Device for spatial and planar constructions using triangulation method (triograph)

Abstract

FIELD: measuring technology.SUBSTANCE: invention relates to hand-held measuring instruments used in the creation of architectural and volumetric models for the precise construction and verification of the relative position of points and directions on flat and volumetric objects using the triangulation method. A device is proposed for spatial and planar constructions using the triangulation method, comprising a housing configured to orient itself in a working position vertically under the action of gravity, a ruler and a friction unit. The housing comprises a sighting through-hole located in the friction unit or below the unit parallel to it; the ruler is installed with its central part in the end part of the housing by means of the friction unit with the possibility of free rotation through 360°.EFFECT: increase in the accuracy of drawing construction by linking measurements to the vertical.8 cl, 14 dwg

Description

[0001] Technical field

[0002] The invention relates to the field of measuring equipment and educational and artistic instruments, namely to hand-held measuring instruments used in the fine arts (drawing, easel painting, graphics), sculpture, in the creation of architectural and volumetric models, as well as in educational practice for the precise construction and verification of the relative position of points and directions on flat and volumetric objects using the triangulation method, as well as in auxiliary tasks, including the proportional construction of objects (the ratio of height to width), checking angles, and constructing linear perspective.

[0003] Technology Level

[0004] Devices for constructing perspective and transferring directions are known: compasses, optical sights, proportional meters and hinged rulers (for example, the prototype of the ''Angle Measurement Tool for Artists'', known as ''The Artist Angle'').

[0005] The disadvantages of these solutions are the lack of a stable zero reference point when determining the vertical, the need for simultaneous control of three points for triangulation, as well as difficulties in making accurate measurements “on the fly”, without support on the work surface.

[0006] This device is designed primarily for use on vertical surfaces (canvas, drawing board, or stand), but can also be used on horizontal surfaces and for inspecting three-dimensional forms, including sculpture and bas-relief. Its design allows it to be used primarily when working on a vertical surface, such as a canvas mounted on an easel, or when drawing on a stand or drawing board. This makes it convenient for painters and draftsmen working from life. The device can be used for educational and demonstration purposes, as well as in architectural and design contexts for mastering and visually demonstrating the principles of perspective and proportion, as well as for auxiliary tasks, including proportional construction of objects (height-to-width ratio), checking angles, constructing linear perspective, and inspecting verticals and horizontals.

[0007] Disclosure of invention

[0008] The technical problem that the proposed solution is aimed at solving is the creation of a compact hand-held device that ensures the precise measurement and transfer of directions and reference points using triangulation from life, a photograph, or an image on the screen of an electronic device onto the plane of a drawing, as well as the verification of spatial proportions and key points on volumetric forms (sculpture, relief, model) at any scale.

[0009] The technical result of the claimed solution is to increase the accuracy of drawing by linking measurements to a strict vertical using gravity with a balanced symmetrical design of the device.

[0010] The result is high accuracy of constructions using the triangulation method by linking measurements to the vertical formed under the influence of gravity and using a sighting hole for precise positioning of the instrument in space.

[0011] The technical result of the claimed solution is achieved by the fact that a device is proposed for spatial and planar constructions using the triangulation method, containing a housing made with the ability to orient itself in a working position vertically under the action of gravity, a ruler and a friction unit, wherein the housing contains a sighting through hole located in the friction unit or below it parallel to it, the ruler is installed with its central part in the end part of the housing by means of a friction unit with the ability to freely rotate 360 ​​degrees.

[0012] Variations are possible when:

[0013] the end side of the housing is opposite to the side where the friction unit is located, and the end parts of the ruler contain holes for installing removable stops in them, the axes of which are parallel to the axis of the friction unit;

[0014] The ruler is made folding relative to the axis of the friction unit;

[0015] that on both sides of the housing surface below the friction unit, 15-45 mm parallel to it, pins are installed protruding from the housing surfaces;

[0016] The ruler is fixed through the friction unit to the side of the body;

[0017] the ends of the friction unit stud protrude from the housing surfaces;

[0018] that the ruler is fixed through a friction unit in the longitudinal cutout of the body;

[0019] The body is made with a longitudinal cutout, in which part of the ruler can be placed when it is rotated.

