PROTECTIVE BATTERY CASE MADE OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE DEFORMABLE, OXETIC, SHAPE-MEMORY MECHANICAL METAMATERIAL.

Abstract

The invention presents an innovative protection technology aimed at minimizing the fire and explosion risks caused by thermal runaway events in batteries used in electric vehicles, portable electronic devices, and energy storage systems. The present invention utilizes the high-temperature activated structure of shape-memory mechanical metamaterials. Thanks to its oxetic cellular design, the material expands transversely under stress, effectively dissipating impact and pressure waves, and in the event of thermal runaway, it actively deforms at pre-programmed temperature thresholds, forming a dynamic barrier that isolates the battery module. This structure, which can be manufactured from shape-memory alloys or polymer composites, is resistant to high temperatures and flammable gas pressure, absorbing explosion energy and protecting surrounding cells.Thus, the invention offers a proactive solution that goes beyond passive systems in battery safety by providing an active protective sheath that both limits the spread of thermal runaway and withstands high temperatures and mechanical shocks.

Description

1 TARIFF HIGH TEMPERATURE DEFORMING OUXETIC STRUCTURED SHAPE MEMORY PROTECTIVE BATTERY CASE MADE OF MECHANICAL METAMATERIAL Technical Area 5 The invention is designed to counteract thermal runaway phenomena that can occur in batteries by shaping them at high temperatures. Made from an oxetic, shape-memory mechanical metamaterial exhibiting transformation properties. an improved system designed to increase the safety of battery modules with a protective casing It is related to. The invention is particularly relevant to electric vehicles, portable electronic devices, and energy storage. Fires caused by thermal runaway events observed in batteries used in systems and It offers an innovative protection technology aimed at minimizing the risk of explosion. Passive thermal barriers used in current techniques are phase-change materials or liquid / Air-cooled systems only slow down heat dissipation, but thermal runaway It is unable to provide an active response to its dynamic nature. These limitations mean that battery cells 15 preventing chain reactions and violent explosion scenarios This makes things more difficult. The current invention aims to overcome these technical shortcomings by using shape memory mechanics. It takes advantage of the high-temperature activated structure of metamaterials. Ouxetic Thanks to its cellular design, the material expands transversely under tension, thus absorbing impact and pressure. It effectively disperses the waves, and in the event of thermal runaway, it activates a pre-programmed 20 a dynamic barrier that isolates the battery module by actively changing shape at temperature thresholds It is formed by this structure, which can be produced from shape memory alloys or polymer composites. resistant to high temperatures and flammable gas pressure, absorbing explosion energy. It ensures the protection of the surrounding cells. Thus, the invention reduces the spread of thermal leakage. an active protective casing that limits and is resistant to high temperatures and mechanical shocks 25 By offering this, it presents a proactive solution that goes beyond passive systems in battery safety. It places. Previous Technique Current solutions in the field of battery safety mainly consist of passive heat barriers and phase change systems. 30 around materials (PCM) and air / liquid cooled thermal management systems These approaches are shaped by the sudden temperature spikes inherent in thermal runaway events; however, these approaches fail to address the nature of thermal runaway phenomena. real-world dynamic parameters such as rise, gas pressure increase and chain reaction It is unable to produce a timely and active response. Thermal runaway typically occurs excessively in a single cell. 2 It begins with heating; melting of the separator and short circuit, conversion of the electrolyte into flammable gases, and Finally, cathode decay releases oxygen, resulting in rapid heat release and a risk of explosion. Passive barriers only delay heat flow, but they also reduce pressure pulses and hot flashes. It cannot provide a geometric response that can direct / adapt to the gas pockets; therefore, energy Their capacity to physically prevent absorption and diffusion remains limited. Air-cooled systems 5 Despite its low complexity and cost advantage, it has high thermal conductivity due to its low thermal output. It is insufficient under loads and conditions requiring inter-cell temperature homogeneity; fan Power / noise and energy consumption are additional disadvantages. In liquid-cooled systems (direct or (Indirect) piping / pump complexity, risk of leakage and corrosion, along with weight and maintenance. The burden increases; it also focuses on managing the effects after the event has started, rather than the event itself. It cannot dynamically block at the cellular level. PCM-based solutions peak with latent heat. Although it reduces temperatures, the material has low thermal conductivity, leakage, or corrosive properties. limitations include the lack of ability to actively absorb / redistribute explosive energy. It stands out. For all these reasons, today's technology is a proactive and evolving barrier. It does not meet the requirements; especially high energy 15 such as EV, portable electronics and ESS. In high-density systems, the immediate activation of local isolation, shock waves deficits in the dimensions of damping and mechanical interruption of jumps to neighboring cells It contains. The present invention overcomes these technical shortcomings by using an orchethic (negative Poisson ratio) shape memory device. It aims to solve the mechanical problem using the intelligent response of metamaterials. The material has a thermal 20 During leakage, it activates and changes shape at predetermined temperature thresholds. Oxetic cellular geometry (e.g., re-entrant, chiral, rotary cellular grids or TPMS derivatives) Thanks to this, it expands transversely under tension, thus dissipating impact / shock energy in multiple axes. It spreads and engulfs, simultaneously creating a dynamic closing / isolation barrier around the cell / submodule. This barrier restricts the directed flow of heat and gas and manages local pressure, while 25 The chain reaction spreading to neighboring cells is prevented by physical contact and the breaking of thermal coupling. It limits the structure to high-temperature grade shape memory alloys (SMA) (e.g., NiTi and high- temperature variants, Fe-Mn-Si) with flame retardant additives (SMP) / composites (e.g. PI / PEEK based, By using materials such as ceramic / MXene reinforced, fire resistance, structural integrity and speed are achieved. It can be designed to meet activation requirements simultaneously; ms–seconds 30 Response of the order of magnitude and maintenance of barrier integrity under conditions reaching >1000 °C The goal is to use sheath / fabric wrapping, intercellular spacers, or modules as application methods. It can be scaled as a pre-molded