not towards the area of ​​the central axis of the device, but in the opposite direction, not limited by the overall dimensions. The reflected flow is introduced into the slit gap "h" between the end of the reflector 4 and the panel 3 of the inlet pipe 1. The change in the direction of the flow 7 (flow turn) under pressure P forms cavitation sections 8 (panel 3) and 9 (end part of the reflector 4) on the end of the reflector 4 and the plane of panel 3.

[0060] Figure 3 shows a qualitative change in the direction of movement of the purified wastewater. The cavitation zone extends in a radial direction 10 from the center of the device, encompassing the entire end surface of the reflector 4.

[0061] Fig. 4 shows the formation of cavitation centers in the active zone of the mass transfer reactor. Under the action of pressure P, the flow 7 moves in the direction of shell 2. The movement is performed in the slit gap "h" between the end of reflector 4 and panel 3 of inlet pipe 1. Shell 2 slows down the flow and turns it into the annular cavity between shell 2 and reflector 4. The result of the turn is the formation of cavitation caverns 11 on the surface of shell 2 and 12 around reflector 4. Further movement of the flow occurs in the annular slit cavity of the reactor core between shell 2 and reflector 4 until it contacts end panel 3. Since flow 7 is under constant pressure P, then in the process of movement it is constantly subjected to mechanical action from reflectors 4, 6 and shell 2. The annular cavity between shell 2 and reflector 4 is a qualitative transformation of the flow, during which the mechanical action on the flow increases significantly.Turbulence of the flow in the slit, annular gap is carried out simultaneously from the side of the shell 2 and reflectors 4 and 6.

[0062] Fig. 5 shows the formation of cavitation centers at the outlet of the active zone of the mass transfer reactor. Under the action of pressure P, the flow 7 moves in the annular slit gap in the direction of panel 3 connecting the shell 2 with the outlet pipe 5. Panel 3 slows down the flow 7 of the discharge and reflects it into the slit gap between the end of the reflector 4 and panel 3. The rotation of the flow leads to the formation of cavitation caverns 13, 14 on the end of the reflector 4 and on the plane of panel 3. After moving the flow in the end gap, the discharge moves into the outlet pipe 5 and from it into the main pipeline.

[0063] Fig. 6 shows the formation of cavitation centers on the reflector of the device in a longitudinal section of the reflector. Structurally, the reflector consists of two elements. A physically solid body 4, for example, cylindrical in shape, and a reflector 6 located on it. Functionally, reflector 4, as part of the reactor, provides an annular slit gap "h" along the cylindrical surface, which qualitatively changes the shape of the flow moving in the annular gap and multiplies the mechanical impact of force factors on the liquid medium. Reflector 6 is located along reflector 4 and is rigidly connected to it, for example, by welding. In relation to the oncoming flow, reflector 6 acts as a local resistance and, just like reflector 4, generates cavitation caverns. At the same time, reflector 6 serves as a connecting element between reflector 4 and shell 2.Like reflector 4, it is manufactured from durable structural materials, such as steel, or cast together with reflector 4. For example, cast iron can be cast into a mold. The design of reflector 4 ensures the formation of cavitation cavities 9 and 13 at the ends and 12 on the cylindrical surface of the reflector. Mechanical action on the drain occurs along the entire length of reflectors 4 and 6.

[0064] Figure 7 shows the formation of cavitation centers on reflector 4 in the core cross-section. Section A - A of the cavitation center shows that cavitation cavities 12 are located on the developed surface of reflector 4 in the annular zone of the reactor core. Compared to the prototype, the area of ​​cavitation zone formation has been significantly increased.

[0065] Fig. 8 shows the formation of cavitation centers 13 at the end of the reflector 4. The cavitation caverns 13 completely cover the end portion of the reflector 4.

