Phased feeding method for young wild birds on hunting farms

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.SUBSTANCE: development of a phased feeding system for wild birds during intensive raising for meat. The phased method of feeding young wild birds on hunting farms consists of feeding young wild birds with compound feed containing a predominantly corn grain component in the amount of 50–55 wt.% of the compound feed and including the protein concentrate "Solodo Pro".EFFECT: increase in the growth rate of young poultry for meat to higher weight categories.1 cl, 5 tbl

Description

[0001] The invention relates to game bird breeding and can be used in feeding wild birds, in particular pheasants.

[0002] Breeding of wild birds, in particular pheasants, is mainly carried out by hunting farms and the ecological sector, where technological systems are aimed at raising young birds to restore pheasant populations in their natural habitat.

[0003] At the same time, pheasant meat has excellent taste, making it a delicacy with a high market price. Today, it's safe to predict that pheasant farming will evolve from a low-production poultry industry into an industrial technology. Consequently, there's a need to develop new, effective approaches to feeding and housing systems for all age groups to increase poultry meat production.

[0004] There are many feed products and feeding methods on the market. One of these premixes for broiler chickens [Patent RU No. 2577396, IPC A23K 50 / 75, A23K 20 / 00, published March 20, 2016] contains vitamins A, D3, E, K, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B 12 , Bs, biotin, calcium, phosphorus, iron, copper, zinc, iodine, selenium, lysine, DL-Methionine, L-Threonine, calcium carbonate, potassium, sodium, chlorine, cobalt, natugrain TS, cellobacterin-T, santoquinone. All components are taken in a specific ratio. The premix is ​​added at a dose of 1.5% per ton of compound feed.

[0005] The disadvantage of this invention is that the premix contains synthetic feed additives (vitamins, micro-macroelements and amino acids), which in game breeding of pheasants can negatively affect the formation of intestinal microbiota, and during the subsequent reintroduction of young animals into the natural habitat, cannot be fully replenished from natural feed.

[0006] A method for functional feeding of poultry has been developed and proposed [RU Patent No. 2476080, IPC A23K 1 / 100, published on 27.02.2013], which provides for the use of complete compound feed, balanced in terms of nutritional and biologically active substances, characterized in that 1% of a vitamin-amino acid complex by weight of the feed is additionally introduced into the basic diet (for the entire period of growing and using the poultry).

[0007] A disadvantage of this invention is that it does not take into account the physiological periods of development of the bird's body and its restructuring before the onset, peak, and decline of productivity during the productive period. This can lead to an excess or deficiency of vitamins and amino acids.

[0008] The objective of the invention is to develop a phased feeding system for wild poultry during intensive rearing for meat using complete feed with a complex and uniform corn grain component, based on the feeding behavior of young poultry, and to study the influence of the phased feeding system on the growth dynamics of poultry, their slaughter performance, and the quality of meat in game breeding conditions.

[0009] The technical result consists in increasing the growth rate of young poultry for meat to higher weight categories.

[0010] The technical result is achieved due to the fact that the phased method of feeding young wild birds in hunting farms consists in the fact that young wild birds are fed compound feed with a predominantly corn grain component in the amount of 50-55% by weight of the compound feed with the inclusion of the protein concentrate "Solodo Pro" when kept according to the following feeding phases:

[0011] - Phase I (0-4 weeks) - 1 kg of compound feed contains: exchange energy = 12.1 MJ; crude protein = 240 g; lysine = 14.0 g; methionine + cystine = 8.5 g; threonine = 8.1 g; crude fiber = 49 g; Ca = 13.6 g; P = 7.9 g;

[0012] - Phase II (5-14 weeks) - 1 kg of compound feed contains: exchange energy = 12.6 MJ; crude protein = 252 g; lysine = 15.1 g; methionine + cystine = 8.9 g; threonine = 8.6 g; crude fiber = 49 g; Ca = 13.5 g; P = 7.6 g;

[0013] - Phase III (15-16 weeks) - 1 kg of compound feed contains: exchange energy = 12.2 MJ; crude protein = 204 g; lysine = 11.3 g; methionine + cystine = 8.2 g; threonine = 6.7 g; crude fiber = 49 g; Ca = 13.8 g; P = 7.9 g.

[0014] Young animals raised for meat in enclosures up to higher weight categories are fed compound feed with a predominantly corn grain component (50-55% by weight of compound feed) with the inclusion of the protein concentrate "Solodo Pro", according to the phase feeding system (Phase I - 0-4 weeks, Phase II - 5-14 weeks, Phase III - 15-16 weeks).