panel around the perimeter; typical thickness is in the range of 0.5–5 mm. The target energy absorption / insulation performance is optimized accordingly. Thus, the invention not only absorbs heat... Unlike the passive layer concept that slows things down, this one reshapes itself at the moment of the event, 35 3 A lightweight and easily integrated protection system that responds simultaneously to shock, heat, and gas. By offering this technology, it enables a proactive approach to battery safety. Patent document JP2017162830A describes packaging / configuration for a battery. The invention refers to a multilayered insulation material. It features high dielectric strength and... With the goal of long-term durability, at least one adhesive layer, metal layer (e.g., aluminum foil 5) barrier), electrical insulation layer and sealing layer stacked in sequence It offers a laminated packaging material formed. In the insulation layer, unsaturated modified with carboxylic acid or its acid anhydride, (meth)acrylic acid esters, Using a polypropylene-based resin composition; high-temperature electrolytes, solvents and while chemical resistance to moisture is increased, peeling at the metal / insulation interface and 10 The risk of delamination is reduced. The bond strength between the adhesive layer and the metal foil is improved. Thermal weldability in the sealing layer, cycle life in pack / bag battery manufacturing. It increases impact / crack propagation resistance; thus, the material is heat-resistant in battery modules. compared to existing multilayer films in terms of leakage balance and mechanical stability. It provides more predictable performance. 15 Patent document number CN107044072A describes meta-aramid (m-aramid) containing nano-diamond. The invention describes an insulating paper based on a meta-aramid fiber matrix and its production method. by homogeneously distributing a low volumetric dose (typically 0.3%–0.6%) of nano-diamond filler within it, The aim is to obtain an insulation paper with controlled fiber cross-sectional ratio and specific surface area. Production; Stripping / milling of base polymer, solvent and fiber pulp at specific shear speeds, fine fiber 20 It consists of cutting (submicron fiberization), followed by calendering and drying stages. Nano diamond additives significantly increase tensile and dielectric strength, while reducing strain at tear / puncture points. It disperses the condensation; it increases stability against heat and corrosion. Thus, electrical high temperatures in machines, power modules and battery pack interlayers 25 thin, lightweight and impact / arc trace resistance electrical insulation in its class (H class and above). The environment is provided. Patent document JP201654148A describes packaging material for a battery. It is stated that the invention involves interlayer cutting and peeling under mechanical impact. a multilayered textile / woven material containing an interlayer (fiber-reinforced layer) to limit its thickness Laminate structure is described. Laminate consists of a resin layer – metal layer – fiber-reinforced insulation. 30 It is formed in a layer-sealing layer sequence; fiber layer, controlled compression (specific MPa pressure range) and micro-thickness (e.g., a few micrometers) By focusing on its objectives, it provides a barrier effect against puncture and crack propagation. This is achieved. While the barrier gas impermeability is maintained in the metal layer, leak-proof sealing is ensured. This layer facilitates bag manufacturing with a formulation suitable for low-temperature fusing. This 35 4 The combination creates conditions of thermal cycling, vibration, and cell swelling in battery packs. It improves form stability and sealing reliability. Patent document KR102576613B1 describes a metamaterial antenna-based RF tomography system. and a monitoring system are mentioned. The invention operates in the HF / VHF / UHF band. Using metamaterial antenna sensors with a heating wire and signal generator, the dielectric inside 5 degradation of the structure (e.g., cable / insulation or material inside an enclosure), internal It enables remote and embedded mapping of heating and fault precursors. Receiver- The RF response, measured as scattering / transmission across transmitter antenna configurations, is analyzed tomographically. The membrane is unwound, allowing for the detection of internal loosening, dampness, localized heating, and cracks / voids. The metamaterial antenna geometry (high Q and directivity) increases measurement accuracy, 10 Low visibility and high-resolution status monitoring of interference even during operation. This approach allows for the early detection of insulation degradation or overheating. It is suitable. Patent document number CN202444025U describes a soft-pack battery in parallel. The connection module structure is discussed. The invention consists of thin metal top and bottom covers, and an intermediate connection 15 modules, short-circuit prevention / separation elements on the side edges and for quick assembly It describes a modular enclosure consisting of clamping / screw mechanisms. The structure is designed for the battery. The interchangeable connection block facilitates parallel connection of the cells, improving heat dissipation. Improved wide surface metal base and mechanical fastening that reduces solder / welding load. It offers a solution. This design reduces package thickness and weight, while production and maintenance are 20 years faster. It facilitates repeatability and repair in processes; safety with electromechanical integrity. It strengthens the balance between packaging. Patent document CN103708552A describes ammonium metavanadate with a flower-sphere morphology. The text describes the preparation of a (NH₄VO₃) based positive electrode material precursor. The invention describes the preparation of an NH₄VO₃ solution in an acidic environment at a controlled pH range (approximately 0.5–2.0) for 25 minutes. hierarchical spherical structure with chemical precipitation and hydrothermal / heating phase in the 150–180 °C range. It produces particles; then, through separation, washing, drying and calibration steps, dLog D An intermediate with a narrow distribution and high surface area is obtained. This intermediate is activated by calcination with V₂O₅. can be converted to phase; the resulting material creates diffusion pathways in Li-ion positive electrodes. a 30 that shortens, supports fast load-discharge behaviors and provides cycle stability. It offers micro / nano structure. Patent document number CN104118912A describes a zinc vanadate (Zn₃(VO₄)₂ etc.) The invention describes the preparation of nanostrip / nanoribbon structures. The invention is based on suitable Zn Nucleation-growth parameters (pH, temperature, etc.) of vanadate precursors in solution with the source accumulated under controlled conditions (for a certain period), and then uniformly treated with heat at a range of 300–600 °C. It produces nanostrips of considerable width and high length / thickness ratio. The resulting nanostructures, Thanks to its large specific surface area and active edge density, it is suitable for lithium ion storage and / or It offers advantages in photocatalytic applications; with conductive additives in cathode / interlayer engineering. When used together, they can improve ionic-electronic conductivity and thermal stability. 