Feed supplement for calves

Abstract

FIELD: animal husbandry.SUBSTANCE: feed supplement for calves in the milk-producing period. The feed additive consists of natural bischofite from the Volgograd deposit and rapeseed cake of erucic-free low-glucosinolate 00-type varieties, taken in a certain ratio.EFFECT: improving the efficiency of calf rearing, their average daily gain and live weight.1 cl, 3 tbl

Description

[0001] The invention relates to animal husbandry, in particular to increasing the productivity of calves during the dairy period of rearing.

[0002] Raising replacement cattle in a competitive market requires the use of new feeds that can realize the calves' genetically determined productivity potential while simultaneously reducing their production costs. The use of by-products from oil and fat production, particularly rapeseed cake, as feed helps solve this problem.

[0003] The productivity of calves, namely their weight gain, also largely depends on the balance of diets in terms of essential nutrients, including minerals.

[0004] To compensate for macro- and micronutrient deficiencies in livestock diets, it is necessary to use mineral supplements more widely. Animals must receive a constant supply of minerals through feed to ensure normal metabolism and energy production, enzyme and hormone production, bone and other tissue formation. A mineral deficiency in diets causes animal disease, reduced productivity, and leads to unnecessary feed costs for production.

[0005] It is known that a phytomineral complex is used as a feed additive for calves during the growing period at a dose of 100 ml / head per day. Moreover, the feed additive was used for replacement young animals up to 6 months of age, which reached a live weight of 160.60 kg at the end of the growing period (Erenko E.N. Effect of a phytomineral complex and the enzyme Glukolux F on the metabolism and productivity of calves during the growing period / / Abstract of a dissertation for the degree of candidate of agricultural sciences. - Orenburg, 2022. - 19 p.).

[0006] The disadvantages of the well-known feed additive, which prevent the achievement of the stated technical result, are: the inclusion of only a phytomineral complex in the feed does not ensure the biological completeness of the diet and does not allow calves to achieve high productivity indicators, in particular, to achieve higher live weight indicators.

[0007] It is known that mustard cake "Belok Sarepta-5" obtained at the factory is used for dairy calves. Moreover, it was used for young animals up to 2 months of age in the amount of 0.17 kg per 1 animal per day, up to 3 months of age - 0.29 kg, up to 4 months of age - 0.35 kg, up to 5 months of age - 0.14 kg and up to 6 months of age - 0.14 kg per 1 animal per day, which reached a live weight of 149.6 kg at the end of the growing period at the age of 6 months (Kulikov V.M., Nikolaev S.I., Chesheva A.G. Use of waste from the oil and fat processing industry in feeding farm animals. Monograph. Volgograd, 1998. pp. 45-50).

[0008] The disadvantages of the well-known feed product, which prevent the achievement of the stated technical result, are: the absence in the mustard cake "Protein Sarepta-5" of other nutrients, including minerals, such as magnesium, necessary for the complete nutrition of calves, and this does not ensure the biological completeness of the diet and does not allow for high productivity indicators, in particular, to achieve higher live weight indicators.

[0009] A feed additive for dairy calves was chosen as a prototype. It included a mineral substance, which it contains natural bischofite from the Volgograd deposit, the additive of which at the age of 2 to 3 months was 12.72 g, from 3 to 4 months - 36.08, from 4 to 5 months - 44.03 and from 5 to 6 months - 49.92 g per 1 animal per day, while the calves reached a live weight of 164.4 kg at the age of 6 months, with an average daily live weight gain of 692 g (Salomatin V.V. Intensification of livestock production based on progressive technologies for feeding farm animals: Monograph / V.V. Salomatin, I.F. Gorlov, I.V. Vodyannikov; M .: Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. - P. 177-183).

[0010] A disadvantage of this well-known feed additive, which prevents the achievement of the stated technical result, is the use of natural bischofite from the Volgograd deposit, which does not significantly increase the calves' growth rate. Furthermore, calves were raised until 6 months of age with high consumption of natural bischofite, which leads to additional costs.