[0015] One of the components of the compound feed is the protein concentrate "Solodo Pro", obtained from barley, soft to the touch flour, is a concentrated source of protein and energy with a maximum degree of dry matter digestibility (85%) - this product is a source of protein and structural carbohydrates of barley for feeding, has the following quality indicators (%): crude protein - 58.64, crude fiber - 0.07, crude fat - 11.22, moisture - 5.09, crude ash - 8.27, sugar - 0.5, starch - 3.81, BEV - 18.15, mass fraction of calcium - not less than 0.2, mass fraction of phosphorus - not less than 0.5.

[0016] The stated method of feeding young pheasants on hunting farms is based on the preferential use of corn grain with phase changes in the concentration of energy and protein in complete compound feeds.

[0017] The phased feeding system for wild birds, in particular pheasants, during intensive rearing for meat and the development of compound feed recipes includes the following stages.

[0018] Examples of the recipe and nutritional value of complete feeds for young wild birds using the example of pheasants from experimental groups at different age periods during intensive rearing for meat are given in Tables 1 and 2.

[0019] Table 1 - Formulation and nutritional value of compound feed for phase feeding of pheasants of group I (control) during intensive rearing for meat (per 1 kg)

[0020] Feed and supplements Growing phase (weeks) Phase I (0-4) Phase II (5-14) Phase III (15-16) Full-weight wheat, kg 0,2000 0,1500 0,1360 Hulled barley, kg 0,0500 Barley, kg 0,1100 0,0680 Corn, kg 0,3000 0,3100 0,3100 Peas, kg 0,0800 0,0760 Soybean meal (SP 44-46%), kg 0,3620 0,1400 0,1400 Sunflower cake (SP 30-34%), kg 0,0200 0,0500 0,0500 Sunflower meal (SP 30-34%), kg 0,0500 0,0500 Sunflower oil, kg 0,0250 0,0540 Fish meal (SP 55-60%), kg 0,0400 0,0400 Feed yeast (SP not less than 36%), kg 0,0200 0,0200 Lysine monochlorohydrate (98%), kg 0,0030 Methionine feed (98%), kg 0,0005 0,0020 Threonine feed (98%), kg 0,0015 Shell, kg 0,0130 0,0130 Feed chalk, kg 0,0130 0,0130 Monocalcium phosphate, kg 0,0130 0,0100 0,0100 Limestone flour, kg 0,0120 Table salt, kg 0,0016 0,0020 0,0020 Flavoring, kg 0,0004 Premix Megamix 081-1 P2 1% 0,0160 0,0115 0,0115 Total 1,0000 1,0000 1,0000 1 kg of compound feed contains: dry matter, kg 0,870 0,889 0,842 exchange energy, kcal 2938 2710 3032 exchange energy, MJ 12,30 11,37 12,67 crude protein, g 231,8 200,6 198,3 crude fiber, g 32,59 46,62 43,66 lysine, g 12,90 8,65 10,80 methionine, g 4,95 3,39 4,80 methionine + cystine, g 8,09 5,79 7,10 threonine, g 7,03 6,09 7,38 Sa, g 10,33 13,61 13,57 R (available), g 3,93 4,63 4,56 Na, g 1,70 1,53 1,50 Cl, g 2,00 2,02 2,54

[0021] Table 2 - Formulation and nutritional value of compound feed for phase feeding of pheasants of group II (experimental) during intensive rearing for meat (per 1 kg)

[0022] Feed and supplements Growing phase (weeks) Phase I (0-4) Phase II (5-14) Phase III (15-16) Wheat, kg 0,0270 0,0040 0,0040 Barley, kg 0,0185 0,0040 0,0040 Corn, kg 0,5000 0,5500 0,5500 Wheat bran, kg 0,0500 - 0,0500 Soybean meal (SP 44-46%), kg 0,1300 0,1340 0,0760 Sunflower oil, kg - 0,0055 - Fish meal (SP 55-60%), kg 0,0300 0,0400 0,0450 Feed yeast (40% CP), kg 0,0300 0,0300 - Protein concentrate "Solodo Pro", kg 0,1640 0,1840 0,1290 Methionine feed (98%), kg 0,0015 0,0015 0,0020 Shell, kg 0,0070 0,0070 0,0060 Feed chalk, kg 0,0070 0,0070 0,0060 Feed phosphate, kg 0,0220 0,0200 0,0230 Table salt, kg 0,0030 0,0030 0,0030 Premix, kg 0,0100 0,0100 0,0100 Total, kg 1,0000 1,0000 1,0000 Cost of components, RUB. 32,8 34,8 28,4 1 kg of compound feed contains: dry matter, kg 0,896 0,893 0,892 exchange energy, kcal 2881 3001 2911 exchange energy, MJ 12,1 12,6 12,2 crude protein, g 239,7 251,8 203,6 lysine, g 14,0 15,1 11,3 methionine, g 5,1 5,4 5,2 methionine + cystine, g 8,5 8,9 8,2 threonine, g 8,1 8,6 6,7 linoleic acid 13,2 15,4 13,8 crude fiber, g 50,7 49,1 49,3 Sa, g 13,6 13,5 13,8 R, g 7,9 7,6 7,9