5 Studies have shown that current solutions in the field of battery safety are largely inadequate. layered packing / insulation films, fiber-reinforced laminates, high-temperature class electrical. insulation papers, modular soft-pack enclosures, and even condition monitoring. passive or monitoring-focused technologies such as electromagnetic sensing approaches Although they are gathered around it; increasing their mechanical / dielectric strength and ease of production, 10 The sudden temperature rise, high-pressure gas release, and shock that occur during thermal runaway It cannot exhibit active barrier behavior against dynamic loads such as waves. It is observed that the laminate and insulation materials in question are susceptible to impact, delamination, and while improving sealing performance, intracellular events that trigger a chain reaction It cannot provide a shutdown mechanism that adapts to physically interrupt the operation. 15 Even though modular package designs and thin metal covers homogenize heat distribution, faulty... It lacks the ability to isolate the cell locally, even within milliseconds. Monitoring / tomography systems can detect malfunctions early, but they are not intervention-based and do not address the event. It does not stop it. In contrast, the present invention has an orchethic (negative Poisson ratio) shape memory. Thermal leakage is instantly reduced by 20 through a protective sheath / fabric made of mechanical metamaterial. a cell / submodule that changes shape by activating at a pre-programmed temperature threshold. It offers a proactive solution that forms a dynamic closing barrier around it. Oxetic cage topology (e.g., re-entrant, chiral, or rotary cell / TPMS variants) transverse under stress It expands and dissipates impact and shock energy in a multi-axis manner; simultaneously releasing heat and gas. By geometrically narrowing and reorienting their paths, temporary thermomechanical coupling with neighboring cells is achieved. 25 It cuts as is. Material selection is based on shape memory for high temperature resistance and fire resistance. shape memory alloys (NiTi and high-temperature derivatives, Fe-Mn-Si) with flame-retardant additives. from polymers / composites (PI / PEEK based, ceramic or MXene reinforced) to the application. It is manufactured according to specifications. The structure can be scaled to a thickness of 0.5–5 mm in the form of a sheath / interlayer / panel. By reacting on a millisecond-to-second scale, it absorbs and dissipates the explosion energy, gas 30 It compresses the pockets, mechanically separates cellular contacts, and does not require fluid / piping. It provides a lightweight, integrated safety layer. Thus, the invention provides passive delay. By overcoming this approach, it suppresses the thermal runaway event the moment it starts, interrupting its spread at the point of origin, and New battery packs that simultaneously provide a balance of safety, practicality, and compactness. It presents a conservation paradigm. 35 6 Ultimately, the problems mentioned above, which cannot be solved with the current technology, are related to the technical aspects. This has made it necessary to make an innovation in the field. Purposes and Brief Description of the Invention The main purpose of the invention is to create a 5°C around the cell / submodule at the moment battery thermal runaway begins. by actively changing shape and forming a closing barrier, it prevents chain reaction of thermal and mechanical diffusion. The goal is to stop it. In this way, the shape-memory mechanical metamaterial with an oxetic structure is able to withstand stress. By widening laterally, it geometrically narrows the paths for heat and gas flow and also causes malfunctions. It instantly breaks the thermomechanical coupling between the cell and neighboring cells. Another aim of the invention is to counteract the high-pressure shock waves that arise with thermal runaway and 10 The goal is to absorb and distribute impact energy in a multi-axial manner. This results in an oxetic lattice topology. (re-entrant / chiral / rotary cell / TPMS variants) versatile load carrying and damping. Its behavior suppresses the blast effect and preserves package integrity. Another aim of the invention is to channel and smother pockets of hot gas and flames. The goal is to limit the spread of fire. This allows for local thickening and closure of the metamaterial. 15 The kinematics partially obstruct the gas vent pathways, dispersing the flow and igniting adjacent cells. It reduces the probability. Another objective of the invention is to maintain structural integrity under high temperatures and flames. This In this way, selected shape memory alloys (e.g., NiTi / Fe-Mn-Si) or high-performance alloys with flame-retardant additives can be used. Temperature-sensitive shape memory polymer-composites (e.g., PI / PEEK based, ceramic / MXene 20) (reinforced) Non-flammable / char formation / metallic in thermal conditions reaching >1000 °C It maintains its durability and barrier function. Another aim of the invention is to operate without the need for sensors or control electronics. The aim is to provide rapid (milliseconds to milliseconds) activation triggered by a temperature threshold. This allows, A fail-safe response is achieved without increasing system complexity, and the risk of propagation due to delay is reduced to 25. is minimized. Another aim of the invention is to create a scalable and lightweight system at the cell, module, and package levels. The aim is to offer a protective architecture. This allows for 0.5– in the form of a sheath / interlayer / pre-molded panel. With its optimum energy absorption / insulation-mass balance in the mm thickness range, the ESS electric vehicle offers a superior performance. and integrates into portable devices with minimal volume and weight penalties. 30 7 Another aim of the invention is to ensure compatibility with different cell geometries and chemistries. This Thus, cylindrical (18650 / 21700), prismatic and bag-type cells, as well as LFP / NMC / NCA etc. For chemicals, local isolation and protection are provided using the same principle, increasing platform independence. Another aim of the invention is to ensure electrical isolation and mechanical separation at the time of the incident. This is to obtain current collector / secondary pathways in the closed structure of the metamaterial. This reduces the possibility of short circuits between cells, eliminating physical contact and thermal bridging between them. Another aim of the invention is to provide long-lasting performance under vibration, thermal cycling, and aging. The aim is to provide. In this way, the lattice topology and the selected material system offer fatigue resistance and With long-term thermal stability, it maintains its protection level throughout its service life. Another aim of the invention is to provide 10 complementary systems to existing thermal management systems (air / liquid / PCM). The goal is to reduce systemic risk by working with the system. This reduces the load on active cooling, the fan / pump. This creates the possibility of downsizing, and even if thermal leakage occurs, the total can be achieved through in-situ suppression. The security level increases. Another aim of the invention is to create a manufacturing ecosystem suitable for mass production and that is cost-effective. The aim is to provide this. In this way, roll-to-roll process, die-pressing, 3D printing or wire / sheet 15 High-volume, low-variant production is possible with integrated hybrid processes; field Its applicability increases. Another aim of the invention is to provide a protective layer suitable for post-incident inspection and maintenance. The aim is to present this. In this way, the closed / partially closed area can be visually or with NDT methods. Serviceability is ensured through rapid detection and a modular changeover approach. 