[0011] The objective of the invention is to increase the productivity of calves during the milk growing period when using a combined feed additive in the diet.

[0012] The technical result is an increase in the efficiency of calf rearing, their average daily gain and live weight.

[0013] The technical result is achieved by using a feed additive for calves during the growing period, including a mineral substance in the form of natural bischofite from the Volgograd deposit, which additionally contains rapeseed cake of erucic-free, low-glucosinolate 00-type varieties in the ratio of components, per 100 g of the finished product, g:

[0014] Natural bischofite from the Volgograd deposit - 4.45

[0015] Rapeseed cake - 95.55

[0016] in this case, the feed additive is fed in crushed form, with a particle size of 1.5 mm, from 1 to 2 months of age in the amount of 521.5 g, from 2 to 3 months of age - 777.1 g, from 3 to 4 months of age - 675.7 g and from 4 to 5 months of age in the amount of 587.5 g per day per 1 head.

[0017] The doses of rapeseed cake and mineral substance are determined by the consumption standards of nutrients and magnesium.

[0018] The essential features that influence the achievement of the declared technical result are:

[0019] - additional content of rapeseed cake of erucic acid-free, low-glucosinolate 00-type varieties;

[0020] - quantitative and qualitative composition of feeding per 1 head;

[0021] - declared quantitative composition of components.

[0022] Natural bischofite from the Volgograd deposit is essential for livestock farming as a complex mineral supplement, containing a number of essential macro- and microelements. This primarily includes magnesium, sulfur, bromine, copper, and molybdenum. Bischofite is produced according to technical specifications TU 461-472-1933-04-90 and contains 90-96% magnesium chloride. The main component of natural bischofite is magnesium.

[0023] Magnesium plays a significant biological role in animal bodies. This macronutrient is closely related to calcium and phosphorus. Approximately 70% of the total magnesium content is found in bone tissue, while the remainder is found in soft tissues and fluids. This mineral helps regulate acid-base balance and activate many enzymatic systems, including phosphatase and carbohydrate metabolism. All this highlights the need to monitor magnesium levels in animal feed and, if deficient, use mineral supplements containing this macronutrient. The combination of all the elements contained in natural bischofite provides a biologically active effect on animals and enhances their productivity.

[0024] At the same time, a lack of protein components in diets leads to feed overconsumption and reduces calf productivity. The use of oilseed meal, as an affordable and valuable feed source, makes it possible to compensate for the protein deficiency in diets and improve the efficiency of rearing replacement calves in cattle farming.

[0025] Rapeseed is an important source for increasing vegetable protein production for calves. It serves as an excellent source for producing vegetable oil for human consumption and for producing cakes as a high-protein supplement to diets. Rapeseed cakes, a byproduct of rapeseed processing, are a key source of essential amino acids (lysine, methionine, tryptophan, etc.), which the animal's body cannot synthesize from other nitrogen-containing substances.

[0026] Our studies of the chemical composition of rapeseed cakes showed that, compared to flaxseed cake, rapeseed cake contains 1.31% more dry matter, 3.53% more crude protein, 1.04% more crude fat, 1.16% more crude fiber, and 0.04% more crude ash. The content of nitrogen-free extractive substances (NFES) was slightly higher in flaxseed cake. The digestible protein content of rapeseed cake was 29.36%, which is 1.15% higher than that of flaxseed cake (28.21%). Furthermore, the nutritional value of rapeseed cake had a positive impact on its energy content, measured in terms of metabolizable energy content—12.42 MJ / kg, compared to flaxseed cake's 12.37 MJ / kg. Therefore, using rapeseed cake increases the biological value of the diet, thereby increasing calves' growth energy and live weight.

[0027] Comparative characteristics of the chemical composition of rapeseed and flaxseed cakes, %, are presented in Table 1.