[0066] Fig. 9 shows the formation of cavitation centers in a longitudinal section of the reactor on the surface of the shell 2. During the movement of the drain 7 in the gap h, cavitation caverns 8, 11 and 14 are formed on the surface of the shell 2 and panels 3 connecting the shell 2 with the shells of the inlet 1 and outlet 5 pipes, which are a consequence of the deceleration and turning of the flow by the reflector 4 under the conditions of the current pressure P of the flow.

[0067] Fig. 10 shows the formation of cavitation centers 11 in the cross-section B - B of the reactor on the surface of the shell 2.

[0068] Fig. 11 (view G, see Fig. 9) shows the formation of cavitation centers 8 on the surface of panel 3 connecting the shell 2 of the reactor core with the inlet pipe 1. Cavitation caverns are a consequence of the deceleration and rotation of the flow of the medium by the reflector 4 under the conditions of the current flow pressure P.

[0069] Fig. 12 shows the connection of reflectors 4 and 6. A longitudinal section. Reflector 6 is introduced into the mass transfer reactor as a structural element providing:

[0070] - formation of cavitation zones in addition to the action of reflector 4;

[0071] - mechanical impact on the flow, in terms of flow turbulence and mechanical mixing;

[0072] - orientation of reflector 4 in the cavity of shell 2;

[0073] - connecting reflector 4 with shell 2 into a single structure;

[0074] - forming a gap h;

[0075] - formation of the annular zone of the active part of the reactor.

[0076] The structural integrity of reflector 4 with shell 2 is ensured by a rigid connection to reflector 6, for example, by welding. The required orientation of reflector 4 relative to panels 3 and shell 2 is determined by the nature of the flow in the annular zone of the reactor core and the end gaps.

[0077] To fulfill the above conditions, one reflector 6 connected simultaneously with reflector 6 and shell 2 is sufficient. To increase the efficiency of mechanical action on the flow, it is possible to place several reflectors 6 between reflector 4 and shell 2.

[0078] Fig. 13 shows the cross-section D - D and the formation of the specified gap "h". Connection of reflectors 4 and 6.

[0079] Fig. 14 shows the basic parameter of the initial state of the medium flow located in the inlet branch 1, before the flow is converted by the reactor. D0 is the inner diameter of the shell of the inlet branch 1.

[0080] Figure 15 shows a cross-sectional view of the comparison base. The pressure P from the wastewater flow is balanced by the reaction force of the shell 1 of the inlet pipe. The mechanical force from the shell of the inlet pipe 1 in section D0 is characterized by the circumference of the section D0 and is L0 = 3.14D0, where D0 is the internal diameter of the inlet pipe 1, and L0 is the circumference in the section under consideration.

[0081] Figure 16 shows the qualitative and quantitative changes in the reactor core. The flow shape has changed qualitatively. In the annular gap cavity between shell 2 and reflector 4, the flow is subject to the action of forces from reflector 4 and shell 2. The annular flow shape is determined by the gap h = (D1 - D2) / 2.

[0082] Fig. 17 shows the development of force factors in the reactor core.

[0083] The pressure P from the wastewater flow is balanced by the reaction force between shell 2 and reflector 4. The force factor of reflector 6 is not considered. The mechanical impact on the flow occurs from shell 2 and reflector 4 simultaneously, in each cross-section of the reactor core and is characterized by the circumference of shell 2 in the cross-section where the circumference of shell 2 is L1 = 3.14 D1 and, simultaneously, by the circumference of reflector 4 in the cross-section where the circumference is L2 = 3.14 D2.

[0084] Fig. 18 shows the parameters of surface roughness as a factor influencing the flow of a medium, including the laminar layer of a flow passing through a mass transfer reactor.

[0085] Shell 2 and reflector 4 are manufactured using mechanical processing methods, such as structural steel, alloy steel, aluminum alloys, sheet metal, cast iron, and other materials that ensure reliability, safety, and maintainability during operation. The surface of these materials always has microdefects, which are caused by the nature of the material, tooling, fixtures, process equipment, temperature conditions, and other factors. The degree of microdefects in parts of any type and profile is defined as surface roughness. The main parameters characterizing surface roughness are:

[0086] - Ra - average arithmetic deviation of the profile, µm;

[0087] - Rz - height of profile irregularities at ten points, µm.

