Method for preparing high-fat feed for herbivorous animals and rodents by modifying complete granulated feed and feed mixtures

Abstract

FIELD: biology and agricultural industry.SUBSTANCE: method for preparing feed for herbivorous animals and rodents. The method includes obtaining calcium salts of fatty acids by mixing ready-made mixtures of protected fatty acids or a fat component, preheated to 50 °C to obtain a liquid fraction, in a 1:1 ratio by weight with calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 in distilled water with a total volume of not less than the total volume of reagents. The resulting mixture is heated to 100 °C maintained for 30 minutes until a solid precipitate of calcium salts of fatty acids is obtained, after which the resulting precipitate is washed using a glass or ashless paper filter until the solid phase is completely separated, yielding calcium salts of fatty acids. The obtained calcium salts of fatty acids are mixed with the feed mixture, homogenized and granulated using the dry granulation method.EFFECT: increase of the specific energy value of feed.3 cl, 3 tbl, 2 ex

Description

[0001] The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to a method for producing feed that increases the specific energy value of feed due to the fat component with the aim of influencing economically valuable traits (growth rates, sizes, characteristics of meat and skin products and lactation volumes) and for experimental purposes.

[0002] Fat is the most energy-dense macronutrient, with a specific energy density of approximately 9 kcal / gram, which is 2.2 times higher than that of protein and carbohydrates. Enriching feed with fat significantly improves the efficiency of feeding farm animals by increasing the specific caloric content of food per unit of feed consumed. High-fat feeds are widely used in experimental biology to create a number of pathological models, including those of alimentary obesity, metabolic-associated liver disease, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, chronic inflammatory diseases, and gastrointestinal diseases.

[0003] Currently, complete pelleted feeding is the primary method of feeding monogastric farm and domestic animals, including herbivores. This feeding method allows for precise dosing of macro- and micronutrients, making it ideal for experimental biology and animal husbandry. Granulated feed for herbivorous animals is produced by granulating a feed substrate containing grain crops, premixes, and additives containing various micronutrients. Granulation is carried out using gear granulators with equal-sized matrix wheels through homogenization and mixing of the feed substrate (Skidelo Viktor Vladimirovich. Technological process of compound feed granulation using a gear granulator with horizontal equal-sized matrix wheels / / Agrarian Bulletin of the North Caucasus. 2013. No. 3 (11)).

[0004] A prior art method for modifying pelleted feeds by spraying liquid and / or molten fats during the pelleting process is known (Mamedov E.S., "Technology of Using Fats in Compound Feed Production" / / Achievements of Science and Technology in the AIC. 2006. No. 2). This method imposes a limit on the maximum percentage of added fat (up to 10% of the total weight). Furthermore, heating during the vacuum spraying stage affects the nutritional properties and fatty acid composition of the finished product by mediating the formation of trans fats and the degradation of fatty acids during oxidation. The disadvantages of this method include a significant impact on the shelf life of finished products - up to 60 days in winter and 45 days in summer (Bondarenko Zh.V., Emello G.G., Khavanskaya O.I. Effect of heat treatment on oxidation stability and fatty acid composition of a mixture of vegetable oils / / Proceedings of BSTU. Series 2: Chemical technologies, biotechnology, geoecology. 2016. No. 4 (186)).In addition, this method is limited in application to feed production conditions and is not suitable for use on small farms.

[0005] Various methods for producing calcium salts of fatty acids are known in the prior art, including single- and multi-stage methods (Patent for Invention RU 2015161 C). These methods allow for the production of a fine solid fraction of saponified fatty acids with a known fatty acid composition for subsequent use as a food additive. In particular, the use of feed containing this ingredient as a supplement to complete nutrition is described (Patent for Invention RU 2391849 C2). Disadvantages of this method include the inability to accurately dose the fat component, as well as the possibility of selective consumption of feed components by animals, which reduces the accuracy of experimental data.

[0006] The closest of the described methods is a method for creating high-fat pelleted feed by mixing a solution of calcium salts of fatty acids in combination with other nutrients for feeding cattle (Invention Application WO 2006025951 A1). The main drawback of this method is the inability to use the resulting feed for monogastric species.

[0007] Thus, the technical problem that the claimed invention is aimed at solving is to create a method for preparing high-fat feed for animals with a single-chamber stomach, which has high biological value, a predictable composition of the fat component and a sufficient shelf life.

[0008] The technical result of the claimed invention is an increase in the specific energy value of feed due to the fat component, with the possibility of accurate qualitative and quantitative accounting of the fat component of finished feeds and their consumption by animals, an increase in the shelf life and stability of the composition of high-fat feeds.

[0009] This method minimizes macronutrient loss during production by using calcium salts of fatty acids, which are highly thermally stable (with an average melting point exceeding 155°C), during the granulation process. Furthermore, calcium salts of fatty acids have a long shelf life of over 2 years, significantly reducing spoilage compared to spraying technology.

[0010] The effectiveness of using calcium salts of fatty acids has been proven in livestock farming for animals with a single-chamber stomach, for which enrichment with fats is associated with an increase in agricultural properties (growth rates and sizes, economic characteristics of meat and skin products and lactation volumes).

[0011] Unlike existing solutions, the advantages of this method are: the ability to accurately qualitatively and quantitatively account for the fat component of finished feeds and their consumption by animals, increasing the shelf life and stability of the composition of high-fat feeds.