[0023] Analyzing the phase dynamics of nutritional changes in these feeds, it can be noted that they were virtually identical in terms of dry matter content. However, changes in the dry matter content, metabolizable energy, and crude protein concentrations across feeding phases were quite significant.

[0024] In the first phase of growing pheasants for meat (0-4 weeks), the level of metabolic energy in the dry matter of their complete feed was already quite high (12.1 MJ / kg), with a content of 24% crude protein with the maximum supply of essential amino acids (lysine, methionine + cystine, tryptophan) in the feed.

[0025] During the second phase of pheasant rearing (5-14 weeks), the content of energy, crude protein and essential amino acids in the compound feed is not reduced, as suggested in the scientific literature [source 17, p. 252; source 224, p. 483], but on the contrary, the content of exchange energy in 1 kg of compound feed is increased by 0.5 MJ (4.1%), crude protein by 12.1 g (5.1%), lysine by 1.1 g (7.9%), methionine + cystine by 0.4 g (4.7%), threonine by 0.5 g (6.2%), linoleic acid by 2.2 g (16.7%). In this case, there was no goal to raise replacement stock, which made it possible to maintain the high growth rate of pheasants expected in the first phase of rearing until the end of the period of their intensive growth caused by ontogenesis (up to 14 weeks).

[0026] The third feeding phase (15-16 weeks) of this feeding system is designed to produce pheasant carcasses with good fat content. Here, the metabolizable energy content per kg of feed was reduced by 0.4 MJ (3.3%), while the crude protein and lysine contents were sharply reduced by 48.2 g (23.7%) and 3.8 g (33.6%), respectively.

[0027] The dynamics of live weight and growth rate of young animals using the example of young pheasants with the phase feeding method were determined in the conditions of a pheasant farm (pheasant breeding farm).

[0028] During the experiment, the live weight of the pheasants in the experimental groups differed by 1.2 g (4.8%) without statistically significant differences (Table 3).

[0029] Table 3 - Dynamics of live weight of pheasants with phase feeding method in the experiment ( , n=60)

[0030] Indicator Group I II Live weight (g): 1 day 25,1±0,52 26,3±0,75 4 weeks 175,8±5,31 202,6±7,12*** 14 weeks 1165,3±17,76 1410,5±22,55*** 16 weeks 1280,4±23,67 1551,2±25,09*** Absolute gains (g): 0-4 weeks1 150,7 176,3 5-14 weeks2 989,5 1207,9 15-16 weeks3 115,1 140,7 0-16 weeks4 1255,3 1524,9 Average daily gain (g): 0-4 weeks1 5,4 6,3 5-14 weeks2 14,1 17,3 15-16 weeks3 8,2 10,1 0-16 weeks4 11,2 13,6 Feed consumption for the period, kg / head 4,72 5,15 Feed consumption per 1 kg of gain, kg 3,76 3,38 Notes: ***p<0.001; 1 for 28 days; 2 for 70 days; 3 for 14 days; 4 for 112 days of the experimental period

[0031] After growing during the first phase of the proposed feeding method, already at the age of 4 weeks, the advantage in live weight of the pheasants of group II, in comparison with the pheasants of group I, increased to 26.8 g (15.2%) and acquired a high degree of reliability (p<0.001).

[0032] During the second phase of the pheasant feeding system for meat (5-14 weeks of life of the bird), an increase in the protein nutritional value of the compound feed, the recipe of which was composed mainly on the basis of the corn grain component (50-55% by weight), as well as an increase in the content of essential amino acids in it contributed to an increase in the growth rate of young animals and the achievement of a sufficiently high live weight at the level of 1200-1400 g. At the same time, it should be emphasized that the pheasants of the II group confidently surpassed their peers of the I group in live weight at the age of 14 weeks by 245.2 g (21.0%, p <0.001), and at the age of 16 weeks - by 270.8 g (21.2%).

