Method of soil cultivation

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.SUBSTANCE: method of soil cultivation consists of creating cultivated soil strips on which loosening and sowing of agricultural crop seeds is carried out, and soil strips on which crop residues are placed, crushed and incorporated into the soil, and the soil is loosened. Winter wheat is used as an agricultural crop. The quality of seed sowing is checked on cultivated strips of soil using aerial photography of the sown field. The resulting images are subjected to computer processing. If there is a discrepancy with agrotechnical requirements, additional adjustment of the seed sowing rate is carried out. A number of agricultural practices is carried out and winter wheat is harvested using a grain harvester. When cleaning using a multimedia device and software, the quality of the work is determined. If the agrotechnical requirements are not met, the operation of the grain harvester's cutting apparatus is adjusted. Then, vertical tillage of the soil is carried out, with stubble being crushed and mixed with the soil using turbo coulters of a turbo disc cultivator. Quality of the work is controlled using multimedia devices in the same way as during harvesting. If the agrotechnical requirements are not met, the operation of turbo coulters is adjusted. Then, chisel tillage is carried out to a depth of 30-45 cm and, just as during harvesting and vertical tillage, the quality of loosening is controlled. On strips of soil with placed crop residues, vertical tillage is carried out with crushing of crop residues and mixing them with the soil using turbo coulters of a turbo disc cultivator. Then, chisel tillage is carried out to a depth of 50-60 cm, while simultaneously adding compost. The quality of the turbo-disc cultivator and chisel plow is controlled by multimedia devices in the same way as on the cultivated strip during harvesting and vertical tillage.EFFECT: increase in the quality of soil cultivation and the yield of winter wheat.1 cl, 1 dwg

Description

[0001] The invention relates to the field of agriculture, namely to a method for cultivating soil.

[0002] A method for harvesting grain crops and an apparatus for its implementation are known (Patent of the Russian Federation No. 2554984).

[0003] The method includes the following steps: stripping the standing ears with simultaneous loading into a container of a nearby vehicle, burying the stripped stalks in the soil, and delivering the ears to a stationary grain processing and storage facility for subsequent threshing. Stripping is preferably performed at the end of the wax ripeness stage, 6-7 days, and is completed 3-4 days before full grain maturity. The ears delivered to the stationary grain processing and storage facility are allowed to ripen naturally before threshing, followed by threshing. The combed standing ears are loaded into the container of a nearby vehicle using a throwing method. After ripening, the grain can be stored in the ear at a stationary grain processing and storage facility, provided the grain is actively aerated, followed by threshing at a convenient time.

[0004] The disadvantage of this method of harvesting grain crops is the impossibility of monitoring the operations: combing the ears on the standing grain, burying them in the soil, and threshing.

[0005] A method for harvesting grain crops (variants) and a device for its implementation are known (Patent of the Russian Federation No. 2192117).

[0006] 1. The method involves mowing grain crops while simultaneously peeling the stubble. During the harvesting process, the upper grain portion of the plants is simultaneously mown within 1 / 3 of the stem, the remaining portion of the stems is chopped and evenly distributed over the surface of the harvested area of ​​the field, the chopped plant mass and stubble are incorporated into the soil as organic fertilizer and the soil is loosened to destroy weeds, the mown portion of the plants is loaded onto vehicles and delivered to stationary grain drying and threshing points or to the edge of the field to form a stack with subsequent threshing of the ears.

[0007] 2. The method includes mowing grain with simultaneous threshing of ears, separation of grain, its collection in the combine bin, during the harvesting process the upper grain part of the plants within 1 / 3 of the stem is simultaneously mown, straw and chaff are loaded into a vehicle and taken out of the field, the remaining part of the stems is chopped and evenly distributed on the surface of the harvested area of ​​the field, stubble is peeled with the inclusion of the chopped mass of stems and stubble in the soil as organic fertilizer and the soil is loosened to destroy weeds.

[0008] The disadvantage of the method of harvesting grain crops (options) is the impossibility of controlling the technological process: stubble peeling, harvesting, chopping the remaining part of the stems, incorporating the chopped plant mass and stubble into the soil, loosening the soil, threshing the grain.

[0009] The disadvantages of shaft direct-flow grain dryers, bunker and chamber dryers are uneven heating and drying of grain (Pilyaeva O.V. Advantages and disadvantages of grain drying equipment / / Epoch of Science. - No. 17. - 2019. - P. 70-73).