[0012] The claimed technical result is achieved by implementing the method - obtaining calcium salts of fatty acids by mixing ready-made mixtures of protected fatty acids or a fat component preheated to obtain a liquid fraction to 50 ° C in a 1: 1 ratio with calcium hydroxide Ca (OH) 2 in distilled water with a total volume of not less than the total volume of reagents, then the resulting mixture is heated to 100 ° C while maintaining the temperature for 30 minutes until a solid precipitate of calcium salts of fatty acids is obtained, after which the resulting precipitate is washed using a glass or ashless paper filter until the solid phase is completely separated, then mixing and homogenizing the substrate, including the feed mixture with the addition of the required bulk density of calcium salts of fatty acids, the resulting homogeneous dry mass is granulated by a dry granulation method using a gear press with horizontal matrices.Oils, solid fats, and solid fatty acids can be used as the fat component. Mixtures of solid nutrients or ready-made pelleted feed that undergoes re-pelletization can be used as the feed mixture.

[0013] Ready-made mixtures of protected fatty acids (e.g., Profat, Palmatrix, Moofat, and others) or oils, solid fats, or solid fatty acids, preheated to 50°C to obtain a liquid fraction, can be used as the fat component for the method. The fat component is mixed in a 1:1 ratio by weight with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) in distilled water in a total volume not less than the combined volume of the reagents. The resulting mixture is heated to 100°C and maintained at this temperature for 30 minutes until a solid precipitate of calcium salts of fatty acids is formed. The resulting sediment is washed using a glass or ashless paper filter or other filter fiber (cotton, wool and synthetic fabrics, fiberglass fabrics, asbestos fabrics) until the solid phase is completely separated (Deberdeev R.Ya., Nafikova R.F., Daminev R.R., Stepanova L.B., Nasyrov I.I., Deberdeev T.R., Ulitin N.V.Some features of single-stage synthesis of calcium stearate / / Bulletin of the Kazan Technological University. 2012). Next, the substrate is mixed and homogenized, including the feed mixture with the addition of the required bulk density of calcium salts of fatty acids. Ready-made granulated feed (GOST 32897-2014) subjected to re-granulation or a mixture of solid nutritional components can be used as the feed mixture, including: hay, straw, oilcake, grain raw materials (barley, oats, corn, beans, etc.); flour (grass, fish, meat, bone, blood); starches (hydrol, molasses); mineral components (salt, chalk, shells); synthetic minerals, vitamins, antibiotics. Mixing is carried out manually or with the use of technical devices - an industrial blender, mixer or homogenizer, processing is carried out until a homogeneous consistency is obtained.The resulting homogeneous dry mass is subject to subsequent granulation by the dry granulation method using a gear press with horizontal matrices (for example, household granulators ZLSP, industrial granulators SZLH).

[0014] Example 1.

[0015] To prepare high-fat feed for the rabbit feeding experiment, complete pelleted feed (GOST 32897-2014) and Profat, a ready-to-use mixture of calcium salts of fatty acids with a declared fat content of 92%, were used. Homogenization of the feed was performed manually by pre-mixing 33.6 kg of the ready-to-use feed and 7.4 kg of the Profat mixture, stirring the dry mixture in a metal container until a uniform consistency was achieved.

[0016] Table 1. Quality characteristics of complete granulated feed declared by the manufacturer (GOST 32897-2014)

[0017] Component Content, % Protein 19 Fat 2,55 Fiber 18,4 Lysine 0,83 Methionine+cysteine 0,82

[0018] The experiment required feed with a fat content exceeding 15% of the feed mixture's bulk density. To confirm that these conditions were met, a quantitative macronutrient analysis was performed using an INFRASCAN-100 infrared analyzer (Table 2). The following average values ​​were obtained in a series of measurements:

[0019] Table 2. Quantitative analysis of macronutrients using the infrared analyzer INFRASCAN-100

[0020] Parameters Initial feed mixture, % High-fat pelleted feed, % Fat 2 17 Fiber 7 15 Protein 20 17 Moisture Up to 10% 8

[0021] Example 2.

[0022] An experimental feed mixture was prepared to evaluate the effect of palm oil on rodent metabolism. The following components were used: corn flour (30% by weight), wheat bran (60% by weight), and a ready-made mixture of calcium salts of fatty acids based on palm oil - Profat (10%). The feed substrate was mixed using an SG 1.5 horizontal mixer, and the resulting mixture was processed using a ZLSP 120 household granulator. A qualitative analysis of the resulting granules was conducted using gas chromatography (GOST 30418-96). The following results were obtained, presented in the table:

[0023] The fatty acid composition of the resulting feed mixture has characteristics close to the composition of palm oil, which allows the use of the resulting complete granulated feed in a feeding experiment.

[0024] Table 3. Evaluation of fatty acid composition of granulated feed by gas chromatometry.

[0025] Fatty acid Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample FA composition of protected fatty acids Profat, indicated by the manufacturer Myristic 1.3 2.0 1.9 1.5% Palmitic 45 50 47 48.0% Stearic 4.6 4.9 5.2 5.0% Oleic 36.2 35.3 35.8 35.0% Linoleic 10.1 8.9 9.4 9.0%

Claims

1. A method for preparing feed for herbivorous animals and rodents, characterized in that it includes obtaining calcium salts of fatty acids by mixing ready-made mixtures of protected fatty acids or a fat component, preheated to 50°C to obtain a liquid fraction, in a 1:1 ratio by weight with calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 in distilled water in a total volume of not less than the total volume of the reagents, then the resulting mixture is heated to 100°C while maintaining the temperature for 30 minutes until a solid precipitate of calcium salts of fatty acids is obtained, after which the resulting precipitate is washed using a glass or ashless paper filter until the solid phase is completely separated to obtain calcium salts of fatty acids, the obtained calcium salts of fatty acids are mixed with the feed mixture, homogenized and granulated using the dry granulation method.

2. The method according to paragraph 1, characterized in that oils, solid fats, and solid fatty acids are used as the fat component.

3. The method according to paragraph 1, characterized in that the feed mixture is a mixture of solid nutritional components or ready-made granulated feed subjected to re-granulation.