[0033] The growth advantage of Group II pheasants (while both experimental groups were fed the same elevated feeding levels) was due to the more efficient conversion of feed nutrients into body tissue. Furthermore, the development of complete feed formulations with increased energy and protein content took into account the feeding preference of this species of bird for corn, as demonstrated in our experiments.

[0034] This can be confirmed by the fact that the absolute gains of pheasants of group II, compared to their peers of group I, for the period 0-4 weeks were on average higher by 25.6 g (17.0%), for the period 5-14 weeks - by 218.4 g (22.1%), and for the period 15-16 weeks - by 25.6 g (22.2%).

[0035] As a result, when grown to higher weight categories using the developed phase feeding system, the pheasants of the second group, over 112 days of the experimental period, in comparison with their peers of the first group, consumed less compound feed per 1 kg of growth by 0.38 kg (11.2%).

[0036] Features of foraging behavior of wild birds using pheasants as an example

[0037] The experiment examined the effect of the grain component of compound feed on the feeding behavior of pheasants, which proved to be quite significant. Differences in several key indicators of pheasant feeding activity were highly significant and confirmed this bird's preference for corn over other grains (Table 4).

[0038] Table 4 - Indicators of feeding behavior of pheasants (calculated per day for 7 heads)

[0039] Indicator Group I Group II Age, weeks Age, weeks 11 13 16 11 13 16 Approaches to the feeder, times / day 419 477 582 492,7± 47,70 1111 1262 1570 1314,3± 135,07*** Feeding frequency, times / day 9155 10520 13118 10931± 1162,3 18119 20826 25786 21577± 2244,9** Total time of feed consumption, min. / day 76 87 106 89,7± 8,76 150 169 207 175,3± 16,76*** Trips to the drinking bowl, once a day 281 320 396 332,3± 33,77 272 307 379 319,3± 31,50 Frequency of water consumption, times / day 1348 1201 1145 1231,3± 60,53* 1086 975 897 986,0± 54,83 Total time of water consumption, min. / day 67,4 60,1 57,3 61,6± 3,01** 54,3 48,8 44,9 49,3± 2,73 Number of jumps, times / day 209 181 155 181,7± 15,59 180 152 131 154,3± 14,19 Number of conflicts, times / day 13 18 11 13,7± 1,76** 8 5 4 5,7± 1,20 Notes: *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001

[0040] Pheasants fed complete feeds containing a single corn grain component (50-55% by weight, Group II) made an average of 2.7 times more visits to the feeder per day than their peers fed other grains (Group I). The pheasants also consumed feed twice as often, and the total time spent consuming feed per day per group (per 7 birds) was 85.6 minutes longer (p<0.001), and an average of 12.3 minutes longer per day per bird.

[0041] Analysis of water consumption rates in pheasants revealed a reversal of this trend. The frequency of water consumption by birds raised on corn (Group II) was 245.3 times per day (24.9%, p<0.05, per 7 birds), with no significant difference in the number of visits to the waterer (4.1%). This reduction (per bird) averaged 35.0 times per day. As a result, the total daily time spent drinking water by pheasants also significantly decreased by 1.8 minutes.

[0042] It's likely that the high corn content in the feed contributed to the birds' increased production of endogenous water from fat. When fed corn, the pheasants instinctively approached the waterer but consumed less water.

[0043] Some indicators of unproductive activity of experimental pheasants with the maximum use of corn in their diets decreased significantly: the daily number of jumps decreased by 17.8%, and cases of conflicts between young animals within the group decreased by 2.4 times (p<0.01).

[0044] Based on the above indicators of feeding behavior, it could be assumed that the growth rate of pheasants would be higher when using the corn type of feeding (Group II), which was confirmed by the data on the dynamics of the live weight of young animals.

[0045] Consequently, the obtained results of the study of the feeding behavior of young pheasants indicate that a single-type corn grain component (50-55% by weight) is more effective in the composition of compound feed for them. It promotes feeding activity and determines an increase in the total time of feed consumption by the bird (calculated per 1 head on average per day) by 12.3 minutes (p < 0.001). At the same time, the level of undesirable unproductive activity of pheasants is also reduced, and it becomes possible to achieve an additional gain in live weight of young animals in the range of 1.4-3.4 g per day (12.0-37.8%, p < 0.01).

[0046] Slaughter performance and yield of valuable parts from gutted pheasant carcasses grown using the phase feeding method.

[0047] To achieve high slaughter performance and abundant fat content, the developed pheasant feeding system was implemented over three phases (pheasant chicks were 15-16 weeks old). The study demonstrated good slaughter performance of young birds in both experimental groups (Table 5).

