IRON (III) OXIDE BASED CONDUCTIVE INK AND PRODUCTION METHOD

Abstract

The invention relates to a product widely used and expected to become even more widespread in many fields such as flexible electronics and wearable technologies, printing electronics, solar cells and renewable energy technologies, smart packaging and labels, repair and restructuring of electronic circuits, biosensors and medical applications, and mobile technologies. It can be easily produced at low temperatures and under atmospheric pressure without requiring special conditions, exhibits homogeneous distribution and stable suspension properties, minimizing the risk of sedimentation. It possesses high adhesion to all types of surfaces and the ability to dry at low temperatures. It exhibits higher electrical conductivity than many existing commercial products, is highly resistant to external influences such as humidity and temperature, and its water-based and low-toxicity structure minimizes its impact on the environment and user safety.It is related to iron (III) oxide-based conductive ink and its production method, which enables the reduction of production costs due to the availability of economical and readily available raw materials.

Description

IRON (III) OXIDE BASED CONDUCTIVE INK AND PRODUCTION METHOD TECHNICAL FIELD The invention encompasses flexible electronics and wearable technologies, printing electronics, and solar power. cells and renewable energy technologies, smart packaging and labels, electronics Repair and reconstruction of circuits, biosensors and medical applications are widely and extensively used in many areas, such as mobile technologies. used and expected to become even more widespread, without the need for special conditions. homogeneous, which can be easily produced at low temperatures and under atmospheric pressure. By exhibiting dispersion and stable suspension characteristics, it minimizes the risk of sedimentation. High adhesion to all types of surfaces and drying at low temperatures. having capabilities that are higher than many currently available commercial products. exhibiting electrical conductivity and resistance to external influences such as humidity and temperature. Its highly resistant, water-based, and low-toxicity composition makes it environmentally friendly. and with minimal impact on user safety, economical and easy. reducing production costs due to the availability of raw materials conductive ink based on iron (III) oxide and its production method It is related. PREVIOUS TECHNIQUE Conductive inks are made from materials that have electrical conductivity, generally such as metal and carbon. These are materials containing conductive substances at the nanoscale. Such inks, because of the advantages it provides in its use in electronic and optoelectronic devices It plays an important role. In recent years, conductive inks have been used in the production of flexible and wearable electronic devices. Their use has become widespread. For example, flexible sensors are used in wearable health monitoring. They are used in devices and smart textile products. Application method Thus, by inking the flexible substrates of the products, the desired 2 conductivity properties are provided, and thanks to this, these technological products are more... It is becoming lightweight, durable, and portable. On the other hand, it is conductive. The use of inks in the field of printing electronics has become indispensable. With the advantages provided by technology, printing electronic circuits is possible at a low cost. and is made possible by rapid production. In addition, OLED screens, RFID Devices such as labels, flexible batteries and sensors are made with conductive inks. These are the circuit elements produced. Increased advancements in this field lead to more advanced electronic products. This ensures that it is widespread and accessible. At the same time, conductive inks, also in the production of organic solar cells and other renewable energy devices. Conductive inks are used to convert sunlight into electrical energy. It is used to create conductive layers on organic components. In addition, it helps in the production of lower-cost and more flexible solar panels. They play an important role. Conductive inks are used in smart packaging and labels. They are also used for production. These labels are used for tracking products, temperature and humidity. By providing electrical conductivity for functions such as monitoring, controls can be more accurate. This enables the use of smart labels on food products, for example. Its usage can help indicate whether the product is spoiled or not. Conductive inks are also used for repairing electronic circuits. Micro Repair of short circuits or breaks in electronic circuits, conductive It becomes very easy thanks to the inks. Also, old electronic devices Material savings through restructuring with conductive inks. This can be achieved. In addition to all this, conductivity in medical application areas. The inks can also be used for biosensors and medical devices. Sensors that monitor biological changes in the body can be produced using conductive inks. And with these sensors, health monitoring such as blood sugar measurement and heart rate monitoring can be performed. These applications can be implemented. In conclusion, the use of conductive inks in technological products is rapidly increasing. The use of these inks in many branches of the electronics industry is increasing. This enables the production of cheaper, more flexible, and more functional electronic products. These inks have a future, particularly in sustainable energy, health and mobility. Its use in technologies is expected to become even more widespread. 