20 Another objective of the invention is compliance with regulatory requirements and safety standards. The aim is to facilitate this. In this way, flame propagation, toxic gas release, and in thermal runaway scenarios, Improvements in particle launch metrics accelerate product certification processes. Another aim of the invention is to enable higher energy-density designs by increasing the safety margin. The goal is to create space. This allows for the optimization of cell spacing and package compactness. 25 While this is possible, safety performance is maintained thanks to the proactive barrier. All the purposes mentioned above and those that will emerge from the detailed explanation below. The present invention aims to resolve thermal runaway that can occur in batteries. Developed to enhance battery safety against such events, it is shaped at high temperatures. Protective battery 30 made of shape memory mechanical metamaterial with a changing oxetic structure. It is a sheath, and its characteristic is that the aforementioned metamaterial is a Shape Memory Polymer, Shape Memory Alloy. or contains hybrid material that includes these. 8 The shape memory alloys mentioned here are nickel-titanium (NiTi, Nitinol) and copper-zinc- Aluminum (Cu-Zn-Al) or at least one of the following alloys: Copper-Aluminum-Nickel (Cu-Al-Ni) It includes. The Shape Memory Polymers mentioned here are Polyurethanes, polystyrenes, Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) based polymers, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), silicone based polymers It includes at least one of the following. The Shape Memory Polymer mentioned here is a carbon-based 5-core polymer. The fillers must be at least ceramic particles or phosphorus-based, halogen-free flame retardants. It includes one. The metamaterial mentioned in the preferred configurations of the invention is Nitinol; High Temperature. Shape Memory Alloys; Iron-Manganese-Silicon Shape Memory Alloys; Polyimide; Polyether Ether Ketone or Polyimide Nitinol Composites; Thermoset Shape Memory Polymer Syntactic 10 Foam; Flame Retardant Shape Memory Polymer Composite; TPU / MXene Composite; High Temperature Shape Memory Photopolymer; Polyether Ether Ketone; Polyimide-Magnesium Oxide It includes at least one of the selected composite materials. The metamaterial mentioned in the preferred configuration of the invention is Iron-Manganese- It contains silicon shape memory alloys. 15 The metamaterial mentioned in the preferred configuration of the invention is Polyether Ether Ketone. or includes Polyimide Nitinol Composites. The metamaterial mentioned in the preferred configurations of the invention is: Backward Bent. Cells; Chiral Structures, Rotating Triangle / Square / Hexagon Structures, Perforated Structures, TPMS Among the aqueous designs of its cells, it contains the least aqueous structure. 20 The metamaterial mentioned in the preferred configurations of the invention is the explosive gas pocket. The void space inside the cage is designed to reduce peak pressures and safely direct emissions. gas and heat transfer channels consisting of flow paths integrated into the topology It includes. The metamaterial mentioned in the preferred configurations of the invention is a single cell or submodule 25. In the form of a closed geometric sheath that wraps around and creates local insulation; between the cells In the form of an interlayer that can be placed as a thin, flexible and lightweight separator; between cells a thermal conductor positioned at low thermal conductivity to cut thermal bridges and limit heat flow Insulation required as an interlayer or as a large-area barrier around the outer perimeter of the module. 30 in the form of a pre-molded panel offering a molded surface architecture for various situations It is the use of. 9 The preferred configurations for the invention are battery pack or housing structures in the field. Integration consisting of connection / application interfaces that facilitate its implementation and It includes fastening elements. The preferred examples of the invention are Backward Twisted Cell oxidized structure, ms-seconds. Responding to the level of 5 and maintaining barrier integrity under conditions that can reach >1000 °C. protective sheath / fabric wrapping, intercellular spacer or around the module It is scalable as a pre-molded panel with a thickness of 0.5–5 mm and has Fe-Mn-Si shape memory. It is made of alloy, PEEK Nitinol Composite, or PI Nitinol Composite. The best way to utilize the advantages of the existing invention, together with its structure and additional elements. For it to be understood, it must be evaluated together with the figures explained below. 10 Brief Description of the Figures Figure 1; Shape memory mechanical structure with an oxetic pattern surrounding the battery cell. This is a schematic representation of a battery case made of metamaterial. (B: Battery; 100: battery) (sheath; arrows symbolize the direction of heat flow) 15 Figure 2; Thermal protection of a protective battery case made of shape memory mechanical metamaterial. This is a flowchart illustrating the operating principle in case of a leak. Figure 3; Homogenized stiffness matrix of nitinol unit cell (C) Heat of its components It is a map. Figure 4; Heat Map of the Components of the Homogenized Stiffness Matrix (C) of the PLA Unit Cell. 20 Figure 5 shows the Young's modulus surface derived from the homogenized stiffness matrix. Figure 6 shows the Young's modulus surface derived from the homogenized stiffness matrix. Detailed Description of the Invention In this detailed explanation, the innovation in question is only intended to provide a better understanding of the subject matter. This is explained with examples that will not create any limiting effects. Accordingly, the following: In the descriptions and diagrams, shape-memory mechanics with an auxetic structure that deforms at high temperatures are depicted. This describes a protective battery case made of metamaterial. The invention improves battery safety by protecting against thermal runaway phenomena that can occur in batteries. An innovative 30 made of shape-memory mechanical metamaterial, developed to increase efficiency. It relates to a protective sheath or fabric. This invention addresses the initiation