[0020] The combination of the above essential features ensures:

[0021] stabilization of the ruler by a friction mechanism with fluoroplastic washers;

[0022] The ability to work without touching the surface and the ability to build contact with three special stops that ensure stable positioning;

[0023] Universality is achieved due to the possibility of installing the axial mounting unit of the ruler both in the central plane of the housing and on its side edge, as well as the variability of the housing design (solid or with a through cutout);

[0024] The vertical is formed automatically by gravity, ensuring a constant and accurate zero reference point;

[0025] To define a new point, only two points need to be controlled, since the third (vertical) axis is set automatically;

[0026] errors in construction do not accumulate, since the vertical of the instrument plumb line gives an initially correct reference point each time;

[0027] Measurements are taken non-contact (including fresh oil painting) or by contact method using special stops;

[0028] The design is compact, reliable and balanced, eliminates backlash and ensures smooth rotation of the ruler thanks to the friction unit with fluoroplastic washers;

[0029] One-handed operation possible;

[0030] The connecting pin has rounded and polished ends for holding with two fingers, which ensures the free vertical position of the handle under the influence of gravity and eliminates the influence of finger friction on the plumb line;

[0031] The design allows for different options for attaching the ruler (along the central axis of the body or on the side), the possibility of making the body and ruler from wood, metal, plastic or their combinations, as well as various ruler designs (solid, perforated or with a scale).

[0032] Brief description of drawings

[0033] The essence of the invention is explained by figures, which show

[0034] Fig. 1 and 2 - general view of the device.

[0035] Fig. 3 - device design and design elements.

[0036] Fig. 4 and 5 view of the device in the hand.

[0037] Fig. 6 device in case of using a monolithic body 1 without a cutout 1.1 containing stop bolts 4

[0038] Fig. 7 device in case of using a monolithic element of the housing 1 without a cutout 1.1 in the hand with an indication of the main elements with holding by the axis

[0039] Fig. 8 device in hand - side view with holding by pin 5

[0040] Fig. 9 Application of the device

[0041] Fig. 10 - shows a diagram of sequential construction by the triangulation method from base points A and B with determination of the position of point C.

[0042] Fig. 11 - shows an example of finding base points on images when constructing head proportions

[0043] Fig. 12 - version with metal body and folding ruler.

[0044] Fig. 13-14 - an example of using the device in constructing an image.

[0045] The positions on the figures indicate:

[0046] 1 - body;

[0047] 1.1 - case cutout;

[0048] 2 - ruler;

[0049] 2.1 - holes for installing stops;

[0050] 3 - Friction unit with sighting hole

[0051] 4 - stops;

[0052] 5 - pins with polished ends;

[0053] 6 - threaded tube;

[0054] 7 - fluoroplastic washers;

[0055] 8 - nuts;

[0056] 9 - sighting hole.

[0057] Implementation and implementation examples

[0058] In classical triangulation, the position of a point in space is determined as the intersection of two directions drawn from two base points A and B to the target point C, which requires simultaneous monitoring of three points and is difficult when working "in the air." In the proposed device, the role of one of the base axes is played by the vertical zero axis, formed by gravity within the device body. The operation is based on the principle of sequential triangulation from a common vertical: first, from the first base point A, the direction to C is fixed as an angle to the vertical, then from the second base point B, the direction to C is fixed to the same vertical. The intersection of the two directions, drawn to a common zero, precisely determines the position of point C. The vertical formed by gravity acts as a common reference axis and eliminates the need for simultaneous monitoring of three points.

[0059] Thus, the instrument implements triangulation in a simplified manner: each measurement is made relative to a single base point and a common vertical, and the final position of the target point is determined from these two measurements. This significantly simplifies work "under the weight" and makes the device suitable even for users with limited motor skills.