3 When considering many of the currently available and commercialized conductive inks, these It appears to have various shortcomings and disadvantages. Namely: - Low Conductivity and Poor Electrical Performance: Commercially used conductors. Many inks, especially water-based ones, have sufficient electrical conductivity properties. It is unable to demonstrate this; this is especially true in electronic circuits operating at low voltage. It creates problems. - Surface Compatibility Problems: Many existing products on the market are available. The formulation adheres easily to certain surfaces while being suitable for different materials such as glass, plastic, and paper. It creates problems with adhesion to surfaces. - High Drying Temperatures: 150–250 for curing some conductive inks. High temperatures, such as °C, are required. This necessitates flexible and heat-sensitive materials. This makes the application difficult on surfaces, increasing production costs and energy consumption. It increases it considerably. - Low Stability and Shelf Life: Conductive materials produced in existing dispersion systems. Ink particles tend to settle over time, which... shortens the shelf life of the ink and requires constant re-application before each use. It requires mixing. - Environmentally and Health Harmful Components: Most conventionally produced components The composition of conductive inks should not contain toxic solvents, heavy metals, or volatile organic compounds. It contains compounds that lead to environmental pollution and also harm the user. This poses a threat to security. - High Costs and Raw Material Supply Problems: High costs, such as for silver-based materials. Because conductivity inks are expensive, their supply is limited. This can happen. This situation largely limits production and is widespread. This creates obstacles to the creation of application areas. 4 The originality of the invention and whether similar technologies have been developed before In order to determine whether it has been developed, the Turkish Patent and Trademark Office, WIPO, Detailed patent search in Espacenet and Google Patents databases. It has been made. "Iron (III) oxide conductive ink", "Fe3O4 based conductive key like "compositions", "water-based conductive ink with metal oxide" In searches using keywords, Fe₂O₃ is often associated with semiconductors or... 3 4 It is used for pigment purposes, but PVP is used in water-based ink formulations. There are limited studies on conductivity enhancing systems stabilized with derivatives. It has been observed that there are applications. Although similar technologies exist, the current invention... in terms of its unique solvent system, binder type and application method It has been determined that they have separated. Also ScienceDirect, Springer, IEEE Xplore, Taylor & Francis, Google Articles published between 1990 and 2025 were searched from databases such as Scholar, university research group projects, open access theses, industry applications Internet research was conducted through technology blogs, and the manufacturer... The companies' technical bulletins and product data sheets were reviewed. With PVP-K90... Most stabilized ink systems are silver or carbon based. It is used in formulations, but the literature regarding its combined use with Fe₂O₃ is limited. 3 4 It has been determined that it is limited. Henkel, SunChemical, and Dupont are working on conductive ink technologies. Product portfolios and technical specifications of companies such as Sigma-Aldrich have been examined. This Most companies use conductive systems based on silver, carbon nanotubes, or graphene. its focus is on commercially viable Fe3O4-based, water-based, and polymer binder systems. It has not been observed to become widespread. Research and studies have shown that the existing invention, which has been improved, can be applied to industry. This shows that it offers a unique alternative that can be achieved. In summary, the existing structures in current technology and those currently in use... and eliminating the shortcomings and disadvantages of the applications The requirement necessitates making an improvement in the relevant technical field. 5 THE PURPOSE OF THE INVENTION The present invention aims to eliminate the aforementioned disadvantages and the related technical iron (III) oxide based conductor developed to provide new advantages to the field It is related to ink and its production method. The aim of the invention is to achieve an easy and scalable production technique. Iron (III) Production of oxide-based conductive ink at low temperature and atmospheric pressure a highly energy-efficient mixing-dispersion process that can be easily carried out. This is achieved through this method. Thanks to this production method, industrial suitable for large-scale production, as well as complex conditions such as vacuum and inert atmospheres. An unnecessary process is achieved. Another objective of the invention is to achieve homogeneous distribution and stable suspension. The use of LABSA and PVP K90 as dispersion agents, iron (III) oxide the particles are homogeneously distributed in the ink This is achieved using simple and inexpensive methods such as ultrasonic mixing and magnetic shaking. High-quality dispersion is achieved through these techniques, and the risk of sedimentation in the final product is reduced. is minimized. Another aim of the invention is to provide high adhesion to surfaces and drying at low temperatures. The goal is to obtain these properties. The resulting ink formulation is heated to temperatures of 60-80°C. It can dry at low temperatures and adheres strongly to both flexible and rigid surfaces. It exhibits adhesive properties. Thanks to this property, it can adhere even to heat-sensitive surfaces. The advantage of usability is gained. Another aim of the invention is to achieve high conductivity and durability. As a result of the experimental studies, PEDOT:PSS and iron (III) oxide compatibility was found. thanks to this, the ink has higher electrical conductivity than many commercial products. It has been observed that the formulation provides this feature. In addition, external factors such as humidity and temperature It has a structure resistant to the effects. In the experimental results obtained... According to measurements, the formulation has a resistance value of approximately 20 ohms, water 6 It has a very good electrical conductivity property for base-based systems. It is understood that these values ​​are suitable for various low-voltage electronic applications. They are at quite adequate levels. Another aim of the invention is to achieve environmentally friendly and cost-effective production. This involves the use of a water-based solvent system and components with low toxicity. A product whose environmental and user safety impacts have been reduced by choosing it. This is being demonstrated. At the same time, the raw materials used are readily available on the market. The availability and affordability of these products reduce production costs. The invention represents a superior product in the existing art in terms of its manufacturing method and final product performance. It prevents the structures and applications from functioning properly. Approximately 20 ohms of resistance. with its value, functional conductivity combined with a low-cost and environmentally friendly system. This level is presented. In these aspects, the invention is in conductive ink technology. This will provide an innovative and sustainable contribution. The structural and characteristic features and all the advantages of the invention are written below. This will be understood more clearly thanks to the detailed explanation, and therefore... The evaluation should also be made taking this detailed explanation into consideration. is required. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The preferred alternatives in this detailed description of the invention are merely a matter of greater scope. in order to ensure a good understanding and without creating any limiting effects It is explained. The invention encompasses flexible electronics and wearable technologies, printing electronics, and solar power. cells and renewable energy technologies, smart packaging and labels, electronics Repair and reconstruction of circuits, biosensors and medical applications are widely and extensively used in many areas, such as mobile technologies. used and expected to become even more widespread, without the need for special conditions. homogeneous 7 that can be easily produced at low temperatures and under atmospheric pressure. By exhibiting dispersion and stable suspension characteristics, it minimizes the risk of sedimentation. High adhesion to all types of surfaces and drying at low temperatures. having capabilities that are higher than many currently available commercial products. exhibiting electrical conductivity and resistance to external influences such as humidity and temperature. Its highly resistant, water-based, and low-toxicity composition makes it environmentally friendly. and with minimal impact on user safety, economical and easy. reducing production costs due to the availability of raw materials conductive ink based on iron (III) oxide and its production method It is related. The invention deals with increasing electrical conductivity and creating particle-based conductive networks. iron (III) oxide (Fe3O4) to enable the formation of its structure nanoparticles and, for the same purpose, to function as conductive polymers Pedot:PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)polystyrenesulfonate) is used for both organic and non-organic purposes. A dispersion that supports the solubility and stability of inorganic components. IPA (isopropyl alcohol) and pure water to serve as the medium and solvent, By forming a stable colloidal structure within the ink, it prevents agglomeration and PVP K90 acts as a binder providing viscosity control. (polyvinylpyrrolidone), surface treatment to increase the wettability of particle surfaces. LABSA (linear alkyl benzene sulfonic acid) serves as its active ingredient. It includes. The proportion of iron (III) oxide nanoparticles (Fe₂O₃) in the total composition is 10% by weight. 3 4 The proportion of IPA (isopropyl alcohol) in the total composition is 35.5% by weight, while pure water is... The proportion of PVP K90 (polyvinylpyrrolidone) in the total composition is 45% by weight. The composition contains 4% Pedot:PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene (sulfonate) constitutes 5% of the total composition by weight, LABSA (linear alkyl benzene (sulfonic acid) constitutes 0.5% of the total composition by weight. Iron (III) oxide (Fe₂O₃) nanoparticles were mixed with IPA using a magnetic stirrer. 3 4 (isopropyl alcohol) and pure water mixture is dispersed homogeneously, then PVP K90 (polyvinylpyrrolidone) and LABSA (linear alkyl benzene sulfonic) were added to this mixture. (acid) is added and the resulting mixture is stirred with a magnetic stirrer for another 1 to 2 hours. mixed, then this mixture is added as PEDOT:PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) The polystyrene sulfonate solution is added slowly and the sonication process is performed. By applying the mixture, a homogeneous dispersion is obtained, and the resulting ink is mixed with a suitable solution. It is filtered and prepared for printing. This invention incorporates iron (III) oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles into a conductive polymer matrix. dispersing within it, optimized in terms of resolution and ease of processing, It contains a conductive ink formulation that can be applied via printing. In the formulation, PEDOT:PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)polystyrenesulfonate) The compatible interaction that occurs between iron (III) oxide (Fe₂O₃) particles is electrical. 3 4 It increases conductivity and enables the formation of a particle-based conductive network structure. It is known that isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and pure water are used as dispersion media. the mixture increases the solubility and stability of both organic and inorganic components. It has been selected to support PVP K90 (polyvinylpyrrolidone) ink. It prevents agglomeration by forming a stable colloidal structure within it and reduces viscosity. It provides control. LABSA (linear alkyl benzene sulfonic acid) surfactant by being included in the formulation as a substance, the wettability of the particle surfaces is being increased. The ink is suitable for room temperature or low temperatures below 100°C. It is curable at various temperatures and is compatible with flexible polymers such as PET, PEN, and PDMS. It can be applied to substrates. This ink is suitable for inkjet, screen printing and spray printing. Rheologically optimized to be compatible with printing techniques such as coatings. The resulting ink system is used at low temperatures. with its processability, environmental sustainability and multi-component conductive network structure industrial applications that can be used in electronics, sensor and energy storage. It is a viable solution. In alternative formulations of the invention; ZnO (zinc) instead of iron (III) oxide (Fe3O4). oxide) or CuO (Copper II oxide); PEG (polyethylene) instead of PVP K90 (polyvinylpyrrolidone). glycol), PVA (polyvinyl alcohol), resin, honey and natural plant gum; PEDOT:PSS Polyaniline (PANI) instead of (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)polystyrenesulfonate); Water and IPA Ethanol and methanol instead of isopropyl alcohol; LABSA (linear alkyl benzene sulfonic acid) SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) can be used instead.