or progression of thermal leakage. by actively changing shape during the process, it is resistant to high temperatures and absorbs explosive energy. It goes beyond existing solutions by creating a dynamic barrier capable of absorption. The developed protective cover / fabric system is essentially a shape-memory structure with an oxidized texture. It is built on the principles of mechanical metamaterials. Ouxetic materials, tensile When force is applied, it also expands in the transverse direction (having a negative Poisson ratio of 5). They differ from traditional materials in this respect. This feature allows the material to absorb impact. It significantly increases its capacity and energy dissipation capability. In a thermal runaway scenario. to provide superior resistance and protection against the high-energy shock waves and pressures that are generated. This excitable behavior plays a critical role. Figure 1 shows a shape memory mechanical coil with an oxetic pattern surrounding the battery cell. The metamaterial is shown schematically. Figure 2 shows the shape memory mechanical device. Protective battery case made of metamaterial, operation in case of thermal runaway. A flowchart illustrating the principle is given. Thermal runaway triggering, shape memory. through material activation, the activation of the oxetic structure, and dynamic barrier formation. The process leading up to ensuring safety is shown. Thermal runaway causes battery 15 The structure, with its cage-like structure, provides active protection by changing shape in response to the heat radiating from its cells. It both directs heat flow and absorbs explosive energy. A protective sleeve or fabric is wrapped around the battery module or battery cells. It is used by being integrated between them. Once a thermal leak starts in the battery, The metamaterial actively reacts when it reaches certain pre-programmed temperature thresholds (Figure 20). It begins to change shape. This shape change, aided by the oxidized structure, isolates the battery module. It can expand, compress, or contract in such a way. This dynamic response is responsible for thermal runaway. It physically prevents the spread of energy and absorbs the energy (heat and shock) resulting from a battery explosion. The heat wave (or thermal conductivity wave) is absorbed and distributed within the metamaterial itself. Thus, the heat is transferred to neighboring areas. The spread to cells or other critical components of the system is stopped, and a potential 25 The impact of the explosion is minimized. At the heart of the invention is a shape-memory mechanical metamaterial, the following material: They can be created using one or more of these classes or combinations thereof: Shape Memory Polymers (SMPs): Polyurethanes, polystyrenes, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) based polymers, such as thermoplastics like polyetheretherketone (PEEK) or silicone-based polymers, or 30 Thermoset polymers. These polymers have specific glass transition temperatures (Tg) or melting points. Their temperatures (Tm) can be adjusted. The temperature increase during thermal runaway affects the polymer. It triggers it to soften or change phase, returning to a pre-programmed form. For their non-flammability at high temperatures, these polymers use carbon-based fillers (graphene, 11 carbon nanotubes), ceramic particles (silica, alumina) or phosphorus-based, halogen-free flame retardant. They are produced as composites with retarders. Polymers with high thermal stability, such as polyimides. preferred. Shape Memory Alloys (SMA): Nickel-Titanium (NiTi, Nitinol), Copper-Zinc-Aluminum (Cu- Zn-Al), Copper-Aluminum-Nickel (Cu-Al-Ni) alloys. These alloys are martensitic and austenitic. 5 They exhibit shape memory effect through phase transformation. Metals are naturally non-flammable. and they have high melting points (e.g., Nitinol ~1300°C). Therefore, high They can withstand very high temperatures. Hybrid Systems: Combining both the lightness and flexibility of shape memory polymers (SMPs) with their shape. Polymer 10 combines the advantages of high strength and durability of memory alloys (MMA). Matrix composites or multilayer structures can also be used. The material has an austereic (oxycetic) effect. Its behavior is determined by the geometric design of the intrinsic cellular or lattice structure. The oxetic topologies that can be used in the invention may include the following: Backward-Twisted (Re-entrant) Cells: This is the most common and well-known oxetic structure. The inwardly curved "bow-tie" or "reverse-fishbone" geometry of the cells, pull 15 It enables lateral expansion under its force. Chiral Structures: Circular nodes are connected to each other by elastic ligaments. These structures offer rotational symmetry and superior energy absorption. Rotating Triangles / Squares / Hexagons: Cell Structures It consists of rigid elements connected by hinges, exhibiting ox-like behavior with rotational movement. 20 structures that show Perforated Sheets: Sheets perforated with a specific pattern (e.g., elliptical holes). The plates can exhibit oxetic properties with the right design. Auxetically Designed TPMS Cells: Gyroid, Diamond or Triple Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) like Primitive 25 lattice structures based on a grid, with their internal voids and connection points specially designed. They can acquire oxetic properties. These structures have high surface area, lightness and superior energy absorption. It offers advantages. The activation rate and shape change maintenance time of shape memory metamaterials depend on the method used. It depends on the specific material and the thermal and mechanical response of the weave. Sudden changes such as thermal runaway can occur. In these events, the goal is for activation to occur within milliseconds to a few seconds. 12 The duration for which the shape change is maintained depends on the dissipation of heat from the battery cell. It should be sufficient to block and absorb the energy, usually more than a few seconds. This can last up to minutes. This period lasts until the battery cell is completely deactivated. It should be optimized to provide the necessary protection. During thermal runaway, battery cells can reach temperatures exceeding 1000°C. Therefore, 5 One of the most critical properties expected from metamaterials is non-flammability at high temperatures and thermal resistance. It is about resistance to degradation and preservation of structural integrity. Shape memory alloys are metallic in composition, are inherently non-flammable, and have a high melting point. They have high temperature resistance points (e.g., Nitinol ~1300°C). Therefore, they cannot be directly exposed to high temperatures. They can withstand it. 10 Shape memory polymers, flame-resistant additives to improve thermal stability, For example, phosphorus-based compounds should be produced as composites with halogen-free flame retardants, or High-performance thermoplastics / thermosets, e.g., polyimide, PEEK, should be used in the structure. It must minimize the leakage of flammable gases and maintain the internal pressure at a safe level. It should be managed in