[0060] The accuracy of angle measurements is ensured by the ruler's rotation axis being equipped with a sighting aperture 9—a short cylindrical channel through which the user visually aligns the device's axis with the area between the points being measured. When the aperture 9 appears as a perfect circle, the device's axis is pointed precisely toward the area being measured, and the ruler's plane is correctly oriented in space relative to the user's gaze. This is important when measuring directions located above or below the eyeline. This combination ensures the correct orientation of the device in two planes simultaneously: vertical and horizontal, as well as along a third axis—along the line of sight. The device's body 1 can be tilted in this case, but the vertical remains in the frontal projection toward the user, ensuring the correct angle regardless of the device's position in space, and eliminating perspective distortion during measurements.

[0061] The claimed solution, schematically shown in Figs. 1-3, 7, 12, is a hand-held tool for constructing and checking a drawing using the triangulation method, comprising a vertical body 1 with a longitudinal cutout 1.1 and a ruler 2 mounted on the body 1, hingedly fixed in the upper part of the body with the possibility of a full 360° rotation in the plane of the construction surface.

[0062] The housing 1 is made with a through hole in the end upper part for installing the friction unit 3 in it and may contain an opening in the lower end part for installing the stop 4, the housing can also be made with a central through longitudinal cutout 1.1 made along the housing of Fig. 3 on the side of fastening the axis of the friction unit 3, which allows for placing in the housing 1 a part of the ruler 2 or, in a preferred embodiment, a part of the ruler when it is rotated coaxially with the axis of the housing 1 and holding the tool by the axial connection, in cases where there is no cutout 1.1 in the housing 1 of Figs. 6 and 7, then the housing is a monolithic element and in this case the ruler 2 is installed through the friction unit 3 to the housing 1 from the side of Figs. 6 and 7, and the sighting hole 9 is located below the friction unit 3 by 15-45 mm.When manufacturing a larger version of the tool, for example for sculptors, with ruler 2 attached to the side, hole 9 can be made significantly lower due to the size and width of the ruler itself. In this case, depending on the dimensions of the main components, hole 9 can be located 45-100 mm below the axis of friction unit 3. The tool's functionality will remain the same. The body is designed so that its center of gravity is located below the axis of friction unit 3.

[0063] In the case of the side installation of the ruler 2 to the body 1 and the location of the sighting hole 9 below the friction unit 3, the function of the side pins 5 for the fingers can be performed by the axis of the friction unit 3 itself, since with such an arrangement of the ruler 2, the pin is naturally used as a stop for holding; for this, its ends must protrude from the plane of the body and / or ruler similarly to the protruding pins 5.

[0064] On the side surfaces of the housing 1, below the location of the friction unit 3, separate pins 5 are installed coaxially to each other by 15-45 mm. Figs. 1 and 8 have polished rounded ends Fig. 2, serving to hold the device and ensure the free vertical position of the housing under the action of gravity (Figs. 4 and 5). The installation of pins 5 is height-adjustable to accommodate the individual grips of the users' fingers. The height-adjustable pins 5 are installed in such a way that their rounded ends protrude relative to the surface of the housing 1 by 2 - 6 mm to allow for holding them. In the lower part of the housing 1 and in the extreme holes 2.1 of the ruler 2, there are holes for the installation of removable stops 4, allowing operation in the contact mode.

[0065] Friction unit 3 is designed as a threaded tube 6 on which fluoroplastic washers 7 and nuts 8 are mounted, providing adjustable pressure and smooth rotation of ruler 2 within housing 1. Threaded tube 6 has a through sighting hole designed to align the axis of rotation with the sighting directions when measuring angles. When ruler 2 is attached to the side of housing 1, sighting hole 9 is located below friction unit 3, and the function of side pins 5 for the fingers can be performed by the axis of friction unit 3 itself, since with this arrangement of ruler 2, the pin of friction unit 3 naturally serves as a stop for holding.

[0066] Ruler 2 is made flat, with a through hole in its central part for installing the friction unit 3 and through holes 2.1 in the end parts for installing stops 4 when working using the contact method.

[0067] Ruler 2 can be solid, perforated, folding (Fig. 12) along the axis of the friction unit 3, or equipped with a measuring scale.