Claims

1. The invention is a conductive ink whose characteristic is; - to increase electrical conductivity and particle-based conductive network structure Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles and the same 3 4 poly(3,4-) to function as a conductive polymer for this purpose. ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate, - the solubility of both organic and inorganic components and as a dispersion medium and solvent that supports its stability isopropyl alcohol and pure water to perform the task, - Forming a stable colloidal structure within the ink, causing agglomeration. It acts as a binder that prevents and controls viscosity. to make polyvinylpyrrolidone, - surfactants to increase the wettability of particle surfaces linear alkyl benzene sulfonic acid to function as a component It is characterized by its inclusion.

2. According to claim 1, it is a conductive ink and its properties are; - The proportion of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the total composition by weight is 10%, - isopropyl alcohol constitutes 35.5% by weight of the total composition. - pure water making up 45% by weight of the total composition, - Polyvinylpyrrolidone's proportion in the total composition is 4% by weight. - poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate by weight of all its proportion in the composition is 5%, - the proportion of linear alkyl benzene sulfonic acid in the total composition by weight It is characterized by having a concentration of 0.5%.

3. The invention is a method for producing conductive ink, characterized by: - Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles with the help of a magnetic stirrer 3 4 homogeneous dispersion in a mixture of isopropyl alcohol and pure water, 10 - polyvinylpyrrolidone and linear alkyl benzene sulfonic acid were added to this mixture. Add the ingredients and stir the resulting mixture with a magnetic stirrer for another 1 to 2 hours. mixing, - poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)polystyrenesulfonate to this mixture slow addition of the solution and sonication process by applying the method to obtain a homogeneous dispersion, - The resulting ink is filtered through a suitable filter and made ready for printing. It is characterized by consisting of steps involved in its implementation.

4. Conductive ink according to claim 1, its characteristic is; alternative configurations. within this scope, ZnO or CuO instead of Fe₂O; polyethylene instead of polyvinylpyrrolidone. 3 4 glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, resin, honey and gum; poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Polyaniline instead of polystyrene sulfonate; ethanol instead of water and isopropyl alcohol. methanol; sodium dodecyl sulfate instead of linear alkyl benzene sulfonic acid. It is characterized by its use.