[0048] Table 5 - Slaughter performance of pheasants raised using the phase feeding method, ( , n=3)

[0049] Indicators Group I II Pre-slaughter weight, g 1376,3±11,98 1573,7±14,26*** Weight of ungutted carcass, g 1154,2±11,32 1363,0±13,80*** Yield of uneviscerated carcass, % 83,9 86,6 Weight of gutted carcass, g 1018,3±10,48 1228,3±11,85*** Yield of gutted carcass, % 74,0 78,1 Breast weight, g 343,1±4,06 431,0±5,69*** Breast yield1, % 33,7 35,1 Weight of hind limbs, g 300,0±5,51 372,3±7,84** Hind limb output, % 29,5 30,3 Wing weight, g 128,0±2,31 155,7±3,53** Wing yield, % 12,6 12,7 Backrest weight, g 247,0±1,53 265,3±1,86** Back yield, % 24,3 21,6 Notes: 1 from the weight of the gutted carcass; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001

[0050] Due to the more intense dynamics of live weight of pheasants of group II, their significant superiority over pheasants of group I in pre-slaughter weight was natural and reached 197.4 g (14.3%, p < 0.001). The same trend was maintained for the weight of eviscerated and eviscerated carcasses, where the statistically justified (p < 0.001) superiority of birds amounted to 208.8 g (18.1%) and 210.0 g (20.6%), respectively. Significant differences in eviscerated carcass yield (2.7%) and slaughter yield (4.1%) were also noted between pheasants of groups II and I in favor of pheasants of group II.

[0051] At the same time, the positive effect of the proposed phase feeding system with the predominant use of corn in the compound feed recipes (50-55%) on the weight of valuable carcass parts was noted for young pheasants of group II. In comparison with their peers, the breast weight reached 87.9 g (25.6%, p <0.001), the hind limb weight - 72.3 g (24.1%, p <0.01), the wing weight - 27.7 g (21.6%, p <0.01), and the back weight - 18.3 (7.4%, p <0.01).

[0052] List of references

[0053] 1. Ponomarenko, Yu. A. Compound feed, feed, feed additives, biologically active substances, rations, quality, safety: monograph / Ponomarenko Yu. A., Fisinin V. I., Egorov I. A. - Minsk: Belstan, 2020. - 764 p.

[0054] 2. Efficiency of the phased feeding system for pheasants during intensive rearing for meat / A. Yu. Medvedev, T. I. Pashchenko, Yu. S. Zubkova, K. A. Medvedeva / / Chief Livestock Specialist. - 2020. - No. 4. - P. 3-11

[0055] 3. Efficiency of technology for growing young pheasants for meat to higher weight categories / K. A. Medvedeva. - Chief Livestock Specialist. - 2023. - No. 3. - P. 43-51.

Claims

The phased method of feeding young pheasants during intensive rearing for meat on hunting farms, including sequential feeding of complete compound feeds, characterized in that in the first phase of feeding, at the age from 0 to 4 weeks, young pheasants are fed compound feed containing, by weight %: wheat - 2.70; barley - 1.85; corn - 50.00; wheat bran - 5.00; soybean meal with a crude protein content of 44-46% - 13.00; fish meal with a crude protein content of 55-60% - 3.00; fodder yeast with a crude protein content of 40% - 3.00; protein concentrate "Solodo Pro" - 16.40; feed methionine - 0.15; shell - 0.70; feed chalk - 0.70; feed phosphate - 2.20; table salt - 0.30; premix - 1.00, while 1 kg of compound feed contains exchange energy of 12.1 MJ, crude protein 239.7 g, lysine 14.0 g, methionine with cystine 8.5 g, threonine 8.1 g, crude fiber 50.7 g, calcium 13.6 g and phosphorus 7.9 g; In the II phase of feeding, at the age of 5 to 14 weeks, young pheasants are fed compound feed containing, by weight: wheat - 0.40; barley - 0.40; corn - 55.00; soybean meal with a crude protein content of 44-46% - 13.40; sunflower oil - 0.55; fish meal with a crude protein content of 55-60% - 4.00; feed yeast with a crude protein content of 40% - 3.00; protein concentrate "Solodo Pro" - 18.40; feed methionine - 0.15; shell - 0.70; feed chalk - 0.70; feed phosphate - 2.00; table salt - 0.30; premix - 1.00, while 1 kg of compound feed contains 12.6 MJ of exchange energy, 251.8 g of crude protein, 15.1 g of lysine, 8.9 g of methionine with cystine, 8.6 g of threonine, 49.1 g of crude fiber, 13.5 g of calcium and 7.6 g of phosphorus.

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