[0068] Optimal dimensions for a compact hand tool: weight body 1 with a central cutout from 130 to 200 mm, ruler 2 from 200 to 300 mm. (In the variant with the side fastening of the ruler 2, the length of the ruler itself is unlimited, since its rotation by 360° is not hindered by the limitation of the cutout 1.1 in the housing 1 (In the case of this variant, the housing 1 can be 130-300 mm, the ruler 2 200-500 mm). The variant with the folding ruler 2 can be smaller (the housing 1 in this case is 120-150 mm, the ruler 2, consisting of two segments, from 110 mm each segment) The diameter of the sighting hole 9 can be from 4 to 6 mm with the length of the viewing channel (threaded tube) from 15 to 35 mm. The distance of the sighting hole 9 from the friction unit in the variant of the device with a monolithic housing is 15 - 40 mm.

[0069] The device elements can be made of wood, metal, plastic or combinations thereof.

[0070] Stops 4 are screw or bolt connections of Fig. 3, 4 installed parallel to the axis of the friction unit 3.

[0071] A stop 4 with adjustable depth can be installed at a right angle to the base of housing 1. Two additional stops 4 can be installed in holes 2.1 of ruler 2, creating three support points for contact work.

[0072] Variations in the design of the elements of the device and their relative arrangement do not change the essence of the invention and are based on the same operating principle.

[0073] Specifically, the device enables the measurement and transfer of directions using a simplified triangulation method, in which the vertical axis of housing 1 is used as a constant reference axis. This allows for the precise determination of the direction from the base point to the target, and when constructing the direction from a second base point, the precise position of the target point at the intersection of the two directions is obtained. The vertical position of the housing, determined by gravity, eliminates the accumulation of errors during construction when constructing from two or three base points. This principle is maintained whether the directions are measured from nature, a photograph, or the screen of an electronic device, or when reproducing them on a drawing or when verifying a three-dimensional form.

[0074] Working principle

[0075] The device is held by the protruding ends of pins 5 (Fig. 4) or friction unit 3 (Fig. 7). Under the influence of gravity, body 1 assumes a strictly vertical position and is used as a reference direction (Figs. 13 and 14). Ruler 2 is rotated and aligned with the direction between two points in nature. Friction unit 3 fixes the selected angle. The direction is transferred to the construction plane from the intended base point. Transfer is possible contactless or by contact using stops 4. A new point is determined at the intersection of the direction from the first base point with the direction from the second base point (according to the principle of triangulation). The vertical position of the handle (ensured by gravity) ensures a constant zero point of reference, due to which the search for each new point from two base points is independent of the previous ones, which eliminates the accumulation of errors.

[0076] Fig. 10 shows an example of constructing points. A direction to point B is constructed from the first base point A, marking its position. Next, at the intersection of directions A and B, the position of the third base point C is found. The remaining necessary points in the drawing are then constructed from these three base points (ABC).

[0077] Fig. 11 shows an example of finding reference points on an image.

[0078] Examples of the invention

[0079] Example 1

[0080] Working from life

[0081] The artist holds the device by the friction unit 3 or the pins 5 of the housing 1, positioned vertically under the force of gravity (Figs. 4 and 7). Through the sighting aperture 9, located in the axis of the friction unit 3, the aim is made at the midpoint between two points on the object selected for construction (the base and the desired one). The ruler 2 is rotated until it aligns with the direction between the specified points. If necessary, the position of the device is adjusted in height relative to the eye line to eliminate perspective distortions. The criterion for the correct orientation of the axis of the unit to the object is the circular shape of the opening of the sighting aperture 9. The fixed angle is transferred to the plane of the drawing when the device is positioned parallel to the plane of the canvas. At the intersection of the two constructed directions from the two base points, the position of the desired point is determined.

[0082] Example 2

[0083] Working from a photograph or image on a screen. The device is positioned perpendicular to the image plane and the drawing plane. When taking and reproducing directions, the sighting aperture 9 is not used. The ruler 2 is oriented along the direction between the reference and target points on the image. The housing 1 remains vertical. Accuracy of construction is ensured by the device being parallel to the image plane and the drawing plane.