[0010] Disadvantages of dryers (Kozlov A.V. Increasing the efficiency of drying grain crop seeds in floor-type chamber dryers: Abstract of a PhD thesis. - Blagoveshchensk, 2017. - P. 5):

[0011] - uneven distribution of drying agent consumption throughout the volume of the drying chamber;

[0012] - Inability to organize the grain according to the flow principle. Dryers of this type have periodic loading and unloading of grain, which is essential for grain cleaning and drying equipment;

[0013] - low thermal efficiency.

[0014] A method of soil cultivation is known, which consists of creating cultivated and uncultivated soil strips, loosening and sowing agricultural crop seeds on the cultivated strips, placing crop residues on the uncultivated strips, crushing the crop residues, incorporating them into the soil, and loosening the soil (RU Patent No. 2787894 - prototype).

[0015] The disadvantage of the prototype is the impossibility of controlling the loosening and sowing of agricultural crop seeds in the cultivated strips, the crushing of crop residues, their incorporation into the soil, and the loosening of the soil in the uncultivated strips, which leads to a decrease in the quality of these technological processes.

[0016] The technical result of the invention is to improve the quality of soil cultivation and the yield of winter wheat.

[0017] The technical result is achieved in that the method in the method of soil cultivation, which consists in creating cultivated strips of soil on which loosening and sowing of seeds of agricultural crops are carried out, and strips of soil on which crop residues are placed, crushed and incorporated into the soil, and also loosening of the soil is carried out, according to the invention, winter wheat is used as an agricultural crop, on the cultivated strips of soil, the quality of seed sowing is checked using aerial photography of the sown field, the obtained images are subjected to computer processing with MathCAD software, in the presence of non-compliance with agrotechnical requirements, additional regulation of the seed sowing rate is carried out, then a number of agricultural practices are carried out and winter wheat is harvested by stripping a grain harvester,During harvesting, also using a multimedia device and MathCAD software, the quality of the work of the cutting unit of the grain harvester is determined; if it does not meet the agrotechnical requirements, the work of the cutting unit of the grain harvester is adjusted, then vertical tillage of the soil is carried out with stubble chopping and mixing it with the soil using turbo coulters of a turbo-disc cultivator; the quality of the work of the turbo-disc cultivator is controlled using multimedia devices in the same way as during harvesting; if it does not meet the agrotechnical requirements, the work of the turbo coulters is adjusted, then chisel tillage of the soil is carried out to a depth of 30-45 cm and, just as during harvesting and vertical tillage, the quality of loosening is monitored,On strips of soil with stubble residues placed, vertical tillage is carried out with the stubble residues being crushed and mixed with the soil by turbo coulters of a turbo disc cultivator, then chisel tillage is carried out to a depth of 50-60 cm with the simultaneous introduction of compost, while the quality control of the turbo disc cultivator and chisel plow is carried out by multimedia devices in the same way as on the cultivated strip during harvesting and vertical tillage.

[0018] A comparative analysis of the claimed technical solution with the prototype allows us to conclude that the claimed method for increasing soil fertility differs from the known method of soil cultivation in that, due to its design features, it achieves an improvement in the quality of the cultivated strips of loosening and sowing seeds of agricultural crops, uncultivated strips of crushing crop residues, incorporating them into the soil, as well as loosening the soil, which cannot be achieved with known technical solutions.

[0019] Thus, the claimed technical solution meets the patentability criterion of NOVELTY.

[0020] The claimed technical solution meets the patentability criterion of INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY, since it relates to the field of agriculture, namely to a method of soil cultivation.

[0021] The essence of the invention is explained by the drawing, where Fig. 1 shows a block diagram of the implementation of the claimed method.

[0022] Fig. 1 shows the quality control actions and means under the following positions:

[0023] 1 - loosening and sowing winter wheat seeds;

[0024] 2 - harvesting;

[0025] 3 - vertical tillage with a turbo-disc cultivator;

[0026] 4 - chisel tillage to a depth of 30-45 cm;

[0027] 5 - chisel tillage to a depth of 50-60 cm with simultaneous application of compost;

[0028] 6 - ​​UAV with multimedia device;

[0029] 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 are multimedia devices.

[0030] The method of increasing soil fertility is as follows.