[0028] The properties of this rapeseed cake, combined with natural bischofite from the Volgograd deposit, improve the digestibility of the fortified feed, while also increasing the average daily gain and live weight of calves. The feed additive, when used per head per day: 521.5 g from 1 to 2 months of age, 777.1 g from 2 to 3 months of age, 675.7 g from 3 to 4 months of age, and 587.5 g from 4 to 5 months of age, is sufficient and necessary to achieve the stated technical result. Reducing the declared quantitative composition of the feed additive does not allow achieving the stated technical result, and increasing it will not ensure a balanced calf diet in accordance with feeding standards.

[0029] The stated quantitative composition of the feed additive was determined experimentally and is the most sufficient to achieve the stated technical result. Decreasing the stated ranges does not allow for maximum improvements in calf rearing efficiency, average daily gain, and live weight, while increasing them is impractical, as the technical effect is not enhanced.

[0030] The essence of the invention is explained by examples of specific implementation.

[0031] A study was conducted under the conditions of the Trud JSC farm in the Volosovsky District of the Leningrad Region to study the use of the declared feed additive, including natural bischofite from the Volgograd deposit and rapeseed cake of erucic-free, low-glucosinolate 00-type varieties in the declared quantitative ranges.

[0032] The study was conducted on replacement cattle. The calves were divided into experimental groups of 15 animals each. The animals were kept under identical housing and care conditions throughout the experiment.

[0033] Feeding features were that the calves of the control group received a basic diet using flaxseed cake, the 1st experimental group received a basic diet in which rapeseed cake was used instead of 50% flaxseed, the 2nd experimental group received a basic diet with the declared combined feed additive, and the 3rd experimental group received a basic diet based on a prototype with natural bischofite from the Volgograd deposit.

[0034] The results obtained for growing calves during the milk period on average per head are shown in Table 2.

[0035] The data presented in Table 2 indicate that, in comparison with the control group, the replacement young animals of the I, II and III experimental groups had higher growth rates.

[0036] At the end of the experiment, the average live weight of animals in groups I, II and III (at 6 months of age) was respectively greater than in the control group by 5.9 kg or 3.70%, 8.7 kg or 5.46% and 7.1 kg or 4.46%. Compared with the control group, the average daily live weight gain in calves in group I increased by 46.4 g or 5.70%, in group II by 72.4 g or 8.90% and in group III by 55.3 g or 6.80%.

[0037] Moreover, during the experimental period, the survival rate of calves in the compared groups was 100%.

[0038] We also conducted physiological studies to examine the hematological parameters of the experimental calves. The results obtained indicated that the morphological and biochemical blood parameters of the replacement calves in the compared groups were within physiological norms (Table 3).

[0039] According to the obtained results (Table 3), the number of erythrocytes in the blood of calves of the I, II and III experimental groups exceeded the control group by 0.14×10, respectively. 12 / l or 2.01%, 0.37×10 12 / l or 5.30% and 0.16×10 12 / l or 2.29%, according to the number of leukocytes in the blood - by 0.05×10 9 / l or 0.63%, 0.12×10 9 / l or 1.52% and 0.07×10 9 / l or 0.89%, and for hemoglobin content - by 0.17 g / l or 0.16%, 0.97 g / l or 0.91% and 0.40 g / l or 0.38%.

[0040] In terms of the total protein content in the blood serum, animals of experimental groups I, II and III had an advantage compared to the control group by 0.39 g / l or 0.54%, 1.72 g / l or 2.37% and 0.56 g / l or 0.77%, respectively.

[0041] In comparison with the calves of the control group, higher levels of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood and total protein in the blood serum of the replacement young animals of the experimental groups indicate an increase in the level of oxidation-reduction processes in their body, which also confirms the obtained data on the increase in their productivity, namely, growth intensity.

[0042] Thus, the stated combined feed additive ensures an increase in the efficiency of calf rearing, their average daily gain and live weight.

[0043]

Claims

A feed supplement for calves during the growing period, including a mineral substance in the form of natural bischofite from the Volgograd deposit, characterized in that it additionally contains rapeseed cake of erucic-free, low-glucosinolate 00-type varieties in the ratio of components, per 100 g of the finished product, g: natural bischofite from the Volgograd deposit - 4.45 rapeseed cake of erucic acid-free, low-glucosinolate 00-type varieties - 95.55

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