[0084] Example 3

[0085] Working with a three-dimensional model or sculpture. When inspecting sculpture parts, measurement and reproduction are performed at the same angle and with the full-scale model and sculpture at approximately the same angular size relative to the observer. This is achieved by positioning both forms at the same viewing angle and with the same visible scale, which can be achieved by adjusting the distance or using a sculptor's turntable. Under these conditions, directions taken from the model maintain geometric comparability when reproduced on the sculpture. The user aligns the axis of the sighting aperture 9 with the area between two points on the full-scale model, records the direction from the base point to the desired one, and then reproduces the same angle on the sculpture, mounted at a similar angle. The position of the part on the three-dimensional form is confirmed by the intersection of two directions constructed from the two base points. Measurement and verification are contactless.The results obtained in this case are not mathematically precise, but they provide sufficient accuracy for the sculptor's artistic needs. The method allows for a reliable assessment of the proportions and relative positions of parts, provided that the shape of the model and the shape of the sculpture are visually similar relative to the observation point.

[0086] Example 4

[0087] Contact mode operation. When high-precision construction is required (for example, when creating an architectural drawing), the device is used in contact mode. For this purpose, removable stops 4 (Figs. 6 and 8) are installed in housing 1 and ruler 2. The user holds the device by the housing, friction unit 3, or separate pins 5, orients it through the sighting hole 9 in the direction between the base and target points on the model, and fixes the angle by turning ruler 2. The device is then carefully brought to the vertical surface of the drawing, allowing the housing to assume a strictly vertical position under the action of gravity. After stabilizing the position, the device is pressed to the surface using stops 4 (Figs. 6 and 9), which ensures precise parallelism of ruler 2 to the plane of the drawing. The user draws a line to the target point from the base along the ruler of device 2. If necessary, the line can be extended with a standard drawing ruler.Working in contact mode provides increased reproduction accuracy.

[0088] Design advantages of the device

[0089] Automatic vertical, smooth friction unit, one-handed and contactless operation on fresh painting, and contact work on three stops.

[0090] Application on vertical and horizontal surfaces using supports, from photos and from life, including plein air.

[0091] The design is simple, reliable, and does not require calibration.

[0092] Universality is ensured by the possibility of variable housing designs (solid or with a cutout), the placement of the mounting axis in the center or on the side, as well as manufacturing from different materials.

[0093] Thus, the proposed solution allows:

[0094] For use in academic drawing and painting for constructing compositions, in portraiture and complex figurative constructions, in plein air for monitoring perspective and proportions, and in teaching for mastering spatial relationships and developing visual acuity. The primary purpose of the device is to construct and verify drawings using triangulation.

[0095] Ensure operation "in the air" and in contact mode, a stable zero axis of reference along the vertical axis and the correct spatial orientation of the ruler relative to the user's gaze, including cases when the direction is located above or below the eye line.

Claims

1. A device for spatial and planar constructions using the triangulation method, characterized in that it contains a housing made with the ability to orient itself in the working position vertically under the action of gravity, a ruler and a friction unit, wherein the housing contains a sighting through hole located in the friction unit or below the friction unit parallel to it, the ruler is installed with its central part in the end part of the housing by means of the friction unit with the ability to freely rotate 360°.

2. The device according to paragraph 1, characterized in that the end side of the housing, opposite the side where the friction unit is located, and the end parts of the ruler contain openings for installing removable stops in them, the axes of which are parallel to the axis of the friction unit.

3. The device according to paragraph 1, characterized in that the ruler is made foldable relative to the axis of the friction unit.

4. The device according to paragraph 1, characterized in that pins protruding from the surfaces of the housing are installed on both sides of the housing surface 15-45 mm below the friction unit, parallel to it.

5. The device according to paragraph 1, characterized in that the ruler is secured through a friction unit to the side of the housing.

6. The device according to paragraphs 1, 4, characterized in that the ends of the friction unit stud protrude from the surfaces of the housing.

7. The device according to paragraph 1, characterized in that the ruler is secured through a friction unit in a longitudinal cutout of the housing.

8. The device according to paragraphs 1 and 7, characterized in that the housing is made with a longitudinal cutout in which part of the ruler is placed when it rotates.

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