[0031] Creating cultivated and uncultivated soil strips. Carrying out loosening and sowing agricultural crop seeds on the cultivated strips. 1. Placing crop residues on the uncultivated strips. Chop the crop residues, incorporate them into the soil, and loosen the soil (Fig. 1). Winter wheat and its stubble are used as the agricultural crop. The quality of seed sowing is checked on the cultivated soil strips using aerial photography 6 of the sown field. Using aerial photography 6, an image of winter wheat seedlings in the field is obtained. The resulting images are computer processed using MathCAD software to determine the quality of winter wheat seed sowing, which meets agrotechnical requirements. If there is a discrepancy with agrotechnical requirements [https: / / rosselhoscenter.ru / ob-uchrezhdenii / filialy / privolzhskiy / ulyanovskaya-oblast / posevnye-kachestva-semyan / ], additional regulation of the seed sowing rate is carried out.Then, a number of agricultural practices are carried out and they begin harvesting 2 winter wheat using stripping (Fig. 1). After harvesting 2, also using the multimedia device 7 and MathCAD software, the quality of the cutting unit of the grain harvester is determined. In this case, using the multimedia device 7, an image of the winter wheat stubble is obtained. If the agrotechnical requirements are not met [Shatalin E.N. Machines for harvesting grain crops: a tutorial. - Yurga, 2014. 88 p.], the operation of the cutting unit of the grain harvester is adjusted. Then, vertical tillage is carried out with crushing of plant residues and mixing them with the soil using turbo coulters of the turbo-disc cultivator 3 (Fig. 1). The quality of the turbo-disc cultivator's operation is controlled by multimedia devices 8 in the same way as during harvesting.Using multimedia device 8, an image of the crushed plant residue and its mixing with soil is captured. This image is then processed using Mathcad software to determine whether the plant residue size meets agrotechnical requirements. If the residue size does not meet agrotechnical requirements [https: / / blog-agro.ru / catalog / pochvoobrabotka / tekhnologiya-vertical-till-vertikalnaya-obrabotka], the turbo coulters are adjusted. Chisel tillage is then performed to a depth of 30-45 cm (Fig. 1), and the quality of loosening is monitored, as with harvesting and vertical tillage. On uncultivated strips, vertical tillage of the soil 3 is carried out (Fig. 1) with crushing of crop residues and mixing them with the soil by turbo coulters of a turbo disc cultivator, and chisel tillage of the soil to a depth of 50-60 cm is carried out with the simultaneous introduction of compost 5 (Fig. 1).In this case, the quality control of the turbo-disc cultivator and chisel plow is carried out by multimedia devices 10, 11 in the same way as on the processed strip during harvesting and vertical tillage. With the help of multimedia devices 10, 11, images of stubble crushing and preservation are obtained after the operation of the turbo-disc cultivator and chisel tillage to a depth of 50-60 cm, respectively, which are submitted for computer processing with Mathcad software to determine the compliance of the stubble preservation level with agrotechnical requirements [Savchuk S.V., Montik S.V., Parfievich A.N. Deep loosening technology using the GR-70 subsoiler plow as an example / / Bulletin of the Brest State Technical University. No. 2. 2022. pp. 113-116].

[0032] Performing technological operations in the method of increasing soil fertility will improve the quality of the soil in the cultivated strips of loosening and sowing seeds of agricultural crops, uncultivated strips by crushing crop residues, incorporating them into the soil, and also loosening the soil.

Claims

A method of soil cultivation, which consists in creating cultivated soil strips on which loosening and sowing of seeds of agricultural crops are carried out, and soil strips on which crop residues are placed, crushed and incorporated into the soil, and also the soil is loosened, characterized in that winter wheat is used as an agricultural crop, on the cultivated soil strips the quality of seed sowing is checked using aerial photography of the sown field, the resulting images are subjected to computer processing with MathCAD software, in the presence of non-compliance with agrotechnical requirements, additional adjustment of the seed sowing rate is carried out, then a number of agricultural practices are carried out and winter wheat is harvested by stripping a grain harvester, during harvesting also using a multimedia device and MathCAD software the quality of the work of the cutting unit of the grain harvester is determined,If the agrotechnical requirements are not met, the operation of the cutting unit of the combine harvester is adjusted, followed by vertical tillage of the soil with stubble chopping and mixing it with the soil using turbo coulters of a turbo-disc cultivator. The quality of the turbo-disc cultivator's operation is monitored using multimedia devices in the same way as during harvesting. If the agrotechnical requirements are not met, the operation of the turbo coulters is adjusted, followed by chisel tillage to a depth of 30-45 cm and, just as during harvesting and vertical tillage, the quality of loosening is monitored. On strips of soil with crop residues placed, vertical tillage is carried out with chopping the crop residues and mixing them with the soil using turbo coulters of a turbo-disc cultivator. Then, chisel tillage to a depth of 50-60 cm is carried out with the simultaneous introduction of compost.In this case, the quality control of the turbo-disc cultivator and chisel plow is carried out by multimedia devices in the same way as on the cultivated strip during harvesting and vertical tillage.

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