this way. 15 Ceramic or carbon fiber reinforcements improve the material's high temperature resistance and mechanical properties. Composite structures reinforced with ceramic or carbon fiber reinforcements to increase their strength. can be created. Some shape memory models used in the examples mentioned in the preferred configurations of the invention The materials are listed below: 20 Nitinol (NiTi): Melting point ~1310 °C. Austenite transformation temperature (As ≈ Af), alloy. Depending on its composition, it is between ≈30–100 °C or higher. It heats up rapidly (ms–seconds). It provides shape transformation (to a certain degree). It is metallic and non-flammable. It has high thermal stability. It has the property of maintaining its structure during a fire and not melting. High Temperature Shape Memory Alloys (HT SMA): For example, Nitinol-Hafnium (NiTi-Hf), 25 Nitinol-Gold (NiTi-Au), Ti-Ta-X. Activation temperature >100 °C (high martensite transformation). Tₜ). The melting point is approximately above 1200 °C. The shape memory duration depends on the activation temperature. Depending on the system, this takes on the order of seconds. Its thermal stability has been improved with additional alloying elements. It has a metallic and non-flammable structure. Ti-Ta-X is an alloy of titanium-tantalum and a third element (X). X usually refers to elements such as Zr, Hf, Pd, Pt, which enhance high-temperature performance. 30 13 Iron-Manganese-Silicon Shape Memory Alloys (Fe-Mn-Si SMA): Between 103–163 °C It activates. The shape memory effect is displayed within seconds. It is non-flammable with a melting point of ~1320 °C. It is also thermally resistant. Its metallic structure maintains structural integrity in case of explosions and high temperatures. Polyimide (PI): High temperature stable. Polyimide (e.g., Kapton, Upilex) is suitable for continuous use. It withstands temperatures up to 260–300 °C. It can withstand short-term thermal stresses of 500+ °C. New 5 With the developed aromatic heterocyclic polyimide types (M-SMPI, E-SMPI), the transition temperature is ≈416 °C. The composite temperature was reported as 399 °C. Shape memory time is seconds after activation. It brings about transformation within. Polyether Ether Ketone / Polyimide + Nitinol Composites: PEEK / PI+Nitinol composites are PEEK or It contains Nitinol wire or fiber reinforcement in a polyimide matrix. The conversion temperature of Nitinol wire is 10°C. (~30–100 °C or in special high T versions) can be triggered outside the matrix. Nitinol metallic and is non-flammable. PEEK or PI, on the other hand, have high temperature resistance. Made of composite. The integrity resulting from the wire is preserved in case of fire / explosion. Shape memory duration; wire-based. In alloys, the conversion is very fast (~ms–seconds). Overall conversion depends on matrix softness. This takes only seconds. The PI matrix is ​​resistant up to 300+ °C; PEEK, on ​​the other hand, can withstand 343 °C in 15 seconds. It is that stable. Structural stability is increased thanks to the reinforcement. Thermoset Shape Memory Polymer Syntactic Foam: An inner core made of epoxy, polyurethane, or phenolic matrix. This material is produced by incorporating hollow glass / ceramic microspheres. It does not melt; it forms surface carbonization and a char layer in the fire. High TGA analysis results. It exhibits thermal stability. Shape memory activation is between ~200–300 °C depending on the foam matrix. 20 Shape memory duration is on the order of seconds to minutes. High LOI (>50%) and flame It has no back-radiation; the char layer prevents heat transfer and fire spread. Flame Retardant Shape Memory Polymer Composites: For example, PU SMP + TiO₂ / PDA / Additives TiO₂ as flame retardant additives into shape memory polyurethane (PU-SMP) matrices. (Titanium dioxide), polydopamine (PDA) and other auxiliary additives (Ceramic powders, 25 a composite obtained by dispersing phosphorus-containing FR additives, nanoclays, metal oxides, etc. It is a structure. The shape memory matrix type is Polyurethane-based (SMP). It is a flame-retardant (SMP) matrix. It is polymeric, but with PDA + TiO₂ additives, the LOI has been increased to ~24%, and the combustion rate is significant. It has been reduced to a certain extent. Shape memory activation is around ~Tg depending on the polymer type (e.g. (Between 80–120 °C). Shape memory time is within seconds. Enhanced flammability class; char 30 Its protective layer and low smoke content provide excellent protection. TPU / MXene Composite: With MXene and rare earth additives (e.g. PCS-MXene or Flammability is significantly reduced in MXene@Co-MOF) TPU composites. Peak heat release Effects reported include rate (28–53% reduction), char residue increase (2x), smoke and CO reduction. 14 Shape memory properties can be integrated with TPU-based (SMP) formulations; typical Activation is around ~Tg (~80–120 °C). Thermal resistance; the TPU matrix itself is fire-resistant. It can become fluid underneath, but with MXene additives, a char layer forms, dissipating heat. It is limited. High Temperature Shape Memory Photopolymer (HTSMP): Fire resistant. Intrinsic 5 Thanks to its flame-retardant properties, it does not ignite even when in direct contact with a flame. High Tg: With a transition temperature of ~280 °C, it prevents thermal runaway of battery-type systems such as LFP and NMC. It can be used even in scenarios such as high recovery stress, for example, a thermal valve. such as a safety hatch or explosive blocking mechanism. Requires very strong shape transformation. It can be used in actuation. 10 Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK): Tg ≈143 °C and Tm ≈343 °C, 15 seconds in bending motions. A major angle transformation has been reported within it. Polyimide-Magnesium Oxide Composite (PI + MgO): PI + MgO nanocomposite films are both It has both high dielectric strength and acts as a fire-retardant thermal barrier. Active form Memory functionality; Hybrid PI-SiO₂ or PI-SMP formulations (Tg ≈260–370 °C, rapid 15 (recovery). Combining SMPI on an MgO-doped PI infrastructure creates potential. The dimensions, thickness, and geometry of the structure are critical to the performance of the invention, and It should be optimized according to the type and size of battery to which it will be applied. The metamaterial, as a single unit... from small sizes to wrap around the battery cell (cylindrical, prismatic, pouch type), for example, For 18650 or 21700 cells, in cases a few centimeters long, or the entire battery 20 It can be manufactured in large sizes to cover the module or package. The sheath / fabric Thickness directly affects the thermal insulation capacity and energy absorption ability of the material. Typically, thicknesses ranging from 0.5 mm to 5 mm are preferred. These values This can vary depending on the chosen material, mesh type, and expected energy absorption performance. More The thickness can be increased in situations requiring high impact absorption. 