[0088] The materials used for the pipe profiles and sheet metal, including shell 2, reflectors 4 and 6, and panels 3 connecting pipes 1 and 5 to shell 2, have a rough surface with microroughness Ra, which affects the mass transfer of the reagent with the discharge medium. In the mass transfer reactor, the microroughness actively affects the medium moving in the zone bounded by shell 2, reflectors 4 and 6, and panels 3, under flow pressure P in the gap cavity h.

[0089] Fig. 19 Movement of the drain in the gap h. Turbulization of the laminar layer.

[0090] The roughness of the reactor surfaces ensures the formation of cavitation clusters and the transition of the laminar portion of the flow adjacent to the rough section of the profile of shell 2, panels 3, and deflectors 4 and 6 to turbulent flow, which is accompanied by intensive mixing of the medium containing the introduced chemical reagents, with velocity and pressure pulsations. Along with the main longitudinal flow movement, transverse movements and rotational motions of individual volumes of liquid occur. The transition from laminar to turbulent flow occurs independently of the formation of cavitation zones on the surfaces of shell 2, panels 3, and deflectors 4 and 6, at a certain flow velocity.

[0091] Fig. 20 shows the location of the mass transfer reactor in the general process flow diagram and its operation in effluent treatment.

[0092] The industrial and domestic wastewater treatment process line includes a device 15, such as a filter separating the wastewater into solid 16 and liquid 17 fractions. A tank 18 for collecting the liquid fraction after filtration and separation of the solid fraction. A pipeline 22 connecting the functional units. A pump 19 for moving the wastewater. A tank 20 filled with chemical reagents, such as perhydrol and / or an ozone generator. A pump 21 for feeding reagents into the main pipeline 22. A mass transfer generator 23 built into the pipeline downstream of the chemical reagent injection point. A tank 24 for collecting the treated wastewater. The mass transfer generator 23 can be integrated into the pipeline, for example, by a flange connection located on the inlet and outlet pipes of the reactor. From the mass transfer reactor 23, the purified wastewater is moved to the storage tank 24 for further use.The overall dimensions of the K reactor allow for scaling the dimensions of the 23 reactor without limitations, increasing the capacity for effluent treatment and the time of action of the reagents in the effluent on destructive inclusions.

[0093] Technical result

[0094] The chemical reagent and wastewater mass exchange reactor generates several simultaneously acting force factors that ensure high-quality mass exchange of chemical reagents in industrial and domestic wastewater:

[0095] - forms cavitation zones and caverns and their impact effect on the drain;

[0096] - ensures turbulence of the flow by mechanical action on the flow from the structural elements of the mass transfer reactor;

[0097] - The reactor design ensures prolonged contact time between the reagents in the wastewater and destructive impurities. This results in a high degree of purification, disinfection, and clarification of industrial and domestic wastewater.

Claims

1. A cavitation reactor for the mass exchange of chemical reagents and industrial and household waste effluents, consisting of a housing and a reflector installed therein, characterized in that the housing consists of successively connected shells, the outermost of which are the inlet and outlet pipes, between which is located the cylindrical shell of the reactor core, connected to the pipes by panels, in which a reflector is installed, which is a physically solid body of cylindrical shape, with the formation of a gap between the inner surface of the shell and the outer surface of the reflector, as well as the end of the reflector and the panels, on the outer surface of the reflector along it at least one second reflector is installed, wherein the reflectors are made of iron-carbon alloys.

2. A reactor according to paragraph 1, characterized in that steel is used as the iron-carbon alloy.

3. A reactor according to paragraph 1, characterized in that cast iron is used as the iron-carbon alloy.

4. The reactor according to paragraph 1, characterized in that alloy steel is used as the iron-carbon alloy.

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