25 The simplest form of implementation is one that can be wrapped directly around a battery cell or a module. It is a single thin layer of metamaterial that can be used as an intermediary layer. This provides lightness and It offers ease of integration. The metamaterial can be used in the internal cavities of the battery module or cells. in the form of pre-molded blocks or shapes to be placed in the gaps between It can also be produced. This is especially true in modules where prismatic or pouch-type cells are densely packed. 30 It is effective in preventing spreading. The oxetic lattice or cellular structure of the metamaterial. Thanks to this, it is much lighter than traditional solid materials and offers a certain level of protection. They can be smaller in size. This is especially vital for electric vehicles and portable devices. has. The invention directly relates to the protection of electric vehicle (EV) batteries against thermal runaway. Applicable. High-energy density batteries used in aircraft and satellites. It can be used in the security of systems. High-strength, self-activating protective shield. Thanks to its structures, it can offer active security solutions for military vehicles and equipment. Fixed 5 in areas such as battery stations, grid support systems, and containerized energy solutions Suitable for battery safety. Laptops and mobile devices that use high-capacity batteries. It can be applied on a micro scale in products such as devices (especially the textile-based version). Electrical and Lithium-ion battery packs used in hybrid vehicles have superior thermal runaway performance. It is used to provide protection. A casing or cover surrounding the battery module or battery cells. They can be integrated in the form of intermediate layers placed between them. In this way, the passenger and the vehicle 10 Security is radically enhanced. Large battery systems for residential, commercial and grid scale applications. It is applicable to ensure the security of banks. Thanks to its modular structure, it can be used for different purposes. Easily integrated into battery units of various sizes, it locally reduces thermal runaway radiation. It removes barriers and enhances the overall security of the system. Smartphones, laptops, Tablets, power tools, and other electronic devices containing high-capacity batteries have a battery 15. as a compact and lightweight protection solution to prevent fires and explosions It can be used in drones, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), satellite systems and other aerospace applications. It offers a lightweight and reliable solution to enhance battery safety in applications. Minimizes the risk of battery failure in critical missions. Military equipment, portable power units. and in battery systems, a 20 that increases resistance to high impact and thermal threats. It can be used as a protective layer. Portable life support units, implantable. in devices and all other battery-powered medical equipment, to improve patient safety and It is applicable to eliminate battery-related risks. Directly to agricultural machinery. There is no specific application form for its main functions. However, agriculture in their machinery (e.g., electric tractors, autonomous agricultural robots) or irrigation 25 In energy storage units used in systems, the invention provides battery safety. Features can be indirectly important. In such applications, battery safety is crucial for the equipment. This can be a critical factor for overall reliability and operational continuity. In studies conducted within the scope of the invention, Nitinol (SMA) and PLA (SMP) based re-entrants were developed. Analysis of a mechanical metamaterial with the following topology in a virtual environment (using nTop software) 30 The homogenized properties obtained by this process are presented below. Calculations and observations show that the metamaterial offers the claimed active protection, shock absorption, and This provides quantitative evidence of anisotropic rigidity properties. Representative volumetric element dimensions: 1x1x1 mm3 Structural and Thermal Characteristics: Lightweight and Compact 35 16 This section demonstrates the physical advantages that are critical for integrating the case into battery systems. Nitinol (NiTi) (Shape Memory Alloy, SMA) and PLA were chosen. Nitinol: Maintains structural integrity at high temperatures (≈ 1310 °C Melting Point) and is highly durable. because it enables rapid deformation activation at programmed temperature thresholds, It is ideal for the active protection mechanism of the invention. 5 Evidence of Lightness: The relative density (ρrel) was calculated as 0.280733. This means that the unit cell volume only... This means that 28.07% of it is filled with solid Nitinol. The effective density (ρeff) was found to be 1810.7 kg / m3. This is the equivalent of solid Nitinol (ρsolid = 6450 This represents a significant decrease compared to the density (kg / m3), and the minimum volume and weight of the casing is 10. It supports the goal of integration through punishment. PLA: PLA is a Shape Memory Polymer (SMP) with properties suitable for low temperature thresholds (≈ 60 – 80 °C). Glass Transition Temperature enables rapid deformation activation. This provides active protection for the invention. It offers a lightweight alternative to the mechanism and responds in the early stages of thermal leakage. Proof of Lightness: 15 The relative density (ρrel) was calculated as 0.280733. This means that the unit cell volume only... This means that 28.07% of it is filled with solid PLA. The effective density (ρeff) was found to be 348.01 kg / m3. This is the value of solid PLA (ρsolid ≈1240 This represents a significant decrease compared to the density (kg / m3). This value is consistent with the original Nitinol design. It is approximately 5 times lighter than 20. Example 1: RVE Homogenization and Mechanistic Proof This section presents numerical evidence of elastic behavior, which forms the core of the metamaterial definition. presents. A. Oxidizing Behavior (Negative Poisson Ratio) The key distinguishing feature of the invention is oxeticity (negative Poisson ratio), which means the material's tensile strength is 25 This also allows it to expand in the transverse direction underneath: Stiffness Matrix (C): Presentation of the 6x6 matrix, elastic behavior of the structure across all 21 independent matrix elements. It includes the parameter. This is a complete and transparent definition of the material's elastic identity. With Nitinol The visual distribution of the matrix components of the designed unit cell is shown in Figure 3, designed with PLA. The matrix components of the cell are given in Figure 4. 30 17 Figure 3, Homogenized stiffness matrix (C) of Nitinol unit cell. Heat of Components It shows the map. It illustrates the symmetry of the matrix, the dominance of the major axes, and anisotropy. It shows. Figure 4 shows the Heat Map of the Components of the Homogenized Stiffness Matrix (C) of the PLA Unit Cell. It demonstrates the symmetry of the matrix, the dominance of the major axes, and anisotropy. 5 The calculated eucetic Poisson ratio values ​​are detailed in Table 1. Table 1. This table shows all Poisson ratio values ​​calculated from the RVE analysis as X, Y, and Z. It summarizes based on the axes. Poisson Ratio for Nitinol Poisson Ratio for PLA 0.0785 0.0863 0.0785 0.0863 -0.3062 -0.2977 -0.0513 -0.0502 -0.3055 -0.2970 -0.0512 -0.0501 These negative values ​​definitively prove that the material is oxetic. 10 Functional Inference: This property refers to the shock and pressure generated during thermal runaway. By effectively dispersing and absorbing the waves, and with local thickening, a dynamic closure occurs. It allows the creation of a barrier. B. High Anisotropy and Rigidity Orientation The anisotropic rigidity property of the metamaterial is part of the dynamic response: 15 The Zener ratio (low) for Nitinol was calculated as 0.101853 and for PLA as 0.1025. Since Az=1 should be true for an isotropic material, this value indicates extremely high elasticity. This proves that anisotropy is exhibited. Young's Modulus and Shear Modulus Values: Calculated axial Young's modulus and shear modulus. The module values ​​are summarized in Table 2. 20 Table 2. This table shows all Young's Modulus and Shear Modulus calculated from the RVE analysis. It summarizes the values ​​based on the X, Y, and Z axes. 18 Voigt's Index Nitinol Unit Cell Value PLA Unit Cell Value Unit E1 8745.50 627.51 MPa E2 8744.10 624.42 MPa E3 1464.60 105.81 MPa G12 412.96 29.61 MPa G13 412.98 29.31 MPa G23 1288.55 92.17 MPa The directional stiffness distribution of the Nitinol structure is shown in Figure 5. Maximum Modulus (Emax): 8745.50 MPa Minimum Modulus (Emin): 1464.60 MPa An Emax / Emin ratio greater than 6 indicates that the structure has excellent multiaxial load-carrying and damping capabilities. This indicates that it possesses a rigidity oriented towards its behavior. This anisotropic response of the sheath It geometrically modulates the damping of shock waves in specific directions and the heat / gas flow paths. It allows for narrowing. Figure 5 shows the Young's modulus surface derived from the homogenized stiffness matrix. The non-spherical shape indicates that the material is highly anisotropic and that the stiffness is direction-dependent (10). It visually demonstrates that it has changed significantly. The directional stiffness distribution of the PLA structure is shown in Figure 6. Maximum Modulus (Emax): 627.50 MPa Minimum Modulus (Emin): 81.18 MPa The Emax / Emin ratio is greater than or equal to 7. 15 Figure 6 shows the Young's modulus surface derived from the homogenized stiffness matrix. The non-spherical shape indicates that the material is highly anisotropic and that the stiffness is direction-dependent. It visually demonstrates that it has changed significantly. Table 3. Comparative Mechanical Performance Summary of Nitinol and PLA. Feature Nitinol (SMA) PLA (SMP) Functional Extraction Active protection with phase transformation and low Tg. Both provide active protection; PLA 19 at high temperature (≈1310 °C (strength) activation. at temperature (≈60−80 °C) activation. Early response, Nitinol high thermal performance. It offers resistance. Effective Intensity 1810.7 kg / m3 348.01 kg / m3 PLA, approximately 5 times more than Nitinol. It is lighter. Coughwort Behaviour Maximum −0.3062 Maximum −0.2977 It is protected. The material is under load. its lateral expansion improves shock absorption and It causes local thickening. Absolute Stiffness 8745.50 MPa 627.51 MPa Nitinol, much higher load-bearing capacity and provides damping rigidity. Anisotropy Rate 101.853 1.025 High anisotropy is conserved. The structure Its rigidity depends on the direction. Directional rigidity 6 7 is maintained. Shock absorption and load. transportation, along the specified axes It has been directed.

Claims

REQUESTS 1. Battery safety against thermal runaway incidents that may occur in batteries. a high-temperature deformable eucetic structure developed to increase its size It is a protective battery case made of memory-sensitive mechanical metamaterial, and its feature is; 5 The metamaterial in question is a Shape Memory Polymer, Shape Memory Alloy, or a combination thereof. It contains hybrid material.

2. A protective battery case conforming to Claim 1, featuring the aforementioned Shape Memory function. Alloys include Nickel-Titanium (NiTi, Nitinol), Copper-Zinc-Aluminum (Cu-Zn-Al), Copper-10 It must contain at least one of the aluminum-nickel (Cu-Al-Ni) alloys.

3. A protective battery case conforming to Claim 1, featuring Shape Memory capability. Polymers include polyurethanes, polystyrenes, and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) based polymers. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a silicone-based polymer containing at least one of the following: 15 4. A protective battery case conforming to Claim 3, featuring Shape Memory capability. Polymer carbon-based fillers, ceramic particles, or phosphorus-based, halogen-free flame retardant. It must contain at least one of the delay agents.

5. A protective battery case conforming to Claim 1, characterized by its material being: Nitinol; High Temperature Shape Memory Alloys; Iron-Manganese-Silicon Shape Memory Alloys. Memory Alloys; Polyimide; Polyether Ether Ketone or Polyimide Nitinol Composites; Thermoset Shape Memory Polymer Syntactic Foam; Flame Retardant Shape Memory Polymer Composite; TPU / MXene Composite; High Temperature Shape Memory Photopolymer; 25 At least one of the following must be selected from Polyether Ether Ketone; Polyimide-Magnesium Oxide Composite. It involves one of them.

6. A protective battery case conforming to Claim 1, characterized by its material being made of the aforementioned metamaterial. It contains iron-manganese-silicon shape memory alloys. 30 7. A protective battery case conforming to Claim 1, characterized by its material being: It contains polyether, ether ketone, or polyimide nitinol composites.

8. A protective battery case conforming to Claim 1, characterized by its material being 35 Backward Twisted Cells; Chiral Structures, Rotating Triangle / Square / Hexagon Structures, 21 Perforated structures are the least aqueous structure among the aqueous designs of TPMS cells. It includes.

9. A protective battery case conforming to Claim 1, characterized by its material being: To reduce the peak pressures of explosive gas pockets and to safely release the emission. 5 flow paths integrated into the lattice-like void topology to direct flow It contains gas and heat transfer channels.

10. A protective battery case conforming to Claim 1, characterized by its material being: Closed geometry that creates local isolation by wrapping around a single cell or sub-module 10 in the form of a sheath; as a thin, flexible and lightweight separator between cells. as an interlayer that can be placed; to cut thermal bridges between cells and to reduce heat a thermal insulation interlayer positioned at low thermal conductivity to limit flux for situations requiring a large-area barrier in the form of a module or around its outer perimeter It is used in the form of a pre-molded panel offering a molded surface architecture. 15 11. A protective battery case conforming to Claim 1, whose characteristic is: battery pack or housing. from the connection / application interfaces that facilitate its implementation in the field It includes the resulting integration and stabilization elements.

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